Chapter 1 Introduction [305992]

Chapter 1 Introduction

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

HVDC trainer is meant for students to help them understand the concept of HVDC transmission by modeling it on a trainer. [anonimizat], [anonimizat], [anonimizat] & Three Phase Load. It signifies the importance of low losses in DC transmission rather than AC transmission over long distances.

We have designed our trainer at 500VA rating. Due to safety reasons we have scaled down voltage levels and subsequent current levels by a factor of 2500. Hence if the transmission line was transmitting at 25KV then applying the scaling factor we get 25K/2500=10V and so on for other values.

[anonimizat] a HVDC transmission system. These six units are:

Generation Substation

Three phase rectifier

HVDC transmission line

Buck Boost Converter

Three phase inverter

Substation

Load

Instrumentation box

1

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 GENERATION SUBSTATION

This unit is followed by the power generation. The Generation substation steps up the voltage level for transmission. In our project this is modeled by a three phase transformer which takes normal three phase supply from KE (Karachi Electric) at 380V and steps out at 150V, in principle it means that when power was produced at 25KV which when stepped down by 2500 factor represents 10V then comes the primary substation which steps it up by a ratio of 15 i.e. 25KV stepped up to 375KV and subsequently on a scaled down level 10V to 150V.

[anonimizat] 375KV AC to 500KV DC. This on a scaled down version seems like 150V AC to 200V DC.

HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE

This unit depicts a mono-polar HVDC link carrying 200V DC, it is passed through different specifically designed circuits which represent different distance of transmission lines mapping over thousands of kilometers by each having a specific resistance.

BUCK BOOST

We will be using a buck boost converter in this circuit to make the input side more controllable by the user in real time user can increase and decrease the voltage level according to its requirements.

THREE PHASE INVERTER

Three phase inverter inverts the DC to AC. This is achieved by the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. It models the converter installed at the distribution end. It converts 200V DC back to 150V AC.

TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION

This substation is used to step down the AC voltage to a level which is safely usable by the end user. In this case this is 380V AC.

2

Chapter 1 Introduction

The following figure shows a [anonimizat].

Figure 1.1: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE HVDC SYSTEM

The following diagram represents a mono-polar HVDC link as it is implemented practically.

Figure 1.2: MONO POLAR HVDC LINK

3

Chapter 2 Literature Review

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 [anonimizat] a kind of electric power transmission. In this system direct current (DC) is used for transmission rather than the conventional alternating current (AC). As compared to the AC transmission HVDC is of low cost and suffers low electrical losses after a threshold distance. In AC transmission systems when power is transmitted under water, the current needs to be high in order to overcome the charging and discharging of the cables in each cycle, while in DC transmission that is not necessary due to the nature of DC.

HVDC transmission basically comprises of six units that are:

Primary substation

Three phase rectifier

Transmission

Buck Boost Converter

Three phase inverter

Secondary substation

4

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 HVDC ADVANTAGES OVER HVAC

HVDC is more feasible for longer distances as compared to HVAC, because when these cables are undergrounded for longer than 65 KM different factors act up and increase the losses in HVAC. Whenever wires are installed capacitance is a factor that acts, while a wire suspended in air has much less capacitance (by about a factor of 50-100) than a cable in which it is surrounded by soil and polymeric insulation. The capacitance commands the time the cable takes to deliver voltage at the other end of cable when voltage is applied, and so the case that when DC is transmitted it is a constant voltage which does not vary and hence the charging and discharging of the cable does not take place due to the which is seen in the AC. At 50Hz the voltage reverses 100 times per second (10 milliseconds for per reversal), and every time this happens the line capacitance needs to be charged up to make any power flow through the cable. Hence an AC underground transmission cable can be only placed for a shorter distance while a DC underground transmission cable can be placed for a longer distance without any problem with respect to power flow.

When cables are selected for HVAC transmission there is only a certain range for the wire diameter till which it can be selected due to “Skin Effect” that prevents an AC current flowing from center of a large diameter wire, whereas DC line can be thick. Wires that are greater than an inch have a greater skin effect at 50Hz. Due to this multiple wires are arranged in a circular design and are separated by polymer spacers in HVAC transmission line. Hence overhead HVDC power lines can transmit more power efficiently on longer distances rather than HVAC.

In HVAC transmission voltage can be taken up to as high as 765KV but above

that power dissipation becomes significant by dielectric losses. Dielectric loss

5

Chapter 2 Literature Review

quantifies a dielectric material’s inherent dissipation of electromagnetic energy into, e.g., heat. It can be parameterized in terms of either the loss angle δ or the corresponding loss tangent tan δ. Both refer to the phasor in the complex plane whose real and imaginary parts are the resistive (lossy) component of an electromagnetic field and its reactive (lossless) counterpart. This is the basic principle of microwave ovens. At high AC voltage, dielectric losses of non-resistive power dissipation and corona discharge become significant. As far as DC is concerned HVDC overhead power lines can have higher voltage levels as compared to AC, currently the maximum HVDC lines voltage is 800KV. This shows that HVDC can transmit twice as high as HVAC voltage.

For AC power to be transmitted over different power networks there is an important aspect which cannot be ignored that is the synchronization of power and frequency, while HVDC can be used to link two different synchronized AC grids that are not synchronized with each other. In HVAC the line power must be synchronized with the local AC grid. Now HVDC is helpful in cases of linking two different power networks, a practical example of this is in Japan, where there are different regions of 50Hz & 60Hz power network. HVDC power flow between separate AC systems can be automatically controlled to provide support for either network during transient conditions, but without the risk that a major power system collapse in one network will lead to a collapse in the second.

Depending on voltage level and construction details, HVDC transmission losses are quoted to be about 3% per 1000km, which is less than typical losses in an AC transmission system.

If we consider the cost involved in making both systems HVAC & HVDC, then

we know that after a particular distance (break even distance) HVDC

6

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Transmission is the best choice. The following figure shows a comparison of the two:

Figure 2.1: HVAC VS HVDC COST COMPARED

2.2 TYPES OF HVDC SYSTEMS

MONO POLAR LINK

Mono polar link uses only a single conductor, while using ground in case of overhead lines and sea in case of underwater cables as a return path.

Figure 2.2: MONO POLAR LINK LINE DIAGRAM

7

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.2.2 BIPOLAR LINK

In Bipolar link we use two conductors one being the positive and second is negative. It is expensive than Mono polar link as it has a return conductor, but Bipolar link has several advantages over mono polar link:

When there is normal load over the system, a negligible amount of current flows through the return conductor. This reduces the losses that mono polar faces due to earth return conductor and environmental effects.

For a given power rating transmission system each conductor of a bipolar line, it carries only half the current of mono polar lines, hence the cost of the second conductor is reduced compared to a mono-polar line of the same rating.

In case of a fault in which one of the conductors fails in a bipolar link, we can use the second conductor to in a mono polar configuration and still keep the system running.

Figure 2.3: BIPOLAR LINK LINE DIAGRAM

8

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.2.3 HOMO POLAR LINK

Homo polar links have two conductors having the same polarity. The return path for such a system is through ground. Since the corona effect in DC transmission lines is less for negative polarity, homo polar link is usually operated with negative polarity.

Figure 2.4: HOMO POLAR LINK LINE DIAGRAM

2.3 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF HVDC SYSTEM

BISWANATH – AGRA, INDIA

This project has a transmission line voltage of 800KV, and a power capacity of 8000MW. This system is mapped from North Eastern and Eastern region of India to Agra covering a distance of 1728KM.

Figure 2.5: BISWANATH INDIA HVDC LINE DIAGRAM

9

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.3.2THREE GORGES CHINA

This HVDC system uses a bipolar transmission line. It transmits electric power from Three Gorges power plant to Changzhou it covers an approximate distance of 940 Km. The transmission line voltages are 500KV and has a power rating of 3000MW.

Figure 2.6: THREE GORGES CHINA HVDC

XIANGJIABA – SHANGAI HVDC SYSTEM

It has an 800KV transmission line voltage and a power rating of 6400MW. It is mapped over a distance of 1907 Km. It is a bipolar system with overhead lines. It transmits power from Xiangjiaba Dam to Shanghai.

10

Chapter 3 Methodology

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Our project is basically divided in three parts

Electrical design

Mechanical design

These are further elaborated in this Chapter.

3.0 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DESIGN

Following steps were followed to complete this:

Application diagram

Line diagram

Schematic Diagram

Simulation using Proteus

Components procurement

Prototype Development

Hardware Manufacture

Initial testing

Testing on load

MECHANICAL DESIGN

Mechanical design involves the following steps:

Designing the body of trainer

Designing individual modules

3.2 SOFTWWARE DESIGN

Software design involves the programs used for simulation:

Proteus Design Suit

Multisim

11

Chapter 3 Methodology

3.3 GANTT CHART

Task1: HVDC Basic Study 4 weeks

Task2: Study of software’s 4 weeks

Task3: System designing 4 weeks

Task4: Body manufacturing 8 weeks

Task5: System integration 4 weeks

Task6: Testing and finalization 4 weeks

Report writing 2 weeks

TABLE 3.1: GANTT CHART

12

Chapter 4 Project Description

CHAPTER FOUR

MODULE DESCRIPTION

4.0 GENERAL

4.0.1 POWER CALCULATIONS

As discussed earlier in Chapter 1 we have set our HVDC trainer at 500 watt at 0.8 power factor. Now to accomplish this desired value of power we have to calculate values of voltage and current at different levels throughout the system. We got custom made three phase transformer of 625VA to achieve this.

4.0.2 TRANSFORMER

For a 625 VA transformer the following parameters were considered while designing them:

Primary side input of 380V to secondary of 150V

Y to Y connection at primary side while a delta connection at secondary

Side

𝐼 = 4.1

Input:

Vrms line =380 Vrms

Vm line = 538.89 Vm

Output:

Vrms line = 150 Vrms

Vm line = (150) = 212.13 Vm

13

Chapter 4 Project Description

Vrms phase = = 86.6 Vrms

Vm phase = 86.6 = 122.47 Vm

4.0.3 RECTIFIER

This is installed just before the transmission line, it is 6 pulse rectifier which rectifies from 150V line to line to 200V DC (150/0.707=212.6404, ~200V DC). So if the power was generated at 10KV and transmitted at 200KV DC (High voltage DC transmission). To find the current at input side.

𝐼s = 4.2

Is=2.408 A line current and 2.5 A DC current.

Inputs:

Vm phase =122.47 Vm

Vrms phase =86.6 Vrms

Vrms line = 150 Vrm

Vm line = 212.13 Vm

Output:

Maximum output Voltage (average DC) for delay angle, α=0 is

𝑉𝑑𝑚 = = = (122.47) =202.56V 4.3

The RMS output of output voltage is

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 202.74 𝑉 4.4

The system is designed at 500W. Thus average load current will be

14

𝑃𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐷𝐶 × 𝑉𝐷𝐶 4.5

Rearranging

𝐼DC = = 2.47 𝐴 4.6

Thus the average current through Thyristor is

𝐼A = = 0.822 𝐴 4.7

The RMS current through a Thyristors

𝐼R = 0.822 = 0.47𝐴 4.8

The peak current through a Thyristor

𝐼PI = 0.822 𝐴 4.9

The peak inverse voltage is the peak amplitude of line to line voltage

𝑃𝐼𝑉 = (122.47) = 212.12 𝑉 4.10

4.0.4 DC TRANSMISSION LINE

The line is a mono polar link. As it is 200V DC all the losses like corona, skin effect, inductance & capacitance effects are ignored.

4.0.5 THREE PHASE INVERTER

This module comes after the transmission line where the DC is inverted by 3 – phase 120 degree conduction type inverter. The resultant voltage at the output of inverter is

Vout = (200/1.4141) = 145V line 3 phase. The frequency of the output is controlled by the PWM provided to the MOSFET driver.

4.0.6 LOAD

The load that we have used is a 100W bulb on each phase in Y-configuration.

15

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.0.7 VOLTAGE & CURRENT AT DIFFERENT POINTS

TABLE 4.1: VOLTAGE & CURRENT VALUES

The table above is in correspondence with the diagram given below:

FIGURE 4.1: HVDC LINK LINE DIAGRAM

4.1 Generation Substation

From main board 380V line to line is received in Y configuration and give it to the generation substation, which in terms represent a substation where power is generated. This transformer is designed to step down primary side 380 V line to line to 150V line to line. This module is only connected to external power.

16

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.1.1 Mechanical Design

We designed the face plate for the Generation Substation on Photoshop, following is its diagram.

FIGURE 4.2: ACRYLIC DESIGN OF GENERATION SUBSTATION

17

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.2 Three Phase Rectifier

After the generation substation comes the second module that is the three phase rectifier. This rectifies three phase 150V line to line into DC.

4.2.1 ELECTRICAL DESIGN

Following diagram represents the simulation of three phase rectifier:

FIGURE 4.3: PROTEUS CIRCUIT DESIGN OF THREE PHASE RECTIFIER

FIGURE 4.4: MULTISIM SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE RECTIFIER

18

Chapter 4 Project Description

FIGURE 4.5: PCB LAYOUT OF THREE PHASE RECTIFIER

FIGURE 4.6: PCB OF THREE PHASE RECTIFIER

19

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.2.2 DC FILTER

In order to smooth out the DC output of the rectifier a filter is required. We choose a LC filter as in an RLC filter the resistor will cause a loss in power, and that is something we do not desire.

DESIGN 1

FIGURE 4.7: LC FILTER

The input voltage is defined as VIN (t) =L

Vin(t) = L 4.11

Taking Laplace of this equation on both sides

Vin(S) = (𝑠) + 4.12

VIN(S) = 200/s

(𝑡) = 200 4.13

Hence it is proved that current will keep on reversing its polarity. Current in the reverse direction cannot flow from a rectifier diode and it will blow the circuit, so we cannot use this LC filter and will have to use RLC filter.

20

Chapter 4 Project Description

DESIGN 2

FIGURE 4.8: RLC FILTER

As you can see a resistor has been introduced in this design but the load current does not has to pass through the resistor, therefore reducing the power loss as compared to when the resistor would be in series with the inductor.

According to KVL

Vin(t) = L 4.14

Taking Laplace of this equation on both sides

Vin(𝑠) = 𝐿𝑠𝐼(𝑠) + 𝑅𝐼(𝑠) + 4.15

Assuming Vin(s) a step input function with peak value 200V so

VIN(s) = 200/s

4.16

Simplifying

I(s) = 4.17

To make the system critically damped, we have to consider its poles. By equating the denominator to 0 and using quadratic formula, we find roots of s as follows:

S = 4.18

21

For making critically damped system, we equate

4.19

4.20

Substituting this value of C in the original equation of I(s) and simplifying

(𝑠) = 4.21

Taking Inverse Laplace Transform

4.22

This equation shows that the current is not reversing its direction its direction so the previous problem is solved. Now we find the peak value of by taking derivative of above equation and equating it to 0.

4.23

Therefore t=2L/R is the value of time at which the peak occurs. Put this value of time to find the peak value

Imax = 4.24

To limit the peak value of current to 1A, we found

𝑅 = 147Ω 4.25

Now the value of L can be calculated from the value of C

𝐿 = 4.26

R=147Ω let C=10µF

L = 54.13 mH 4.27

22

Chapter 4 Project Description

The components we require for our filter are L=54.13mH

C=10µF

R=147Ω

We have tested this design on Multisim Circuit Simulation Software and the results matched our design as can be seen:

FIGURE 4.9: THREE PHASE RECTIFIER WITH RLC FILTER

FIGURE 4.10: THREE PHASE RECTIFIER TESTING

23

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.2.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN

Following is the application diagram and internal design that was followed in project. Three phase rectifier will take supply via jumper connections from the generation substation output.

FIGURE 4.11: ACRYLIC DESIGN OF THREE PHASE RECTIFIER

24

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.3 TRANSMISSION LINE

Once the three phase are rectified the DC bus is run through a number of resistors to model the losses which a DC transmission line will face over a number of KMs.

4.3.1 MECHANICAL DESIGN

FIGURE 4.12: ACRYLIC DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE

25

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.5 THREE PHASE INVERTER

The three phase inverter converts back the DC power to three phase AC power using s-pulse bipolar scheme of PWM to switch the mosfets.

4.5.1 ELECTRICAL DESIGN

FIGURE 4.13: PROTEUS CIRCUIT DESIGN OF THREE PHASE INVERTER

26

4.5.1.1 SINE WAVE GENERATOR

Firstly we generate a sine wave using a simple 555 timer IC sine wave generated was of 50Hz and we use the filter at the output make a pure sine wave.

FIGURE 4.14: SINE WAVE GENERATOR

4.5.1.2 PHASE SHIFTER CIRCUIT

For the phase shifter we use LM324 IC its input is a pure sine wave and there are three outputs of 0° 120° and 240°.

FIGURE 4.15: PHASE SHIFTER 120° APART

27

4.5.1.3 POWER SIDE

For the power side we use 6 mosfets IRC740, every two mosfets are connected in series and each having an input coming from the circuit of phase shifter the first two are having input of 0° sine wave other two having input of 120° and the last two having the input of 240°. Then the output coming from the rectifier is the input of the inverters power side the positive part is given to the drain of the mosfets and the negative is given to the source of the mosfets the output receives from the inverters power side is of three phases each having a phase difference of 120°.

FIGURE 4.16: POWER SIDE OF INVERTER

28

Chapter 4 Project Description

4.5.2 MECHANICAL DESIGN

FIGURE 4.17: ACRYLIC DESIGN OF THREE PHASE INVERTER

29

Chapter 4 Project Description

TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION

The transmission substation comprises of a three phase transformer which is designed to step up voltage to a usable AC voltage of 380V line to line.

4.6.1 Voltage & Current Ratings

As this trainer is designed for 625VA power rating, so the transformer is designed with the following ratings:

150V/380V

Y to Y connection

0.950/2.408A (i=p/(1.73V*cos 36))

MECHANICAL DESIGN

FIGURE 4.18: ACRYLIC DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION

30

Chapter 4 Project Description

Load

Load that has been used in this module is Resistive Load, which are three, hundred watt bulbs on each phase.

4.7.1 MECHANICAL DESIGN

FIGURE 4.19: ACRYLIC DESIGN OF THREE PHASE LOAD

31

Chapter 5 Testing

CHAPTER FIVE

TESTING

Test 1

The first test was conducted on the Generation Station module and the Transformer, which went successful in the first try. Following images show the results:

In the following image it is shown that the input side line to line voltage of the transformer is 408V.

FIGURE 5.1: TRANSFORMER TESTING (i)

32

Chapter 5 Testing

Following image shows that the output voltage of the transformer is 135.8V line to line

FIGURE 5.2: TRANSFORMER TESTING (ii)

Test 2

The second test was conducted on the Rectifier which was successful the output obtained from the rectifier is shown in the following image:

FIGURE 5.3: RECTIFIER TESTING

33

Test 3

The third test was performed on inverter wave observed on all the three phases are as follows:

FIGURE 5.4: INVERTER TESTING PHASE 1

FIGURE 5.5: INVERTER TESTING PHASE 2

34

FIGURE 5.6: INVERTER TESTING PHASE 3

Test 4

The forth test was also performed on inverter the line to line voltages were tested which are as follows:

FIGURE 5.7: INVERTER TESTING LINE-LINE VOLTAGES

35

Chapter 6 Cost

CHAPTER SIX

COST

TABLE 6.1 TOTAL COST

36

Chapter 7 Conclusion

CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSION

The project is a trainer to be used in electrical machines Lab as reflecting the equipment like:

3-Phase Sinusoidal Inverter and its programming

3-Phase Rectifier

DC Transmission Lines

3-Phase transformer

Instrumentation Panel

It can also be used to demonstrate the concept of HVDC transmission system. It consist of

Modules:

Generating Station

3-Phase Rectifier

DC transmission Line

3-Phase Sinusoidal Inverter

Transmission substation

3-Phase load

Instrumentation Module

The project has been made like Lab Volt trainer, but Lab Volt Trainer costs around $5000 while our project total cost is around 25000 Rs. Hence this project can be used by industry personnel and by students to familiarize with the concept of HVDC and it is cost effective.

37

Chapter 8 Recommendations

CHAPTER EIGHT

RECOMMENDATIONS

Some of the recommendations to improve this project are:

A data acquisition system should be integrated with this trainer to make it a mini SCADA to acquire values like Voltage, Current, and Temperature should be monitored continuously even from a remote area.

The inverter in this trainer can be tweaked to become a 3-Phase Controlled Rectifier. Which will allow the user to experiment more and it also broadens the scope of the project.

Instead of constantly switching wires from one line to another in the transmission line module, simply a LCD could be interfaced with a keypad to enter the desired distance to map on the DC transmission line.

By the addition of Zero Crossing Detector, a tachometer, and a little modification in the software, the Inverter Module can be used to connect Solar Panels to Grid as well as it can be used to connect a very large Wind Turbine coupled to a Wound Rotor Motor by feeding the rotor through a Rectifier and Inverter by adjusting the rotor frequency such that the combined rotor frequency and rotor speed equals the line frequency.

By the addition of a potentiometer and a little modification in the software, it can be used as a Variable Frequency Drive for Synchronous and Induction motor with Feedback control System.

38

REFERENCES

HVDC Transmission, Michael Bahrman P.E, ABB grid systems, WECC transmission planning seminar, February 2-3, 2009

HVDC with Voltage Source Converters – A Desirable Solution for Connecting Renewable Energies, Ying Jiang-Häfner, Rolf Ottersten, Energynautics conference

“Large-scale integration of wind power into power systems”, Bremen, Germany,

2009.

Power System Interconnections Using HVDC Links, John Graham, Geir Biledt and Jan Johansson, IX SEPOPE Conference 2004.

HVDC Grid Feasibility Study, Study Committee B4, Cigré.

Advantage of HVDC transmission, Gunnar Asplund, Urban Åström and Dong Wu, Keynote Lecture, Beijing, China, August 25-28, 2005.

J. Holtz, “Pulse width modulation for electronic power conversion,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, pp. 1194–1214, Aug. 1994.

O. Ogasawara, H. Akagi, and A. Nabel, “A novel PWM scheme of voltage source inverters based on space vector theory,” in Proc. EPE European Conf. Power Electronics and Applications, 1989, pp. 1197–1202.

M. Depenbrock, “Pulsewidth control of a 3-phase inverter with nonsinusoidal phase voltages,” in Proc. IEEE-IAS Int. Semiconductor Power Conversion Conf., Orlando, FL, 1975, pp. 389–398.

Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, by Bimal K. Bose. Prentice Hall Publishers, 2001

Power Electronics by Dr. P.S. Bimbhra. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 3rd Edition.

A Power Electronics Handbook by M.H. Rashid. Academic Press 2001.

39

MathWorks, Inc. 1998. The student edition of Simulink: dynamic system simulation for MATLAB: user's guide. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall.

Zhou Yuanshen, AC and DC speed control system and MATLAB simulation, China Electric Power Press, 2011.

40

MUR1510, MUR1515, MUR1520, MUR1540, MUR1560

Preferred Devices

SWITCHMODE

Power Rectifiers

. . . designed for use in switching power supplies, inverters and as free wheeling diodes, these state–of–the–art devices have the following features:

Ultrafast 35 and 60 Nanosecond Recovery Time

175C Operating Junction Temperature

Popular TO–220 Package

High Voltage Capability to 600 Volts

Low Forward Drop

Low Leakage Specified @ 150C Case Temperature

http://onsemi.com

ULTRAFAST RECTIFIERS

15 AMPERES

100–600 VOLTS

1

Current Derating Specified @ Both Case and Ambient Temperatures

Mechanical Characteristics:

Case: Epoxy, Molded

Weight: 1.9 grams (approximately)

Finish: All External Surfaces Corrosion Resistant and Terminal

Leads are Readily Solderable

Lead Temperature for Soldering Purposes: 260C Max. for

10 Seconds

Shipped 50 units per plastic tube

Marking: U1510, U1515, U1520, U1540, U1560

MAXIMUM RATINGS

Please See the Table on the Following Page

3

4

1

3

TO–220AC CASE 221B PLASTIC

4

MARKING DIAGRAM

U15xx = Device Code xx = 10, 15, 20,

40 or 60

ORDERING INFORMATION

Preferred devices are recommended choices for future use and best overall value.

Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2000

October, 2000 – Rev. 2

Publication Order Number:

MUR1520