Aspecte Transculturale In Procesul de Traducere a Corespondentei Diplomatice a Ambasadei Republicii Populare Chineze

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Aspecte Transculturale In Procesul de Traducere a Corespondentei Diplomatice a Ambasadei Republicii Populare Chineze

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

PROIECT DE LICENȚĂ

Aspecte transculturale în procesul de traducere a corespondenței diplomatice a ambasadei Republicii Populare Chineze

(studiu de caz )

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

My practice in translation has been performed from November 11, 2013, till December 15, 2013 at the Embassy of People’s Republic of China in the Republic of Moldova, the Chinese diplomatic mission accredited in Chisinau. The head of the mission is His Excellency, Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of China in the Republic of Moldova, Mr. Tong Mingtao, the first Secretary Mrs. Du Ying, the second Secretary Mr. Wang Jikun, etc. I have been implied as a translator of the English, Romanian, Russian and Chinese languages.

I was lucky to have had such a nice opportunity to perform my practical training at the Chinese Embassy. It is an important institution that maintains and develops international relationships between China and Moldova. I had the possibility to discover its mechanism from the inside, to observe where and how the diplomatic relationships are established.

During my practice I have dealt mainly with diplomatic correspondence as official informational letters, official greeting letters, official speeches, contracts, etc. I was also daily asked to translate some local mass-media articles for the Embassy.

One of the difficulties I met during the translation was the imperfection of the original texts, whether it was Romanian, English or Russian. The use of too long and sophisticated grammatical constructions made the translation process difficult. Another difficult point was related to the specific official style. The great amount of abbreviations, official institutions’ titles, polite forms of address needed more effort and information from me. I also met the problem of synonyms in English. The existence of a great number of different synonyms makes sometimes the choice of the best term difficult.

The aim of my license project was to determine transcultural issues in the process of diplomatic correspondence translation of the Embassy of People’s Republic of China.

The objectives of my project were the following:

to determine the meaning of the process of translation;

to determine the peculiarities of the official and diplomatic language;

to determine the methods frequently used in diplomatic translation;

to make semantic, etymologic and structural analysis of the terms included in the glossary;

to improve the speed and quality of the translation of the documents issued by the Embassy of People’s Republic of China, regarding all the requirements toward the original and translated text;

to gain skills of team working and communication abilities.

In the process of translation I used different types of dictionaries Oxford Dictionary, Diplomatic Dictionary, Collins Dictionary, etc. and I enlarged my vocabulary with new specialized words and expressions.

This practice was an important step for me to develop my professional skills, to integrate into the working group of the embassy as well as to discover and to capitalize my hidden potential.

Structure of the project

The project consists of introduction, two parts, conclusion bibliography and annexes.

In the first part, entitled “Issues in Translation and Diplomacy” some theoretical aspects of translation, diplomacy and diplomatic language are discussed. In the second chapter, entitled “Features of Diplomatic Correspondence Translation” the linguistic analysis of diplomatic terminology, as well as difficulties in translation of diplomatic documents, followed by the comparative analysis of machine made and human translation are studies.

In conclusion the results of our work are given, followed by the bibliography where the complete list of the resources used in our project is presented. Annexes consist of a selection of visual and textual material analyzed in the work.

I. ISSUES IN TRANSLATION AND DIPLOMACY

I.1. Theoretical Aspects of Translation

Communication is the basis of our lives especially in our age. Every day we are communicating with each other in some or another way, be it verbal, non verbal, formal or informal, communication is a component part of our human essence that is what makes us rational and highly developed beings. To be understood became along with other primary necessities a very important aspect for the happiness and prosperity of humanity.

Over the history, linguistic barriers have created multiple difficult psychological obstacles that sometimes are invincible: in antiquity, the persons speaking a foreign language – an incomprehensible language – were treated with suspicion, but more often with hatred. For example, in Antic Egypt, people had not even considered the foreign language speakers for humans. The inscriptions and drawings from the Egyptian sanctuaries represent foreigners only on the knelt down, as slaves or vassals offering gifts. Their words were not translated, but only transformed into entreaties.

If the natural or administrative barriers are possible to pass over, linguistic obstacles, including communicational ones, still remain strong and are almost unconquerable without translation. In such a way, it is the aim of translation to make the communication between different language speakers possible and in a broader sense, to make possible the communication between ethnics with different cultures and different ways of thinking [2, p.7-8].

One may argue that in the era of high technologies and globalization the role of the translators and interpreters is diminished, but I think it is quite vice versa. Now as never before, translation has a role of linguistic mediator, is a bridge between cultures, peoples and epochs, and this function is not lessened even in the era of high technologies. It will persist as long as different cultures and visions upon this world exist.

Translators are vital for dialogue, being central figures in the process of exchange and cultural cross-communication. In addition, translation is a tool and a medium for the freedom to express difference. The expression of cultural and linguistic diversity is of great importance. Indeed, translation permits each and every one of us to use our language of preference – our mother tongue, without having to borrow a lingua franca with which we may not be very familiar. In this sense, translation leads to understanding without reducing variety of expression. It accordingly expresses the variety and nuances of linguistic and, hence, of cultural diversity. By promoting translation, we can better serve the cause of cultural diversity and dialogue between cultures.

The role of mediation played by translation is all the more effective in this age of globalization, when the local and global are moving closer together and, sometimes, merging. We are witnessing, on the one hand, an undeniable rise in the value of all languages because of their uniqueness while, on the other hand, we see a steadily growing need to communicate beyond linguistic and territorial frontiers.

The two requirements can coexist peacefully thanks to translation which, in this situation, becomes a unique means of expressing the local and the global, a tool for promoting openness and a common ground for the specific and the universal to meet [6, p.352-353].

But what does a translation mean? The definitions offered by the linguists are so many and so different, every definition treating a certain aspect of this activity, but all they complete each other. For example, V. Fedorov says that to translate means to precisely and completely express by means of one language the things that had been expressed earlier by the means of another language. While another Russian linguist Y. P. Solodub insists that translation is a creative intellectual activity, denoting the transmitting of information from a source language into a target language. N.K. Garbovsky describes this notion more detailed as translation is a social function of communicative mediation between people, who use different language systems. This function is carried out as a psychophysical activity of a bilingual person aimed at the reflection of reality on the basis of his (her) individual abilities as an interpreter, accomplishing transition from one semiotic system to another with the purpose of equivalent, i.e. maximally complete, but always partial transmission of a system of meanings, contained in a source message, from one communicant to another [7, p.286].

The famous linguist Eugen Coseriu gives a wider interpretation for the notion of translation, saying that the act of translation is just a communication, with a virtually identical content, in two different languages. A translator doesn’t translate languages, he translates affirmations and sentences, he translates what is said by a certain language. In such a way they translate what it is drawn by the means of significations. There is no a direct transposition of source language significations into the target language significations. The way of translation necessarily crosses the extra linguistic plane. That is why the translation is first of all a “de-composition through the language”, followed by a “re-composition through the language [2, p.11].

Maybe one of the most categorical and short definitions of translation is offered by George Borrow who said that translation is at best an echo. This idea is developed in Umberto Eco’s researches. His vision upon the act of translation is maybe the most flexible and courageous. According to him, the first and the simplest definition for the translation would be: to say almost the same thing in a different language But, first of all, it is very difficult to define what does “to say the same thing” mean, and it is difficult because of such procedures as paraphrasing, reformulation, and so called substitutions by synonyms. Secondly, because having a text for translation it is unknown what that thing is. Finally, in certain situations, it is not even clear what does to say mean [4, p.9].

So, knowing that we never say the same think how it is possible to say almost the same thing? At this level, the problem is not how to say the same thing, not even the same thing, but what does this almost mean? How flexible can be this almost? It depends on the point of view: the planet Earth is almost the same as the planet Mars, for the both are revolving around the Sun and both are spherical, but at the same time, it could be the almost the same with any other planet revolving in any other solar system. It could be almost the same with the Sun, for they are both celestial objects. It could be almost the same as a crystal sphere of a magician, or almost the same as an orange. To determine the flexibility and the limits of the almost depends on certain criteria that should be previously negotiated. To say almost the same thing is a procedure marked by the idea of negotiation [4, p.10].

In such a way, he concludes that to translate means to understand the inner mechanism of a language and the structure of its text, and then to build a copy of this textual mechanism, that in a certain perspective would be able to produce similar effects on the reader, semantically, syntactically, stylistically, metrically, phonologically as well as to bear the sentimental effects aimed by the original text. Every language possesses its own geniality and every language expresses a different vision upon the world [4, p.16].

In this context, Guy Deutscher, noted that there are four tongues worthy of the world's use: Greek for song, Latin for war, Syriac for lamentation, and Hebrew for ordinary speech. Other authorities have been no less decided in their judgment on what different languages are good for. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, king of Spain, archduke of Austria, and master of several European tongues, professed to speak "Spanish to God, Italian to women, to women, French to men, and German to my horse." A nation's language is holds its psyche, and modes of thought [3, p.1]. The grammar of some languages is simply not logical enough to express complex ideas. German, on the other hand, is an ideal vehicle for formulating the most precise philosophical profundities, as it is a particularly orderly language, which is why the Germans have such orderly minds. Some languages don't even have a future tense, so their speakers naturally have no grasp of the future. The Babylonians would have been hard-pressed to understand Crime and Punishment, because their language used one and the same word to describe both of these concepts. The craggy fjords are audible in the precipitous intonation of Norwegian, and you can hear the dark I's of Russian in Tchaikovsky's lugubrious tunes. French is not only a Romance language but the language of romance par excellence. English is an adaptable, even promiscuous language, and Italian-ah, Italian!

Philosophers of all persuasions and nationalities have lined up to proclaim that each language reflects the qualities of the nation that. In the seventeenth century, the Englishman Francis Bacon explained that one can infer "significant marks of the genius and manners of people and nations from their languages." "Everything confirms," agreed the Frenchman Etienne de Condillac a century later, "that each language expresses the character of the people who speak it." His younger contemporary, the German Johann Gottfried Herder, concurred that "the intellect and the character of every nation are stamped in its language." Industrious nations, he said, "have an abundance of moods in their verbs, while more refined nations have a large amount of nouns that have been exalted to abstract notions." In short, "the genius of a nation is nowhere better revealed than in the physiognomy of its speech" [3, p.2-3].

It is well known that translators are the shadow heroes of literature, the often forgotten instruments that make it possible for different cultures to talk to one another, who have enabled us to understand that we all, from every part of the world, live in one world.

I.2. Diplomacy and the Features of its Language

Diplomacy whose presence in the history of mankind from the very beginning of civilization has been proved by the archeologists is a formal way of communication between the states. Since in most of the cases the various states use different language or even languages in their internal exchanges, the interstate communication usually meets the challenge of having a common language in order to avoid misunderstandings. This common language used for diplomatic purposes is sometimes called ’diplomatic language’. In its first sense it signifies the actual language which is employed by diplomats in their conversation or correspondence with each other. In its second sense it means those technical phrases which, in the course of centuries, have become part of ordinary diplomatic vocabulary. And its third, and most common, sense it is used to describe that guarded understatement which enables diplomats and ministers to say sharp things to each other without becoming provocative or impolite. Although most of the diplomatic lexicons and dictionaries mention and explain the notion of diplomatic language, legally, there has never existed such a language [5, online].

John F. Kennedy emphasized the importance of diplomacy calling people not to be blind by their differences, but to direct the attention to their common interests and to the means by which those differences can be resolved. Also he noted that if it is impossible to end the differences, at least it is possible to make this world safe for diversity. In this context, Wilfries Bolewski said that intercultural sensitivity within groups paves the way for the acceptance and tolerance of other cultures and allows members to be open to values which are universal among all groups, such as law and justice, which globalized society should then build upon together [6,p. 165].

The aim of diplomacy is twofold: to protect and guide the individual interests of states and to promote global norms and values characterizing the growing sense of a community of states and international unity. Modern diplomacy is a rule-governed activity involving communication, negotiation, and representation between states, international organizations and trans-national participants.

Diplomacy deals with culturally diverse groups by means of interactions and negotiations. The negotiation style of each participant is formed by one’s own cultural “program.” Culture is the social identity individuals start to develop when they become aware of belonging to a social group; national cultures as well as political, economic, social, and historical elements form a national identity. As different cultural groups communicate differently, the culture of a negotiation party influences its negotiation style [6, p.150].

Language in diplomacy is more than just a means of communication; language is a tool for empowerment, as Nathaniel Hawthorne said that words – as innocent and powerless as they are, as standing in a dictionary, how potent for good and evil they become in the hands of one who knows how to combine them. Since communication and culture are acquired simultaneously, language can be considered the key to a culture.

Every language deeply rooted in a particular culture conveys a unique representation of the world. Good argumentative points and diplomatic techniques are useless without the ability to communicate them. As there are strong differences in verbal and nonverbal communication across cultures and subcultures, language can also be an obstacle to a successful diplomatic process because of possible cross-cultural misinterpretations. As such, language skills are one of the most important tools for diplomats. The only possibility to communicate and negotiate without proper (foreign) language skills is third party interpretation. However, involving an interpreter can lead to a loss of behavioral nuances and confidence, and can therefore be considered as a secondary option [6, online].

Language of diplomacy is a language of concealment, rather than a language of revelation. It is a language of glossing over, misrepresentation rather than representation, multiplicity of construction to suit exigencies, bending the original intent, and so on. The function of language choices used in international diplomacy is often to avoid potential conflict or confrontation due to the regular norm in the diplomatic world to maintain bilateral and multilateral relations between countries. In such a way diplomats usually tend to use euphemisms, clichés and ambiguity at different levels in order avoid conflicts. But as Quentin Crisp said, euphemisms are unpleasant truths just wearing diplomatic cologne [1, p.24].

Diplomatic correspondence is communication between people of different states or of the same state in the process of negotiations and has as a purpose the act of agreeing or conforming on particular issues. It involves exchange of the official letters and presents one of the most principal forms of a state diplomatic activity, having as the main object realization of the aims and problems of the foreign politics. The process of diplomatic activity is formed on two directions:

through the relationship with residential countries;

through the relationship with the government of an accredited state.

The style of the official correspondence is changing depending on the circulating languages and customs of different countries. However it is governed by some general rules, defined by the international practice and requirements of protocol. The aim of these requirements is to accord to the corresponding addresser signs of compliments and to maintain stable and equal relations between countries, as well as reciprocity and correctitude [1, p.27-28].

The language must be formal, standardized and often terse. The writer seems to transform him/herself from the personal to the institutional. Letters appear to be written from one “institution” to another rather than from person to person. This does nothing more than to create ineffective communication. It is important to develop a good writing style that not only reflects good grammar and sentence structure, but also gives the reader some insight into the personality of the writer. It is just as important, however, for a diplomat to be able to express himself in clear, concise language so that the reader understands exactly why the diplomat is writing.

The general accepted classification of the main features of the official style is the following:

use of standard phrases, e.g.: “I have the honour to”, “accept the assurance of my highest consideration”, “dear”, “sincerely yours”, etc.

use of obsolescent idioms instead of modern constructions, e.g.: “hereby, thereto, hereinafter, therefore”

accentuating “I” instead of “me”; “my wife and I”

some words are replaced: “response instead of answer”, “being desirous vs. to wish”, “be confident vs. be sure”, “commence vs. begin”

use of strict verb tense: present simple/continuous/ perfect/ past simple, future simple in the past.

use of abbreviations, e.g.: “charge d’affaires a.i., P.A (personal agent, Mr., H.E. (His Excellence), Encl. (enclosure), R.S.V.P. (respondez s’il vous plait), C/O (care of), CC (carbon copy)”.

The official language is sometimes called officialese and differs from other kinds of the English language, because of the specific character of its functional usage, which can be illustrated in classical terms of style, its predestination, and main features [1, p.28].

As long as the language used in diplomacy is decisive, diplomats must constantly improve their cross-cultural skills. It is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. According to Kishan Rana cross-cultural skills cannot be taken for granted, as qualities that diplomats master intuitively. In the past the dominance of Western diplomacy and the fairly homogenous nature of the discourse of diplomacy made such training largely unnecessary. Today the reality is different. Today, the addition of many layers of diversity demands explicit training in this area, but as before, the practitioner must integrate theory with practical needs, and adapt his learning on the basis of experience. To be adept at cultural understanding is not to adopt the cultural style of others, or abandon one’s own cultural characteristics. The aim is to reduce the distance from the 'other', and to gain insight. Diversity of cultures and languages suggests for diplomacy practitioners more directness and less resort to indirect signaling in dealing with non-homogenous interlocutors.

On the other hand, Raymond Cohen made great efforts to improve communication between negotiators from different cultures and included the development of a lexicon of negotiating terminology in Middle Eastern languages and English as a guide for conducting or following negotiations in these languages. He says that behind the preparation of the lexicon lay the conviction that differences between languages matter deeply. Living and working in two languages, English and Hebrew, he was struck by how each language seemed to manifest a different outlook on the world. Things that could be said easily and elegantly in one tongue lent themselves to laborious expression in the other. Where one called for understatement, the other required hyperbole. Ostensibly slight nuances of tone and nice distinctions evoked quite far-reaching differences of association and meaning. The lexicon takes a variety of words and concepts related to negotiation, examining them for differences in distinctions drawn, historical associations, contrasting values and differences in emphasis [9, online].

II. features of Diplomatic Correspondence Translation

II.1. Linguistic Analysis of Diplomatic Terminology

After a detailed semantic analysis of the Glossary terms, I have distinguished four big semantic groups of words as they follow: words of diplomacy (41%), economic terms (23%), terms of consular affairs (16%) and neutral (20%) (see Annex 1).

As the documents from the Embassy are mainly connected to the diplomatic correspondence between the diplomatic mission and ministries, political parties, and other different international organizations, it is obvious that the percentage rate shows that the majority of the terms are from the semantic field of diplomacy, for example: agreement, bilateral relationships, cooperation, civil society, and diplomacy, etc.

This mutual agreement has been read, understood and signed by the responsible persons mentioned bellow. – Acest acord mutual a fost citit, înțeles și semnat de către persoanele responsabile a căror nume sunt indicate mai jos și confirmate prin semnătură.

Această dinamică pozitivă creează premise favorabile pentru consolidarea prieteniei tradiționale dintre țările noastre și avansarea relațiilor bilaterale la un nivel calitativ nou, cel al ului parteneriat strategic. – This positive dynamics creates a favorable environment for the consolidation of the traditional friendship between our countries and for the development of the bilateral relationships on a new, qualitative level, of strategic partnership.

Informarea reciprocă despre preocupările de bază ale reprezentanților societății civile este unul dintre cele mai accesibile și eficiente mijloace de îmbunătățire a contactelor cu semenii lor din alte țări. – The mutual information about the basic concerns of the civil society is one of the most efficient and accessible way of development the relationships with our colleagues.

Another important semantic group of terms consists of economic terms (23%), as the economy is an essential aspect of international relationships between the countries, for example: embargo, GDP, trade union, production force, investment, etc.

La cel de-al 18-lea Congres Național al Partidului Comunist Chinz, care s-a desfășurat în luna noiembrie 2012, au fost stabilite obiectivele mărețe de dezvoltare a unei societăți prospere către anul 2020, unde PIB-ul și venitul pe cap de locuitor vor fi duble, comparative cu anul 2010. – In November 2013, at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, have been determined great objectives for the development of a prosperous society to 2020 year, where the GDP and income per capita would be doubled, comparing with 2010 year.

Confederația Națională a Sindicatelor din Moldova are onoarea să vă salute și să vă adreseze urări de sănătate și succese în realizarea politicii externe a țării pe care o reprezentați în relațiile cu Republica Moldova. – The National Trade Union Confederation of Moldova is honored to great you and to address you its best wishes of a strong health, success in the foreign policy of the country you represent here, in the Republic of Moldova.

Primul proiect de investiții chinez, în valoare de 1 milion de dolari SUA, este deja lansat în unul din parcurile industriale ale Moldovei. – The first Chinese investment project of 1 million USD has been already launched in one of industrial parks of Moldova. The talks about the development of infrastructure are also in progress.

The third semantic group is formed of purely consular terms (16%) as: ambassador, reception, delegation, plenipotentiary, visa, etc.

În același cadru festiv, Ambasadorul Extraordinar și Plenipotențiar al Republicii Populare Chineze în Republica Moldova, Domnul Tong Mingtao, a accentuat că transformările imortalizate în imagini, argumentează viabilitatea cursului trasat de Guvernul de la Beijing. – At the same event, the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of People’s Republic of China in the Republic of Moldova, Tong Mingtao, pointed that the metamorphosis immortalized in images argue the viability of the way the Beijing Government has chosen.

The head of state welcomed the Chinese delegation to Moldova. – Șeful statului a salutat delegația chineză, urîndu-i „bun venit în Moldova.”

În acel moment, reprezentanții corpului diplomatic moldovenesc au părăsit recepția în semn de protest. – At that moment, the representatives from the moldovan diplomatic corps left the reception, as an act of protest.

The structural analysis of the terms shows that the majority are one-member terms (79%) for example accredit, agenda, copyright, investment. The others are two-member (19%) and three-member (2%) terms (see Annex 2). From those two-member terms (see Annex 3) the biggest part (54%) have the structure „Adjective+Noun” as: social security, round-trip, visiting-professor, bilateral relationships, etc.

The standard of living, the income and social security also have recorded an important growth. – Nivelul de trai, venitul și asigurarea socială a poporului de asemenea au înregistrat o creștere însemnată.

An economic round-trip airfare for yourself. – Un bilet tur-retur econom class pentru dumneavoastră.

This positive dynamics creates a favorable environment for the consolidation of the traditional friendship between our countries and for the development of the bilateral relationships on a new, qualitative level, of strategic partnership. – Această dinamică pozitivă creează premise favorabile pentru consolidarea prieteniei tradiționale dintre țările noastre și avansarea relațiilor bilaterale la un nivel calitativ noi, cel al unui parteneriat strategic.

There are also „Noun+Noun” form terms as for example: insurance policy, identity card, residence permit, trade union, etc.

So, the National Trade Union Confederation of Moldova proposes you, Mr. Ambassador, to accelerate this process, organizing an exchange of information. – Astfel, stimate Domnule Ambasador, Confederația Națională a Sindicatelor din Moldova vă propune să accelerăm acest proces prin a iniția organizarea schimbului de informații.

Within the ethnic minority regions in China, identity cards possess corresponding text in the respective minority language. – În regiunile minorităților etnice din China, buletinele de identitate conțin o informație corespunzătoare în limba minorătății respective.

The etymological analysis of the terms (see Annex 4) showed that the majority of the words are of Latin origin (64%). These are: consul, dissident, propaganda, moratorium, legalize, etc. Besides the fact that the vocabulary of the English language consists mainly of Latin words, the development of modern diplomacy and international relationships is closely connected to the European part of the world. Many of these Latin terms have their equivalent of Germanic origin, but the formal style of diplomacy gives the preference to the Latinized vocabulary.

Terms of French origin (15%) as: personnel, lodge, Force Majeure, espionage, enclose, etc, came into English as the influence from the powerful and strong diplomatic activity of France over the centuries.

A small number of words are of Dutch origin (4%). They penetrated English as a result of the trade between England and the Low Dutch Lands directly opposite the greatest ports on the east coast. Owing to the rivalry of the merchant gilds the position of foreigners trading here was much restricted; yet one of these restrictions at least brought them into closer relationship with the natives. In such a way, the majority of originally Dutch words are connected to the field of economy, trade or navigation: trade, trip, or crackdown.

In economy, the bilateral trade between Moldova and China is constantly rising. – Pe plan economic, comerțul bilateral este în continuă ascensiune.

On a trip that avoids Beijing, Obama keeps his eye on China. – Fiind într-o călătorie ce ocolește Beijing-ul, Obama totuși stă cu ochii pe China.

As a conclusion, one has to state that the majority of the terms are of Latin origin, as most of them belong to the semantic field of diplomacy and economy. These fields operate with an official style of language and as a result, a Latinized speech.

II. 2. Difficulties in Translation of Diplomatic Documents

From its origins, diplomacy paid great attention to skillful words. Today diplomacy is fairly associated with the diplomats’ language skills, a calibrated and polished language that transcends cultures and nations, with the use of a so-called “unsaid”, clichés, euphemisms and strong words.

During my practice I met some difficulties translating all those official sophisticated sentences, expressing respect and so on. As I have never dealt with diplomatic documents, but I had to perform qualitative translations from this field, I was put in the situation to study such documents in Romanian and to follow the existent forms and standards.

A typical example of official diplomatic letter is the correspondence between the Embassy and The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (see Annex 6). In this letter, the Embassy informs the Ministry about the soon coming delegation from China.

The letter has a very distinctive structure. The introductive paragraph makes a short presentation about the sender – The Embassy – and expresses its greeting to the Ministry. There are used such standard formulas and clichés as: “the Embassy presents its compliments to” and “has the honour to inform”. This long exchange of politeness is the essence of the diplomatic language, a hyperbolized respect and courteousness. The Romanian equivalent of these phrases would be: “Ambasada prezintă salutul său” and “are onoarea de a prezenta următoarele”. Other forms of introduction are also: “we use this occasion to”, “it is a great pleasure to”, etc.

The letter continues with the presentation of the necessary information about the delegation, announcing the purpose and the date of the visit. The requirement to the Ministry is formulated in a rather respectful manner:

“It would be highly appreciated if the esteemed Ministry could confirm the suggested date and make the appropriate arrangements.” – “Vom aprecia enorm dacă onoratul Minister va confirma data stabilită și va întreprinde măsurile corespunzătoare.”

The ending is also a very important component part of the official letters. It is entirely used to express again the respect and the importance of the existent relationship between the two organizations:

“The Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Ministry the assurance of its highest consideration.” – “Ambasada beneficiază de această oportunitate pentru a reînnoi asigurarea celor mai înalte considerațiuni către Minister.”

Another way to express the respect is showed in the letter from Gabriel Margineanu (text 9, Ro-Eng, Practice Folder), he says:

“We consider important to thank You for the support offered to the Republic of Moldova and assure You that this effort is highly appreciated.”

Other difficult points translating official documentation for me were such Romanian expressions as “din numele Guvernului Republicii Moldova”. First comes into mind word for word variant “in the name of the Government of the Republic of Moldova”, but it is wrong, the equivalent being “on the behalf of the Government of the Republic of Moldova.”

As during my practical work there were some important holidays for the Chinese people, I had to translate many greeting letters. They usually began as: “Cu ocazia acestei sărbători”. In this case I was again tempted to make a literal translation and to say: “With this occasion”, while the correct preposition is “On this occasion”.

A frequent difficulty I have met while translating was the problem of long subordinate sentences in source texts, for example, the Romanian sentence:

“Pornind de la faptul că informarea reciprocă despre preocupările de bază ale reprezentanților societății civile este unul dintre cele mai accesibile și eficiente mijloace de îmbunătățire a contactelor cu semenii lor din alte țări, Confederația Națională a Sindicatelor din Moldova vă propune, stimate Domnule Ambasador, să accelerăm acest proces prin a iniția organizarea schimbului de informații.”

In Romanian it is a long, subordinate, logically structured sentence. Translating it into English I found it difficult to express the same volume of information by one single subordinate, so I have divided it in two sentences.

The mutual information about the basic concerns of the civil society is one of the most efficient and accessible way of development the relationships with our colleagues. So, the National Trade Union Confederation of Moldova proposes you, Mr. Ambassador, to accelerate this process, organizing an informational exchange.

Speaking about transcultural aspects in the translation of diplomatic correspondence and documents, I could mention some curious examples. In his speech on the occasion of the 64th anniversary from the foundation of People’s Republic of China, Mr. Ambassador Tong Mingtao, says at the end “Noroc!” The word in Romanian has several meanings:

fate, destiny (positive);

luck;

Cheers!

As I was given the Romanian variant to translate into English, my choice was to leave this “Noroc!” in its original Romanian form, in order to sound more authentic and closer to the host country. Ambassadors usually use such a tactic. It is a certain tradition during the speech, especially when the target audience is composed of simple people, to say several phrases in their local language; whether it is a “good morning” or “thank you” it remains a very effective way to assure people that for their country the relationship with them is extremely important. In fact, this is one of the greatest functions of the ambassadors, to create and maintain a positive image of their countries abroad.

II.3. Comparative Study of Machine and Human Made Translation of Diplomatic Texts

Since its introduction Machine Translation has changed our vision upon the linguistic barriers, speaking especially about the virtual information. Today it is no longer a problem to translate a word, a paragraph, a text or even an entire web site from one language into another, using a Machine Translation system. Its advantages are impressive and the popularity is quite reasoned. It is fast, cost-effective and simple. But if it was perfect, the profession of translators would completeley disappear.

So I decided to analize the translation of three different automatic translation systems and to compare the results with a human translation, in order to find out the weak points of the machines in the informational processing. Focusing on the mistakes produced by the rule-based machine translation systems, it could become easier to detect and as a result to edit the errors as these mistakes are produced in a systematic manner.

The paragraph I have chosen is an extract from the BBC article „Why Russian Wine Ban is Putting Pressure on Moldova.”

Original text:

“Small wonder a recent Russian embargo on imports of Moldovan wine, the second in under 10 years, has left the country reeling. It was as a member of the former USSR that Moldova was encouraged to specialize in wine making – for decades it provided most of the Soviet Union's wine and Russia remains its biggest export market at 28%.

Moldova's Agricultural Minister Vasile Bumacov explained that Moscow cited a trace of plastic contamination found in several barrels of devin, the Moldovan version of cognac, as the reason for the ban.” (full text see Annexes 5 (a)).

Google Translator:

“De mirare un embargo rus recent asupra importurilor de vinuri moldovenești, în al doilea sub 10 ani, a părăsit țara bobinare. A fost ca un membru al fostei URSS, că Republica Moldova a fost încurajată să se specializeze în fabricarea vinului – de zeci de ani le-a furnizat cea mai mare de vin a Uniunii Sovietice și Rusia rămâne cea mai mare piață de export la 28%.

Ministrul Moldova Agriculturii, Vasile Bumacov, a explicat că Moscova a citat o urmă de contaminare plastic găsite în mai multe butoaie de Devin, versiunea moldovenească de coniac, ca motiv pentru interzicerea. El a spus: "În Devin nostru a fost o urmă 0.16, dar în apa din Rusia, ele sunt permise de 0,2, în UE 0.3. Am avut mai puțin decât în apa minerală." (full text see Annexes 5(b)).

Babylon Translator:

“O mică minune recente Rusă embargoului asupra importurilor de vin Moldova, a doua în sub 10 ani, a parasit tara bobinare. Era ca un membru al fostei URSS ca Moldova a fost incurajat sa se specializeze in vin – pentru decenii a furnizat cea mai mare parte a Uniunii Sovietice vin si Rusia rămâne cel mai mare export sale piata la 28 %.

Moldova Ministrul Vasile Bumacov Agricole explicat ca Moscova citat un trace din plastic contaminare găsite în mai multe butoaie de devin, Moldova versiune de coniac, ca motiv pentru interzicerea.” (full text see Annexes 5(c)).

Bing Translator:

“Mirare o recentă embargoului rus pe importurile de vinuri, al doilea în sub 10 ani, a părăsit țara bobinare. A fost membru al fostei URSS, că Moldova a fost încurajată să se specializeze în producerea vinului – de zeci de ani aceasta a oferit cele mai multe dintre vin de Uniunea Sovietică și Rusia rămâne sale cea mai mare piață de export la 28%.

Moldova agricole ministrul Vasile Bumacov a explicat că Moscova citată o urmă de plastic contaminarea găsite în mai multe butoaie de devin, versiunea moldovenească de coniac, ca motivul pentru ban.” (full text see Annexes 5(d)).

Human translation:

„Nu este de mirare că embargo-ul, recent impus de către Rusia asupra vinului moldovenesc, al doilea în decurs de 10 ani, a cutremurat țara. De cînd era membră a URSS, Moldova a fost încurajată să se specializeze în producerea vinului – de-a lungul deceniilor, asigurînd Uniunea Sovietică cu vinuri, iar Rusia a rămas cea mai mare piață de desfacere a sa, cu o pondere de 28%.

Motivul interdicției prezentat de către Moscova, ar fi depistarea unor urme de contaminare cu plastic, descoperite în cîteva butoaie cu divin (cognac moldovenesc), explică Ministrul Agriculturii Republicii Moldova, Vasile Bumacov.

„În divinul nostru a fost înregistată o cantitate de 0.16, pe cînd standardele Rusiei permit o cantitate de 0.2 în apă, iar în Europa 0.3. 0.16 este o cantitate mai mică decît în apa minerală.” (full text see Annexes 5 (e)).

Analyzing the output of the first and maybe the most popular MT system, Google Translator, I could highlight a list of mistakes, appeared as a result of the difference between English and Romanian languages.

One of the biggest problems of Google Translator translating into Romanian is to put the correct adjective’s gender. The error happens as in English adjectives don’t change their form, no matter it is singular, plural, feminine, masculine etc., while in Romanian it should change, according to the noun it modifies. As a result, it translated “apa îmbuteliată European” instead of “apa îmbuteliată Europeană” and “fostul țara mamă” instead “fosta țara mamă”. The same reason is to blame while mistranslating the verb “is irritated”. English grammar doesn’t change the verb, according to the gender or the number, as Romanian does. That is why it is translated “Rusia este iritat”, instead of “Rusia este iritată”.

Another difficulty was the mistranslation of the English Present Continuous Tense. English grammar makes a clear difference between Simple and Continuous Tenses, while in Romanian there is just one simple tense. So Google’s output for “The European Union is currently expanding its reach east.” was “Uniunea Europeană este în prezent, extinderea ariei sale de est” so the -ing form “is extending” was translated as a noun “extinderea”, not as a verb – “a extinde”.

The problem of articles is also troublesome; mainly Google meets some difficulties in the translation of Romanian definite articles, just missing it. It says “în divin nostru”, instead of “în divinul nostru”, “expansionism UE”, instead of “expansionismul UE”.

Incorrect lexical choice is also present in Google Translator’s result. As the publicistic article contains a dose of stylistic colour, idioms and the use words with their metaphorical meaning, such mistakes are natural. That is why it translated directly “are on the cards” as “sunt pe carduri”, instead of “este foarte posibil”, it chose the direct word for “has left” as “a părăsit”, but it is more appropriate to use “a cutremurat, a lăsat”.

Checking the translation of the second MT system, Babylon, I discovered that the level of the output is absolutely and obviously lower than the Google one’s. Babylon’s translation gives the feeling that the text was simply translated word by word, ignoring any grammatical rule, so the translation seems to be more a list of random words, then a complex intelligible text, making rather difficult even to catch the general idea, for example:

“O mică minune recente Rusă embargoului asupra importurilor de vin Moldova, a doua în sub 10 ani, a parasit tara bobinare.”

A great problem for Babylon is the translation of adjectives. It uses the English pattern: Adjective+Noun that it is wrong in Romanian due to the grammar norms of the Romanian language where the adjective always follow the noun. That is how such combinations appeared: “Moldova versiune de coniac”, instead of “o versiune de cognac moldovenesc” or “în inima Rusiei de interdicție”, instead of “în inima interdicției Rusiei.”

Also, Babylon chooses mainly the direct meaning of all the words, without any consideration of the context or of the subject and it is obvious that some equivalents were used in a quite clumsy manner, for example: “it begs the question” was translated as “acesta vă roagă întrebarea” and “what really lies at the heart of the Russian ban” was turned into “ce cu adevărat se află în inima Rusiei de interdicție”.

The last system is Bing Translator. Its biggest trouble from my point of view is the word-order. In the example “Rusia rămîne sale cea mai mare piață de export la 28 %” the word choice and the agreement between the words is acceptable, but the word order makes the translation difficult to understand. The example “în nostru divin” instead of “în divinul nostru” proves that the word order is typically English – “in our divine” – and was not adapted to the Romanian requirements.

Bing has the same problem as Babylon with the translation of adjectives. So it translates “plastic contaminarea” and not “contaminare cu plastic”. One word Bing left without any translation at all – “ban”.

Judging these three Machine Translation systems by their results from English into Romanian, I could undoubtedly place them in the following order:

Google Translator;

Bing Translator;

Babylon Translator.

Google’s output required less effort for the post-edition, the word choice was the closest and the most appropriate to the situation and to the context. Google’s translation seems to bear a little of colour, while the rest two are strictly logic and cold. Bing’s translation, comparing with Babylon is more intelligible and clear.

Speaking about their common errors, I think the most frequent mistakes from English into Romanian are:

agreement between adjective/noun, noun/verb;

word order;

wrong word choice.

The problem of the agreement between noun and adjective or noun and verb lies in the difference between the grammar of these two languages and the machine is not always able to detect the correct gender or number of the noun in order to make the correct choice in the agreement with other parts of the speech. Here I could also mention the difficulties in the translation of articles into Romanian.

The second error is the word order. Usually the automatic systems keep the English order, placing in Romanian the adjective in front of the noun, the possessive adjective in front of the noun.

Another common mistake for all the systems is of course the wrong word choice, as they cannot feel the subtle idea of the author. Even if contemporary MT systems are highly developed and really efficient, they still translate the words, using the cold logic, rather than translate concepts that require a creative approach and thinking.

This analysis showed that MT systems are not good and efficient only in the procession of separate words or short phrases, but also for long texts. Of course the output requires a post-edition stage that is compulsory after an automatic procession, as it doesn’t guarantee a perfect result.

A machine translation has a lack of humanity in it and it is natural. I think the best method is to combine both, machine and human translation, in order to produce a reliable and effective result.

CONCLUSION

Practical training is a very important and necessary stage in every professional field. It represents an initiation for students in their future profession. It is also a source of inspiration for young specialists. During this period students acquire different skills and abilities from their supervisors. The purpose of the specialized practical training is to familiarize students with the actual practices of economic and social environment. It is an important step for students to develop professional attitudes, to internalize certain values related to ethics, to integrate into a team, an institution, etc.

Having the opportunity to perform my practice at the Embassy of People’s Republic of China in the Republic of Moldova, helped me understand what the profession of a translator actually means and made me feel its deepest essence and hidden features and secrets. During my practice I did my best to provide qualitative translation for the original texts, as I had to work with different types of documents of official and diplomatic fields.

I had the possibility to understand how important the profession of translator is. Today, when the process of globalization is more and more felt, when geographical and economic limits are dimmer and dimmer every day, when the communication is such necessary and accessible, the importance of interpreters and translators becomes an indispensable one. All big business companies are no longer national; they are spread all around the countries. In such a situation, an interpreter or a translator is a necessity for a normal and effective work.

One may say that in a world where English is considered to be an international language, the language of business, international trade, politics, science, etc, the profession of interpreter is useless, that everyone speaks at a certain level English today. And here is the problem. Even if we admit English as an international one, most of the people don’t have a good enough level of it, while business, politics, science or diplomacy are fields where any misunderstanding or mistake can cost too much.

The interpreter and the translator is a tool, an instrument who guarantees the process of an efficient communication. He is not an independent conferee; he doesn’t express his own visions and points of view. In my opinion, the best translator is those whose translations one reads and doesn’t have the feeling that the text originally was written in another language. a good interpreter is also, one whose presence you don’t even notice, at the same time providing a good dialogue, in such a way that the interlocutors forget about linguistic differences between them.

To sum up the results of this practical training, I would say the translator is not only the person who speaks a foreign language; translator is the person who feels the language, is the helping voice of the globalized world. At the same time theoretical knowledge is not enough, practice maybe is more important. Only practicing we can finally achieve the ability to make a really good translation and become good specialists.

I also have learnt how to: follow ethical codes that protect confidentiality of information; identify and resolve conflicts related to the meaning of words, concepts, practices and behaviors; translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specifies languages; proofread, edit and revise translated materials; read written materials as official letters, legal documents, news reports, and rewrite material into specified languages; refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, glossaries, encyclopedias and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy.

I have discovered the entire variety of the translation aspects, analyzing different techniques and approaches towards it. The terms analysis showed that the great majority of the words are one-member structured, etymologically with Latin roots, belonging to the semantic fields of diplomacy and economy. The conclusion after the comparative analysis of the three different Machine Translation systems is that Google translator is the best among the tested systems, as its output text was the most intelligible and grammatically closer to the human translation. Among the most frequent mistakes make by Machine Translation systems are the agreement between the noun and verb, noun and adjective, the wrong word choice, and the word order.

Speaking about other difficulties during the translation process I must mention the standard official polite formulae of address that usually have the same standard equivalents in Romanian. Another difficulty I have met while translating the documents was the quality of the source text. Sometimes sentences are too ambiguous, too long and vague. So it is very important the original information to be clearly understood. Also, I have discovered how much depends on the work of the translator. While I was the only one at that moment from the embassy speaking the Romanian language, I was their only possibility to manage the information in Romanian and I felt the whole responsibility of the situation. Any wrong choice of the word, any mistake could lead to serious troubles.

The practical training was a great opportunity for me to discover, develop and show my professional skills and abilities. I learnt how to cooperate in a collective of foreigners, how to manage clients, how to insist on the quality of the translated texts. It also helped me to improve my informational skills, to type faster, to manage documents, schemes, etc. I became more responsible and flexible. It was a new, great and very important experience, giving me more self-confidence in the professional field.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Camenev, Zinaida. Diplomatic and Business Correspondence. Chișinău : FIUM, 2008. 130 p.

Condrea, Irina. Comunicarea prin traducere. Chișinău : Tehnica – Info, USM, 2001. 128 p.

Deutscher, Guy. Through the Language Glass. New York: Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company, 2010. 305 p.

Eco, Umberto. A spune cam același lucru. Iași : Polirom, 2008. 395 p.

ONLINE RESOURCES

Baranyai, Tamas. The Role of Translation and Interpretation in the Diplomatic Communication, available at http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTI06/pdf_doc/01.pdf (accessed 06.03.14)

Bolewski, Wilfried. Diplomatic Processes and Cultural Variations: The Relevance of Culture in Diplomacy. In: The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, (2008 Winter/Spring), pp. 145-160, available at

http://www.ebooksmagz.com/pdf/the-relevance-of-culture-in-diplomacy-353109.pdf (accesed 05.03.2014).

Libeg, Andrea. Practical Aspects of Translation: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice, available at http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari/Libeg.pdf (accesed 04.03.2014).

Sokolovsky, V.Yaroslav. On the Linguistic Definition of Translation. In: Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2 (2010), pp. 285-292, available at http://elib.sfukras.ru/bitstream/ 2311/1608/1/13_sokolovskiy.pdf (accesed 10.03.2014).

Valotkaite, Justina; Asadullah, Munshi. Error Detection for Post-editing Rule-based Machine Translation, available at http://amta2012.amtaweb.org/amta2012files/html/6/6_paper.pdf (accessed 22.04.2014)

/http://www.diplomacy.edu/language/intercultural-communication/improving (accessed 12.03.2014)

http://globalsem.wordbank.com/branding/machine-translation-vs-human-translation/ (accessed 21.04.2014)

http://translate.eu/english/romanian/ (accessed 17.04.2014)

http://translation.babylon.com/english/to-romanian/ (accessed 17.04.2014)

http://translate.google.com/?hl=ru&tab=mT#en/ro/ (accessed 18.04.2014)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication (accessed 02. 03. 2014)

DICTIONARIES

Oxford Explanatory Dictionary

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ (accessed 22.04.2014).

Diplomatic Dictionary

http://diplomacy.state.gov/discoverdiplomacy/references/169792.htm (accessed 23.04.2014)

Collins Dictionary

http://www.collinsdictionary.com/english-thesaurus (accessed 23.04.2014)

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1.

ANNEX 2.

ANNEX 3.

ANNEX 4.

ANNEX 5.

Original text:

“Small wonder a recent Russian embargo on imports of Moldovan wine, the second in under 10 years, has left the country reeling. It was as a member of the former USSR that Moldova was encouraged to specialize in wine making – for decades it provided most of the Soviet Union's wine and Russia remains its biggest export market at 28%.

Moldova's Agricultural Minister Vasile Bumacov explained that Moscow cited a trace of plastic contamination found in several barrels of devin, the Moldovan version of cognac, as the reason for the ban.

He said: "In our divin was a 0.16 trace but in the water in Russia they are allowed 0.2, in the EU 0.3. We had less than in the mineral water."

If Moldova's wines are safer than European bottled water, it begs the question, what really lies at the heart of the Russian ban? Many suspect it is more about politics.

The European Union is currently expanding its reach east. Closer relations with Moldova, Ukraine, Armenia and Georgia are all on the cards at the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius this month. The tension between Russia and Europe is palpable in tiny Moldova, with the Russian trade embargo suggesting the former mother country is irritated by the EU's expansionism. However politicians in Chisinau, Moldova's capital are reluctant to blame political motivations for the current ban.”

Google Translate Version:

“De mirare un embargo rus recent asupra importurilor de vinuri moldovenești, în al doilea sub 10 ani, a părăsit țara bobinare. A fost ca un membru al fostei URSS, că Republica Moldova a fost încurajată să se specializeze în fabricarea vinului – de zeci de ani le-a furnizat cea mai mare de vin a Uniunii Sovietice și Rusia rămâne cea mai mare piață de export la 28%.

Ministrul Moldova Agriculturii, Vasile Bumacov, a explicat că Moscova a citat o urmă de contaminare plastic găsite în mai multe butoaie de Devin, versiunea moldovenească de coniac, ca motiv pentru interzicerea. El a spus: "În Devin nostru a fost o urmă 0.16, dar în apa din Rusia, ele sunt permise de 0,2, în UE 0.3. Am avut mai puțin decât în apa minerală."

În cazul în care vinurile din Moldova sunt mai sigure decat apa imbuteliata European, se ridică întrebarea, ceea ce este cu adevărat în centrul de embargoul impus de Rusia? Mulți bănuiesc că este mai mult despre politică.

Uniunea Europeană este în prezent, extinderea ariei sale de est. Relații mai strânse cu Republica Moldova, Ucraina, Armenia și Georgia sunt pe carduri de la Summit-ul Parteneriatului Estic de la Vilnius această lună. Tensiunea dintre Rusia și Europa este palpabil în mică Moldova, cu embargoul comercial rus sugerează fostul țara mamă este iritat de expansionism UE. Cu toate acestea politicienii de la Chișinău, capitala Republicii Moldova, sunt reticente în a da vina motivații politice pentru interdicția actuală.”

Babylon TranslatorVersion:

“O mică minune recente Rusă embargoului asupra importurilor de vin Moldova, a doua în sub 10 ani, a parasit tara bobinare. Era ca un membru al fostei URSS ca Moldova a fost incurajat sa se specializeze in vin – pentru decenii a furnizat cea mai mare parte a Uniunii Sovietice vin si Rusia rămâne cel mai mare export sale piata la 28 %.

Moldova Ministrul Vasile Bumacov Agricole explicat ca Moscova citat un trace din plastic contaminare găsite în mai multe butoaie de devin, Moldova versiune de coniac, ca motiv pentru interzicerea.

El a spus: "În era noastră devin o 0,16 trace dar în apă în Rusia sunt permise 0,2, in UE 0,3. Am avut mai puțin decât în apa minerala." Dacă Moldova, vinurile imbuteliate Europene sunt mai sigure decât apa, acesta vă roagă întrebarea, ce cu adevărat se află în inima Rusiei de interdictie? Multi suspecteaza este mai multe despre politica.

Uniunea Europeană este în prezent extinderea său ajunge la est. Relatii mai stranse cu Moldova, Ucraina, Armenia și Georgia sunt toate pe cartele la Est Parteneriat Summit-ul de la Vilnius luna aceasta. Tensiunea între Rusia și Europa este palpabil în Moldova minuscule, cu comertul embargoului Rus sugerarea fostul tara mama este iritat de expansionismul UE. Totusi politicienii de la Chisinau, Moldova, capital, sunt reticenti la motivațiile politice vina pentru actuala interdictia.”

Bing Translator Version:

“Mirare o recentă embargoului rus pe importurile de vinuri, al doilea în sub 10 ani, a părăsit țara bobinare. A fost membru al fostei URSS, că Moldova a fost încurajată să se specializeze în producerea vinului – de zeci de ani aceasta a oferit cele mai multe dintre vin de Uniunea Sovietică și Rusia rămâne sale cea mai mare piață de export la 28%.

Moldova agricole ministrul Vasile Bumacov a explicat că Moscova citată o urmă de plastic contaminarea găsite în mai multe butoaie de devin, versiunea moldovenească de coniac, ca motivul pentru ban.

El a spus: "în nostru devin a fost o urmă 0.16 dar în apă în Rusia au voie 0.2, în UE 0.3. Am avut puțin în apă minerală. "

Dacă vinurile Moldovei sunt mai sigure decat apa imbuteliata Europene, imploră întrebarea, ceea ce într-adevăr se află în centrul a interdicției rusești? Multe suspect este mai multe despre politică.

Uniunea Europeană este în prezent în expansiune ajunge est. Relații strânse cu Republica Moldova, Ucraina, Armenia și Georgia sunt toate pe carduri de la Summit-ul Parteneriatului Estic în Vilnius în această lună. Tensiunea dintre Rusia și Europa este palpabil în Moldova mici, cu embargoului rus comerciale sugerând fosta tara mama este iritat de Helixconsulting a UE. Însă politicienii din Chisinau, capitala Moldovei, sunt reticente să vină motivații politice pentru interzicerea curent.”

Human Translation:

„Nu este de mirare că embargo-ul, recent impus de către Rusia asupra vinului moldovenesc, al doilea în decurs de 10 ani, a cutremurat țara. De cînd era membră a URSS, Moldova a fost încurajată să se specializeze în producerea vinului – de-a lungul deceniilor, asigurînd Uniunea Sovietică cu vinuri, iar Rusia a rămas cea mai mare piață de desfacere a sa, cu o pondere de 28%.

Motivul interdicției prezentat de către Moscova, ar fi depistarea unor urme de contaminare cu plastic, descoperite în cîteva butoaie cu divin (cognac moldovenesc), explică Ministrul Agriculturii Republicii Moldova, Vasile Bumacov.

„În divinul nostru a fost înregistată o cantitate de 0.16, pe cînd standardele Rusiei permit o cantitate de 0.2 în apă, iar în Europa 0.3. 0.16 este o cantitate mai mică decît în apa minerală.”

Dacă vinurile moldovenești sunt mai calitative decît apa îmbuteliată din Europa, apare întrebarea, ce de fapt se ascunde în spatele interdicției Rusiei? Mulți suspectează aceasta, fiind o decizie de ordin politic.

La moment, Uniunea Europeană își extinde influența în est. În cadrul Summit-ului Parteneriatului Estic de la Vilnius din luna aceasta, este foarte posibilă o apropiere dintre Moldova, Ucraina, Armenia, Georgia și Uniunea Europeană. Tensiunea dintre Europa și Rusia se face simțită în mica Moldovă, prin embargo-ul său economic, Rusia sugerează că fosta țară-mamă este iritată de expansionismul Uniunii Europene. Totuși, politicienii de la Chișinău, capitala Moldovei, șovăie să condamne prezentul embargo, fiind unul de ordin politic."

ANNEX 6.

Translation:

Ambasada Republicii Populare Chineze în Republica Moldova

Nr. 51/2013

Ambasada Republicii Populare Chineze în Republica Moldova prezintă salutul său Ministerului Afacerilor Externe și Intergării Europene al Republicii Moldova și are onoarea de a prezenta următoarele:

Cu scopul fortificării relațiilor consulare bilaterale dintre Moldova și China, domnul HUANG Ping, Directorul General al Departamentului Afarecerilor Consulare al Ministerului Afacerilor Externe al Republicii Populare Chineze, urmează să viziteze Moldova pentru a susține cea de-a două rundă a consultațiilor consulare dintre Moldova și China. Vizita este planificată pentru data de 20-22 iunie 2013. Vom aprecia enorm dacă onoratul Minister va confirma data stabilită și va întreprinde măsurile corespunzătoare. Lista menbrilor delegației este anexată la prezenta notă.

Ambasada Republicii Populare Chineze în Republica Moldova beneficiază de această oportunitate pentru a reînnoi asigurarea celor mai înalte considerațiuni către Ministerului Afacerilor Externe și Intergării Europene al Republicii Moldova.