Anul 1 Sem 2 Legal English [609271]

1 Year I, semester 2

5.1. Practise legal terminology enabled by the foll owing
exercises, during the seminar: 1
5.1.1. Introduction to law: basic concepts 2– Complete the
following text about basic legal concepts using the following
words and phrases: authority, court, govern, judges, law
enforcement agency, lawyers, legal action, legal sy stems,
legislation, rule, the judiciary, tribunal
Why do we have law and _________? At one level, law s can
be seen as a type of ___________ which is meant to
___________ behaviour between people. We can find t hese
rules in nearly all social organizations, such as f amilies and
sports clubs.
Law, the body of official rules and regulations, ge nerally found
in constitutions and ___________ is used to govern a society
and to control the behaviour of its members. In mod ern,
societies, a body with _________ such as a ________ ___ or

1 selected from Test your Professional English – Law author Nick Brieger
2 Test your Professional English – Law p. 2

2 the legislature, makes the law; and a ___________ s uch as the
police, makes sure it is observed.
In addition to enforcement, a body of expert ______ ___ is
needed to apply the law. That is the role of ______ __ the body
of __________ in a particular country. Of course, l egal systems
vary between countries, as well as the basis for br inging a case
before a court or __________. One thing, however, s eems to be
true all over the world – starting a _____________ is both
expensive and time-consuming.
5.1.2. The subject matter of the legal system: Criminal la w
vs civil law 3 – Complete the following text contrasting
criminal and civil law by choosing from the words/p hrases:
compensation, contract, crime, damages, family law,
intellectual property, plaintiff, police, private i ndividual,
prosecution, the accused, the defendant, theft, to bring a case,
to bring an action, to fine, to charge someone with something
One category is the criminal law – the law dealing with
_________ . A case is called a __________ . The cas e is
instituted by the prosecutor, who takes over the ca se from the
___________ who have already decided __________ the

3 Test your Professional English – Law pp. 4-5.

3 defendant (or __________) with specified crimes. Th e civil
law is much more wide-ranging. The civil law includ es the law
of ___________ and ______________ . In a civil case , the
____________ normally a _____________ or
company_______________ to win _______________ . If the
case is proven (on the balance of probabilities, me aning that
one is more sure than not) the defendant normally p ays the
plaintiff ___________ (money).
5.1.3. Introduction to the law of contract 4 – Here is a brief
summary of the law of contract. Complete the texts using the
words: agreement, breach, capacity, consideration, damages ,
fraud, illegal, obligation, oral, performance, prop erty, signed,
terms
What is a contract? It is an agreement that creates a binding
___________ upon the parties. The essentials of a c ontract are
as follows: mutual ___________ ; a legal __________ __ ,
which in most instances need not be financial; part ies who have
legal ____________ to make a contract; absence of
____________ or duress; and a subject matter that i s not
___________ or against public policy.

4 Test your Professional English – Law p. 14

4 What form does a contract take? In general, contrac ts may be
either ____________ or written. Certain types of co ntract,
however, in order to be enforceable, must be writte n and
____________ . These include contract involving the sale and
transfer of _____________ .
How does a contract end? In case of a _________ of contract,
the injured party may go to court to sue for financ ial
compensation (or __________) or for rescission, for injunction,
or for specific performance if financial compensati on would
not compensate for the breach. Specific ___________ of a
contract is the right by one contracting party to h ave the other
contracting party perform the contract according to the precise
___________ agreed.
5.1.4. Consultancy Agreement 5 – “ Consultants, like directors,
are not company employees. A consultant provides se rvices as
an independent advisor to a company. A Consultancy
Agreement is drafted from the company`s perspective and sets
out the obligations of the consultant.” Fill in the blanks with
the missing word derived from the word in brackets:

5 Test your Professional English – Law p. 25

5 DUTIES: Subject as hereinafter ____________ ( provision ) and
except at such times as the Consultant may be incap acitated by
_________ ( ill ) or accident, the Consultant shall devote such of
his time, __________ ( attentive ) and skill as may be necessary
for the proper discharge of his duties, save that n othing in this
Agreement shall require the Consultant to devote to his
___________ ( oblige ) under this Agreement more than 60
hours ____________ ( month ). The Consultant shall keep the
Board of Directors of the Company [“the Board”]
_____________ ( information ) of progress on projects in which
the Consultant is engaged and shall produce _______ ______
(write ) reports on the same from time to time when so
____________ ( request ) by the Board. While the Consultant`s
method of work is his own, he shall comply with the
________________ ( reason ) requests of the Board and shall
wok and cooperate with any _______________ ( serve ) or
agent or other consultant of the Company. The Consu ltant will
not during his ____________ ( engage ) [and for a period of
twelve months thereafter] undertake any ___________ ___
(add ) activities or accept other engagements which woul d
______________ ( interference ) with or preclude the
________________ ( perform ) of his duties under this

6 Agreement or which lead to or might lead to any con flict of
(interesting ) between the Consultant and the best interests of
the Company.
5.1.5. Employee health and safety 6 – Complete the gaps with
an appropriate word derived from the words given in the
brackets
Workplace __________ ( safe ) and ____________ ( healthy )
laws establish basic standards aimed at reducing th e number of
___________ ( ill ) _______________ ( injure ) and __________
(die ) in workplaces. Because most workplace safety
___________ ( regulate ) rely for their effectiveness on
employees who are willing to report job ___________ __
(dangerous ), most laws also prevent employers from firing or
discriminating against employees who report _______ ____
(safe ) conditions to proper authorities. Workers` compen sation
laws are designed to ensure that employees who are
___________ ( injured ) or __________ ( disable ) on the job are
provided with fixed ___________ ( money ) awards, eliminating
the need for litigation. These laws also provide be nefits for
____________ ( depend ) of those ___________ ( work ) who are

6 Test your Professional English – Law p. 34

7 killed because of work-related accidents or illness es. Some
laws also provide ____________ ( protect ) for employers and
fellow workers by limiting the amount an injured em ployee can
__________ ( recovery ) from an employer and by eliminating
the _____________ ( liable ) of co-workers in most accidents.
5.1.6. Introduction to criminal law 7 – below are 12 phrases
using the word “criminal”, link each phrase to its definition:
1. Court of
Criminal
Appeal a. a barrister or solicitor who specialized in
felonies or misdemeanours
2. criminal
contempt b. a person charged with or convicted of
crimes against humanity
3. criminal
negligence c. previous crimes of which an individual
has been convicted
4. criminal
court d. rules governing the investigation of
crimes; the arrest, charging, and trial of
accused criminals; and the sentencing of
those convicted (found guilty of a crime)
5. criminal
forfeiture e. one of the higher courts of law which
hears cases sent up for review
6. criminal
law f. disorderly behaviour, disrespect, or
disobedience of a judge`s orders,
particularly during a trial

7 Test your Professional English – Law p. 35

8 7. criminal
lawyer g. a person who repeatedly commits
offences
8. criminal
procedure h. where an individual fails to exercise a
duty of care and the resulting action leads
to the commission of a crime
9. criminal
record i. the branch of law which deals with
felonies and misdemeanours
10.habitual
criminal j. study of the mental processes and
behaviour of persons who commit crimes
11.criminal
liability k. a court with jurisdiction to hear felonies
and misdemeanours
12. war
criminal l. responsibility for committing a crime
(excluded persons include minors and the
insane)
5.1.7. Types of crime 8 – link the following crimes given below
to their definition:
Name of crime Definition of crime
1. assault a. generic term for the killing of
another person
2. drug dealing b. any instance in which one party
deceives or takes unfair advantage

8 Test your Professional English – Law p. 36

9 of another
3. money
laundering c. attempt to use illegal force on
another person
4. battery d. attempt to use illegal force on
another person in the absence of
consent to sexual relations
5. homicide e. attempt to transform illegally
acquired money into apparently
legitimate money
6. manslaughter f. driving a vehicle in excess of the
permitted limit
7. fraud g. leaving one`s vehicle in an area or
for a duration in contravention of
the law
8. murder h. possession of and/or trading in
illegal substances
9. armed
robbery i. taking the property of another
without right or permission
10. sexual assault j. the actual use of illegal force on
another person
11. burglary k. the crime of breaking into a private
house with the intention of
committing a felony
12. theft l. the unlawful killing of a person
with intent
13. parking m. the unlawful killing of a person
without malicious intent and

10 therefore without premeditation
14. speeding n. the unlawful taking of another`s
property using a dangerous weapon
5.1.8. Criminal procedure 9 – match each step in criminal
procedure to its correct definition:
Criminal
procedure
stages Definition
1. crime
reported a. the police free the person alleged to
have committed the crime on
condition that the accused appears at
court at a future date
2. investigation
by police b. the jury panel makes a decision
whether they believe (beyond
reasonable doubt) that the accused
committed the crime of which (s)he is
accused
3. investigation
of suspect c. the judge decides punishment
4. apprehension
of suspect d. the police carry out a systematic
examination of the person who may
have committed a crime
5. charge of
suspect e. the police receive information that a
crime may have been committed
6. remain in f. the police make a claim of

9 Test your Professional English – Law pp. 38-39

11 custody wrongdoing against the person alleged
to have committed the crime
7. release on
bail g. the police carry out further
questioning of the person alleged to
have committed the crime
8. interrogation
of accused h. the defendant is found not guilty of the
charge
9. interrogation
of witnesses i. the accused comes to court to face
charges
10. appearance
in court j. the police carry out a detailed enquiry
into the alleged crime
11. decision of
jury k. after being found guilty, the accused
brings an action to clear his/her name
or to reduce the sentence
12. judgment of
judge l. the police arrest the person who is
alleged to have committed the crime
13. conviction of
accused m. the police detain the person alleged to
have committed the crime
14. acquittal of
accused n. the judge makes a judicial decision
15. sentence by
judge o. the police collect evidence against the
accused from those who can give
evidence
16. appeal
against
judgment p. the defendant is found guilty

12 5.1.9. Key players in the criminal law 10 – A number of
agencies, organizations and individuals are involve d in the
administration of the criminal law: the police, the suspect, the
jury, the magistrate, the defence counsel, the pros ecutor, the
judge. Match each key player to their respective functions .

Who What
1. the police
interrogate a. arrests, searches and seizures
2. the police carry
out b. on the sentence to be imposed
3. the magistrate
sometimes
conducts c. over the court
4. the prosecutor
conducts d. suspects and witnesses
5. the suspect has the
right e. the case in court on behalf of the
police
6. the suspect is
innocent f. the investigation in cases of
serious criminal offence
7. the defence
counsel assists g. the suspect from violations of
his rights at the hands of law-
enforcement personnel
8. the defence
counsel protects h. the suspect in gathering
exonerating evidence

10 Test your Professional English – Law p. 44

13 9. the judge presides i. to remain silent
10. the judge decides j. until proved guilty
11. the jury decides k. whether the accused is guilty or
not

14 Home assignment
5.2. Self-study – practice the following exercises in order to
brush up on your legal terminology 11
5.2.1. Here are a number of terms introducing the r eader to
basic legal terminology 12 ; match the terms to their appropriate
definitions:
Term Definition
a. authority 1. a body that is appointed to make a
judgment or inquiry
b. court 2. a country`s body of judges
c. govern 3. an act or acts passed by a law-making
body
d. judge 4. behavior recognized by a community
as binding or enforceable by authority
e. law
enforcement
agency 5. legal proceedings
f. lawyers 6. an official body that has authority to
try criminals, resolve disputes, or make
other legal decisions
g. legal action 7. an organization responsible for
enforcing the law, especially the police
h. legal system 8. a senior official in a court of law
i. legislation 9. the body or system of rules recognized
by a community that are enforceable
by established process

11 selected from Test your Professional English – Law author Nick Brieger
12 Test your Professional English – Law p. 1

15 Term Definition
j. rule 10. the control resulting from
following a community`s system of
rules
k. the judiciary 11. members of the legal profession
l. tribunal 12. to rule a society and control the
behavior of its members

5.2.2. Prepositions at law 13 – Below are some typical legal
phrases. What preposition do you use with the follo wing
phrases?
• To accuse someone __________ something
• To be liable ________ something
• To sentence someone __________ a punishment
• To claim damages __________ something
• To be entitled ____________ compensation
• To bring a case _________ someone
• To be guilty __________ an offence
• To fine someone __________ something

13 Test your Professional English – Law p. 12

16 5.2.3. Review test 14 – Fill in the left column with the right term
for the definition given in the right column:
Legal term Definition
1. A country`s body of judges
2. Senior official in a court of law
3. System of laws which evolved from the
tribal and local laws in England
4. System of laws which evolved in the 8 th
century BC
5. The branch of law dealing with crime
6. Person who institutes a criminal case
7. Person who makes a claim in a civil
case
8. The defendant normally pays this to the
plaintiff
9. Panel of 12 people who decide whether
the accused committed a crime
10. Lawyer who presents a case to a
higher court
11. Lawyer who advises clients
12. Untrained lawyer who presides over
the lowest criminal court
13. Person against whom a civil case is
brought

14 Test your Professional English – Law p. 13

17 Legal term Definition
14. An act passed by a law-making
body
15. The control resulting from following
a community`s system of rules
16. ‘apprenticeship’ served by trainee
barristers
17. Becoming an assistant to a
practicing barrister
18. Court which hears appeals from the
Court of Appeal

5.2.4. Director`s Service Agreement 15 – link the following
paragraph titles from a Director`s Service Agreemen t to the
details of the contents of each paragraph:
Paragraph title Definition
1. Appointment a. How the contract may be ended
2. Remuneration b. Procedures for handling
disagreements
3. Confidentiality c. Rules about publishing
information
4. Termination d. Rules for payment when the

15 Test your Professional English – Law p. 24

18 Paragraph title Definition
director is away as a result of
illness
5. Period of
employment e. The date when the present
contract comes to an end
6. Notice period f. The fixed term of the contract
7. holidays g. the number of working day when
the director can be away from
work
8. sick pay h. the pay package
9. grievance
procedure i. the period of advance notice
required to terminate the contract
10. hours of work j. this describes the title and general
employment of the director
11. expiry of
appointment k. when and how the director is
expected to discharge his/her
work duties

19 5.2.5. Sentencing 16 – below is a range of sentences that may be
imposed; match each sentence to its definition:
Sentence Definition
1. bond a. when two or more terms of
imprisonment are served together
2. capital
punishment b. a place for long-term incarceration
for a crime
3. jail c. a place of confinement for time
periods longer than those usual for
a police station lock-up and shorter
than those usual for a prison
4. parole d. unpaid work undertaken pursuant
to a court order upon conviction for
an offence in lieu of a sentence of
imprisonment
5. imprisonment e. a release from prison, before a
sentence is finished, that depends
on the person ‘keeping clean’ and
doing what (s)he is supposed to do
while out. It the person fails to
meet the conditions, the rest of the
sentence must be served.
6. probation f. conduct required for criminals to
get out of jail early or other
privileges while in prison

16 Test your Professional English – Law pp. 40-41

20 Sentence Definition
7. concurrent
sentence g. a sentence (usually ‘jail time’) that
the judge allows the convicted
person to avoid serving (e.g. if the
person continues on good behavior,
completes community service, etc)
8. binding over h. a document that promises to pay
money if a particular future event
happens, or a sum of money that is
put up and will be lost if that event
happens
9. suspended
sentence i. an act by which the court requires a
bond or bail money
10. peace bond j. the sentencing of a criminal to a
period of time during which they
will be deprived of their freedom
11. community
service k. a bond, required by a judge of a
person likely to ‘breach the peace’,
to guarantee the person`s good
behavior for a period of time
12. determinate
sentence l. an exact prison term that is set by
law, rather than one that may be
shortened for good behavior
13. prison m. a kind of punishment given out as
part of a sentence, which mean that
instead of jailing a person
convicted of a crime, a judge will
order that the person reports to an

21 Sentence Definition
officer regularly and according to a
set schedule
14. good behaviour n. the most severe of all sentences:
that of death; also known as death
penalty
5.2.6. At trial 17 – reading comprehension practice test:
A trial may be defined broadly and comprehensively as a
judicial examination of the issues between the part ies.
Although some variations may exist, trails are usua lly held
before a judge sitting alone, a referee, or a judge and jury. The
counsels for the prosecution and for the defence ma ke opening
statements to the jury, outlining what each sees as the nature of
the case and what each hopes to prove as the trial proceeds.
Next, the counsel for the prosecution presents his case by
calling witnesses, questioning them, and permitting them to be
cross-examined by the counsel for the defence. The counsel for
each side then makes a closing argument to the jury ,
summarizing the evidence in a light most favourable to their
respective clients. The function of the jury is to determine the
facts of the case, whereas the function of the judg e is to
determine the applicable law and to oversee the par ties`

17 Test your Professional English – Law p. 42

22 presentation of the facts to the court. After the j udge has
instructed the jury on the applicable law, the jury will retire to
deliberate in private until it reaches a just verdi ct, which will
then be announced in open court. The verdict of a j ury
terminates the trial. In a case tries before a judg e sitting alone,
the decision of the judge constitutes a termination of the trial.
5.3. Language focus:
• Brush up on:
a) the different meanings of the terms law and legal
based on their definitions, according to the
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
b) equitable remedies in contracts: specific
performance / injunction / rescission
c) identify different types of crimes:

• Review the terms:
a) plaintiff / prosecutor / the defendant / the accuse d;
b) damage vs damages
c) barrister vs solicitor
d) contract vs agreement
e) consultancy vs consulting

23 f) assault vs battery
g) murder / homicide / manslaughter
h) fraud vs theft

• Improve and expand your vocabulary:
Legal contracts terminology:
a) types of legal contracts: consultancy agreement,
distribution agreement, franchise agreement, loan
agreement, manufacturing licence agreement, terms
and conditions of sale agreement, contract of
employment, directors` service agreement,
shareholders` agreement 18
b) full-time employment contract: commencing salary,
date of commencement, duties and responsibilities,
grievance, holiday entitlement, notice, pension,
position, probationary service, sickness pay, terms
and conditions 19
c) loan agreement: account, arrears, bank, base rate,
capital, conditions, debit, decrease, increase,
installment, interest, loan, payment, penalty, repa y,

18 Test your Professional English – Law p.15
19 Test your Professional English – Law pp. 26-27

24 repayment, terms 20
d) standards terms and conditions of sale: price and
payment, goods, delivery, acceptance, title and ris k,
limitation of liability, force majeure, entire
agreement, governing law and jurisdiction, rights o f
consumer 21
5.4. Discussion topics:
• Understand the difference: start a legal action / take
legal action / take a case to court
• Mention key distinctive features of civil and crimi nal
law: the parties in criminal / civil case; a compar ative
approach to criminal vs civil procedure and offence s;
standards of proof: “on the balance of probabilitie s” vs
“beyond a reasonable doubt”
• Mention all the stages of criminal procedure
• Identify different roles and responsibilities of th e
following: the police; the magistrate; the prosecut or; the
judge; the jury; the defence counsel; as well as th e
rights of the suspect

20 Test your Professional English – Law pp. 22-23
21 Test your Professional English – Law p. 17

25
References 1

I. Books
1. The Constitution of the United States and the Decla ration
of Independence
2. Alderman, Ellen; Kennedy, Caroline, In Our Defense: The
Bill of Rights in Action, New York: William Morrow and
Company (1991) [American Library: 342.973ALD]
3. Aristotel, Retorica, (traducere, studiu introductiv si index
de Maria Cristina Andries, note si comentarii de St efan
SebastianMaftei) Bucuresti: Editura IRI, 2004 [81/A 78]
4. Berry, Elspeth; Hargreaves, Sylvia, European Union Law,
Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press (2007) [D rept:
34/B49]
5. Bodenhamer, David J., The Bill of Rights in Modern
America: After 200 Years, Indiana University Press,
Bloomington and Indianapolis (1993)
6. Bromhead, Peter, Life in Modern America, 1981

1 the information in square brackets represents the call number of the books
available at the University Library

26 7. Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law,
Oxford: Clarendon Press (1990) [British Library 340 /BRO]
8. Bureau of International Information Programs, Unite d
States Department of State, Outline of the US Legal System,
2004
9. Calvi, James V., Coleman, Susan, American Law and
Legal System, New Jersey: Prentice Hall (1992) [Drept: 446
Documentare]
10. Chalmers, Damian; Hadjiemmanuil, Christos; Monti,
Giorgio; Tomkins, Adam, European Union Law: Text and
Materials, Cambridge University Press (2006) [Drept:
34/E90]
11. Craig, Paul; Burca, Grainne de, EU Law: Texts, Cases and
Materials, Oxford University Press (2008) [Drept: 34/C82]
12. Dixon, Martin, Textbook on International Law, Oxford
University Press (2007) [Drept: 34/D53]
13. Eadie, William F., 21 st Century Communication , Sage
Publications, 2009
14. Elliott, Catherine and Quinn, Frances, English Legal
System, Longman Publishing Group (2010)
15. Evans, Malcolm D., International Law, Oxford University
Press (2003) [Drept: 34/E93]

27 16. Friedman, Lawrence M., American Law and the
Constitutional Order: Historical Perspectives, Cambridge:
Harvard University Press (1988) [American Library:
349.973FRI]
17. Friedman, Lawrence M., American Law, New York:
Norton&Co (1984) [B. Drept: 447 Documentare]
18. Friedman, Lawrence M., A History of American Law, New
York: Simon&Schuster (1973) [American Library: 349. 973
FRI]
19. Goldwin, Robert A., Schambra, William ed., The
Constitution, The Courts and the Quest for Justice,
Washington D.C (1989) [American Library: 342/CON]
20. Grussendorf, Marion, English for Presentations, Editura
ALL Educational, 2009
21. Hirschberg, Stuart & Hirschberg, Terry, Arguing Across the
Disciplines: A Rhetoric and Reader . New York: Pearson,
2007
22. Hirschberg, Stuart, Patterns Across Cultures, Rutgers: The
State University of New Jersey Newark, 2014
23. idem, Patterns Across the Disciplines, New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1998 [American Librar y:
808HIR]

28 24. idem, Strategies of Argument, , New York: Macmillan
Publishing Company, 1990 [American Library: 808HIR]
25. Horspool, Margot; Attew, Mark; Bavasso, Antonio; Da vis,
Jennifer, European Union Law, Oxford University Press
(2003) [Drept: 34/E90]
26. James, Philip S., Seaforth, Philip, Introduction to English
Law, London: Butterworths (1989) [British Library: 340
JAM]
27. Kelly, Alfred Hinsey, The American Constitution. Its
Origins and Development, New York: Norton&Co (1983)
28. Kelly, David; Hayward, Ruth; Hammer, Ruby; Hendy,
John, Business Law, Routledge (2011) [Drept: 34/B96]
29. Kutler, Stanley, The Supreme Court and the Constitution.
Readings in American Constitutional History, New York:
Norton&Company (1984) [AMercan Library: 342.973SUP]
30. McKendrick, Ewan, Contract Law, New York: Palgrave
Macmillan (2009) [Drept: 34/M53]
31. Powell, Richard, Law Today, Harlow: Longman Group
(1993) [British Library: 340/POW]
32. Redmond, P.W.D; Peter William Dawson; Stevens, I.N. ;
Shears, Peter, General Principles of English Law, London:
MacDonald&Evans (1990) [British Library 340/RED]

29 33. Schwartz, Bernard, The Law in America, New York:
American Heritage Publishing (1974)
34. Sierocka, Halina, Legal English, Bialystok (2011)
35. Slomanson, William R., Fundamental Perspectives in
International Law, 5th edition, Thomson Higher Education
(2007) [Drept: 34/S63]
36. Skousen, Willard Cleon, The Making of America: The
Substance and Meaning of the Constitution, Washington
D.C. National Center for Constitutional Studies (19 85)
[American Library: 342.973SKO]
37. Thomson, Kenneth, English for Meetings, Editura ALL
Educational, 2009
38. Wade, William; Forsyth, Christopher, Administrative Law,
Oxford Univesity Press (2004) [Drept: 34/W11]
39. Weatherhill, Stephen; Beaumont, Paul, EU Law: The
Essential Guide to the Legal Workings of the Europe an
Union, London: Penguin Group (1999) [British Library:
340/WEA]

II.1. Dictionaries – print
1. Oxford Dictionary of Law [Drept: 34/A21 REF]

30 2. Collins Internet-linked Dictionary of Law [Drept: 34/S93
REF]
3. Dictionar Juridic R-E/E-R , Ed. Lumina Lex, 2009 [Drept:
34/H22 REF]
4. Garner, Bryan A., A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage ,
2001 [American Library: R 340.03 GAR; Drept: 34/G20
REF]
5. Grecu, Onorina, Dictionar Juridic R-E/E-R, Ed. C.H.Beck,
2008 [Drept: 34/679 REF]
6. Hanga, Vladimir, Dictionar Juridic R-E/E-R , Ed. Lumina
Lex, 2009 [Drept: 34/H22]
7. Martin, Elizabeth; Law, Jonathan, A Dictionary of Law,
Oxford University Press (2006) [Drept: 34/A21 REF]
8. Veth, Klemens; Lister, Ronald, Dictionar Juridic E-R/R-E ,
Ed. Niculescu [Drept: 34/L65 REF]

II.2. Online glossaries of legal terms
• http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
• http://dictionary.law.com/
• http://www.jud.ct.gov/legalterms.htm#A
• http://www.uscourts.gov/glossary
• http://definitions.uslegal.com/

31 • http://dictionary.findlaw.com/
• http://law.yourdictionary.com/
• http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/

III. Online sources
• United States Constitution – art. 3 (court system); art 6;
amendments 4,5,6,7
http://www.usconstitution.net/const.pdf
• The US Constitution and Amendments: The Bill of Rig hts
https://www.constitutionfacts.com/content/constitut ion/files
/Constitution_BillOfRights.pdf
• Charter of the United Nations (1945) available at:
http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.h tml
or
http://www.icj-
cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=1&p3=0
• United Nat ions – responsibilities in the field of
International Law
http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/uphold-
international-law/index.html
• International Court of Justice available at:
http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php

32 • International Criminal Court available at:
http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court available
at:
https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/ADD16852-AEE9-
4757-ABE7-
9CDC7CF02886/283503/RomeStatutEng1.pdf
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Right s
(1966) available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ ccpr.as
px
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cult ural
Rights (1966) available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ CES
CR.aspx
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) available
at:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Tran
slations/eng.pdf
• International Bill of Human Rights available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactShe et2
Rev.1en.pdf

33 • Universal Human Rights Instruments available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ Unive
rsalHumanRightsInstruments.aspx
• European Convention on Human Rights (Convention for
the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms – 1950) available at:
http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pd f
• European Court of Human Rights – Rules of the Court
http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Rules_Court_ENG.p df
• European Court of Human Rights – Recent Judgments;
Respondent State: Romania
http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"languageisocode":[" ENG"]
,"respondent":["ROU"],"documentcollectionid2":["JUD G
MENTS"]}
• European Court of Human Rights – Documents in
Romanian
http://www.echr.coe.int/sites/search_eng/pages/sear ch.aspx
#{"sort":["titleAscending"],"contentcategory":["Doc ument
"],"contentlanguage":["ro"]
• Stone, Kate – Taking a Case to the European Court of
Human Rights (2012)

34 http://www.a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/ECtHR% 20v3
%20Legal%20Guide.pdf
• UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangibl e
Cultural Heritage (2003) available at:
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention
• UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion o f
Cultural Heritage (2005) available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001429/142919 e.p
df or
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=31038&URL_
DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
• UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the
World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) available at:
http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/
• UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and
Preventing Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of
Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) available at:
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit –
trafficking-of-cultural-property/1970-convention/te xt-of-
the-convention/

35 • UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural
Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) available
at: https://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/400 or
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=13637&URL_
DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
• UNESCO Recommendation on the Safeguarding of
Traditional Culture and Folklore (1989) available at:
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=13141&URL_
DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
• UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
(2001) available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001271/127162
e.pdf or
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=13179&URL_
DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
• European Commission – Justice Programme
http://ec.europa.eu/justice/grants1/programmes-2014 –
2020/justice/index_en.htm
• European e-Justice Portal
https://e-
justice.europa.eu/home.do?action=home&plang=en&init =t
rue

36 • Summaries of EU legislation
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/summaries.html
• Intellectual Property Resources – World Intellectual
Property Organization
http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/
• Pleading before the Court – an Overview (Telders
Competition)
http://grotiuscentre.org/telderspleading.aspx
• Preparing a Legal Argument – Guidelines for Writing a
Memorial (Telders Competition)
http://grotiuscentre.org/Teldersmemorialguidelines. aspx