Antohedaniel@gmail.com 317 Urbanization Effects On Rivers Bucharest Zaharia, Mailat Text

Ecosystem Health and Sustainability {5th 20064129 (i) 2332887 (Onna Journal homepage îs manat cemninehzo Urbanization effects on the river systems in the bucharest city region (romania) Liliana Zaharia, Gabriela loana-toroimac, Octavian Cocos, Florin Adrian Ghiță & Emanuel Mailat To te this article: Liana Zaharia, Gabriela loana-orcimac, Octavian Cocos, Flin Adian Ghiță & Emanuel Maat (2016) Urbanization effects on he ver systoms n the bucharest ly region (romania), Ecosystom Heath and Sustanabily, 2:11, 001247, DOI: 10 1002/ehs2,1247 Te ink to this article: https//doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1247 8) rots oni: 1952017 CF ss pour aie tise E Ll Arie views 871 BB viene aries e @ Vw cosmar aa? Ful Terms & Cantons of acces and use canbe found a nepsu/vantandonineconvacton/journallformaton?jounalCode=tehs20 Urbanization effects on the river systems in the Bucharest City region (Romania) Liliana Zaharia, Gabriela loana-Toroimae!, Octavian Cocos! Horn Adrian Ghiță: and Emanuel Mailat oc sg, erai i Dura! Ne a Sa Bucu O11 Rea “Water Mg e er Ay Ved Wate Bch, Rea Admin Rn en, pu independ Seo Bue, Wa, Romana Preda Wee Nai re Renan Was 6 Cao Cin Pa Arr Coty, OV, Raa Abstract. Tarte dents and analy the ec of human pres cn ei sytem nice, ow regina ‘eater quality n e Bucharest eon the la sbarized rea Roman The anaes fered en at team cong, ‘he Bucharest region namely the Damberița Colentina Ange and abur river Our approach rledespeciallyontheetypes ‘of infrmaton (1) spatial data) droga dala st and ) wate quality data We made dacvonic analysis of he able mapeandranclaestattia al the datas ar wel trend analyse A the same tie compared the ows innatral contele) and mee (current) ees Theres ah em te adits acte Landscapes hive considerably changed deo severalengincering works eserves dum haret dea ‘canals atentate ec) Under these ccumstances the ow regime suferea changes ha fered among theives Thus, În era Starrs the Argel Dino ia tl ol cbt spec Gorges bl ely egal be monthly har var) în e cae of Saar nd Cena asian ines othe anna an monthly dinar teas denied de othe water wanted rom the neighboring vers ater quay worsened peal the lower courses ofthe Dimov and Arges vers degrading the tates and health of he aati ecosystems in the study region. Key words aquatic cite Bucharest regie legal sate: cle lth: geri ers ft ime: rem Romani arnt er ait ‘Caton: Zau. Janne O. oc FA GM nd. Mat 2014 Ua Ci ro erai ca a n Sunt iol 1 et Introduction uman pressure on rivers îs increasing all over the ‘world, threatening the water security, and the aquatic ‘cowystem health: The problem is particulary acute in “ubanized regions because the cea, de to their specie {eatures area major factor influencing the water cycle in general and the ver systems, în particular Over the ast, {two centuries, urbanization has caused. important changes in watershed drainage system and hydrology the rvers crossing ly areas have been exploited fr wa ter supply and have been regulated channelized, dammed, diverted, and buried (Ceolaet al 2013) As mat ‘ural receptacles for urban wastewaters the rivers un ergo continuous qualitative alterations, which affect the related ecorystems’ health or their ecological integrity (Oliveira anc Cortes 2006) Is therefore obvious that in ‘urbanized areas iver flow regime, water chemistry and {quality are modified, affecting e evopte struct uncions, and services (Su et al. 2012 Kaushal e al. Manne ered 3 ne 316 vid Dee ceapă Spee ie 2015) The urbanization has led to an “urban stream syn drome” having as symptoms a Masher hydrographyele- vated. concentrations of nutrien’s and contaminants, ‘modified channel morphology, and reduced biti ich esa (Walsh etal. 2005) Many previous works have refered to the relation between rivers and urban development as wll as to the effects of urbanization on larescapes and stream, systems. Of these, the fllowing are worth mentioning: topo (1968), Paul and Meyer (2001), Miner e a. (200), Meyer e al. (2005), Walsh et al (2005), Chin (2006) Bales (2007), Kennedy e al. 007), Grimm ta. (2008), O’Driscoll tal. 2010) McDonald etal. 2011 b, 2013, 018), Pickett ¢t al. 2011), Haidvogl etal 2013), Hohensinner et al. (2013, B), Kaushal tal. 2015), ‘This article investigates the case of Bucharest, the capital of Romania, the countrys most representative fexample in terms of urban effects om river systems. Tt tims fo provide a synthetic portat of human interven tions on the main rivers crossing the Bucharest region tnd to assess some oftheir quantitative and qualitative ‘fects on these watercourses The paper focuses an two ‘rain issues: (1) the major human presures responsible Eco rana rer erry anion efec n erate for hydrographic, bydroogcal and qualitative changes inthe vere (engineering maria water abstraction for ‘rious nen wastewater dacharge) and) the es ‘st urbnzation on stream network, landscape, Now Fe time, and water qual “The paper supplements and updates the information eneate by previous works ard studies, regarding fhe quanatve an qualative characteristics of wa” ter seovares inthe Bacharet region, on the oe hard, fat thir management on the eer hand. The met important sch suta are the following Georges et al (1966), Glurse (196), Iordan (197), gota ard Moi (977, Sunolu and Cash (96), lenesi a (1986, Popes and Lăzărescu (190) Slats (190), Zaria ta. (997), Ceea (19, Zaria nd oxos 1979, Coco (206, Soare ratan 215), Soare (aula, Likewise, the biata management plan of ‘gees Wer Dat (NARW 2011, MEWF an ‘NARW 2016, the Wotoned fod ee pa n Area Velea Water Branch (VARW 2015) the Coty fd deea plas (NARW 201%), and the anal ein manat sate reports in Bucharest iy (ade by the National Environmentat Protection Agency) inclade a ‘ich bey of infra concerning the waercoure in {he Bucharest region and ther management “Thin ate symthenes and integrates information ‘oom the aforementioned ules, but atthe same Une der cera orginal contrbutions concen the love topic (1) diachronic analysis of cartographic clcuments an mages, which allowed us to gi the changes in the stream network and in the anacape ‘sete with the er crosng Bucharest region: 2) “omparaive analy ofthe average annual and month: iy ncharges ofthe man iver nthe sul ae, un de natural conul) and edie Now tpn nays baton which we denied and quant the ‘Sangesindaced by fran pressor) trend ana. Sif hydrological data sets arabi, 8) pti anal gus enim the eclogite ofthe sd vere {The els allow attr understanding o the effets of the urbanization ovale and generally of the human ups aquatic ecosystems functioning inthe invested ares Study area and the main morphometric and hydrologic features of the rivers crossing the Bucharest region Bucharest, capital of Romania since 1659, isthe most {important city in terms ofthe number of residents and its various functions (economic, politica, cultural A panciu, etc) First mentioned in documentary sources {nthe 15th century (148), the settlement has developed ‘ontinuously, Becoming the greatest urban area n the Sounu At present, Bucharest stretches over 238 km. (07 of the country’s area) and shellers a number of 2.140816 people (on 1 July 2013), which accounts for bout 10% of Romania’ population, with a density of 9498 inhabitants per square kilometer (according o, SBM 2015), ‘Bucharest s located în the southoastem part of the country, within the Argeq River watershed, în region belonging o the Romanian Plain, where drainage den sity fs hgh and elevations are of 60-90 m a (Fig 1 Its territory i crossed on a northwest-southeast direc. ‘ion by the Denbovia and Colentina vers which have large floodplains and terraces where the cy has found good eonlitions for its prana, However because ofthis focation în a Hoodpain area, Bucharest has high flood risk susceptibility, Consequently în order o avoid such events since the 18th century, the authorities have im posed numberof protection measures and have deal. ped engineering techniques, în the vicinity of Bucharest there are other rivers as well Ange, Saar, Ciorogârla, Iov, Ialomița, and Pasărea, Overtime, all these were engineered and în- cluded în a complex management scheme, aimed ai ‘meeting the wate demands the Bucharest urban area, fs well as at protecting the ety against Moding, The present analysis focuses on the Dâmbovița Colentina, ‘angen and Suber rivera Their main morphometric and inydrologcl features are given în Tables {and 2. “The citys development and the high concentration of people and socioecnnomic activities have Increted Wa {er consumption for various uses In 2013, the amount of drinking water supply was 381 milion i of which 213 milion im? for domestic use. In the same year, the wastewater volumes relesed in Bucharest area (@ucharest City and adjoining county Iov) were about 370 milion m (RSDBM 2014). Materials and Methods “The paper relies on several type ol data: (1) informatica, extracted fom scientific Iiterature; 2) spatial information provided by cartographic documents and images from, vanous periods (3) hydrological data sets conceming the sverage monthly and anna discharges recorded onthe ‘main vers inthe region (Arges, Dimbovila,Colentina, and. Saber), which mere provided by the Nationa ‘Administration „Romanian, Waters” =the Ange Vedea ‘Water Branch (NARW-AVWB}, and (4) data om water ually provided by the NARW-AVWB, Table 3 shows the datadocuments used and their characteristics, în terms of methods, the paper i based particular ly om the following (1) bibliographic and cietograph 4 research; (0) diachronic analysis of cartographic documents and satelite images) statistical analyses of yărologica data sets (claseal statistical parameters): (tren analysis in hydrological datasets variability ve. ing Mane-Kendll statistical test: and () spatial analysis othe ecological state ofthe studied river ‘The effects of the engineering works on river flow were highlighted based on the comparative analysis aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza sonor N ser Fig 1._The location of Bucharest City within Romania and the Arges River watershed (he numbers of the gauging tations conespond to thosein Table 2 between the monthly and annual average dlacharges in selected gauging stations are mentioned in Table 2 and natural flow regime (0. on the one hand, andthe modi- they ae depending on data availability. ed regime (0) on te other hand, as resulted from the „The natural low regime was reconstituted by the data provided by the NARW.AVWB. The periods forthe | NARW-AVWB, based on the various water uses. To ‘Table 1. Main morphometric feature of the vrs rostng the Bucharest ity region. No fee m Lait Asimasi) Amini “Sin Aa i aer EI – 240 2 6 12550 2 Dinica 2a a ‘00 2 é za 3 Star zi N Ea EA 3 36 er ta gh ly gh n e Dar ră adnate eran: amour ope cen A mn ae ta perie Drm tu pna deea meget Lae) aspen eat and Saari, 3 Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate Tablez.._Mai hytolgia features of the vers cosing the Bucharest Gy region. No ver ‘Gouging saton Period ims costin Wind) + „noe ate spa 74-2006 na oa 2403 Asie zuma 2 oa 1950-2006 as st vai fer 2 Danbowa (i 1988-2005 08 96 aus Anis im? ‘ Bde 1961-2005 ns naa ma Asii s Saar ae 1958-2005 2 a 208 Antal Di Coleg Cole (2006-2012 me sa sa i miez NA sm wn consenting athe ging ter alent senat aa stan O merita e nu Sarge gage nu gc der W ge sa an ats or haa rien Wises Net det quantify thediference between he natural/recostituted (©) and the mosied/current discharges (O,), we com pied the change rte (DQ) using the equation o “The lov variability ofthe two types of regime (natural and moi) was highlighted basen the variation el ents(C Jaf he anual and monthly average discharges. Results The main anthropogenic pressures on the rivers în the Bucharest City region Just as all urban ares, the rivers in the Bucharest City region are subjected to quantitative and qualitative prez. sures, which are mainly represented by engineering {echnigues, water abstractions, and wastewater die charges. The key objectives of al these ae relate tothe sali ecosystem services: (1) water supply for various ses: 2) flood defense; 3) sewage collection; (4 recrea- ‘on (swimming pools, wetlands fountains), ee. ‘The main engineering techniques ‘The engineering works în the Bucharest region are mainly represented by dams, reservoirs, channelization fd ow regulation works, intrbasin water transfers nd water infakes, These works ae an integral pat of the ‘Anges watershed management scheme, which includes the study area. The region shows a dense network of dams and reservoirs as wel as diversion and water pro- vision canals (Fig. 2) The frst significant engineering ‘works stared inthe 18th century and, a the socioec ‘omic and demographic importance of the city grew, they hate developed according Dâmbovița River originates inthe Carpathian area, at 1,800 m a, anu flows into the Arges downtream ‘of Bucharest (Fig. 1. Its total length () ts 286 m and the area ofits watershed (A) is 2824 kin Table 1). The average multannual discharge recorded at Budeși gauging station (upstream of the confluence with the ‘Arges River) Is about 22 me (Table 2). Bucharest în Table. The ata and documents sed and their characteris We Type of ta ‘Cares Source i Canogapieamcument Mir Survey maps (1/2000 year 500) Ccuneseu ea 201) ‘Topographic maps 1/2500 eo 1980) Topographic Mary Sec Googie aie Layer ‘Open tyes ss 2 toto dna sets The average monly and annul shares asi gaging naw Av “ation fo the pigs mentioned Tale 2 3 ‘acer quay dia Water quay dase acorn tthe loga and away ‘yseachemes parameters measured in 2 monitoring Scns on Damon, Colentina Age aa Stars aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza —o oom nervy new ets Ponds on the Colona Rv # Buta, b Buren dCi e Sve Grig Blnwasa, h Hert, rin ena ” ‘Reveata, ek Punta, Funder m Paras i (123). Cartea Fig.2._ The management scheme of the Arges iver watershed (according to NARW 2015, modified). Legend 1 iver: 2. Deron during tow and medium waters 3. Deaton during high waters Ca for water spy Canal fr wate Supp order constuction’ Bred cant? Wastewater age channe’ 8 Reser (imtacktsundar the name othe reserva te ote olume si normală stages mentioned 9. eration 1 Pole (netedwthP-Drnking water westment ‘lant 12 Wastewater eatin plan 13. Gauging sation 14 CV 15 Petrochem pant Re:Like The ext colors in the Scheme conespondt the elements clea the ego located in the lower course ofthe Diimbovija, which tosses iona northwest-southeast direction on about 24 km. The implementation of engineering works on {his iver started in 1774, when following a sequence of eatastrophic Nooding, Prince Alexandra Ipsilanti ‘ordered the creation of diversion canal upstream of Bucharest (between Lungulefa and Brezoaele). This ‘was meant to transfer, during high water and flood pe. ‘ods, discharges from Dimbovifa River to the Sabar River, which flows tothe west, through the Clorogat River (Georgeseu et al 1966). After the damaging floods that occurred between 1862 and 1865 in Bucharest re. gion the authorities built a diversion canal at Arcuda, Subsequently the Dimbovia River’s training has be. ‘come more and more complex, including: 13 canals for ‘water transfer (10 of ther in the Bucharest City are) ‘which link the Fiver to the other steams in the region, channelization works, dams, and reservoirs Atthe end ‘ofthe 19th century (1880-1900), Dâmbovița course in the Bucharest area underwent extensive channelization and regulation works (Fig. 3). Consequently its length ‘within the city vas reduced by about one kilometer By {he end ofthe 20h century, thee reservoirs were com pleted on the Dimbovta River, namely: Pecineagu, {witha volume (A) of 63 milion myn the upper (moun in) sector; Văcărești (N = 145 milion me) inthe mid. e (hilly) sector, and Lacul Mori (W = 147 milion a) ‘within the Bucharest City (he volumes corresponel to {the normal designed stage and are according to NARW 20150), During the period 1985-1989, the authorities im plemented the „Complex Management Scheme of the Dimboviț River in Bucharest” which aimed to: regi tate Dâmbovița flow, protect the ity against flooding, aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate Plan general isa Fig.3. Genera pln forthe Dimov iver channelization n Bucharest (1890) (ecording to Gherasim 205, mode, collect and remove wastewaters and storm water, as ‘wellasestablisha number of recreation sites for the city’s residents (Solacolu I988), The engineering works ma Iy consisted of three elements: (1) Lacul Mori reser oir (A= 220 haz W = 147 milion m) lying upstream ‘the Cire! dam (15 m high) 2) the channelization of the Dâmbovița River within the city (downstream of the (Carel dam, on a Tength of 17 Am including 1 weirs ‘which separated slackwater pools; and (the vaste” {er drain stuated under the Dimbovij’ canal. Uite the channelization accomplished atthe end of the 1985 ‘century the riverbed was covered with concrete and the ‘channel was segmented by vers (Pig, 4). Lacul Mort reservoir has mlliple functions: fod peaks mitigation: Bucharest protection against overflowing: water supply ‘of Dimboviis canal downstream of the Churel dart (minimum 3 my) and its peioical sweep (30 mean suring the dilution discharge forthe wastewater drain [ying under the Dâmbovița canal (minimum 13 m/s), ‘Swell ea the necessary amount of waler fort period a sweep CI ms); supplying water forthe Grozăvești {thermal power sation: eh brewing irgations and rc. reatlon (Popescu and Lizdresc 1988, Coco 199), Dimbovita River îs connected with the adjacent watercourses by diversion and water supply canals, ‘which ensure iterbasn transfers. Thus, there are sev tral canale diverting water from the Arges River tothe Dâmbosița River, with the purpose of supplementing the necesary decharges forthe Bucharest water pro vision through the canals derived from Crivina, which ‘aries the water to the Arcuda and Rogu drinking wa {er treatment plants) and forthe Lacul Mor reservoir. ‘Together, these canals are designed to have a discharge ‘of more than 20 m/s. At Tow and normal waters, the Damboviț Bow is supplemented with water ans ferred from the Arges River (namely Zăvolul Orbului reservoir, through the CA2 canal having a designed discharge (Q) of about 12 mrs (NARW 2015) (Pig. 2). In onder to protect Bucharest City against flooding, during high water periods discharges rom Dâmbovița River can be transferred into Argey River through the Dambovila—Arges canal, which has a designed ca. pacity of 300-500 m/s. Dimbovita River is connected ‘with Ms tributary, Iov River, by two canals: one of {them brings water from the Dimbovita River into lov River (Q.= 85 mi) while the other (Mircea Vodă ca- ral; Q,= 5 m/s) hasan opposite function. If necessary, îs possible to transfer water from lalomia River into Dâmbovița stream through Valea Volevozilor canal (Q.= m) and then along Iov River. When Bucharest City i threatened by floods, a part of the Dimbovia’s vale can be transferred to the Arges River by «canal (Gverted from Brezoacle hydrotechnic fork), which has ‘maximum capacity of 300 m/s the canals discharges ‘were taken from the NARW 20154), “Colentina River (L 10 kam; A = 63 km) croses the northern part of Bucharest and lowsinte the Dâmbovița Rivera few kilometers downstream of the ity (Fi. 1) originates în the Plain at an elevation of 179 m asi and asa mean gradient of 1 nvkm (Table 1). The ver. age multlannwal discharges at Colacu gauging station {are very low in both natura and mese flow regimes: (033 and 146 ms, respectively. Asa result of ts der. ‘ent morphometric and hydrological features în compar. {son with the Dimbovita River, was subjected to other types of engineering works. To meet the domestic water ‘ees, the residents built a number of ponds by welts sluice gates emplacements. The first of such ponds (the sovalled Mogogoaia Lake) în mentioned n early ss 1702. The main nuisance caused by this river wae vale stagnation (because ofthe law discharges, gen Ue slopes, and shallow groundwater), a phenomenon aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza Fig-4,_Dimbovia vers chanekation în Bucharest) bear 1985-199; (after 1989. Sauce: viei orgie ca Pc Iri semi Cana. Zara. ‘occurring especially în summer, which was responsible showed that 60-70% of the people ultering from ma 1933 and were completed by 1960. At present, on the Colentina River within the Bucharest area there are 13 ponds with multiple services: fishing, industrial water these ponds have a volume of about 36 milion m and respond to the normal designed stage and are accor: ing to NARW 20152). The ponds are fed by the water transferred to Colentina River from the adjacent streams ‘anal (Q,= 15 as) and fom the Iov River through the Bolovan canal (Q,= 6 m/s) (NARW 20159 Arges River, although t does not cross the cy (pase ing 1 few Kileneters to the west) plays «map roe for Bucharest’ economic development, Together with Diimbovijas (Table 2) 1 e worth mentioning thatthe Arges River and it watershed are among the most hes 1987, along the Arges River 13 multipurpose reservoirs were designed (Fig 2). The most important în terms of ‘volume (450 milion mis Vidraru which i located în ‘Over the period 1985-1989, 71% ofits lower course was modified as fara the junction ofthe Danube (nest (tena City), în order to be tured into a navigable waterway meant to connect Bucharest withthe Danube River After 199, the works were abandoned and theca ral has remained unfinished (Zaharia al Coon 199) Fig 5. Hers Lake (a and Te Lake (9) on the Colentina iver, etetion areas in Bucharest hy. Source: google con/stemuniiptlb/atfat bhp wv panorama com/prot!7S6246 canal for water diversion and 13 canals for water bring fing (NARW 2015) (Fig. 2) Sabar River (L= 174 km; A = 1346 km) passes afew Iulometers west of Bucharest City. I originates in the high plain region, at 349 m aL, Nows ino the Arges River (at 37 m as), and has a mean slope of mem, (able 1). Due to its proximuty tothe city, twas includ fd in the comprehensive management score ofthe ‘vers inthe Bucharest region. The Sabar River is very important forthe flood control, inasmuch as its chan nel may serve asa diversion passage for the high wa. tere flowing on the nearby rivers (Arges, Dimbovita, and Potop: Fig, 2). is multannual discharge under natural flow regime is about 3 ms, but due to water received from the neighboring streams, the recorded discharge exceeds 8m (ce the chapter Impact on ricer fw regi). Water withdrawals ‘Theriversin the Bucharest region arethecit’smain water supply soure and they moet nearly all ofits water need On the Dimbowja River, there are three water intakes. Tool them ate found atthe Văcăreși dam; their rele isto provide water for Bucharest City(Q= 32 m) and to sup. plement the discharge ofthe How River (Q.~ 108 mv). {The third intake (Q = 20 as) i state downstream of the Gurel dam and provides the nevessiry ter for fushing the underground wastewater drain (NARW 2015s) On the Sabar River, there sony one water intake (aujlava), which supplies water foriigation(Q= Om. ‘Along the Arges River, there are 13 intakes designed to provide the necessary water for various uses The mesi important of them with a designed discharge of 205 mys is located at Crina (Fig. 2) and ensures sg fificant amounts of water for Bucharest City. The total designed discharge ofall the water infakes installed en. ‘the Arges River is almost 190 mvs (NARW 20150 ‘On the Colentina River, there are intakes only for dustrial water supply located in the Pantelimon and Cemica ponds, but currently the taken volume isnot significa To ensure the Bucharest City region’s water sup- ply an average of 352425 mild le withdrawn from the Dâmbovița River, while 353419 Ais collected fom ‘the Arges River (the data are for 2013 and are according, o NAPA2014) The water extracted from the Dâmbovița and Arges. rivers nipplies three drinking treatment plants Fig. 2) The one located at Arcuda (setup in 188) în provided by the Dimbovits River and has a capac ty of 650.000 ma. The Arges River supplies both the Rog treatment plant (setup in 1970), with a capacity of 320,00 md an the Crivina plant (mich came nto operation in 2006) witha capacity of 20,000 ml (Apa Nova 2016) Wastewater effents—qualitatve pressures on the rivers In urbanized areas, water quality and, consequently, tnquatic ecoeystem health are considerably influenced by industrial and agricultura effluents, as well as by the wastewaters collected by the public sewerage sy tem: în the study area, Bucharest the main city that Impacts the quality ofthe rivers significa (thet tutlon responsible forthe water supply and sewerage system management in Bucharest City îs SC. Apa Nova S.A). The storm water and the wastewaters co. lected by the sewage system finally reach the drain that underlies the Dimbovijys channelized. water. sours. Subsequently, they are released în the Dâmbovița River downstream of Bucharest City (in Glina village), where the wastewater treatment plant {s located (Fig. 2). Although the construction began in 1985, itis not yet fully operational and, consequently, the spilled waters are only party purified, signif cantly affecting the water quality ol the Dimbovita aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate tate, In 2015, he Glina waste- water treatment Plant could process mechanically bone 750000 m, which represents more than 85% fof the total volume of wastewater collected at the same time it completly purged (mechanically and bi ‘logically 60% ofthe total volume. The entry nto fl ‘operation mode of the wastewater treatment plant îs planned for 2017, when it is expected to purty the {aximum wastewater discharge of 12 ma designed for dry periods; at present, the plant can process me- chanicaly up to 10 m/s of wastewater, and completely {upto avs, while the mean designed wastewater dis- charge collected by the sewerage system under dry ‘weather conditions is about 12 m/s (Mihalovii and State 2015). Generally, the discharged wastewaters ave high concentrations in ammonium, total nitro. gen, and total phosphorous, exceeding the allowed Tims inthe national regulation (NARW 2011), “Colentina River receives the wastowaters discharged. from the sewerage system of the Bulten City, eat: să north of Bucharest (Pig. 1). Having passed through the mechanical and biological treatment, the efflant dlscharge reaches about O24 my The waters spilled into Colentina River usually exceed the allowed limits for suspensions content, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (chromium), total nitrogen, {otal phosphorous, ammonium, and detergents (NARW 211, Upstream of the Bucharest urban area, the quality of the Arg River i altered by the scioeconomic activi ves cari out in Pies Ci, The main contamination source fs the company responsible for water supply and Sewerage (SC. Apă Canal 2000 S-A. Pet) (NARW 2011, Soare 20150) Downstream of Bucharest, Anges River collects Dimbovita River’s polluted waters, and consequent quality is altered significantly. Regarding Saber River, is not subjected to significant qualitative pressures, inasmuch asthe settlements cat Son its berks are ruc [At the scale of the entire study area, the largest amounts of wastewaters that are spilled into the Tv. er derive from the commercial companies (SC) re. Sponsible for urban water management: SC. Apa Nova Bucuresti .A.—Glina (357936 millon ye) SC. ApS Canal 2000 S.A. Pitesti (22.102 million mye} SC. Apa [Nova Bucuresti S-A.— Crivina Water Treatment Plant 61% milion mye), and SC. Apa Nova Bucuresti SA. Arca Water Treatment Plant (4.372 milion av] Ye the data correspond to 2009 and are according to Soare Bratosin 2013). Over he period 2006-201, of the umount of wastewaters (urban industrial and ag ral) discharged in the Bucharest area (Bucharest ty and the adjoining lov County), which was nearly 400 million mp, about 95% was not subjected to any treatment at all (according to Soare Braorin 2015 and NAPA 2012) The effects of anthropogenic pressures ‘The human pressures on the rivers in the Bucharest re- gion have caused significant changes in stream network nd associated landscape, as well as n ow regime and ‘water quality; all these changes have negative conse: ‘quences on the econysten health Changes instream network and landscape ‘The spraw/ of Bucharest Cty and the rive raining have {generated noticeable changes in the appearance of the Steam network and riverelated landscapes. These ‘anges are highlighted by the comparative analysis of “artographic representations and images from diferent periods tis obvious that, on the mapa dating boc othe Tah, Tu and 19th centuries, Dimbovil’s channel shows meanders and anabranched reaches, while Its ‘ocdpain shelters wetlands lakes and marshes (Fig, 6, bye). Asfarasthe Colentina Rivers concerned the maps of 1791 and 1842 (Fig 6, show that towed outside the citys perimeter and fad some ponds and a foo plin with marshy areas. “To make a diachronic analysis for the period 1900- 2014, we digitized the Miltary Survey Maps (Panurile Dinectowe de Trage) of scale 120000 (190), the topo: raphic maps of sale 12500 (1980), and Google maps Imagery 2014). We were thus able to identify significant changes undergone overtime bythe two rivers crossing Bucharest City: Nowadays, two man-made lakes (Lacul ‘Monit and VacSreyi) and an artifical channel can be seen along Dâmbovița River, while Colentina River has ‘med into chain of ponds (ig 7). ‘The present appearance of the Dimbovita River în Bucharest City is totally diferent from what it looked [uke în the 1%h century (Fig 8) The lakes (ponds) on Colentina River provide economic water supply fori dustrial and lerigation needs, fishing) aesthetcal, and recreational services (Pig, 5). The canale for interbasin ‘water transfer (Fg. 2) have induce sgniiant changes {nthe stream network appearance and the watersheds hydrology inthe Bucharest region. Impacts on river flow regime ‘To assess urbanization effects on the river flow regime, wwe procesed the monthly and annual average dis: ‘harges recorded at the gatging stations (GS) located. fon the main rivers în he Bucharest regions the Angee River at Malu Spart CS (upstream of Bucharest) and at Buudesti GS (downstream of Bucharest) the Dimbovita River at Lunguletu GS; theColentina River at Colacu GS; andthe Saba River at Vida GS (the data regarding these Stations are given in Table 2 and thelr location is shown, în Figs Land 2) The analyzed periods are mentioned in Table 2. To quantify the differences between the natural (reconstituted) flow regime (0. and the mexified (cur reni) Now regime (Q.), we computed the change rte aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza Fo. mayors ta Burt ego, The ime n of capa 1 ened iy De Topple 1) An mp bose by con Spe (31 1 Pan of fsan fice Vr Se Barr (1842)”eopy made by. Bernd n 1953 zare to Chea 200, wth complet ig.7._Dachroni nays ofthe stream network dmamics betwee 1900 nd 2014 în Bucharest Cy rea, based on Mito sure ips (1800; topographic maps of cle 125000960} nd Google Ste mase 201) aspen eat and Saari, IC) Volume 21) © Article iza Fig. 8. Ancart a) and curent (landscapes with Dimbovita ivr within Bucharest Ci Source: a htp um. scene ev uplod/2014710/15 jpg tp ww acvenews/upioods 2014/10 jpg cond Zahara) (0Q), determines as we explained in chapter Materials Efes on the annual and maltiannnal average discharge ‘The analysis ofthe variability ofthe annual average di charges of the Arges River shows an altemation în Pe Sods in which the flows in naturel rogcne were higher than those in allred regime and vie versa (Fig. 93, b) Thereby fer 1986 both investigated gauging stations recorded a lower flow in altered rege (on an average bby 40-50%), while in the previous period the altered di ‘withthe natural ones. The differences between the vo. ‘work management oral the analyzed periods, the differences between the multiannual average cscharge in natural and mod ied regimes ae not significant. Thus over the period 1954-2006 the multianual natural average discharge (Q._) at Malu Spart GS was 99.9 while the moale ‘one (Q,,) was 394 ms. Downstream of Bucharest, at Bates forthe period 1930-2006, 3 sight drop (by (65%) of the Q._, (175 ms) can be noticed in compart son with the CI (506 ms). This fat highlights low reduction in thé mean annual flow caused by human presones, As forthe variation colicients(C) ofthe rr pressures Rave boon responsible forthe increase in the ‘ow variability in modified regime as compared tothe natura regime (rom 029-031 40 035-052) (Fig, 10), ‘On the Dimbovila River, at Lunguletu GS, the natu ral average dischanges over the period 1988-2006 were {generally lower than the values recorded before 1998 Fig. 9) Aer this period there have been no significant diference between the two types of hydrological re- {gimes. For most ofthis prio asin the case of the Anges River the diference between the multannual discharg es în natural and mos lowe regimes îs low (70) nam and 0. = 106 ms. Toncerning the Colentina River at Colacu GS, during the whole analyzed period (2006-2012) the natural anu al average discharges were much lower than the mex! ‘eat ones the differences ranging from less than 200% te more than 1,000% (Fig. 11a), which reflects the add [Nona inflows. Under these circumatances, the modified smultlannual average discharge i 44 time higher than the natural one (0. = 146 m/s and O. = 033 ms) Regarding Subar River, at Videa GS, the annual average iocharges tree rated ow rege were lower than the modified ones forthe entre analyzed period (1958 2008) The differences amounted to 00-10% (Fig 11). ‘The multlannual average discharge in modified regime ‘was 27 times higher than the natural one (Q,,.=82 mis and Q.,=30 ms). As mentioned ina previous chapter, the river reosives wale rom the neighboring steam. Volume it) @ Avice eO1207 a = Gam 94) 3 heey River at a Spot — i 4 “FEGUEREVERR ERE am oe a ze re Îi as ai ÎN 3 wl 3 ined ity ofthe annus overage dchargesin natura. and modified (0) flow egies, nd ofthe change ate DO), forthe get fb) sad Dambovt teers 0 mulisnnua average decharge i natural regime, O. mula ave ‘Sucargein modified regime tn brackets, the Szharge value 2 Impacts on average monthly discharges. The analysis of the vanation of the monthly average discharges under the two types of flow regimes (natural and modif) showed aaila situation forthe Arg aed Dimbovia „vers Thus, fom Apr o June, a period that is normally ‘haracieried by high waters the natural discharges are higher than the modified ones. Generally, fr the rest of the year the modified discharges are higher than the nat- tural ones. The positive or negative diferences between, the two types of regimes may reach 20-30% (Fig. 12) ‘Thissituaion highlights the regulatory role ofthe reser voia emplaced along the vec: JPL Fig. 10. varatancoefceta(C) of he annus a) and month) average charge unde na ow times es cosing the Bucharest elon. (and mode A) aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza -n etme ig, {air ne Coen (a) and Saba) rer 0, Ssehergein mos regime n dacat the dacRarge value 1. Varibltyof the annual average discharges in natura (Q) and medie (0, Now egies, and of the change rate ‘matisnnal average dictare in natur eg ne 7 multannl average For Colentina and Saba iver, the situation i difer nt from Arges and Dimbovia rivers Ths, the natu- ‘al monthly average discharge are always Tower than the mealfed ones. AS rule the differences are higher during the warm season (April-October), when they can fexcoee 400% (upto 760%) on Colentina River and 200- [00% on Sabar River (Fig. 13). This means that the two ‘vere receive adlitional amountsof wate either for sup plying the reervois/ponds (he case of Colentina Rive) or for flow regulation and floods control on Dâmbovița and Anges vers (the case of Saba River „The variation confcients of the monthly average discharges during the year indicate the regulatory ef fect of the engineering works for all the investigated snuging station. The reduction in these coefficients îs significant (about 50%) for Arges River (at Malu Spart GS), Dimbovita River (at Lunguleju GS), and Colentina River, while for Sabar River, the values a © tango TRON Va We RX wa” a Ey Ares iver at Mal Span] i i i 5 TVR Tm VV Www RX Si Moin sath mre Fig, 12. variably ofthe monthly average dichatges in natural (0) and modified (0) flow teins, and ofthe change rate (Odie the Arges ab and Dabo ere aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza 00 or om Coen ier a Caan 2006-2012) Otome Saar Mera Vi 1988— 2008) otemsii Troe y www eX wy ia, (Dior the Colertina land bar) vers TW Vv Www kX AIR 3. Vaiabilyof he monthly average discharges in natural (0) and modified (0) flow regimes, and of the change rate similar (039-040) for both types of flowing regimes Gg. o) 3 Tens în river flo variation, To identify the trends In the foe variation of the rivers coming the Bucharest ‘regio, we applied the Mann Kendal test on the an and monthly discharge dataset, under patura end ‘meaiied flow regimes, for Argeș, River (at Malu Spart and Budeyt gauging stations) and Sabar River (a Vidra) ‘The ert was not appli for Dâmbovița and Colentina. rivers Because ofthe insufficient extent of the available datasets AS Table 4 shows, under both types of regimes (nat: tural and modified), significant downward trends (or various levels of significance) can be noticed in spring (March-May) and in the frst part of summer Qune= July), when the rivers usually experience high waters. In the ease of Arges River, a both analyzed gauging, stations, increasing’ lowing trends can be noted în September and October when, ava rule the ver love îs low: Under natural regime, the trends in the dis: charge variation mirror the changes in the hydroc- ‘matic parameters identified throughout the Romanian, territory nnd at the regional level. Thea a reduced flow în spring and summer is direct consequence fof rainfall decrease în conjunction with temperature land evaporation increase recorded in these seasons a the same time, the snowpack supplying the rivers in springtime decreased, The upward trends in autumn ow are justified by the seasons increase in precipi: Lion in Romania (Busuioe e al 2010, Birsan et al. 2012, 2014, Bojari etal. 2015), Regarding the mei low regime the trends are the result of cumulative influences of climate variability and anthropogenic pressure. In comparison with the natural flow regime, Une ends in the modified one generally have a higher lve of significance; they were identified în several months vs natural regime, including the an ‘ual discharges. Tis shows the eects of anthropogenic pressures on the vera water resource, having as poza. Bie consequence the future decline ofthis resource and related water security issues Erectson river water quality In Romana, river water quality is established based on the ecological state ofthe watercourse, according 1 the provisions of the European Wale Framework Directive AND) 2000/60/EC, which have been implemented în ‘he Romanian leisation. Consequently the iver quality in defined by taking into account biclogia, physico- chemical, hydromorphologial, and microbiological ee. menta. cach of which including speci parameters (MEW and NARW 2016). Tabled, Trends inthe varity of monthly and annual average charge o e Age and Saba rivers nnatral and modi flow reimes. ‘ouping sation no Mee of? om ow ow Vv mM wom «x m m w Moisei N EI Ec Most n mm i : 2 mei N : ad [o e OM mn – 3 N : (1950-2005) so Bowe : ee ow mgm N etc erat: nege, ata 01) ot ane vn at = ee ie poze sh Promo paria Ra ark ae e a pear a int Son ee sree aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate According tothe WED, the water quality classification în Romania includes five quality clases class Leg goad quality (luc col); class T—good quality (green Solo class Ill—maderate quality (yellow colo class T= poor quality (orange colo) and clas V—bad gual: ity (fed colon). The classification ofthe ecological state relies onthe principle, “one aut ll out” (he, the worst Status of the elements used in the assessment determines {the final stats ofthe waterbody), according to the WFD provision, The same principle also applies forthe qual- ity parameters belonging to the same group (biological, physicochemical any ological elements) (MEW and NARW 2015, 2016, ‘To establish the quality of the main rivers crossing ‘the Bucharest region (the Dâmbovița, Colentina, Arges, and Sabor rivers), we made use of the data provided by the NARW.AVWB for the year 2013. The analy- ih highlights the ecological state, based on biologi and physicochemical elemente (the last ones include [parameters that support the biological elements). The [ssesement of the Biological state relied on a number ‘of parameters regarding phytoplankton, phytobenthos, and macrozoobenthos, while the physicochemical state ‘was ealablished based on several groups of parameters, ss follows thermal regime and acidification (TRA) x ‘ygen regime (OR) nutriente regime (NUT); mineral {ation degree or salinity (SAL); natura-specific toxic pollutants (NSTP) and other relevant chemical indica. {ors (ORCI), like phenols, detergents, and AOX. Each ofthe two major categories of elements (biological and [Physicochemicl) defined a specific quality clas, and, Finally the global ecological state was established. At that time, there were no data on hydromorphological For Dâmbovița River, the quality parameters were determined for five monitoring sections locate! both ‘upstream and downetream of Bucharest City, namely Brezoaele, Arcuda, Biliceanca, and Bude. From the Biological standpoint, the waters belong to quality classes II-V, especially because of the macrozooben {hom According to the chemical indicator, the waters belong to quality classes I-Y, because the values of OR, NUT, anu ORCI are higher. Given these rcumstances, the global ecological state ofthe Dimbovia River core. sponds tothe quality classes II-V. The worst conditia, (oor quality and bad quay) was found at the man Koning nections located dosenstream of Bucharest at Bildceanen and Buceș) which receive the polly treated ‘wastewentrs released from Bucharest sewerage (Table tnd Fig 1). ‘Colentina River has only one station for quai measurements, located at Colacu, upstream of Bucharest (Fig 14). From the biological point of view, the water at this monitoring station belongs to qual ity class IV (because of the macrozoobenthos), while from the standpoint ofthe physicochemieal indicators ‘belongs to class Il (because of the ORCI indicators), refere, the final ecological state i indicative f class IV (Table 5), (On Arges River, four monitoring sections, located both upstream and downetream of the Bucharest Cy, were considered. They are located at Cătesca, Crivina (opstream of the water intake) Budest, and Oltenița (Fig. 14) The analyses showed that from the biologi cal and physicochemical points of view, upstream of Buudest the waters belong to quality classes I and Il Downstream cof this locality, as the river receives the parameters polluted! waters of the Dimbovta River, water quality Tahe3. Bega phpiecheria ad ecco sates of the min vers rosing Bucharest Cy region 201. loge tte seca te es, No __fivrSecion pe MZ 05 TA OR MT sm STP OF PS “nna mama 1 FI na 1 2 Rgevemena” not i i Hl 4 =: om ot ” i Ei 3 i „ui i ‘ Ei DOL II N 7 cmon Vv vy cons 8 omega mv vv E i Mow bow tt dm ww ‘ou 10 swims wt no Siege hE Shwe” II IE IN IE A II II II IL ut ronin. pth E more egal at TA peri mam ră tata A aroma NUT. ar ea ca mean Nh mane pa ok alan Cta bo ut errs ae ser a dame ee NA aspen eat and Saari, 5 Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate Rea > ef ethțaza] Fig. 14. Ecological state of the man ver costing the Bucharest Cy region in 2013, worsens, and at Cliteyti monitoring section it belongs {quality class IV, because of certain biological (phyto- plankton, macrozoobenthos) and physicochemical (ru tente) indicators Table 5) ‘Concerning the Sabar River, three monitoring sections ‘wore considered located a Tântava, Viele, and Vide [As the pressures on ths river ar lower, water quality îs beter in comparison with the other streams and it Js therefore included in quality cass Il (Table 5 and Fig 1. Discussions and Conclusions ‘The intensive human pressures on the aquatic ecooye- tems in urbanized areas have led to significant quanta tive, qualitative, and ecological changes, allecting their structure, functions, Services, and health. The quality and, consequently, the ecological integrty/cosystem bealthof any given stream are negatively correlated with ‘the urbanization intensity în ts surrounding watershed (liner et al 2004, Oliveira and Cortes 2000) Given hat a healthy cconystem i crucial to provide serves for 3 ‘ety and the naturel environment, designing workable Strategies to achieve and maintain ecosystem health în a. ‘ey future challenge forthe society (Li etal. 2015), ‘This paper showed the example ofthe Bucharest City region, which i îe largest urbanized area in Romani. Inthe first part the main urban pressures on the river systems (oy dams, reservoirs/ponds, canals for inter. [sin water transfers and water intakes) are presented, ‘while inthe second part some ofthe effects ofthese prez. ‘sures onthe steam network and relate landscape, ow ee, and water quality are highlighted. „The engineering works in the Bucharest region are included in the complex management scheme of the ‘Arges River watershed, in which Its located. The study cane on four streams of which two cross Bucharest City (Dâmborița and Colentina rivers) and wo pass neat is western boundary (Arges and Seber river) the Tatler have an important foe in the river scheme man. agement in the Bucharest region. The diachronic anal. ysis ofthe maps from diferent periods (starting with the th century) highlighted significant hycrographic and landscape changes, both within the city and in its inventar, In terms of effects on the flow regime, the two alloc thonous rivers (Arges and Dimibovifa) didnot exhibit significant alterations in the multiannual average die ‘charges, but only the attenuation of monthly discharge ‘variability (the average decharges în modified flow aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate regime are lower in high water season and higher in ow water period when compared lo natural regime) ue tothe regulatory role ofthe reservoirs On the au tochthonous stream (Sabor and Colentna),asgnificnt incense inthe anal ae tonthly average discharges ‘was found, due to water transferred from the neighbor: {ng rvers The tren analysis ofthe anal and monthly average discharges, under natural (reconstituted) and mosia (current) egimea showed significant down ‘ward trend (for various level of significance) in spring, (March-May) and inthe ist part of summer une lu), ‘while in the fst part of autumn (September and October) fan increasing trend vas found. Under natura regime, the trends in dlacharge variation mero the changes in the hydrate parameters identified throaghowt the Romanian tersitory and at regional level, while in mod Bed regime, he trends are the result of cumulative in ences of elite variability and anthropogenic pressure In comparison with the natural lv rege, the trends in the modified one generally have a higher level of sig niicance and they were iene în several months ve patura regime, including annual discharges. ‘Given that the river în the Bucharest region collect the wastewaters released by the urban sewnge ye tems, which are nly partially tented, the water quall- ty ofthese rivers impaired: The most heavily altered {5 Dâmbovița River, which receives the wastewaters from Bucharest’s sewage system, as well as the waste- ‘waters discharged by drinking water treatment plants. Under these citcumstances,doversream of Bucharest, the ecological state of the Dimbovia River falls inthe ‘worst quality class V bad waters), while the Arges River, ‘Sownstream of the confluence with Dimbov, fll in ‘lass IV (poor waters) Despite the hydrographic hydrological and qualitative hangs induce by the urban prezeure in the Bucharest jon all hese rivers are vt forthe cys functionality and its economic development. The engineering works proved tobe effective for meting the water demands fe urbanized area and for its flood defense. Thus, for bout 40 yr (sine the 197), Bucharest Cty has been protected by the flooding caused by overflowing river However, he oii cased by storm water, which are specific to urban ares istlla teat Is occurence could Pe diminished through the expansion and modernization ofthe sewerage system, but also tough finding alterna tive techniques tothe canal sewerage network tht fa vor eunwater inflation and storage (Zaharia 2006) In general, Dimbovfa and Colentina rivers are well Inlegrated inthe urban landscape and provid, among, ‘thers, aesthetic and recreation services. The Dâmbovița ver however sil requires works in order o improve the unaesthetie appearance caused by îs artifical con. ‘cele channel. The ver also should be beter integrated and valorized în the urban development în Bucharest iy, mainly through its recreational function Ba the ‘major problem to be solved isthe water quality ofthe region’ river, especialy in the ease ofthe two main streams, Dâmbovița and Arges. tis expected that, ss ‘con a the Glina wastewater treatment sation starts op. ‘ating a fl capacity, the rivers’ quality downstream of ‘Bucharest and the related econystem health wil improve significantly În perspective, we believe that the development of urban stream restoration projects in the Bucharest City region will solve some ofthe specific problems coer ‘ering the urban pressures on the steam system in {the area. Many studies on this topic (Leport etal. 2008, [Niezgoda and Johnson 2008, Bukaveckas 2007, Kaushal tab 2008, Sivirichi etal 2011, McMillan etal 2014, Sommerhacuser 2016) showed the benefits of stream restoration projects in urbanized areas, Stream restora ton is considered tobe an urban adaptation in response to watershed impairments as thas an important ro the transition frm a Sanitary City toa Sustainable CX (Kaushal eta. 2015) „To maintain and improve the ecosystem health, ur. ban strategies promoting social ecologiei sustainability should be designed. They should be based on the under. Standing of mutual interactions within social-ecologicl Systeme and should ince preemptive action amine, {o maintain the vitality of econystems (Lu etal 2015), Nowadays, a challenge în urban development is the deployment of ecological urbanism, considered tobe a ‘way toward sustainable cites Pickett and Zou 2015) In [Bucharest City the Integrated urban development plan UDP) “Central zone; approved in 2012 and adopted 3 he beginning of 2016 by the General Counc of the Bucharest Municipality î a major and ambitious plan for the restoration and enhancement ofthe urban iden {iy TUPD includes many projects aiming at harmonious tnd sustainable development ofthe urban are, based on ‘needs and potential One ofthe priorities of IUPD i= to regain the altactivenes ofthe Dimbovis River (BCE 2012) If so far the Dâmbovița Rivers engineering was ‘conaidered mainly asa public lity infeatractite, ac ‘onding tothe IUPD, the river should become a valuable ‘han element asin other capitals and European cities, such a Pari, Vienna, Budapest, Prague. Acknowledgments ‘Wekindly thank the National Adminstration “Romanian, Waters’ ~ Arges Veda Water Branch for providing the data used in this manuscript, We also thank our col. league Romulus Costache who helps! us with the de. ignor Fig 1 Literature Cited ‘Apa Nora 201 Use de tat. pr aparare rani dezbate n na arata e dia ez dea rara Mea îm Mem Nemi aspen eat and Saari, 7 Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate eee Pars andthe Sune 1790-1970. Tae cit ucr Cy Hall 302 image aha developmen pn “Ceara zone n Romanian ps pm ‘el Sans 2012012 enn MLV. L Zain, V. Chee and Benes, 2012 Teen rods seam în Roman (1976208) Ra an apr in Piss 27 20. isan MEV. Zahara. Cece and Benes, 204 ‘Sa noma smd ig oe ja Ret a B05, Smbrie cae — de bn bare Tice la roca spare Faur Pr Ducane Roan usii PA 207. Bea of hae! retoron on water ‘elo amie storage and nutrient uptake in cha aon aie Envonental Sconce Technolgy stim, A. ML Cain S. Cheval Boa C. Bornean ‘Mat, tnd A” Duma 2010. Climate ary a Shange în Homann Eaters Pro Unior Bute Romana ters iti vores halen wate Sey Pages 108110 Chast Codex Spied Dama Com ot” Management pei Manipal Bacar Firs ien, rar Ars Doce. Barret Romana Cretu Run § Contain, Onan and Bana isle ori Manu dowel tage, ge ‘petal og orb parece etree Coe FA Cab and Due 1 Probie eae ‘aes 1967 orn Bocuse. Ft ation Fara tr ierte, curt, Roman ‘orm NB. SH, Par NE Golo. CL neta TG Wal a al and. M Bagge 298. Gal change mag) 6-3 Cui inst 5 Giga. Hobson, E totii 2019 Dima and or prong ta ithe bass of moving ser Vian spend no te Danube and ne Wierd fom Te late TA Yo. the = noima Soga Summa aiva Scriere a Stă 7 kan, an. Watt Zoli Change ne nd e mea Verse once a Ia tothe pret Wa Ty = Hohe. C Sonlechiet M Sch an V. Weare Perie dunare tă Water nny 8131-1 Jones A Dame, ad GR 1988 Ue probleme pric rola generale cazare Tera ‘dal ror de ame comple acului Dimov în mină Bucur teen 882730. 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Panel Niajoal de Mega accep stole «tah Rrra seratona a Dah Due, NP, ‘ew roster o/TEST nah ziare o camee tz planor eta nem i ni ra pati pp Nona Magma tere. orare ormateruane pa management plan of Arp = Vedea Water Distt tp Stn role aarge/SCAR Panel e manage rap Majer 1 TEMA | Paul ad WK Tule. 200 Sram ec. „ye faction sting landscapes, Jounal of Non ner Deal Sosy 200 ia mă Mr and Rate 2015 Evel epur peor wate în mu Barut Hurtin 25 4 met JD. Wht and € Yoder 200 The Bote gay, ‘lorem n ran nd sort adcapes Lanse tna Urban Pang #100 aspen eat and Saari, Volume 21) © Article iza anion efec n erate [NAPA National Environmental ProetonAgeny) 2012 Report on trvienmenal state Region 8 Bacar n 311 în Mean pian soetepentcst po [NAPA National Environment Peter Agony) 2014 Report x rien nein Bacar yin 2015” ti Tape ny repeat hed mangeen pln of hry = Vaden We Dv in Romanian hp wre are AN eee ope INARW[Nator“Adminstaton Romanian Water) 20158 Ward food defense plan. Ager Vede Water Branch [in Romanian] Ape aa sarge oe Si mizarrenue nurori ee e NAM Nato Aammntaraton Romans Nae 201 County fod anca plane Arg Veden Water Branch n Reman eg ue re Document Pi arse Frm ‘less alga an Pe. im m retort tr henge form poe fr atena Enviromental Management 388% 92 (Oeil M5. Chmon A Jan A Mandan’ Mean ‘Pin Urbanisation eects on werd pie an Sian prone in he sour Unie Sites Water (Otel SV. and M. V Corea 2006 Environment indata ‘Ann Review of colea and eat 2508 38, Pet’s. THA CL Bucky, Es Kaushal ad. Was TOIL” seoaicologea scence în he tare metropal Vu Bessie 14319 3 “hing ones for applying espa scence towed te Sable ony Hea and Suna yt and © Mocs 197 rog Bacar 3 le ages 2430 % Socettn de Ste ‘Cree cn cae mun Bw 43 Hirata 239. SDM seria Dison of Brat Murat 214, Bacharest stato yeibok ISDN Buc, Sri GM. 5 5 Kesha PM Mayer C Wey. KT Be „TA. Newsome, KD. Newent and MM. 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Rc Casa VS ‘atari and ©. Cocos 199, Manage schemes and hae pot on rn fe ofthe nes he Bucharest Cy fre Pages Pe Vigil Surana ete Gengrphy Sih the content of taman development, Sa Str ChpNpoce oman Zaha, Ue” P Bans aod A. Stn 197. Let de bi Ie danse bassin vera de Arey Ane Unser {in care oa Congas XLS 7 © ae Zaha ot a Ths an open ae ate come Cnr ton i, aspen eat and Saari, 7 Volume 21) © Article iza