Annals of the University of Oradea, Fascicle: Ecotoxicology, Animal Husbandry and Food Science and [626025]

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Annals of the University of Oradea, Fascicle: Ecotoxicology, Animal Husbandry and Food Science and
Technology, Vol. XVII/B 2018

Analele Universitatii din Oradea, Fascicula: Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie si Tehnologii de Industrie
Alimentara, Vol.XVII/B 2018

PREVALENCE OF TOOTH ABNORMALITIES IN TEMPORARY
TEETH AT CHILDREN WITH DOWN SINDROME

Pogan Mihaela Dana, Spinean Radu, Tent Adriana, Domocoș Daniela , Ciavoi Gabriela,

1University of Oradea, Faculty of Dental Medicine , P-ta 1 Decembrie 5, Oradea, Romania,
e-mail: [anonimizat]

Abstract
Dento -maxillary abnormalities are considered d isorders in the harmony of developmental
processes of dento -maxillary components. This study aimed to collect information on the prevalence
of dental abnormalities in Down syndrome, which may be unique or associated abnormalities. The
study consisted of th e analysis of all Down syndrome patients 6 months -6 years of age in the genetics
department of the Municipal Clinical Hospital, Dr. Gavril Curteanu "Oradea. 57 cases with Down
Syndrome were observed. The abnormalities detected were: hypodontia, microdonti a, taurodontism,
enamel hypoplasia, dental transposition, delayed eruption. Following the centralization of the results
we concluded that 55 patients (99.7%) had single or multiple dental abnormalities, the most frequent
being taurodontia 45 patients (79%) . Dental abnormalities were also associated with skeletal
abnormalities.
.

Key words: native teeth, Down Sindrome, d ento-maxillary abnormalities

INTR ODUCTION

One of the most common genetic disorders is Down syndrome also
called trisomy 21. (1,2). This i s a chromosomal dysfunction caused by the
presence of an additional chromosome in the genetic construct (the genome)
that is present since embryo embryo. Chromosome 21 is the smallest of
human chromosomes. Thus, a child is born with 47 chromosomes instead of
46. Statistics show that in Romania there are approximately 30,000 people
with Down syndrome
At Down syndrome patients , we have the following characteristics:
mental retardation and physical (3 ,21) brachichesia, short neck, mongoloid
facies, hypertebis m (eyelid gap), eyelid epiculate eyelid, strabismus, growth
of the horizontal base of the skull, maxillary retrograde with a false
mandibular prognacity and inverse occlusion, macroglossia (lingual
volume), vestibulo -inclination of the lower front group du e to lingual
pressure.
The prevalence of periodontal disease in people with Down
syndrome shows an increased risk due to the presence of a deficient immune

system. (6) The caries incidence is low (8 ,21), however, much of this
research was done when people with Down syndrome lived in institutions
and had a very limited diet that could have an impact on cariogenic risk.
Bruxism may be triggered by a state of chronic anxiety. Other
dysfunctions that may occur are: dental malocclusion, dysfunction of the
tempor omandibular joint due to laxity of support ligaments and
underdeveloped nervous control.
Dental trauma is commonly encountered due to lack of motor development,
as well as fracture or dislocation of previous teeth.
Dental abnormalities have an incidence fi ve times higher than the
normal population (9,10). The teeth most commonly absent in primary teeth
are lateral incisors (11 ,16,17 ). Seagriff -Curtin et al. (13 ,15,18 ) claims that
the most common dental abnormalities in Down syndrome are number
abnormalities and abnormalities of the teeth of these patients may have
changes in shape and volume: taurodonia, dental dysplasia, frequent
anodontics, eruption (delay), morphology (19, 20) . There are several
classifications of dental anomalies according to the criteri a used, the most
conclusive and often used being the International Disease Classification
(ICD)
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) (14 , 21) refers to
teeth eruption, developmental and developmental disorders, respectively:
1. Size – microd ontia, macrodontia
2. Number and Eruption – Supranumerary, Anodont, Hipoontia,
Oligodontia, Pseudoanodontia, False Anodontia
3. Shape /Forn -Fusion
– Crown -Fusion ,Gemination, aurodontism,, Talon”s Cup
– Root -Concresence, Ename l Pearl, Dilaceration, Flexion, Ankylosis
4. Defects of Enamel and Dentin – Amelogenesis Imperecta,
Dentinogenesis Imperecta, Denti nal Dysplasia

The purpose of the study
The aim of our study is to determine the incidence of dental
anomalies at Down Sindrom childrens 6 months -6 years in Bihor county .

MATERIAL AND METHOD

To achieve the proposed objectives, we selected a group of 57
children diagnosed with Down's syndrome, patients within the genetics
department of the Municipal Clinical Hospital, Dr. Gavril Curteanu in
September 2011 -August 2018.
The inclusion criteria of the subjects in the study group were:
subjects aged 6 months to 6 years, sex 23 girls and 34 boys and the socio –
economic environment. Dental anomalies were analyzed according to the

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International Disease Classification (ICD) (14 ,21), which refers to tooth
eruption, developmental and developmental disorders. The data we re
centralized in the tables and statistically processed. Based on results and
examinations, conclusions were drawn .

RESULTS AND DIS CUS SION

Of the 57 children with Down syndrome investigated, 55 children
had dental abnormalities, and 2 children were not diagnosed with dental
abnormalities. Of the 57 children diagnosed with Down's syndrome, 24
children presented a single anomaly representing 42.1%, 26 children had
two associated abnormalities representing 45.6%, and three associated
abnormalities were 5 ch ildren representing 8.8 % of all investigated children.
There are no significant differences between men and women.

Table 1
Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Subjects with D own or Associated Down Syndrome
Dental anomalies –
numeric Sex TOTAL
Male Female
1 12 12 24
2 11 15 26
3 3 2 5
Absent 1 1 2
TOTAL 27 30 57

The results are represented in graph 1.

Graph 1 – Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Subjects with Down or Associated Down
Syndrome

In the comparative statistical analysis, the dental noma ds analyzed in
children with Down syndrome, out of a total of 57 subjects, 45 children

presented taurodontism (79%), 9 children showed microdonthy (15.8%), 4
children had eruptive retardation 7%), 2 children with hypodonty (3.5%), 2
children with enamel hy poplasia (3.5%), 2 children with dental
transposition (3.5%). There are no significant differences from the point of
view . It also observes the presence of several associated abnormalities.

Table 2
Frequency of diferend types of dental abnormalities encou ntered in investigated subjects
Dental Anomalies Sex Total
Male Female
Taurodontism 21 24 45
Microdontism 5 4 9
Delayed dental
eruption 2 2 4
Hypodontism 2 0 2
Enamel hypoplasie 1 1 2
Dental transposition 0 2 2

Graph 2. Frequency of diferend types of dental abnormalities encountered in investigated
subjects

CONCLUSIONS

1. Patients with Down syndrome have a very high prevalence of dental
anomalies in 96.45%
2.With more patients (96.5%), there are 1 or 2 associated dental
abnormalities.
2. Wi thin the entire study group, the most common abnormality was
taurodontism (22) in the proportion of (78.9%), which was observed in 45 of
the analyzed subjects. The least common were hypodontists, enamel
hypoplasia and dental transpositions.
3. Dental abnorm alities are associated with Down's syndrome specific facies
as well as changes and abnormalities in the musculoskeletal (21)

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4. There were no significant differences in sex depending on the frequent
anomalies or their type.
5. Due to the mental retardation and associated anxiety, it is difficult to treat
dental treatment in people with Down syndrome. Due to this impediment,
many dentists do not treat this category of patients.

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