Anglicismele In Revistele DE Moda DIN Moldova Si Romania

ANGLICISMELE IN REVISTELE DE MODA DIN MOLDOVA ȘI ROMANIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GLOSSARY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE A Theoretical Overview of Anglicisms

1.1 Prolegomena to English Borrowings in Romanian

1.2 History and Evolution of Anglicisms

1.2.1 The Influence of English on Romanian.Concepts

1.3 Reasons for Borrowing Anglicisms

1.4 The Spread of Anglicisms in European Languages

1.4.1 The Spread of Anglicisms in Romanian

1.4.2 Attitudes Towards Anglicisms in Different Countries

1.4.3 Necessity vs. Luxury of Anglicisms

1.4.4 Variants of Anglicisms

1.5 Features of Fashion Magazines. Types of Text in Magazines

Conclusions to Chapter One

CHAPTER TWO Practical Identification of Anglicisms in Romanian and Moldavian Fashion Magazines Articles

2.1 The Use of Anglicisms in Fashion Magazine Articles

2.2 Anglicisms in Fashion Terminology

2.3 Classification of Anglicisms

Conclusions to Chapter Two

CONCLUSIONS

SUMMARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

INTRODUCTION

Renewing of vocabulary of a language is an essential and inevitable process in conditions of permanent changes taking place in human society. Given that the English was introduced as a compulsory subject in the education system in Romania and that many young people today use computer, literary language, in its various varieties, registered frequent use of English origin terms, words that to us called "anglicisms". We all know that the vocabulary of any language is enriched through different borrowings. In nowadays Romanian there are many English words that are used in speaking and writing. Our paper underlines the importance of this borrowing and of the adaptation of English elements into Romanian language.

The influence of English, an important component of the current Romanian lexis that is visible both in specialized languages, as well as the common language. Social, political, economic, cultural realities impose the borrowing of words from English, especially through the media. Some of these borrowings went into a process of adaptation and assimilation in the Romanian language, others, such as anglicisms, they kept their form from English both in script, as well in spelling.

The main purpose of the research is to analyze and compare anglicisms in fashion magazines articles in Moldova and Romania. To achieve the aim set it was necessary to reach the following objectives:

– to identify the meanings of anglicisms;

– to explain the origin, types and function of anglicisms;

– to provide examples of articles that use anglicisms in Moldova and Romania and comparing them;

– to present the anglicisms statistics in tables, charts and graphs.

The topicality of this research consists in the topic of present interest in the Romanian vocabulary: the avalanche of English borrowings that have invaded our language especially in recent decades being a massive penetration, which continues to grow at an accelerated rate. Topical importance it is determined by the fact, that today the print media aren’t only shaping the public opinion, but the means of it’s expression. English, with incredible speed, is spreading in all spheres of life, as well as in newspapers and magazines, and for this reason there is a need of systematization and the simultaneous analysis of English language units.

The practical value: in the framework of this research it was carried out a comprehensive analysis of anglicisms peculiar to language of media in Moldova and Romania. Our research can be useful to identify some trends of shaping the international fashion language.

To reach the main purpose of the research the following scientific methods were used:

– explanation of the term used in the paper;

– comparison, analysis and synthesis of the examples given;

– statistic analysis of the research data obtained.

Linguistic materials: for this research I worked with dictionary of English terms, fashion magazines and I used a lexical corpus composed by 150 examples of anglicisms.

Structure of the paper: it is composed of a title page in English and Romanian language, the table of contents, glossary of literary terms, an abstract, an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, bibliography and an appendix.

In the Summary the main results of the experimental research are stated and it is aimed at expressing the whole message briefly for those who want to find out what the study is about.

Chapter I it is the theoretical part of the research and gives the main theoretical information about definitions of the anglicisms and its importance in Romanian language. Also the general characteristics, functions, the evolution and the spread of anglicisms is analyzed in this chapter.

Chapter II it is the practical part of the thesis and deals with the comparison of anglicisms in Moldova and Romania fashion magazines articles.

In Conclusions the results of the research are summed up.

CHAPTER ONE

A Theoretical Overview of Anglicisms

1.1 Prolegomena to English Borrowings in Romanian

Any language is a dynamic system, which constantly develops, transforms and changes. The processes in social, cultural, scientific and political life, the contemporary level of technology development and intercultural communication implies constant language evolution. The language vocabulary is changing, renewing the words and phrases. Taken altogether, the vocabulary can be considered as a whole that divides the members of a social group that serves the description, classification or update certain aspects of the external world. After the doctrine of Saussure, language is always changing like a body, but who continually restores internal equilibrium. Therefore, and vocabulary of a language is a set of permanent mutations. There are two sources of enrichment of vocabulary: one internal and one external. External sources are nothing more than the borrowing.

In the years after the fall of the communist regime in 1989, when Romania opened to the West, the influence of English on the Romanian language rose to an unprecedented level. English words can now be found in all Romanian newspapers and journals, can be heard on any Romanian TV channel, and are frequently used as shop or business names; English has become the language of Romanian graffiti. The author discusses more than 100 English loanwords in Romanian, based on a corpus collected since 1990 from several newspapers and magazines of different orientations. The words investigated are grouped according to Görlach's (2001) treatment of European Anglicisms. With some exceptions, these words denote human agents or members of a profession and many do not represent random usage but seem to occur regularly [12; 91]. The gradual adaptation to Romanian is governed by formal and semantic criteria. The slow process of assimiliation of Anglicisms in modern Romanian is manifest in the gradual acceptance of Romanian inflections for gender, number, case, of definite and indefinite articles, and in the words' participation in word formation.

English, which mainly after 1066 imported thousands of words from French and Latin, is now by far the world's biggest lexical exporter, and the trade is growing as English continues to dominate various fields, ranging from pop music to electronic communication. Several countries have monitored the inflow of Anglicisms and some have even tried to block it. But language, as lexicographers have always found, respects neither boundary nor law. We can say that there is almost no field of activity in which such words have not penetrated; moreover, the tendency has become dominant.

Under the circumstances, it is obvious that beside the national language, a lingua franca is often seen as an absolute necessity in any civilized country of this world. In this respect, English is seen as a foreign language, serving as a useful means of communication with the outside world, while the national language is used within one's own speech community. After 1989 social circumstances favoured increased contacts between Romania and many foreign countries, the English speaking world included; consequently, a large number of Anglicisms and Americanisms were borrowed via written and oral routes.

Beside the natural need to use some terms coming from English (the influence of English being an international phenomenon due to the progress of some highly pervasive domains), the invasion of English borrowed words becomes a sort of trend among some social categories that frequently and deliberately employ English words, even though there are Romanian equivalents: job, party, look, hair-stylist, popcorn, hit, announcing a sort of linguistic “fashion” in the present-day written media. This trend of using, sometimes unnecessarily and abusively, English words instead of Romanian ones could be seen up to a point as a natural phenomenon, as we actually live in a world of “fakes”, as Monica Sim remarks. She also states that almost everything is being forged and copied: paintings, clothes, bags, music, sites, books, images, characters, even words and expressions. There are originals and copies as well. But it is even easier to fake and copy options, expectations, words, behaviour, to let yourself taken away by imitation, fake and not knowledge. It is handy, easy and trendy [30; 887-889].

Regardless the aim, be it necessity or trend, these borrowings show the way our vocabulary changes, as media represents the most eloquent and true reality. As for the written media, the presence of a great number of English borrowed words suggests the openly expressed wish of the journalist to be perceived as an accessible, entertaining, up-to-date writer, but sometimes the result turns to be just the opposite and the public discourse easily slips towards a familiarity that crosses the animated, vivid language, often becoming impolite, even invective.

Many are the reasons facilitating the enrichment of our language with English-origin terms: the development of technology, of trade, and of the economy, to quote just a few. Economic, social and political factors play an important role in enriching a language by means of borrowings; in countries where such relationships are non-existent, words of foreign origin penetrate with more difficulty, if at all [31; 859-863]. The boom in technology and industry smoothed the path towards the exchange of information between countries and, consequently, new terms are introduced in order to cover the new realities that are coming up in these domains at a fast pace.

Similarly, trade and population migration represent another cause of change, and many words belonging to commerce and transportation have entered Romanian: voucher, trailer, discount. The Romanian native speakers need to borrow such terms because these can facilitate communication between Romanian business owners and European or world traders. Nowadays, it is almost impossible for business owners of different origins to get along, sign contracts and establish business partnerships without resorting to terms connected with economics and business, mainly of English origin, which spread all over Europe and became international terms. Newly coined terms appear, some translated, some adjusted, brands are turned into common nouns and used in daily speech, some of them have a short life and soon become obsolete (especially those belonging to daily speech), some others enter the common core vocabulary (standard language or specialized language).

1.2 History and Evolution of Anglicisms

Due to its geographical position, Romanian has been influenced directly by various languages belonging to different genetic types, and this has turned Romanian into a generous receiver, able to assimilate words from various langwners and European or world traders. Nowadays, it is almost impossible for business owners of different origins to get along, sign contracts and establish business partnerships without resorting to terms connected with economics and business, mainly of English origin, which spread all over Europe and became international terms. Newly coined terms appear, some translated, some adjusted, brands are turned into common nouns and used in daily speech, some of them have a short life and soon become obsolete (especially those belonging to daily speech), some others enter the common core vocabulary (standard language or specialized language).

1.2 History and Evolution of Anglicisms

Due to its geographical position, Romanian has been influenced directly by various languages belonging to different genetic types, and this has turned Romanian into a generous receiver, able to assimilate words from various languages. The impact of various linguistic influences has favoured the openness of our language to borrow foreign words, English words included. In the case of Romanian, its lack of resistance to borrowings (developed throughout the centuries) has proved to be helpful, favouring the integration of English elements.

Although chronologically the English language is the last one among the modern languages (e.g. Italian, French, Russian, German) to contribute to the enrichment of contemporary Romanian, the presence of some thousands of Anglicisms (at least 3,000) in the general Romanian vocabulary, and many more scientific terms, represents a corpus worth considering [8; 635-641].

The origin of neologisms in Romanian is diverse, but they mainly come from classical languages: Latin and Greek, from neo-Latin languages (French, Italian), and from Germanic languages, such as German and English, as well [9; 255-259]. Belonging to a language family other than Latin, the borrowings from English may have to cope with a difficult adaptation and/or acceptance process on the part of a great deal of speakers. Still, let us not forget that English itself has got a powerful Latin component (e.g. audit, bonus, item), and thus, some of these English loans do not harm our language, they only continue the old process of re-Latinisation of Romanian. Therefore, we do not have to worry about the seemingly too large English influence.

The origins of the contact between English and Romanian culture, and within it the English influence on the Romanian language can be traced back to the sixteenth century, according to Arina Greavu’s research [14; 94-106]. However, the major influence of English on Romanian started in the second half of the 19th century, with the intensification of the cultural and economic relations between the two countries, this influence being recorded in the lexicographic works of the time.

The linguist Hristea shows that the neologisms that Romanian started to borrow from English in the 19th century came almost exclusively through the intermediacy of French, many of them belonging to the sports terminology: aut, baschet, base-ball, bowling, bridge, corner, dribbling, fault, finiș, fotbal, henț, ofsaid, meci, outsider, polo, pressing, ring, rugby, scor, set, skeet, sportsman, start, șut, tenis, volei, etc. [17; 48-53].

A very important wave of English borrowings in Romanian began at the turn of the 20th century and coincided with the intensification of economic and cultural contacts, being encouraged by Romania’s industrial and economic development on West European models, many of them of British origin [14; 94-106]. Thus, British technological methods, and with them English terminologies, were brought to the attention of specialists in oil drilling, mining, finance, steel production, shipbuilding, weaving, etc. To these industrial / economic elements, others were added such as military and political circumstances – Romania’s joining the Triple Entente countries in 1916, or the fact that Queen Maria, the wife of Ferdinand I, king of Romania from 1914 to 1927, was a grandchild of Queen Victoria and born in England.

The second half of the 20th century saw a further intensification of this influence, in spite of political, economic and cultural barriers existing between east and west Europe. The various, mainly political circumstances of the time, resulted in changing attitudes towards English. Thus, while the 1950s are thought to have been the years “most intensely marked by xenophobia”, more and more English words found their way into technical terminologies and the standard language in the 1970s, when Romania began to assume an air of independence, with Russian models being increasingly discarded.

This period was marked by an inflow of translations of scientific and literary writings. Evidence of the increasing influence of the English language on Romanian is the recording of ever more Anglicisms in Romanian dictionaries starting with 1970. These dictionaries include works of a general nature such as Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [40; 158], dictionaries of neologisms [47; 145] and recordings of new words [41; 215], as well as specialized dictionaries restricted to individual domains, e.g. computer science, finance and trade, marketing, sports and medicine.

Finally, the contemporary period, i.e the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by what is usually referred to as “an unprecedented English influence” which manifests itself directly, without the intermediacy of other languages, mainly through second language teaching and the mass media, being supported by extra-linguistic factors such as fashion and prestige. The present-day flood of Anglicisms to Romanian that characterizes this period makes it particularly interesting and worth studying from the linguistic perspective. Therefore, these recent Anglicisms constitute the main corpus of words under analysis in the present paper.

1.2.1 The Influence of English on Romanian. Concepts

Over time, the Romanian language has received influences from several languages: Slavonic (through translations of texts church), Greek, Turkish, French (especially important influence in modern times) and last but not least British English and American. It makes a lot lately case the phenomenon ‘’anglomania’’ as called by some, or the influence of English is seen as an act of invasion ‘’language’’, an act that endangers the Romanian language and especially its specific country. In this respect deserves made some clarification.

For Romanian, English influence is not new but has existed for over a century and a half. At first manifested less direct but almost exclusively via French, and later to be introduced some English terms on the German branch origin (boiler, coke) and even the Russian branch (bulldozer). Given their age and circulation in the language of various social groups, those terms were adapted in terms of phonetic, orthographic and morphological and also acts Romanian words. After 1989 there is a penetration enhancing English words, which finds its motivation in the need to designate certain new realities extralinguistic. Also, this English influence is manifested in all walks of social unlike the period before 1989 when those who require changes in the Romanian language were linguists and professionals writers [1; 57-65].

There are some words that George Pruteanu recommend them to be used in their original version such as ‘’ brainstorming’’ of which translation ‘’wringing brains’’ may sound ironic and ‘’fair play’’ should be translated as a whole expression ‘’a polite and correct attitude towards the opponent’’. This law was supported by some people because it is seen as a defense of the Romanian language and in the current context,, is necessary and applicable. "English influence bad managed on the Romanian language has been criticized by other personalities and ordinary citizens before the appearance of law [8; 635-641].

The poet Geo Dumitrescu wrote in 1992: ‘’ The language of Stalin and the so-called soviet culture suffocating in the '50s, day and night, all wavelengths of Romanian radio with blind, stupid, unbearable pressure, causing the increasingly clear and profound effects entirely contrary to those expected [9; 255-259]. That's how it started happening now – in addition, and televisions – with English degraded and whining and subculture annex beyond the great backwater ".

In 1997 the writer Octavian Paler wondered: ‘’Do we speak still today in romanian?’’ and answered: ‘’I think not. I think we speak a language in which there are some very strange mixtures, and even wood sawdust language, jargon anglo-romanian and even ridiculous conceit that different smatterers wanted to give a kind of cultural luster after December '89 ". Law really is not necessary because not controlled manner to talk to people. It would be very difficult if not impossible to control this phenomenon. Who would be most able to decide if we broke the law that would sanction for one word ‘’escaped’’ from a street corner?

Mioara Avram believes that ‘’english influence is not a negative phenomenon itself, does not need to be considered more dangerous than other influences that were exercised and still exercises on our language.’’ It recognized its opening to foreign loans and also assimilative capacity / integrating them. This time will be exceeded as have been overcome all the influences that were exercised during the time on novel. After slavization, graecization, russification, italienization or franchising, anglicisation was somehow slightly predictable. Particular attention is paid to anglicism and americanism terms. Anglicism term is defined as ‘’a specific expression to english language; word of English origin borrowed, without necessity of another language and integrated into this "and the term americanism names ‘’a way of being, expression etc. own to americans." [1; 57-65]. Also Adriana Stoichitoiu-Ichim defines anglicisms ‘’recent loans from British and American English, incompletely or not at all adapted (as such they are written in Romanian and speak in a very similar or identical to the original language’’ [33; 152].

A distinction between anglicisms and mericanisms is found by Theodor Hristea, who notes that the latter are,, latest and international character ". They entered the Romanian language and through other languages (French, Italian, German) which were influenced by American English.’’ These words include: bluff, jeans, boss, campus, cowboy, hold-up, hamburger, jazz, motel, radar, media, slide etc. Also, Hristea states that a number of anglicisms and americanisms are not inserted into dictionaries are encountered ‘’in journalistic and scientific style, which have been and will remain the richest neologisms’’ [17; 48-53].

This list of americanisms is complemented by Georgeta Ciobanu that manages to exemplify 200 words it groups into ‘’three categories’’: 1. Words are considered as americanisms in the Romanian as well as English dictionaries : acculturation, boss, campus, freezer, hamburger, hold-up, hot dogs, OK, ranch, supermarket etc. 2. Words that are marked as americanism only in Romanian dictionaries, not in the English ones: angulation, blue-note, brain drain, kidnapper, sexy, video. 3. Words marked as americanisms in Romanian dictionaries but not registered in the main English dictionaries: dixielander, planetren, quasag [6; 87].

All of these words considered americanism belong to several areas such as: music, sports, economics, cinema, science and technology. Of these, sports(sports terminology) knows the highest number of English words: baseball, corner, huge, foul, football, goal, handball, afsaid, outsider, pressing, goal-keaper, rugby. The term anglicism is found in some works titled xenism (word inadequate graphite of origin), foreign-tongued word, foreignism or barbarism (alludeing to the Barbarians probably which invading merely foreign land. According to the position of Maria Rus, then taken over by other linguists, anglicisms can integrate the two types of borrowings: ‘’necessary’’ and ‘’luxury’’. Loans necessary are those words, phrases or phraseological units that have no counterpart in Romanian or have some advantages over local term. Thus, anglicisms are favored of precision, brahilogie and international circulation. The motivation may be denoting and even one style [29; 266-272]

‘’Anglicisms denotative’’ have not generally equivalent in Romanian because call realities recently emerging and appear in various areas such as: – in sports: football, basketball, skiing, game, volleyball, running, etc. – Communications and media: computer, web, email, video, etc. – Economic and technical: site, walkman, pager, hard, soft (truncation terms of hardware, software) etc. – In education: Master, grant – in cuisine: fast food, hot dog, hamburger, ketchup, etc. The main advantage of anglicisms denotative is the international character facilitation the exchange of information between specialists [20; 365-371].

Add to this, the meaning of precision, the shortness and simplicity of structure (this is why the term media is preferred instead of mass media. Having the function denominative terms are devoid of expression. Connotative or stylistic borrowings are words that doubles word existing Romanian in order to develop stylistic nuances. It is widely used, especially in recent years, in the political, economic, social, commercial and even in everyday language and can be grouped into several categories, depending on motivation of their use. In order to suggest a particular geographical environment, social or cultural are used stylistic anglicisms as: a pub to pub, tavern for assassin killer, killer profession farmer rancher for marines to american marines. Stylistic anglicisms are found in version of colloquial language: – boss for the boss, patron – high-life for the elite – speech to discourse, speech – party for the party [19; 109-127].

So anglicisms form part of our linguistic reality and the attitude of specialists and speakers must be a rational one on this issue, take into account both the advantages and disadvantages. English influence should not be treated as a means of destruction of the Romanian language, but rather as a means of modernizing the vocabulary. Adapting these terms correspond to needs of cultural expression, social and functional. Regarding exaggerated manifestations of ‘’anglomania’’, will certainly be ‘’quiet’’ language systems if they are considered unnecessary [12; 91].

There is little debate regarding the fact that English is the most widely used language in international economic, scientific, political and educational fields. Even though the exact figure of English users in the world is not clearly known, the estimation is that approximately half of the world population is exposed to English. It means that every third person in the world is using English as a native language or an additional language [34; 299-322]. The last few decades have made English one of the main signs of globalisation and the major influence on languages of the world. Interestingly, the use of English as a modern ‘lingua franca’ increases while the number of English native speakers drops [36; 28-34]. The term anglicism was first used in the 17th century and refers to a linguistic characteristic of English used in another language [50; 93]. Anglicism also describes English syntax, grammar, meaning, and structure used in another language with varying degrees of corruption.

Today the term is commonly associated with the increasing influx of English borrowings, related to the international role of mainly the United States, and to English as a lingua franca. Critics of anglicisms often use the term derogatively. Maria Laura Rus notes that, though anglicism is connected to the word England etymologically, it is generally not only used for anglicisms from England, but also for English loans from all varieties of the English language [29; 266-272].

Over the years, there have been many studies on anglicisms and these words appear under a variety of labels (Spence, 1987), which have usually been called “false anglicisms” (Lorenzo, 1996; Pratt, 1997; Furiassi, 2003), “pseudoanglicisms” (Carstensen, 1980; Görlach, 2002; Onysko, 2007) and “apparent anglicisms” (Fanfani, 1991). Heath (1994: 383-384) did not use the label “anglicisms” but “borrowing of grammatical morphemes.” According to Balteiro and Campos, apart from the existence of the labels mentioned before, research on false anglicisms is “problematic due to reasons such as the fragmentation of lexicographical research in various languages and the conflicting identification of some anglicisms” [12; 91].

Since the Second World War, the influence of English on the Romance languages has increased, due to various media such as newspapers, radio and television broadcasts, music and the internet. Most anglicisms are quite recent acquisitions, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. Certain European languages like Dutch, German and French have been frequently analysed, but little is known about the linguistic influence of English on languages such as Czech, Croatian, Polish or Romanian [14; 94-106].

The Dictionary of European Anglicisms [DEA], edited by Manfred Görlach in 2001, is a pioneering work, as it records for the first time ever the usage of anglicisms in sixteen European languages on a comparative scale. It is a lexicographical study on the diffusion of English in sixteen languages from different language families: Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian), but also German, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic (Germanic), Russian, Polish, Croatian, Bulgarian (Slavonic), Finnish, Hungarian (Finno-Ugric) and Albanian and Modern Greek [12; 91].

Scholars involved in Görlach's lexicographical project stated that English was distributed relatively unevenly in the vocabulary of European languages. Moreover, a large majority of the loans often seem to have a distribution restricted to particular topics or subject areas. The English technical terms can often be attributed to the written medium. They are only used occasionally and do not belong to the common word stock of a language. In addition, English colloquialisms tend to occur in advertising, in journalism and in youth language, carrying a certain prestige in these discourse types. When a word has been borrowed, it becomes integrated into the receiver language with varying extent [12; 91]. Görlach distinguishes three main degrees of acceptance:

■ The word is fully accepted – either the word is not (or no longer) recognized as English, or is found in many styles and registers, but is still marked as English in its spelling, pronunciation or morphology.

■ The word is in restricted use.

■ The word is not part of the language – it is either a calque or a loan creation, or mainly known to bilinguals, or used only with reference to British or American contexts [12; 91].

In spite of many critics, from the linguistics’ point of view, lexical borrowing is a natural process which has been going on since the beginning of languages and language-induced contact. Monica Sim distinguishes between languages of communication and languages of identification [30; 887-889]. It means that English and one’s own national language should not be perceived as competitors but rather as complementary possibilities of communication. Correspondingly, anglicisms should function as a means of communication and not of identification. Yet, many people feel reluctant to this because for them the transfer of certain English or even "pseudo-English" words into their language through the advertising media or the entertaining industry is not a kind of communication, but rather a threat to their national and cultural values.

1.3 Reasons for Borrowing Anglicisms

The continuous progress of arts, technology, sciences brings along a great number of new words. Each new thing, object, must bear a name; for instance: virus, appendicitis, motor etc. And these new words are either borrowings from other languages or new creations from old words by means of all the internal means of enriching vocabulary: derivation, conversion, composition etc. It is interesting to notice that all these items were not registered in the dictionaries when they first appeared. Nowadays we can no longer communicate efficiently without them. Still, like most of the things in this world, there is a reverse of this process: all these new words that appear in a language must be carefully monitored so as not to suffocate the borrowing language.

As regards the various elements that have contributed to this inflow of Anglicisms, two factors are in my opinion the strongest predictors of borrowing from English into contemporary Romanian: need and prestige. Thus, many of the words that have been borrowed in the last two decades for their informative function answer specific referential and communicative needs in various compartments of the Romanian society, e.g. economy, politics, culture, entertainment, science and technology [36; 28-34].

The dominant place English holds in the avant-garde of scientific advancement, as well as in business and other international relations, endows this language with certain connotations of modernity, fashion and prestige, which promote the borrowing of words not motivated by need, therefore these words are called “luxury” or “unnecessary” loans. This is the case with a lot of words borrowed after 1989, and a high degree of Anglomania justifies the use of very many terms in domains related to everyday life, such as music, sports, fashion etc. Many such words are simply taken over (they are not really borrowed) out of snobbery: fashion adviser – (newspapers, magazines and TV prefer to use the English term); high tech, whose Romanian translation is ”tehnologie de vârf”, but it is preferred in the English form, and so on [5; 391].

It is generally agreed that borrowing American/British terms (such as fast food, pop music, management) to describe various cultural realities is considered a sign of internationalization of the Romanian vocabulary [35; 105], while rejecting them is a manifestation of self-isolation and cultural provincialism.

To sum up, all these aspects – progress, communicative needs, prestige, efficience, inexistence of terms, new cultural realities – can be seen as powerful factors that help promoting the borrowing of Anglicisms in Romanian, as in many other languages.

1.4 The Spread of Anglicisms in European Languages

Languages respond to the changing needs of communication, following changes in the world and ways of living. The growing influence of English on the languages of Europe is an example of a linguistic change under contact conditions. It can be traced back to political, economic and technological developments, which have been taking place at a growing pace in the past few decades. In Europe, the countries are nowadays working closely together, and the European Union has expanded to 27 nations. And, under the circumstances, English is the language that functions as the interlingual medium of European communication and has played a key role in the growing together of the European West and East in the recent years. This chapter aims at showing the impact the English element has had on both Romanian language and, comparatively, on other European languages.

In Europe

As a rule, most linguists consider as the main criterion for including a word in the international pool of words the presence of a word in at least three important European languages and, if possible, the three languages should belong to three different language families. According to an estimation made in 1989, about 70% of the Romanian words of English origin under examination were present in French, German and Russian as well, i.e. they belonged to the European pool of Anglicisms, including Romanian in the international circuit of languages [7; 33-58].

In his Dictionary of European Anglicisms, Manfred Görlach analyses the influence of English on several European languages. His dictionary provides the first exhaustive and up-to-date account of British and American English words that have been imported into the main languages of Europe.

The book provides a systematic description of the lexical input of English into Icelandic, Norwegian, Dutch, German, Russian, Polish, Croatian, Bulgarian, French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Finnish, Hungarian, Albanian and Greek [12; 91].

Scholars involved in Görlach's lexicographical project observed that English was distributed relatively unevenly in the vocabulary of European languages, and vacillated rather strongly [12; 91]. Moreover, a large majority of the loans often seem to have a distribution restricted to particular topics or subject areas. The English technical terms can often be attributed to the written medium. They are only used occasionally and do not belong to the common word stock of a language. In addition, English colloquialisms tend to occur in advertising, in journalism and in youth language, carrying a certain prestige in these discourse types.

In countries like Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands the influx of English terms has been widely accepted for decades and considered as a natural phenomenon, contrary to countries like Poland, the Czech Republic or Bulgaria, where Anglicisms have been gaining ground especially since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this having eventually become a major topic in Eastern European linguistic studies.

For example, in the following grid associated with the English word computer, the investigator notes that all languages except Icelandic and Finnish have an Anglicism in use. One notes this is true for those two languages by the blacked-out squares. The language squares, which are shaded, namely Norwegian, French, and Spanish, have restricted uses of the Anglicism. The rest of the squares are white, and this indicates that the word computer is fully accepted in these languages [12; 91].

Table 1.1 Languages Having Anglicisms

1.4.1 The Spread of Anglicisms in Romanian

No language influencing Romanian has succeeded in altering its Romance character; the same peculiarity holds true for the English loanwords in Romanian. On the contrary, as G. Ciobanu states in The English Element in the Romanian Language (1996), the English language has enriched the Romanian language with Latin elements, contributing, alongside other languages – e.g. Italian, French, Russian, German – to the re-Latinization of contemporary Romanian. As far as English borrowings are concerned, re-Latinization refers to the presence of Latin elements, respectively Neo-Latin, borrowed from English into Romanian by means of words belonging to the international pool of words, considering that these words contain Latin elements. The term Neo-Latin, commonly used in Romanian linguistics, corresponds to New Latin in the English linguistic terminology [8; 635-641].

      All in all, the borrowing process of English elements in Romanian can be labelled as a dynamic one, with an increasing rate over the last years, especially after 1989. To illustrate the development of the borrowing rate, in The English Element in the Romanian Language (1996), Georgeta Ciobanu mentions some figures: 60 words in a Romanian dictionary printed in 1958, about 800 words in the main explanatory thesaurus dictionary of 1975 [40; 158], approximately 450 more words added in a dictionary of recent words printed in 1982 [41; 215], and almost 850 items added in the Supplement to the 1975 explanatory dictionary, printed in 1988. Now there is almost no issue of dailies or weeklies printed nationally or locally without samples of Anglicisms [6; 87].

      According to the areas in which they generally occur, the richest groups are: food and drinks; sports and games; science and natural science; social life, trade and economics, banking; philosophy and religion; politics and law; transport etc. For instance, according to a Theodor Hristea’s estimation in his Syntheses on the Romanian Language (1984), in Romanian "most of the words borrowed from English belong to sports terminology" [17; 48-53]. G. Ciobanu came with a new estimation (1996): 13% of the corpus words are sports terms. Among them, one third (33%) are frequently used and have already been integrated in the Romanian phonetic and morphological system. A high percentage (42%) is represented by less frequently used terms, as well as by some recent borrowings, partially adapted to the Romanian phonetic and morphological system. As for the rest of the Romanian sports terminology of English origin (25%), these words have a very restricted usage and most of them still preserve a pronunciation similar to the English one [8; 635-641].

      In a more recent research, Monica Sim points out the numerical growth of the English element of the Romanian vocabulary, as represented in the table below. We can easily notice that this growth has its highest peak in the year 2004 [31; 859-863]. As compared to 1961, when out of the 21.000 words of the dictionary, only 90(meaning 0.42%) are of English origin, in 2004, Marele dicționar de neologisme contains 2185 (representing 3.5%) terms of English origin out of the total number of the words in the dictionary, approx. 65.000 [48; 97].

Table 1.2 Number Of Neologisms Of English Origin                                          

      To conclude, we can say that English is distributed relatively unevenly in the vocabulary of European languages, with countries (mostly the Western ones) where English terms have been widely accepted for decades and considered as a natural phenomenon, contrary to Eastern countries – Romania among them – where Anglicisms have been gaining ground especially since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this having eventually become a major topic in many Eastern European linguistic studies.  As far as Romanian is concerned, the increasing rate of the borrowing process over the last years, especially after 1989, has been noticed by all observers. The numerical growth of the English element in Romanian is remarkable, reaching in 2004 an outstanding 3.5% from the total vocabulary, as compared to only 0.42% in 1961.

     Another aspect worth mentioning is that a large majority of the loans often seem to be restricted to particular topics or subject areas. While the English technical terms can often be attributed to the written medium, being only used occasionally and not belonging to the common word stock, English colloquialisms tend to occur in a large variety of fields, especially in advertising, in mass media and in the youth language.

1.4.2 Attitudes Towards Anglicisms in Different Countries

English neologisms become popular mostly through mass media, Internet, words of mouth (especially the youths’ speaking). Each word was, at a certain point, a neologism, and it stopped being considered a neologism in time and due to usage. Whether a new word becomes part of the language system or not, it depends on a series of factors that work for that and, most of all, it is the public, the people who in the end will decide upon it. This chapter tries to offer a short view as to what extent European peoples accept such words (Anglicisms) open-heartedly or not.

      Due to a daily, intensive use and to the numerous real or conceptual situations that a language has to express, its structure evolves and changes continuously, reflecting each and every stage, phenomenon or transformation that occurs, either following the language rules or patterns, or avoiding them, and thus tending to create new norms or rules. At the same time, the vocabulary tends to get rid of all the obsolete or no longer useful words when they do not meet its needs any longer. That is why most people think it is not necessary to worry too much or to become scared that our language is going to be altered or totally changed as a result of this borrowing process [5; 391]. 

      As a matter of fact, most of the times the lexical borrowings are seen as a gain to the language, the new words being created in order to meet the communication needs of speakers at a certain period of time. On the other hand, there are cases when new words are perceived as completely useless, sometimes even polluting the language, giving rise to justified reactions of rejection. Such attitudes, either favourable or unfavourable towards the present-day flood of English neologisms (for English appears to be the only modern language capable to cause such intense debates and controversies throughout the world nowadays), are a natural phenomenon, since arguments from both sides seem reasonable enough to support these attitudes, and most probably they will never cease to exist [11; 35].

In Europe

As Roswitha Fischer states very clearly in her study on Anglicisms in the global European context (2008), both a lingua franca and a national language are wished for. Therefore, while English is seen as a foreign language, serving as a useful means of communication with the outside world, the national language is used within one's own speech community. 

      An interlingual means of communication certainly has its merits but also involves a number of problems, such as disadvantages for lack of language proficiency, the diversity of cultures and their history, and the different structures and meanings of the various languages. In addition, language is commonly seen as a symbol of the national and cultural identity of a speech community and consequently, Anglicisms may pe perceived as an embodiment of Anglophone or American social and cultural structures and values, therefore a threat to one's own values, leading to a nation's somewhat legitimate fear of being foreignized by means of the Anglophone culture represented by the English language [11; 35].

      Monica Sim thinks that many people do not perceive the transfer of certain English or even "pseudo-English" words into their language through the advertising media or the entertaining industry, for instance, as a meaningful kind of communication, but rather as an attempt to take over their national and cultural values. However, the radical, extreme tendencies regarding neologisms should be avoided, as they are neither sane nor fair. Any abuse is damaging as long as it prevents speakers from communicating clear, fluent ideas, and consequently, people feel them as a negative presence in the language. On the other hand, a crowded vocabulary, full of neologisms does not necessarily lead to the language headway, it is not a proof of evolution; on the contrary, it can determine the regress. Equilibrium and measure are the key words and should characterize this aspect of enriching vocabulary [30; 887-889].   

      Unsurprisingly, the increasing international influence of English has been welcomed by many, but criticized by many others. While some appreciate its political, economic and cultural advantages, others are sensitive to a possible threat to other languages and cultures. As a consequence, complaints about a take-over or at least an infiltration through foreign words are nothing new.

France and The French Influence

Roswitha Fischer’s observation on the French attitude regarding Anglicisms is very interesting though somewhat ironic, even funny. She notices that, until  the 19th century the critique stated above was mainly aimed at French, only later English becoming the focus of attention. From the viewpoint of linguistics, lexical borrowing is a natural process which has been going on since the beginning of languages and language-induced contact. In view of the fact that more than half of the English vocabulary today originates from French, it has a certain ironical tinge that French commissions nowadays try to ban the English element from the French word stock [11; 35].

      Because English itself borrowed a great amount of French vocabulary after the Norman Conquest, some Anglicisms are actually Old French words that dropped from usage in French over the centuries but were preserved in English and have now come full circle back into French. For instance, one attested origin of the verb "to flirt" cites influence from the Old French expression conter fleurette, which means "to (try to) seduce". 

      Crina Herțeg also refers to the same problem in her analysis. She points out that occasionally the governments of both Quebec (Canada) and France have undertaken strenuous efforts to eradicate Anglicisms, with some success, although in modern times there has been a more relaxed attitude. Sometimes a new word is coined in French that succeeds in replacing the Anglicism – for instance, logiciel("software"). However, the Academie Francaise's directives are not always considered very appropriate; for instance, it has decreed that "online chat" be replaced by causette or parlotte, but these are terms for "chat" that are not commonly used [16; 79].

      Even the French who can sometimes be reluctant to use and adopt terms with an English origin (they still maintain the term ordinateur for computer and numeriquefor digital) have no choice but to use these terms of English origin: faire du shopping, hardware. If we take into account the criterion of age, we will see that people over 40 who might not have access to computers or specialized magazines (IT, finances, advertising) find it hard to at least recognize, let alone understand the meaning of such words as: chat, e-mail and so on [14; 94-106].

Germany

Irene Doval relates the history of organized activities aimed at the purification of German from Anglo-Saxon influences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In her article, she demonstrates a historical continuity of fears regarding foreign influence and of purist language ideology, as well as meager practical effects of this ideology on the German language in the said period. Nowadays, of all European countries it is France that is probably most widely heard of as a site of organized and institutional purism directed against the influx of Anglicisms, and it is a belief held by many that these attitudes considerably affect the French language [11; 35].

Italy

Under Benito Mussolini, efforts were made to purify Italian of Anglicisms and other foreign words. Today, Italy is the European country where Anglicisms are used the most frequently, without alterations.  The Italian government has recently expressed its displeasure over the use of English words and syntax in Italian English words are often used in everyday language where they have fewer syllables than a longer Italian expression, as in computer for elaboratore elettronico or week-end for finesettimana; but also where equally short Italian words already exist, as in fashion for moda and meeting for conferenza [16; 79].

Other Countries

In Spain, the adoption of English words is extremely common in the spheres of business and information technology, although it is usually frowned upon by purists. 

      In countries like Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands the influx of English terms has been widely accepted for decades and considered as a naturalphenomenon, contrary to countries like Poland, the Czech Republic or Bulgaria, where Anglicisms have been gaining ground especially since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this having eventually become a major topic in Eastern European linguistic studies [11; 35].

In Romania

Romanian Acceptance

Some claim that, even if today the Romanian language is sometimes flooded with Anglo-Saxon neologisms, these borrowings do not come to alter the Latin character of our language, they do not change its appearance, as most of these borrowings are Latin words themselves, even though this time it is English that helps them penetrate into Romanian; our language gains, becoming a modern one, capable to express any concept, idea, and remaining a dynamic, a living language just like all the other Latin or Roman languages.   

      A very distinctive point of view regarding Anglicisms met in specialized languages is that of the reputed journalist Cristian Tudor Popescu, who proves extremely tolerant in justifying the use of foreign terms, invoking pragmatic criteria, such as concision and accuracy: "Jargon is a shortcut, an optimization in the communication between two professionals. What would be the point of the tiring translation of some concepts that are born with English names? Jargon, as well as the argotic language, does not create confusion, it does not distort meanings; on the contrary, it may lead to a highly efficient communication." Indeed, there are equivalents for many of these terms in Romanian, but they are used in English form due to the fact that specialists understand them perfectly and they do not seem to need any translation. On the other hand, there are the non-specialists who are not acquainted with the specialized vocabulary and, consequently, find it hard to understand the terms [27; 158-159].

Romanian Rejection

On the other hand, this situation has also led to disapprobative attitudes towards English, some writers in the current public discourse – the written but also audio press – decrying this influence as an invasion of Anglicisms and an anglicization of the language. The discourse about Anglicisms is based on several negative metaphors, the occurrence of English elements in Romanian being most often described as an invasion and a menace to Romanian, but also as an indecency, something low and degrading that should trigger reactions of repulsion and rejection. In this category are purist voices belonging to Romanian writers like Geo Dumitrescu, Octavian Paler and Eugen Simion among others. Eugen Simion, for example, defines the obviously pejorative term ‘romgleză’ as "un jargon insuportabil care tinde să se împrăștie ca râia și să prostească, săurâțească limba prin utilizarea unor termeni din categoria xenismelor parazitari, izmeniți, demni de o doamnă Chirița reciclată în limba engleză și trimisă în Parlament." (Eugen Simion, Tot despre “romgleză”  in Curentul, 06.01.01), a term that was subsequently used by language purists and not only [14; 94-106].

      In spite of all this declarative rejection of the English influence, Romanian normative linguists never went so far as to rule out the use of Anglicisms by law. For example, in the introduction to DOOM Eugen Simion wonders: “ How necessary is this Romenglish that we keep hearing on the radio or on TV, mostly with amusement, sometimes with irritation, spoken especially by those chatterboxes from the media and from the political world? Surely, it is not always necessary, and yet we have no say about it; we cannot ban it. And, besides, neither do we have the means to do that.”  ("Cât de necesară este, mai ales, această “romgleză” pe care o ascultăm – de cele mai multe ori amuzați, alteori iritați – la TV sau la Radio, vorbită cu precădere de Chirițele mediei de azi și ale lumii politice?… Nu este totdeauna necesară, dar n-avem încotro, nu putem s-o interzicem. Și, de altfel, nici nu avem cum.") [45; 104].

Pros and cons Anglicisms are found all over Europe to a greater or lesser extent, and Romania makes no exception. France and Germany are the most notable examples of countries that oppose the English influence, while most of the other European countries show a greater level of tolerance. Yet, in spite of attitudes like those enumerated above, it can be said that the English influence has managed to increase a lot over the past years, free of any philologic bias and purist constraints. In this respect, Romanian well-known tolerance towards foreign influences could not but help this acceptance. After all, that the borrowing from foreign languages facilitates and enriches communication cannot be denied. And, as all linguists admit, sooner or later the foreign words that happen to stay in a receiver language for a longer time will be integrated into the existing language structures to such an extent that they will not be recognized as foreign any more.

1.4.3 Necessity vs. Luxury of Anglicisms

In many linguistic studies, borrowings are often divided in two categories: necessary and of luxury. This chapter aims at giving a glimpse at the several aspects related to this approach.

      As a rule, necessary borrowings are considered those words or idiomatic units that have no correspondent in Romanian. In this sense, Anglicisms not only fill a gap in our language, they also have the advantage of the precision and of the international use. Then, the necessary borrowings can be of two types: denotative and connotative.

      The denotative borrowings do not have equivalents in Romanian because they denote recent realities that have appeared in various fields in the more or less recent years. A large number of such terms are found in occupational activities or in specialized languages, but also in the language used in every-day life: tenis, nailon, sandviș, software, site, maus, bass, blues, baseball, bungee-jumping, fitness, derby, etc.

     The other type of necessary borrowings, the connotative ones, double pre-existing Romanian words, having an effect of amplification on the stylistic meanings. They often reflect the adoption of the American way of life. Here are some examples: party for petrecere; happy-end for sfârșit fericit: weekend forsfârșit de săptămână; penalty for lovitură de la 11 metri; live for în direct; summitfor întâlnire la vârf etc. 

      On the other hand, it is undeniable that, as a language internationally perceived as a lingua franca, spoken in the most powerful and influential country in the world (the USA), English is commonly endowed with certain connotations of modernity, fashion and prestige, fact that often leads to a process of borrowing English words which is not motivated by need, therefore these words are called “luxury” or “unnecessary” loans. This tendency has become more and more acute after 1989, and a high degree of Anglomania justifies the use of very many terms in domains related to everyday life, such as music, sports, fashion etc. Such “luxury” borrowings often pertain to the tendency of some social categories to individualise themselves linguistically in this way. This fact is considered to be an act of snobbery. Here are some examples:

– cash, discount (MDN) – terms that are used more and more by sales representatives, traders and shop assistants, despite the fact that there are Romanian equivalents; they are already accepted in Romanian [48; 97].

– copyright (DEX, DN, MDN) is another example of using English words as such. It appears on almost every book printed in Romania [47; 145].

– feedback (DEX, DN, MDN) was firstly adopted in psychology; it subsequently extended to economics, and is presumably preferred because it is shorter than its Romanian equivalent: conexiune inversă/ retroacțiune / retroacțiune inversă / cauzalitate inelară / lanț cauzal inchis [40; 158].

– fashion adviser – not recorded in dictionaries, but quite common in newspapers, magazines or on TV.

– high tech, whose Romanian translation is ”tehnologie de vârf”, is highly appreciated in every-day practice, in a large number of instances.

Similar cases are the following terms: catering, week-end, standby, training, off-shore, loan, show-biz, duty-free, entertainment, advertising, fashion, and so on.  

      Another aspect which I consider important to be signalled is that, as it can be seen in the examples above and in many others, many of these terms, especially the technical ones, cannot be translated by a single word. The fact that these terms are shorter, or at least their pronunciation is, compared to their Romanian equivalents, might be a strong reason why the English terms are often preferred to their Romanian correspondents. Let’s compare just a few such examples: week-end (sfârșit de săptămână), living (cameră de zi), talk-show (masă rotundă), band (orchestră), toast (pâine prăjită), etc. Seen from this angle, these English loans can be considered useful enough to the Romanian vocabulary, somewhat justifying their inclusion both in the category of necessary borrowings, as well as in that of luxury or unnecessary ones. After all, we are all living in a world where speed and globalization are two of the key words [41; 15].

      To sum up, the necessary borrowings are most often associated with/related to the specialized languages, where they are required more and more in this highly dynamic and globalized world, in which the development of science and technology hace reached levels unimaginable just a few decades ago, imposing English as the main language of communication between professionals from all fields. In the same time, the same process of globalization contributes to the adoption of a large number of unnecessary / luxury / superfluous loans, mostly for stylistic reasons (”fashion” and ”prestige” always being mentioned here), but also for pragmatical reasons.

1.4.4 Variants of Anglicisms

Although Anglicisms are often seen as foreign words and in spite of their evident abundence in Romanian, they cannot make the subject of a common bilingual dictionary. Still, they can constitute the corpus of many specialized dictionaries, related to various fields which are particularly rich in such neologisms. This chapter refers mostly to the way Anglicisms are treated in the Romanian language. Some of the examples and technical aspects described below have already been presented in other chapters whenever/wherever it was necessary, to support other aspects.

So C. Manea considers that in every kind of specialized terminology, standardization (as a prerequisite of linguistic efficiency and mutual understandability) must be the key word (which should not entail purism or rigidity, but bringing in a felicitous complement of acceptability / correctness in the field of the lexicon). What we most need now in Romania is as many good lexicographic works as humanly possible, especially modern, up-to-date, richly informative dictionaries and normative books, in which every aspect of the items glossed should be treated comprehensively – including pronunciation, meaning(s), forms. This does not mean that every new lexical item used randomly or whimsically by cosmopolitan speakers is entitled to gain acceptance into the general vocabulary of the Romanian language. A case in point is the latest edition of the DOOM, a very good dictionary indeed, but one that unfortunately seems rather reluctant to provide room for a large number of otherwise current-use English loanwords/Anglicisms, on the rather lame excuse that lexicographers cannot be very sure of the relative degree of their penetration into contemporary Romanian [20; 365-371].

Regarding the way Anglicisms appear in Romanian dictionaries, the tendency today is to keep the etymological orthography and render the original pronunciation as closely as possible. As a rule, Anglicisms, both the older ones (camping, dribling, screper, trailer, conveier etc.) and the more recent ones, are given in DOOM 1 and DOOM 2 with suggested spellings, pronunciations and flexions. Here is a comparative analysis (Athu, 2011) of the way some terms are given in the two dictionaries:

*Some Anglicisms are present in both dictionaries, DOOM 1 and 2, in a form that is adapted graphically, in accordance with the Romanian phonetic principles: aisberg, bodicec, craul, crichet, finiș, grepfrut, henț, iaht, jerseu, miting, ofsaid, scheci, schif, smoching, spicher, suporter, șiling etc. Some lose one consonant when it is doubled: bober, buldog, buldozer, dribling, fiting, handbal, ofset, presing, rolfilm, scuter, stoper, stres, upercut etc. or the vowel groups are simplified: feribot, golgheter, lider, or the combinations of consonants that are not common in Romanian are rendered according to the Romanian spelling rules: finiș – finish, henț – hands, schetch – scheci.

*Others are given in both dictionaries in their etymological form: bikini, blazer, boom, booster, brand, bridge, business, camping, cockpit, computer, driver, fitness, flash, globe-trotter, groggy, marketing, radar, rock, start, travelling, twist, western, yankeu, yoga etc. [44; 89].

*In other cases, the two dictionaries give different spellings; as a rule, DOOM2 recommends the original English form (DOOM1 – DOOM2): cnocaut – knockout, conteiner – container, hipi – hippy, jaz – jazz, luping – looping, pedigriu – pedigri, șalanger – challenger, or DOOM2 accepts both the form adapted to the Romanian orthography and the etymological one, with a preference for one or another: pocher – pocher/poker, rugbi – rugbi/rugby, smeș – smeș/smash; cocteil – cocktail/cocteil, derbi – derby/derbi, ghem – game/ghem, penalti – penalty/penalti.

*The compounds are given in the two dictionaries in most cases with the same spelling as in English:

a) hyphenated: base-ball, dirt-track, globe-trotter, happy-end, know-how, mass-media, pop-art, walkie-talkie.

b) non-hyphenated: background, businessman, copyright, feedback, hardware.

*Special situations:

bluejeans/blue-jeans and blugi in both dictionaries, but DOOM2 also accepts jeans/jeanși.

best-seller, week-end in DOOM1 and bestseller, weekend in DOOM2

modern style in DOOM1 and modern-style in DOOM2

pipe line/pipe-line (both as in English) in DOOM1 and pipeline (non-existent in English) in DOOM2

the same with strip tease/strip-tease in DOOM1 and striptease in DOOM2 [45; 104].

*Regarding orthoepy, DOOM1 and DOOM2 give the same orthoepic directions for most English loans. When the directions are different, DOOM2 gives a recommendation closer to the original English term:

DOOM1 DOOM2

basic (beizic) (beisic)

bowling (bou-ling) (bauling)

western (uestern) (uestărn)

Exception: for travelling, both dictionaries recommend the English spelling (while DN and DO accept also travling), but the pronunciation travling is closer to the French one [47; 145].

Here is a list of terms that have already been recorded in the new DOOM:

staff / pl. staffuri; management, lobby / art. loby-ul, high technology, discount / pl. discounturi; dumping / pl. dumpinguri, art. dumpingul; brand / pl. branduri, broker / brokeri, dealer / dealeri, manager / manageri, site / pl. site-uri, art. site-ul, chat / art. chatul, desktop / pl. desktopuri, display / pl. display-uri, art. display-ul, hard disk / pl. hard diskuri, software, on-line / online, off-line / offline, e-mail / pl. e-mailuri, art. e-mailul, play-back / pl. play-backuri, art. play-backul, single / pl. single-uri, art. single-ul, hit / pl. hituri, blues / pl. bluesuri, live, background / pl. backgrounduri, body building, badminton, baseball, windsurfing, jogging, derby / pl. derby-uri, derby-ul, surfing, hotdog / pl. hotdogi, hamburger / pl. hamburgeri, fast-food / pl. fast-fooduri, cheeseburger / pl. cheeseburgeri, chips / pl. chipsuri, cornflakes, icetea / art. ice-tea-ul, ketchup, whisky, look / pl. lookuri, lifting, make-up / pl. makeupuri, make-upul, fashion, design [44; 89].

Other Anglicisms have not been recorded in DOOM, but are very likely to be in the near future: joystick, bowling, bungee-jumping, fitness, gloss, office, casual.

The picture is even more intricate if we extend the comparison to several dictionaries, in which there is no official agreement with respect to the “recommendable” or “correct” variant (dictionaries like DOOM 2, DEX, DCR, MDN, DN, NODEX often disagree not only on the variants, but even on the inclusion or exclusion of some terms). On the other hand, the desire is obvious for many people who are proficient in English to want to have access to the original pronunciation and/or spelling of the loanwords in case, an (otherwise understandable) aspiration which is clearly opposed to the (Academy-inspired) tendency to regulate form at any price, which is perceivable in most Romanian normative works. Florica Băncilă and Dumitru Chițoran say that it is hard to predict which variant will become generalized, as the speakers of Romanian are equally exposed to the written and the oral form of the respective words; the two authors think that the audio-video media will have a prevalent role in future, so the type of pronunciation used by the newsreaders will be decisive in this respect [5; 391].

Rumyana Lyutakova refers extensively to the spelling variants offered in dictionaries, as part of “the evolution and the direction of changes that took place in the process of adaptation”. She shows that, as long as there are still variants of spelling, the process of assimilation is not completely over [19; 109-127]. Another author, Mioara Avram, distinguishes between the variants accepted and recorded by DOOM and those used quite frequently in every-day speech which are not recorded in the normative dictionaries. And these variants, absent from dictionaries, can be extremely numerous. The author also states that numerous orthographic variants are found in Romanian exclusively and that most often this variation is caused by the etymological spelling and the phonetic one, a variation which in some cases reflect the hesitation in establishing the pronunciation [2; 75].

My analysis shows clearly that things can change easily in one direction or another as far as the preferred variants are concerned. In many cases we have several accepted or recommended variants, as a consequence of an unfinished process of adaptation; sometimes we can find cases of backward adaptation, of words that return to the original etymological spelling in spite of previously undergoing a difficult process of adaptation according to the Romanian phonetic rules. Therefore, I really think that it would not be much of a surprise to see that variants such as match, finish, offside, ski, yaht, meeting or others are popped as first options in dictionaries one day, as well as, why not, English loans phonetically adapted to the Romanian rules, such as sait, blog, pleibec, bauling, șou, displei, folder and so on. After all, a language is like a living organism, which accepts or rejects, grows bigger each day and has preferences, fluctuations, dilemas or difficulties in making choices. Therefore, we can conclude that it is impossible to predict the evolution of Anglicisms in the Romanian language.

1.5. Features of Fashion Magazines. Types of Text in Magazines

Far too seldom we stop to ask what's magazine. What should I put in it? What should find readers? How should the reading experience? But the supply? With apologies to the public, most magazines in Romania for examples, throws content on pages at random, undocumented, unedited, baked in unventilated bubbles in newsrooms sometimes sold without remorse. Despite the chaos of the production process, still cannot tick the main purpose of a magazine: the surprise.

The more open definition expressed by editorial designer Fernando Gutiérrez is: “The word magazine means storage space for dynamite. A magazine is full of surprises and it can explode at any minute.” By that definition, half the magazines on the newsstand today should struggle to earn the right to be called magazine [10; 55].

For many people, the ubiquity and familiarity of magazines renders them almost invisible. They pick up the latest issue of their regular read and take it completely for granted. The lack of surprise in mainstream titles has played a major part in their success but is arguably now playing a part in their slow decline. They are predictable not only in format and appearance but in content too. Occasionally, many people buy one local title for this reason: looking for surprise, but this do not work [26; 12].

There are exceptions. The ‘surprise’ factor explains why magazines like The New Yorker and The Face remain regarded with such high esteem. But great though such titles are, they not only stick to a traditional physical format but cannot be described as typical.

They are exceptional for their refusal to be predictable. It is difficult to describe a certain magazine in a single sentence, its scope is so broad. Every issue contains surprises – as David Hepworth has said, “one of its chief delights is that it’s impossible to predict what’s going to be in it”. This was what made a magazine great in its heyday too. It managed to combine the most unlikely parts, political reportage sat next to fashion etc. [15; 19].

A magazine is a vehicle for edited content. Text, pictures and design work together to present a mediated view on a subject/subjects. It is important that you the reader are placing your trust in the editorial team to deliver a surprising combination of material, including content you perhaps didn’t expect would interest you. This mediation is an important difference from other content providers, particularly digital media where content is sourced by search or by random links.

That's very important, the surprise is not necessarily a magazine so alternative that it becomes inaccessible for the public. It is not a collection of monsters or something that another act of pretense. It means work and it means love of the reader [37; 25].

A regularly published collection of articles that might focus on any topic in general or on topics of interest to a specific group, such as sports fans or music fans or home decorators. Magazines might be published weekly, monthly, semi-monthly or only several times a year. More commonly, magazines are published weekly or monthly. Articles in magazines are typically written for the general reading public and don't reflect in-depth research (an exception might be an investigative report written in a news magazine that involved weeks or months of research and interviews to complete). Most magazine articles do not list references and are written by the magazine's own staff writers. In general, magazine articles are easy to read, are fairly brief in length, and may include illustrations or photographs. Magazines also rely heavily on advertisements targeted to consumers as a source of revenue [51; 1].

The fashion magazine is a cultural product that distributes creative content. The naming of the content, editorial or advertising, as creative, influencing the cultural product (and vice versa), opens up the possibility for a curiosity concerned with the economic and commercial side of the matter. A fashion magazine is commonly known as a printed publication, issued on a monthly basis and dealing fashion and related areas, such as beauty and life-style.

In “More than just a fashion magazine” [23; 225-257], Brian Moeran finds indications of a more fluid production schedule in fashion, made possible by changes in consumer demand and technological development, and points to the importance of the two-seasonal system to the fashion magazine for the following three reasons:

1. Order – the readers can fix their attention on two main seasons at which point the trends change, thus creating order in a ‘potentially chaotic’ mass of clothes;

2. Production process – without the system, magazines could no longer rely on their monthly publishing schedule and complicate planning in finance and personnel;

3. Advertising material – the system provides a nice way organising of the indispensable ads. [24; 725-744].

In other words, without this structure the fashion magazine as such could not survive – “unless those concerned decide that they want a very different kind of medium in which to publicise their outputs”. (Ibid, 2006b: 729)

In Moeran [23; 225-257], Moeran describes the 'structural paradox’ that stems from the contradictions in the economic and cultural production of international fashion magazines. He describes how they, like all mass media productions, can be viewed as both cultural products and commodities: "As cultural products, they circulate in a cultural economy of collective meanings, providing recipes, patterns, narratives and models of and/or for the reader’s self particularly in the realms of fashion and beauty. As commodities, they are products of the print industry and crucial sites for the advertising and sale of commodities (especially those related to fashion, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care)." [25; 267-281].

Moeran includes Caves, who outlines the economic properties attributed to creative industries (A/B list, nobody knows, art for art’s sake, motley crew, time flies, infinite variety, and ars longa.) Moeran describes the fashion magazine as being subject to the condition of 'double-or sometimes multiple-audience property', which is the circumstance that a fashion magazine is produced for and targeted a consuming public, and simultaneously has to consider its advertisers as well as the rest of the fashion world [54; 1].

The division of labour is also present and visible in the magazine itself, where Moeran points to the double-page spared where we, in American magazines especially, see advertisement placed opposite editorial pages: "Ideally (that is to say, design-wise), links between the two pages should be made by means of overall layout, colour matching, product repetition, a model’s gaze and pose, or any combination of these" [24; 725-744].

The importance of the multiple audiences in structuring the fashion magazine must not be underestimated. Moeran shows through the description of how a fashion story is created, the many objectives that has to be accounted for:

1) Stability in an otherwise chaotic environment;

2) Stabilisation leading to establishment of connections between stakeholders of the fashion industry;

3) Becoming socially relevant by naming important people in the industry and making them publically known;

4) Provides readers with a way to consume the product supplied by the fashion industry [54; 1].
The many functions in a fashion magazine give it a complex nature and lay the ground for many challenges. The fashion magazine is an extremely complex entity, where the recipe for a successful publication is depending on the synergy created by multiple stakeholders. The magazines raison d’être is as show; the meeting place for people involved in the fashion value chain and a partner in the constant creation and re-creation of ‘fashion’ and the ‘fashion world’.

Conclusions for Chapter One

The global picture of the penetration and usage of the English loanwords in the Romanian vocabulary is remarkably intricate and fuzzy. Yet, in the light of the elements described in my thesis, we may sum up by emphasizing a few main aspects:

– in contact with English, the Romanian language proves to be a generous receiver, ready to enrich itself continuously;

– the English elements, like other foreign elements entering Romanian, are adopted and adapted to the Romanian language system, facing little or no resistance;

– the borrowing of English elements does not alter the Romance character of the Romanian language;

– the process of borrowing Anglicisms into Romanian has some characteristics similar to other European languages in contact with English;

– words that are perceived as ‘aliens’ frequently keep their foreign form, while loanwords that are used in common speech tend to adjust themselves to the articulatory and spelling habits of the Romanian host language.

We can also notice that the use of Anglicisms varies a lot according to circumstances. Some terms are employed to ease the communication as there are words with no Romanian equivalents and they should have been rendered through a whole long phrase (e.g. single „disc ce conține câte o singură piesă pe fiecare față”). Other times they are used just to change the “old” language and to keep pace with the international trends.

From the morphological point of view we have to admit that the Romanian speakers rapidly adapt Anglicisms to the Romanian morphology, in order to be able to use them properly in communication. Thus, Anglicisms are such modelled to concord with the needs of the Romanian language that, quite soon after entering our language, they are able to form plurals, to be articulated as nouns, verbs can be conjugated according to number and person, etc., as previously explained in this paper. To introduce a new word means to adjust, to assimilate and to modify it, to integrate it graphically, morphologically and phonetically – which is quite difficult as in general practice there are often several alternative pronunciations of that word. Sometimes, the difficulties of the phonetical and graphical integration give rise to mistranslations: e.g. location – mistranslated as locație while the correct translation is amplasament; maintenance – mistranslated as mentenanță (in comision de mentenanță); the correct translations are întreținere, administrare (comision de administrare).

Borrowings represent a normal and desirable phenomenon in the evolution of a language. They enrich the language, they develop synonyms and synonymy, sometimes they come to replace old words and help speakers keep up with the progress in technology or communications. Some of the borrowed terms are necessary, in the sense that they are introduced because there is no equivalent for newly introduced concepts, and some become synonyms for words already existing in the vocabulary, prestige, snobbery or international relationships being some of the factors that help maintain such unnecessary loans in our language.

In the end, we must not forget that, particularly in the recent years, the native speaker of Romanian has been getting so much information about a more and more complex world by the sophisticated means of the 3rd Millenium. Possessing a highly permissive language, a language which more often than not behaves like a “sponge” that immediately absorbs the necessary “linguistic fluid”, Romanians, particularly the younger generation, motivated by the freedom of expression gained mainly after the 1989’s events, welcome and appreciate not only the new words and expressions in their mother-tongue, but also the diversity in culture, tremendously advertised through the mass-media channels. Unfamiliar holidays or symbols such as Halloween or Valentine's Day are gaining more and more ground in our culture, making Romania feel as part of a multicultural world more than ever. And Anglicisms, as originated from English – which is seen as the dominant language of international business and global communication, are the instruments which make this possible.

Chapter Two

Practical Identification of Anglicisms in Romanian and Moldavian Fashion Magazine Articles

2.1 The Use of Anglicisms in Fashion Magazine Articles

A growing segment of Romanian women are becoming passionate about fashion, therefore they are increasingly interested in fashion magazines and products. The incredible prevalence of English in Romanian media – both in written and spoken form – is at first shocking to a native English speaker. Phrases that seem to make no sense or that are not relevant to what they are attached to are seen everywhere: on t-shirts, as part of television advertisements, and in Romanian magazines.

In this paper we assert that the English in Romanian media (fashion magazines) is more complicated than that; sometimes it is mainly decorative but it is able to communicate as well. Over the years, there have been many studies, which dealt with anglicisms in Romanian, especially in science and information technologies. Yet, in spite of the growing number of English terms incorporated daily by the language of fashion, this has received less attention in lexicographic and terminological studies as compared to other areas, such as science and business. There are many reasons for which Romanian has not only adopted English words with new meaning and usage, but also incorporates other forms based on English patterns which users seem to consider more attractive or more accurate.

More specifically, this paper analyses how English mixing contributes to self-distinction through fashion. We will analyse the Romanian language of fashion in Romanian and Moldavian fashion magazines and sites which has for some time been using English words with different meanings, or even created Romanian words that look like and are pronounced like English words. The result of this study shows that these English mixings depend on the fashion-related quality of the selected magazines. The findings of this study imply that English is regarded as a ‘stylish language’ and that this general recognition leads to the acknowledgement of the prestigious status of English in Romania.

2.2 Anglicisms in Fashion Terminology

Linguistically, anglicisms represent a reality which proves the evolution of the language, its dynamic character, and also the tendency towards modernisation in vocabulary. In order to perform this research regarding English borrowings in the domain of fashion we have used as sources various fashion magazines and sites with reference lexicographic works.

Styles in clothing/outfit types:

Casual (casual “degajat, nepăsător”): ’’ … a echipamentelor de protectie, cat si a pieselor vestimentare casual.’’ [53; 1].. This style is comparable to sport-elegant style, such outfits are comfortable, neither sport, nor elegant. It is a relaxed style, by definition without limitations or rules, being adequate for any moment of the day.

Office (office “birou”): “1. Atunci cand te gandesti la un costum cu pantalon, probabil iti vine in minte varianta anosta a unui costum office… 2. Incearca o culoare puternica – este mult mai feminin – un imprimeu cadrilat sau cu dungi va fi sic in tinutele office…’’ [53, 1].. Office outfits, some made up of a skirt and a coat, others including a pair of trousers. Office style includes classic outfits appropriate to be worn at office, in a professional environment. Generally speaking, office style means simple articles of clothing with up-dated classic cuts, perfectly combines originality and reliability, comfort and functionality.

Statement (statement ‘’expression, declaration, narration’’): ‘’1. Croiala, culoarea si modul in care este purtat sunt cele ce fac diferenta dintre o piesa clasica si una statement. 2. …iar un costum cu print floral va fi o piesa statement pentru cele mai indraznete dintre noi. 3. Scoate costumul din anonimat cu pantofi statement.’’ [53; 1]. Creates or modifies one or more style elements. Clothes that you wear that you own in order to attract attention and show other people the type of person you are.

Austere (austere ’’sobru, simplu, fara ornamente’’): ‘’Insa pentru Craciun nu purta o tinuta prea austera…’’ [53; 1]. Having no adornment or ornamentation; bare: an austere and severe style.

Classic (classic ‘’ simplu, traditional, perfect’’): ‘’ 1. In realitate, garderoba perfecta este cuprinsa din acele piese clasice pe care sa le poti purta cu orice… 2. Atunci cand investesti intr-o haina de calitate, cauta una cu o croiala clasica, pe care sa o porti purta 3. Alege un mix intre piese clasice si trendy pentru un look interesant, versatil, niciodata plictisitor. 4. O garderoba compusa doar din piese clasice va fi plictisitoare si…’’ [53; 1]. Continuously in fashion because of its simple and basic style: a classic day dress. Creation that serves as an example to be followed ; something worth remembering, something traditional.

Colours of clothing:

Bluemarin/ultramarine (‘’de culoare albastru-inchis’’): ‘’ 1. Ai la indemana o serie de nuante pudrate sau tonuri de gri si bleumarin., 2. Un jeans bleumarin clasic cu un pantof rosu va face o combinatie fatala. 3. Un jeans bleumarin usor evazat va arat… 4.…precum negru sau bleumarin si te asigur ca il vei purta sezoane la rand.’’ [52, 1]. A dark/ navy/ sea blue colour.

Mauve (mauve/mov ‘’culoarea florilor de stinjenel; violet-deschis’’): ‘’ In privinta rujului, se aplica aceleasi reguli: evita nuantele extrem de inchise de burgund sau mov.’’ [52; 1]. Iris flower colour, light purple, violet.

Olive (olive ‘’ culoarea maslinie, oliv’’): ‘’ Poti purta si nuante medii de maron, olive, gri, bej cu subtonuri roz.’’ [52; 1]. A yellow-green colour of low brightness and saturation.

Burgundy (burgundy ‘’de culoarea rosu aprins’’): ‘’ In privinta rujului, se aplica aceleasi reguli: evita nuantele extrem de inchise de burgund sau mov.’’ (perfecte.md). Burgundy a deep red colour.

Beige ( beige ‘’ de culoare bej’’): ‘’ Poti purta si nuante medii de maron, olive, gri, bej cu subtonuri roz.’’ [52; 1]. Beige a very light brown , greyish-brown , grayish yellow colour.

Pieces of clothing:

Jeans/jeanși/bluejeans/blugi (‘’blue-jeans “1. pânză groasă, de cânepă, de obicei albastră. 2. (pl.) blue-jeans, pantaloni dintr-un material special foarte rezistent, cu buzunar(e) la spate, pe care sunt atașate embleme sau fraze ad-hoc, un element de modă tinerească”). : ‘’ Cu cat jeansii sunt mai lungi, cu atat piciorulo tau va parea mai lung si mai suplu. Un posterior generos va fi avantajat de o pereche de jeansi cu buzunare la spate. 1. Nu degeaba se numeste acest model de jeans "skinny" – cel mai bine se potriveste pe o silueta supla. 2. Chiar daca skinny jeans se gasesc de la marimea XS la XXL, asta nu inseamna ca vin vine pe oricine. [53; 1]. Pants from a special material highly resistant, with pocket (s) back, which are attached emblems or phrases ad hoc fashion a youthful element.

Top (top “vârf, parte de sus/superioară”): ‘’ 1. Un alt sfat important e ca orice top pe care il porti sa ajunga pana la fermoarul pantalonilor: nu mai lung, nu mai scurt. 2. Alege topuri cu maneci mai lungi putin, deci, care sa-ti arate sectiunea subtire. 3. Daca vei purta un top cu un imprimeu dramatic, toata atentia se va concentra asupra acestuia. [53; 1]. 1. … sau pentru topurile cu decolteuri extrem de adanci. 2. Evita insa camasile sau topurile prin care se vede clar lenjeria, nu sunt deloc elegante in contextul mesei de Craciun [52; 1].’’ Though it does not refer strictly to a piece of clothing, the top designates the upper part of an outfit, a garment worn on the upper half of the body.

Blazer (‘’blazer ‘’bluza, veston, jacheta’’): ‘’ 1. …sau fustele mini au tendinta sa piarda teren in favoarea camasilor albe si a blazerelor structurate. 2. Structura si eleganta blazerului il fac usor de purtat chiar si atunci cand vine cu un imprimeu indraznet. [52; 1]. 1. …un blazer negru simplu si un pantalon ce nu iti flateaza cu nimic silueta. 2. Croielile moderne includ un blazer cambrat, cu inchidere la un nasture sau la doua randuri de nasturi si… [53; 1]’’ Blazer a multicolour striped sport shirt, a lightweight jacket, typically solid-colored, often worn as part of a uniform by members of a club, sports team, or school, often striped in colors of a club or school.

Poncho (‘’pelerine patrata, cu o deschizatura la mijloc prin care se introduce capul’’): ‘’ 1. Poarta-l pe sub o jacheta din piele sau pe sub un poncho din lana, strange-l cu o curea in talie, poarta-l peste rochii… 2. Poncho-urile si capele sunt printre cele mai cool piese ale sezonului.’’ [52; 1]. A garment of a type originally worn in South America, made of a thick piece of woolen cloth with a slit in the middle for the head.

Cardigan ( ‘’jacheta de lina, gen de vesta sau haina tricotata’’): ‘’ 1. Cardiganul este o piesa de rezistenta in tinutele in straturi. 2. Sugestie: poarta un cardigan lung direct pe piele, inchide-l doar in partea de sus si leaga-l in talie cu o curea, apoi…’’ [52; 1]. Cardigan a knitted woollen jacket, collarless sweater, knitted jacket that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper.

Descriptive of clothing:

Dress code (dress code “cod vestimentar”): “Chiar daca nu exista un dress code bine definit pentru ziua de Revelion, exista cateva… 2. lucrezi intr-o corporatie cu un dress code strict, garderoba va trebui sa… [52; ]. A set of rules, usually written and posted, specifying the required manner of dress at a school, office, club, restaurant, etc.

Fashion (fashion “fel, mod, chip, manieră; modă, vogă, stil, gust, gen”): “1. Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion., [53; 1], 2. De aceea este numita fast fashion: pentru ca daca nu renunti la o piesa pentru ca e demodata, renunti la ea pentru ca se deterioreaza., 3. …mai ales daca e un varf usor asutit, iti da un look matur, fashion, stylish. [52; 1]. Fashion, how something is done or how it happens, characteristic or habitual practice and the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behaviour, a sense of style that change from decade to decade, century to century.

Must-have (must “a trebui’’; (to) have “a avea”) – “ Iata de ce, an de an, sezon dupa sezon, camasa alba se va numara printre piesele must have ‘’ [52; 1]. Even if it seems impossible, feather trousers, an index of the ‘80s, became a must-have article during the following two seasons…’ Must have – needed or truly desirable; essential; also, something that is considered essential or truly wished and wanted. The term refers to a piece of clothing which is imperative to have in your wardrobe, a fashionable garment or accessory.

Other fashion industry terms:

Trendy (trendy “(foarte) modern, elegant, la modă; (îmbrăcat) după ultimul strigăt al modei; ultramodern; ultraelegant”): “ 1. Alege un mix intre piese clasice si trendy pentru un look interesant, versatil, niciodata plictisitor. 2. Daca detii numai piese trendy, pe de alta parte, iti va fi greu sa le imbini intre ele si multe dintre acestea vor sfarsi nepurtate, uitate intr-un colt de sifonier, cu eticheta inca atasata. 3. …astfel ca hainele trendy le cedeaza locul celor sofisticate. ‘’ [52; 1]. The term refers to be in keeping with the current trend; stylish, fashionable.

Fashionist(ă) “Ce știe orice fashionistă este: ‘’ Sunt cele mai versatile piese ale sezonului, iar fashionistele au demonstrat ca le poti purta cu orice.’’ [52; 1]. ‘Fii mereu îmbrăcată cu stil!’/‘Be always dressed with style!’ A native word made up by adding the suffix -ist(ă). The term is more frequently used in the feminine form (fashionistă), being attached obvious markers of integration, the word circulates both as an adjective and as a noun, having several meanings: “persoană care se ocupă cu moda (stilist, designer, critic de modă etc.)”, ‘person working in the fashion field’ or, more frequently, a strict follower of the fashion trends, “persoane care urmează moda cu tenacitate, în ipostaza de consumatori”

Skinny (skinny “slab, costeliv”) Blugi skinny, comozi și practici, din material ușor elastic, de culoare albastru închis (indigo), cu talia joasă și cusături deschise…” 1. Dar pentru acelea dintre noi care ne-am petrecut ultimii 10 ani in jeansi skinny, nouile siluete pot parea putin cam demodate. 2. Va aduc aminte totusi, ca jeansii skinny se purtau si in anii '80, deci argumentul acesta e primul care pica. 3. Dintr-o perspectiva de styling, e lesne de inteles de ce jeansii skinny au fost in trend atat de mult timp. 4. Jeansii skinny au detinut suprematia in moda timp de un deceniu… 5. …pentru ca acum sa faca loc, tot mai des, jeansilor evazati. 6. Da, jeansii evazati arata cel mai bine cu tocuri. 7. Arata bine cu o fusta lunga, cu jeansii evazati, cu…’’ Skinny, comfortable, practical dark-blue jeans, made of a slightly elastic fabric, having low waist and open seams. The term refers to a type of jeans similar to leggings, being tight on thighs. This type of trousers advantage only extremely thin persons, this explaining the term.

Trend (trend/trendurile “direcție, orientare”): “1. …iar trendul anilor '70 este in cea mai mare parte responsabil pentru asta. 2. Dintr-o perspectiva de styling, e lesne de inteles de ce jeansii skinny au fost in trend atat de mult timp. 3. Daca iubesti moda si te bucuri de fiecare trend ce vine si pleaca, odata cu trecerea timpului…/1. Trendurile sunt un mod excelent de a infuza putina viata in garderoba ta… 2. …de atentie din partea designerilor sezonul acesta si sunt un trend puternic si in toamna urmatoare. 3. Trendurile vin si pleaca, dar felul in care iti flateaza silueta nu se va demoda niciodata. 4. Nu va parea niciodata demodata si iti va completa tinutele, indiferent de trendurile momentului. 5. Trendurile in materie de genti se schimba mai greu decat cele vestimentare. Trend a general tendency to change, a general direction in which something tends to move. The term refers to the fashionable articles of clothing at a certain moment in time.

Diagram 2.1 The Classification of Anglicisms

Taking together, there are 150 different loanwords in the chart’ results and 36 of them belong to styles of clothing, for example: casual, office, classic; 8 of them belong to colours of clothing, for example: mauve, olive, beige; 15 of them belongs to pieces of clothing, for example: jeans, top, blazer; 14 of them belong to descriptive of clothing, for example: large, perfect, beauty and 77 of them belongs to other fashion industry terms like: trend, design and foto. That means that the most anglicisms used in fashion magazines article belongs to styles in clothing: 24 % and to other fashion industry terms: 52 %.

Clothes represent one of the non-verbal means of communication at our disposal, the studies dedicated to this topic showing that this type of communication (body language, including clothing styles) accounts for 55% of total human communication means. On the other hand, clothes, no matter how beautiful or appropriate, do not make up for the lack of talent or competence. Clothes are indexes of the social status, symbols of social power, influencing the possessor’s self-esteem but also the others’ behaviour towards him/her. Visual information makes us draw conclusions about what is not visible: from that perspective, somebody’s choices regarding clothes contribute to what psycho-sociology calls primacy effect .

Lately, Romanian fashion terminology (popularized by fashion magazines and sites) displays an abundance of foreign terms, mostly taken from English, whose meaning remains unknown by large categories of the Romanian population. Even if, throughout time, for some of these terms there have been created Romanian equivalents, both fashion magazines and designers continue to describe their fashion creations by using English terms. Consequently, ‘technical’ terms specific to fashion industry came to be known only by the young generation (who has, generally speaking, some knowledge of English), by the experts in the domain (designers, critics, journalists who activate in this field) and by those people really keen on fashion and who can’t imagine not being informed on the latest trends that they follow automatically.

2.3 Classification of Anglicisms

English words have been classified into eight or nine parts of speech, but the main are: noun, adjective and verb.

Qualitative analysis of Romanian fashion magazine article anglicisms:

Look – ’’ 1. Daca vrei un look stilat si feminin, atunci… 2. Este o piesa vestimentara cu care nu poti da gres daca mizezi pe un look ultra feminin.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 1; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care te fac sa arati mai feminina.

Jacheta – ’’ Poti purta o bluza cu volane, o rochie sau chiar o jacheta.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care te fac sa arati mai feminina.

Volum – ’’ 1. Femeilor slabe le creeaza iluzia de forme si volum, iar femeilor mai plinute le ascunde "burtica"; 2. Volanele din jurul bustului le avatajeaza pe femeile cu sanii mici, deoarece creeaza iluzia de volum’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 1; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care te fac sa arati mai feminina.

Eleganta – ’’ Dantela neagra este eleganta pura.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care te fac sa arati mai feminina.

Perfecta – ’’ Este mereu in tendinte si este perfecta mai ales pentru ocazii mai speciale.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care te fac sa arati mai feminina.

Jeans – ’’ Cu cat jeansii sunt mai lungi, cu atat piciorulo tau va parea mai lung si mai suplu. Un posterior generos va fi avantajat de o pereche de jeansi cu buzunare la spate.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 2; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care le avantajeaza pe femeile cu posteriorul mare.

Top – ’’ Daca vei purta un top cu un imprimeu dramatic, toata atentia se va concentra asupra acestuia.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care le avantajeaza pe femeile cu posteriorul mare.

Posterior – ’’ 1. O persoana cu un posterior generos va arata bine intr-o fusta larga sau intr-o rochie larga de la talie in jos; 2. Un posterior generos va fi avantajat de o pereche de jeansi cu buzunare la spate; 3. Bluze cu imprimeuri puternice, care sa distraga atentia de la posterior; 4. Daca ai un posterior mare, coapse generoase si o talie nu tocmai de viespe, atunci te-ar avantaja o rochie cu talie inalta.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 4; article number: 2; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care le avantajeaza pe femeile cu posteriorul mare.

Dramatic – ’’ Daca vei purta un top cu un imprimeu dramatic, toata atentia se va concentra asupra acestuia.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care le avantajeaza pe femeile cu posteriorul mare.

Printuri – ’’ …printurile geometrice sau tribale, dungile verticale – toate functioneaza.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1, article number: 2; heading: 5 articole vestimentare care le avantajeaza pe femeile cu posteriorul mare.

Sexy – ’’ 1. Limita dintre sexy si vulgar poate fi trecuta usor daca…; 2. Hainele mulate sunt considerate sexy atunci cand iti pun silueta in valoare.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 3; heading: Cum sa te imbraci sexy fara sa arati vulgar.

Vulgar – ’’ 1. Cum sa te imbraci sexy fara sa arati vulgar; 2. Limita dintre sexy si vulgar poate fi trecuta usor daca nu tii cont de regulile de stil de mai jos.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 3; heading: Cum sa te imbraci sexy fara sa arati vulgar.

Bluza – ’’ 1. …daca porti o bluza mulata marimea 36, iar tu porti 38, te va face sa pari grasa; 2. daca alegi o pereche de pantaloni mulati, combin-o cu o bluza larga…sau invers.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 3; heading: Cum sa te imbraci sexy fara sa arati vulgar.

Perfect – ’’ Si chiar si atunci cand ai un corp perfect hainele mulate trebuie purtate moderat…’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 3; heading: Cum sa te imbraci sexy fara sa arati vulgar.

Supermodel – ’’ Evita hainele ultra mulate….mai ales daca nu ai corp de supermodel ’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 3; heading: Cum sa te imbraci sexy fara sa arati vulgar.

Fotomodel – ’’ Daca natura nu te-a inzestrat cu inaltime de fotomodel, poti folosi cu incredere trucurile de stil…’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru femeile minione.

Style-iconuri – ’’ Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Trendurile – ’’1. "Moda moare, dar stilul este etern" – un motiv foarte bun pentru care trebuie sa ramai constanta stilului tau si sa nu urmaresti orbita trendurile; 2. "Nu urmari trendurile. Nu lasa moda sa te conduca, ci…’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Over-dressed & underdressed – ’’ …si "Nu esti niciodata over-dressed sau underdressed cu o rochie neagra"[53;1], lexical category: verbs; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Luxului – ’’ Unii oameni cred ca opusul luxului este saracia. Nu e asa. E opusul vulgaritatii’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Modern – ’’1. Cred ca ideea de a combina creatiile designerilor de lux cu creatiile brandurilor de masa este foarte modern; 2. Este vorba despre acei oameni indrazneti si liberi, din orasele moderne, care reusesc sa…’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Sexy – ’’ Tocurile sunt foarte sexy si te fac sa te simti ca atare.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Designerilor – ’’ 1.Cred ca ideea de a combina creatiile designerilor…; 2. Nu mai este la moda sa porti un designeri din cap pana in picioare.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Brandurilor – ’’ …cu creatiile brandurilor de masa este foarte modern.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Individual – ’’ Totul se rezuma la stilul individual.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Sfaturi de stil de la style-iconuri.

Top – ’’ 1. Un alt sfat important e ca orice top pe care il porti sa ajunga pana la fermoarul pantalonilor: nu mai lung, nu mai scurt; 2. Alege topuri cu maneci mai lungi putin, deci, care sa-ti arate sectiunea subtire.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 6; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru grasute. Cum sa te imbraci ca sa arati mai bine ca niciodata.

Zona – ’’Acestea se opresc fix in zona cea mai groasa a bratului si subliniaza ceea ce tu vrei sa ascunzi.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru grasute. Cum sa te imbraci ca sa arati mai bine ca niciodata.

Contrabalansa – ’’ Pentru a contrabalansa acest aspect, poarta un sacou pe deasupra.’’[53;1], lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru grasute. Cum sa te imbraci ca sa arati mai bine ca niciodata.

Articole – ’’ 1. …cauta articole vestimentare care sa contina o cusatura sau sa fie croite in asa fel incat sa-ti accentueze talia; 2. In cazul in care vrei sa maschezi cele cateva kilograme in plus care iti dau batai de cap, evita articolele vestimentare de mai jos’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 6; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru grasute. Cum sa te imbraci ca sa arati mai bine ca niciodata.

Aspect – ’’ 1. Pentru a contrabalansa acest aspect, poarta un sacou pe deasupra; 2. Ce poate accesoriza mai bine o tinuta urbana decat o pereche de incaltari sport cu aspect unisex ’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 6; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru grasute. Cum sa te imbraci ca sa arati mai bine ca niciodata.

Fix – ’’ Acestea se opresc fix in zona cea mai groasa a bratului si subliniaza ceea ce tu vrei sa ascunzi.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: Sfaturi de stil pentru grasute. Cum sa te imbraci ca sa arati mai bine ca niciodata.

Vestimentare – ’’ …care iti dau batai de cap, evita articolele vestimentare de mai jos’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Jeans skinny/blugii mulati – ’’ 1. Nu degeaba se numeste acest model de jeans "skinny" – cel mai bine se potriveste pe o silueta supla; 2. Chiar daca skinny jeans se gasesc de la marimea XS la XXL, asta nu inseamna ca vin vine pe oricine.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun and adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Maschezi – ’’ In cazul in care vrei sa maschezi cele cateva kilograme in plus care…’’[53;1], lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Larga & bufanta – ’’ 1.Fusta bufanta / larga / plisata; 2. O fusta bufanta pe o femeie scunda este una dintre cele mai mari greseli de stil.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjectives; word repetition number: 1 & 2; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Ultra – ’’ … nu imbraca o rochie ultra mulata, care sa iti scoata in evidenta toti colaceii si toate kilogramele in plus.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Vertical – ’’ Daca pantalonii cu dungi verticale creeaza efectul de slabire si…’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Creeaza – ’’ 1. Daca pantalonii cu dungi verticale creeaza efectul de slabire si…; 2. pantalonii albi nu ar trebui sa iti creeze astfel de probleme.’’[53;1], lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Exact & invers – ’’… efectul de slabire si alungire, carourile sunt exact invers.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjectives; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

General – ’’ 1. In general, ar fi vine sa evitati sandalele si pantofii cu bareta; 2. In general, la pantalonii albi, buzunarele adauga si mai mult volum, asa ca incearca…’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 6 articole vestimentare care te fac sa pari mai grasa.

Stylish – ’’ …sfaturi care sa te ajute sa arati stylish si mai supla’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Voluptoase & corpolente – ’’ Multe femei voluptoase evita pantalonii albi de teama sa nu le faca sa para si mai corpolente.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjectives; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Combini – ’’ Daca ii accesorizezi si ii combini cu ce trebuie, pantalonii albi nu…’’[53;1], lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Probleme – ’’… ii combini cu ce trebuie, pantalonii albi nu ar trebui sa iti creeze astfel de probleme .’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Material – ’’ 1. Alege un material mai gros; 2. Prin matarialele subtiri sau fluide se poate observa celulita si alte imperfectiuni’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Defectele – ’’ …cu o tesatura mai groasa, care sa nu iti scoata in evidenta toate defectele.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Fluide – ’’ Prin matarialele subtiri sau fluide se poate observa celulita si alte imperfectiuni pe care…’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: Cum sa pari mai slaba in pantaloni albi.

Street-style – ’’ Nu vorbim de baieti, ci si de fete care au adoptat stilul street-style: jeansi skinny, cu camasi legate in brau, tricouri cu mesaje, jachete din piele sau hanorace cu insigne, ghiozdane..,’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Brand-ul – ’’ Brand-ul este preferatul adolescentilor din intreaga lume…’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Sport – ’’ 1. Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport; 2. o tinuta urbana decat o pereche de incaltari sport cu aspect unisex ; 3. …este o forta globala in industria de action sport.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 3; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Surprize & romantice – ’’ … in care indragostitii isi fac declaratii, surprize si cadouri care mai de care mai romantice.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun & adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Mesaje – ’’ …cu camasi legate in brau, tricouri cu mesaje, jachete din piele sau hanorace cu insigne, ghiozdane si …’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Normelor – ’’ care reusesc sa sfarame lanturile conventiei, prin sfidarea normelor citadine, transformand…’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Unisex – ’’ … o tinuta urbana decat o pereche de incaltari sport cu aspect unisex…’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Skate & snowboard – ’’ …dar si a practicantilor de skate, snowboard si in privinta incaltamintei, imbracamintei, a accesoriilor…’’[53;1], lexical category: nouns; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Casual – ’’ …a echipamentelor de protectie, cat si a pieselor vestimentare casual.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Cum sa porti cu stil pantofii sport. Modelele dupa care ti se vor incinge calcaiele.

Selfie-uri – ’’ 1. Printre cele mai apreciate selfie-uri sunt cele cu…; 2. Chiar vrei sa rada toti de inca un selfie facut in toaleta; 3. Alege cu grija locul selfie-urilor; 4. Chiar daca e vorba despre tine si zici ca nu-ti pasa ce crede lumea despre selfie-ul pe…; 5. Un selfie apreciat si lipsit de…; 6. … critici este un selfie care are un scop; 7. Surprinde-l si pastreaza-l intr-un selfie-amintire; 8. Lumea stie sa recunoasca un selfie; 9. … Genul acesta de selfie-uri sunt atat de nenaturale incat sa nu te miri daca primesti unfriend; 10. Un selfie bun e pus mereu intr-o lumina buna; 11. Asa ca ai grija sa fii in preajma ferestrelor sau a unei surse naturale de lumina atunci cand iti faci un selfie; 12. Selfie-urile tale ar putea iesi arse, cu frunte lucioasa si ochi rosii; 13. Desigur, ai o multime de filtre care iti pot salva totusi selfie-ul; 14. Un selfie intre prieteni este mai bine perceput decat …; 15. …un selfie de unul singur; 16. Si da, e tot selfie cat timp esti si tu acolo; 17. Asa ca, daca vrei sa scapi de gura lumii care te critica pentru ca-ti faci prea multe selfie-uri, incearca unele noi: cu prietenii, cu pisica sau cu vanzatoarea de la chiosc; 18. Odata selfie-ul facut, asuma-ti-l cu mandrie si demnitate; 19. Oricat de bine ti-ar iesi selfie-ul, asuma-ti faptul ca…’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 19; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Album & foto & digital – ’’ 1.Cum in ultimii ani selfie-ul are locul sau de cinste in orice album foto digital, iata si cateva; 2. Telefoanele moderne isi ofera sugestii de setari optimizate pentru fotografii perfecte’’[53;1], lexical category: nouns; word repetition number: 1&2&1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Share-ui – ’’ Chiar daca e vorba despre tine si zici ca nu-ti pasa ce crede lumea despre selfie-ul pe care il vei share-ui, nu e chiar asa.’’[53;1], lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Duckface – ’’ Renunta la duck face (botic de rata) si la posturile de model luat prin surprindere.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Unfriend – ’’Genul acesta de selfie-uri sunt atat de nenaturale incat sa nu te miri daca primesti unfriend.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Blitz-ul – ’’ Nu folosi blitz-ul decat in cazuri de obscuritate maxima.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Unti-sefie – ’’ Oricat de bine ti-ar iesi selfie-ul, asuma-ti faptul ca mereu se vor gasi persoane anti-selfie, care iti vor putea comenta negativ.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Transparent – ’’ … caci spun despre persoana respectiva ca este transparenta si are increderea in ea.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Motive – ’’ Insa, din diverse motive de lipsa de somn, lumina proasta etc, nu toti …’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Optimizate – ’’ Telefoanele moderne isi ofera sugestii de setari optimizate pentru fotografii perfecte.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Frontala – ’’ Camera frontala nu e acolo degeaba.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Postura – ’’ 1. Cauta postura in care arati cel mai bine si abia apoi fa poza; 2. Renunta la duck face (botic de rata) si la posturile de model luat prin surprindere.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Maximum – ’’ Intinde mana la maximum si asaz-o mai sus de linia capului, astfel incat sa…; 2. Nu folosi blitz-ul decat in cazuri de obscuritate maxima.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Relevant – ’’ Incearca sa fii relevant.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Moment – ’’ Orice moment important se vede intr-un anumit fel pe fata ta; 2. Desi multe dintre noi il privim cu retinere, costumul se numara printre tendintele momentului.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Filtre – ’’ Desigur, ai o multime de filtre care iti pot salva totusi selfie-ul.’’[53;1], lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Facebook & instagram – ’’ Share-uieste-l pe Facebook, Instagram si alte retele de socializare pe care le folosesti.’’[53;1], lexical category: nouns; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Negativ – ’’ … asuma-ti faptul ca mereu se vor gasi persoane anti-selfie, care iti vor putea comenta negativ.’’[53;1], lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 8 trucuri pentru selfie-uri de nota 10. Cum sa iesi perfect in poze de fiecare data.

Diagram 2.2 Romanian Fashion Magazine Article Anglicisms

Taking together, there are 80 different Romanian fashion magazine article anglicisms in the chart’ results and 7 of them belong to lexical category: verb; 40 of them belong to lexical category : noun and 33 of them belong to lexical category: adjective. That means that the most anglicisms used in this fashion magazines article belongs to nominal lexical category: 50 %, less belong to adjectival lexical category: 41 % and the least belong to verbal lexical category, only 9 %.

Qualitative analysis of Moldavian fashion magazines article anglicisms:

Fashion -“1.Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Look -“1. Cum il porti pentru un look sic si actual”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Actual -“1. Poarta costumul cu tenisi, pentru un look relaxat.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Costum -“1. Atunci cand te gandesti la un costum cu pantalon, probabil… 2. probabil iti vine in minte varianta anosta a unui costum office… 3. … iar un costum cu print floral va fi o piesa statement pentru cele mai indraznete dintre noi.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 3; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Retro –“1. …si un pantalon tigareta scurt, ce lasa glezna a vedere, sau cel retro, cu cracul larg ori evazat.”[52;1]; lexical categor : adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Nonconformist -“ 1.Ai un stil nonconformist? Poarta costumul cu tenisi, pentru un look relaxat.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Office -“1. Atunci cand te gandesti la un costum cu pantalon, probabil iti vine in minte varianta anosta a unui costum office… 2. Incearca o culoare puternica – este mult mai feminin – un imprimeu cadrilat sau cu dungi va fi sic in tinutele office… “[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Blazer – “1. …un blazer negru simplu si un pantalon ce nu iti flateaza cu nimic silueta; 2. Croielile moderne includ un blazer cambrat, cu inchidere la un nasture sau la doua randuri de nasturi si…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Statement – “ 1. Croiala, culoarea si modul in care este purtat sunt cele ce fac diferenta dintre o piesa clasica si una statement. 2. …iar un costum cu print floral va fi o piesa statement pentru cele mai indraznete dintre noi. 3. Scoate costumul din anonimat cu pantofi statement.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 3; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Print – “ 1. … iar un costum cu print floral va fi o piesa statement pentru cele mai indraznete dintre noi.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Stiletto – “ 1. Poarta stiletto rosii la un costum negru sau, daca ai un stil…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Brogues – “ 1. …accesorizeaza-l cu o pereche de brogues metalizati.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Tenisi – “ 1. Poarta costumul cu tenisi, pentru un look relaxat .”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 1; heading: Costumul cu pantaloni, in tinute fashion.

Dress code – “ 1. Chiar daca nu exista un dress code bine definit pentru ziua de Revelion, exista cateva…”[52;1]; ]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Austera -“ 1. Insa pentru Craciun nu purta o tinuta prea austera…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

All black – “1. Insa pentru Craciun nu purta o tinuta prea austera, all black.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Bleumarin – “1. Ai la indemana o serie de nuante pudrate sau tonuri de gri si bleumarin.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Luxerul, lameul -“1. Evita paietele,lurexul si lameul.”[52;1]; lexical category: nouns; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Brocartul – “ 1. Poti alege in schimb materiale pretioase, precum catifeaua sau brocartul, ca alternative glam.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Glam – “ 1. Poti alege in schimb materiale pretioase, precum catifeaua sau brocartul, ca alternative glam.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Bodycon dress -“ 1. Pastreaza senzuala bodycon dress pentru petrecerea de Revelion.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective + noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Mini – “1. Acelasi lucru e valabil si pentru fustele mini sau…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Topurile – “1. … sau pentru topurile cu decolteuri extrem de adanci. 2. Evita insa camasile sau topurile prin care se vede clar lenjeria, nu sunt deloc elegante in contextul mesei de Craciun.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Club – “1. Se potrivesc mai degraba cu atmosfera unui club decat cu cea a Craciunului in familie.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Beauty – “1. Chiar daca ne-am ocupat pana acum de greseli vestimentare, nu putem sa trecem cu vederea gafele beauty pe care le poti ocoli cu succes! ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Smokey eyes – “1. Sugestia specialistilor este sa eviti negrul si machiajul smokey eyes, mult prea gotic in momentele festive.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective + noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Maron, olive, gri, bej – “ 1.Poti purta si nuante medii de maron, olive, gri, bej cu subtonuri roz. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjectives; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Burgund, mov – “1. In privinta rujului, se aplica aceleasi reguli: evita nuantele extrem de inchise de burgund sau mov. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjectives; word repetition number: 1; article number: 2; heading: Greseli vestimentare pe care sa le eviti iarna. Eticheta sarbatorilor in familie.

Sexy – “1. Pentru femei care vor sa se simta feminine si sexy in fiecare zi. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjectives; word repetition number: 1; article number: 3 ; heading: Pentru femei care vor sa se simta feminine si sexy in fiecare zi.

Brand-ului,brandul -“1. Invitata la O Seara Perfecta, Cristina Culis, a povestit despre istoria brand-ului BRIO, dar si despre cum le-a reusit sa cucereasca femeile de la noi. 2. "Brandul BRIO este sufletul meu, depun efort si pasiune enorma.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 3; heading: Pentru femei care vor sa se simta feminine si sexy in fiecare zi.

Design – “1. Noi ne dorim si optam pentru tesaturi cat mai bune, un design modern si haine cat mai calitative. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 3; heading: Pentru femei care vor sa se simta feminine si sexy in fiecare zi.

Modele, model -“1. Colectiile se maresc cu 2-3 modele fiecare 10 zile, fiecare model fiind executat in cantitati limitate pana la 20 unitati. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 3; heading: Pentru femei care vor sa se simta feminine si sexy in fiecare zi.

Mall – “1. Cu toate astea, solutia nu este sa dai fuga in primul mall pentru o noua achizitie, ci mai degraba sa organizezi si sa regandesti felul in care iti construiesti garderoba si … 2. In ciuda faptului ca in fiecare weekend mallurile sunt hiper agglomerate…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Weekend – “1. In ciuda faptului ca in fiecare weekend mallurile sunt hiper aglomerate, solutia unei garderobe perfecte nu este un sifonier plin de haine. 2… . asta inseamna rochii inflorate pentru weekend si costume pentru munca…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Clasice, clasica –“ 1. In realitate, garderoba perfecta este cuprinsa din acele piese clasice pe care sa le poti purta cu orice… 2. Atunci cand investesti intr-o haina de calitate, cauta una cu o croiala clasica, pe care sa o porti purta 3. Alege un mix intre piese clasice si trendy pentru un look interesant, versatil, niciodata plictisitor. 4. O garderoba compusa doar din piese clasice va fi plictisitoare si…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 4; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Statement – “1. … acele piese statement care sa dea personalitate tinutei si acele haine care sa acomodeze…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Fast fashion – “ 1. De aceea este numita fast fashion: pentru ca daca nu renunti la o piesa pentru ca e demodata, renunti la ea pentru ca se deterioreaza. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective +noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Mix -“ 1. Alege un mix intre piese clasice si trendy pentru un look interesant, versatil, niciodata plictisitor. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Look -“1. Alege un mix intre piese clasice si trendy pentru un look interesant, versatil, niciodata plictisitor. 2.O garderoba compusa doar din piese clasice va fi plictisitoare si iti va fi greu sa compui un look care sa te scoata in evidenta la evenimentele mai deosebite. 3. Fie ca look-ul tau merge catre grunge sau… 4. Totodata, daca tie iti place look-ul hippie, dar lucrezi intr-o corporatie cu…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 4; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Trendy – “ 1. 1. Alege un mix intre piese clasice si trendy pentru un look interesant, versatil, niciodata plictisitor. 2. Daca detii numai piese trendy, pe de alta parte, iti va fi greu sa le imbini intre ele si multe dintre acestea vor sfarsi nepurtate, uitate intr-un colt de sifonier, cu eticheta inca atasata. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Grunge – “ 1. Fie ca look-ul tau merge catre grunge sau…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Preppy – “ 1. Fie ca look-ul tau merge catre grunge sau catre preppy, sifonierul tau trebuie sa reflecte acest lucru, altfel nu vei fi niciodata multumita de garderoba ta. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Hippie – “ Totodata, daca tie iti place look-ul hippie, dar lucrezi intr-o corporatie cu…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Dress code – “1.lucrezi intr-o corporatie cu un dress code strict, garderoba va trebui sa…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 4; heading: 5 principii ale garderobei perfecte. Solutia pentru a gasi intotdeauna tinuta potrivita;

Jeansii -“ 1. Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.2. Industria modei este hotarata sa aduca inapoi jeansii evazati, iar… 3. Cum purtam jeansii evazati pentru un look actual? 4. In privinta jeansilor evazati, pe de alta parte, lucrurile nu mai sunt atat de simple. 5. Ceea ce ne aduce la o alta intrebare: cu ce pantofi purtam jeansii evazati? 6. Opteaza pentru negru sau o nuanta apropiata de cea a jeansilor. 7. Daca stilul tau inseamna in primul rand confort si pantofii tai sunt majoritatea flats, nu inseamna ca nu poti purta jeansi evazati. 8. E drept ca tocurile in combinatie cu jeansii lungi evazati iti vor face picioarele sa para foarte lungi… 9. …si variante mai scurte de jeansi evazati, unii ce pica chiar deasupra gleznei. 10. Alege o pereche de jeansi cu talie inalta. Iti vor defini mijlocul si vor face soldurile sa para mai subtiri. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 10; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Trendul – “ 1. …iar trendul anilor '70 este in cea mai mare parte responsabil pentru asta. 2. Dintr-o perspectiva de styling, e lesne de inteles de ce jeansii skinny au fost in trend atat de mult timp .”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Jeansi skinny – “1. Dar pentru acelea dintre noi care ne-am petrecut ultimii 10 ani in jeansi skinny, nouile siluete pot parea putin cam demodate. 2. Va aduc aminte totusi, ca jeansii skinny se purtau si in anii '80, deci argumentul acesta e primul care pica. 3. Dintr-o perspectiva de styling, e lesne de inteles de ce jeansii skinny au fost in trend atat de mult timp. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun + adjective; word repetition number: 3; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Look – “ 1. Cum purtam jeansii evazati pentru un look actual? 2. Daca sunt prea lungi ii poti sufleca sau chiar taia pentru un look nefinisat sic. 3. Poti merge in ambele directii: purtati corect iti flateaza silueta in mod unic; purtati gresit iti vor da un look neglijent, demodat, necizelat. 4. …mai ales daca e un varf usor asutit, iti da un look matur… 5. Ai un look conservator 6. …sandalele cu platforma iti vor da un look relaxat cu aer boho, perfect pentru… 7. vor arata cel mai bine cu botine lungi sau cizme in culori si imprimeuri ce-ti atrag atentia pentru un look deliberat cool. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 7; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Styling – “ 1. Dintr-o perspectiva de styling, e lesne de inteles de…”[52;1]; lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Stiletto – “ 1. iar in materie de pantofi poti purta orice, de la cizme peste genunchi sau sandale stiletto. 2. Poti opta pentru un toc stileto inalt…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Fashion – “1.…mai ales daca e un varf usor asutit, iti da un look matur, fashion, stylish.”[52;1]; lexical category :adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Stylish – “1.…mai ales daca e un varf usor asutit, iti da un look matur, fashion, stylish. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Kitten – “ 1. Poti opta pentru un toc stileto inalt sau pentru unul tip kitten – combinatia dintre un…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Jeans – “ 1. Un jeans bleumarin clasic cu un pantof rosu va face o combinatie fatala.2. Un jeans bleumarin usor evazat va arat…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Office – 1. Daca escarpenii cu varful ascutit sunt perfecti in tinutele office mai relaxate…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Bleumarin – “ 1. Un jeans bleumarin clasic cu un pantof rosu va face o combinatie fatala. 2. Un jeans bleumarin usor evazat va arat…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Weekend – “ 1. ..sandalele cu platforma iti vor da un look relaxat cu aer boho, perfect pentru tinutele de weekend. ”[52;1]; lexical category: noun ; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Flats – “ 1. Daca stilul tau inseamna in primul rand confort si pantofii tai sunt majoritatea flats, nu inseamna ca… 2. …cu o pereche de flats cu varful ascutit, in special atunci cand vine intr-o nuanta metalica. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective,noun; word repetition number: 1;article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Designeri – 1. … insa designeri precum Gucci ne-au adus in atentie si variante mai scurte de…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun ; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Cool – “ 1…vor arata cel mai bine cu botine lungi sau cizme in culori si imprimeuri ce-ti atrag atentia pentru un look deliberat cool.”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective ; word repetition number: 1; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Top, topuri – “ 1. Ai grija cu ce ii porti in partea de sus: un top prea lung va functiona impotriva efectului de alungire. 2. Opteaza pentru topuri scurte sau camasi bagate in betelia pantalonilor. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective,noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 5; heading: Cum accesorizezi corect jeansii evazati. Pantofii potriviti pentru fiecare silueta.

Trend –“ 1.Daca iubesti moda si te bucuri de fiecare trend ce vine si pleaca, odata cu trecerea timpului…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective,noun ; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale;

Trendy – “ 1. …astfel ca hainele trendy le cedeaza locul celor sofisticate. ”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale;

Topurile, crop – “ 1. Dupa 30 de ani, piese fabuloase precum topurile crop…”[52;1]; lexical category: noun + adjective; words repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale;

Jeansii – “1. Dupa 30 de ani, piese fabuloase precum topurile crop, jeansii rupti…”[52;1];lexical category :noun ; word repetition number : 1;article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale;

Mini – “…sau fustele mini au tendinta sa piarda teren in favoarea…”[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Blazerelor – ’’…sau fustele mini au tendinta sa piarda teren in favoarea camasilor albe si a blazerelor structurate.”[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Blazerului – ’’ Structura si eleganta blazerului il fac usor de purtat chiar si atunci cand vine cu un imprimeu indraznet.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Look-ul – ’’ 1. Desi look-ul tau se schimba, stilul nu are de ce sa se piarda…; 2. Exista piese fabuloase ce ne condimenteaza look-ul si pe care le putem purta la orice varsta. ’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Sexy – ’’ 1.E nevoie, insa, de un anumit rafinament pentru a o scoate din zona sexy si a o duce in cea clasica, eleganta.; 2. Ochelarii de soare cat eye, spre exemplu, vor fi sexy indiferent ca ai 20 sau 50 de ani. ’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Print – ’’ Un print tartan poate fi purtat in tinute grunge sau in cele preppy cu aer aristocrat. ’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Tartan, grunge, preppy – ’’ Un print tartan poate fi purtat in tinute grunge sau in cele preppy cu aer aristocrat.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjectives; words repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale;

Stylish – ’’ Confortul este stylish la orice varsta. ’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective: word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Cat eye – ’’ Ochelarii de soare cat eye, spre exemplu, vor fi sexy indiferent ca ai 20 sau 50 de ani.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

All black – ’’ La 20 de ani pari o rebela in tinute all black, la 50, insa, iti dau un aer prea sobru.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Cocktail – ’’ …dar o pereche fabuloasa de cercei de cocktail cu pietre iti vor accesoriza rochiile de seara ani la rand.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 6; heading: 8 piese vestimentare pe care le poti purta la orice varsta. Secretul elegantei atemporale.

Trendurile – ’’ 1. Trendurile sunt un mod excelent de a infuza putina viata in garderoba ta…; 2. …de atentie din partea designerilor sezonul acesta si sunt un trend puternic si in toamna urmatoare. 3. Trendurile vin si pleaca, dar felul in care iti flateaza silueta nu se va demoda niciodata. 4. Nu va parea niciodata demodata si iti va completa tinutele, indiferent de trendurile momentului. 5. Trendurile in materie de genti se schimba mai greu decat cele vestimentare. ’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 5; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Look-ul – ’’ 1. …de a infuza putina viata in garderoba ta si a te juca cu look-ul tau in fiecare sezon. 2. cu varful ascutit si siret, pentru un look feminin, sau…; 3. Daca vrei sa adaugi un look modern acestei piese clasice, alege una din piele sau din piele intoarsa. 4. Iti da un look curat, feminin si sexy.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 4; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Fashion blogger – ’’ Daca nu esti un fashion blogger de succes sa primesti pachete cu haine…’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective + noun; words repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Designerilor – ’’ 1. …haine din ultimele colectii ale designerilor si nici nu dispui de un buget nelimitat pentru a-ti schimba garderoba de fiecare data…; 2. …atentie din partea designerilor sezonul acesta si sunt. ’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Bleumarin – ’’ …precum negru sau bleumarin si te asigur ca il vei purta sezoane la rand.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number : 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Blazerele – ’’1. Blazerele cambrate s-au bucurat de atentie din partea designerilor sezonul acesta si …;2. si poarta-i cu orice, de la blazere structurate…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Brogues – ’’ 1. …sau o pereche de brogues ori oxfords confectionati dintr-o…;2. Arata bine cu o fusta lunga, cu jeansii evazati, cu pantofi stiletto sau cu brogues…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Jeansi distressed – ’’ …de la o rochie neagra pana la o pereche de jeansi distressed.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun + adjective; words repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Sexy – ’’ 1. …un pantof extrem de sexy ce poate fi purtat la orice varsta. 2. Or fi tocurile sexy, dar uneori o pereche de pantofi fara toc e o optiune mai sic. 3. Iti da un look curat, feminin si sexy.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 3; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Oxfords – ’’…sau o pereche de brogues ori oxfords confectionati dintr-o piele…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Casual – ’’ 1. …si este usor de integrat in tinute casual sau elegante. 2. la bluze din matase sau tricouri casual.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 2; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Skinny – ’’ Jeansii skinny au detinut suprematia in moda timp de un deceniu…’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Jeansii – ’’ 1. Jeansii skinny au detinut suprematia in moda timp de un deceniu…; 2. …pentru ca acum sa faca loc, tot mai des, jeansilor evazati. 3. Da, jeansii evazati arata cel mai bine cu tocuri. 4. Arata bine cu o fusta lunga, cu jeansii evazati, cu…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 4; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Stiletto – ’’ Arata bine cu o fusta lunga, cu jeansii evazati, cu pantofi stiletto sau cu brogues…’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Must have – ’’ Iata de ce, an de an, sezon dupa sezon, camasa alba se va numara printre piesele must have.’’[52;1]; lexical category: verb; word repetition number: 1; article number: 7; heading: 8 piese pe care orice femeie trebuie sa le aiba in garderoba de primavera.

Top – ’’ A avea stil nu tine doar de a potrivi cu o lejeritate un top din dantela cu o camasa masculine…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: 6 trucuri fashion care iti vor usura viata. Secretele unei fete stylish;

Jeansi distressed – ’’ …cu o camasa masculina si o pereche de jeansi distressed, ci si de a face fata cu…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun + adjective; words repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: 6 trucuri fashion care iti vor usura viata. Secretele unei fete stylish;

Stylish – ’’ … sau cel putin reputatia de fata stylish.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition nuber: 1; article number: 8; heading: 6 trucuri fashion care iti vor usura viata. Secretele unei fete stylish;

Voiaj – ’’ Investeste in varianta de voiaj a unui…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: 6 trucuri fashion care iti vor usura viata. Secretele unei fete stylish;

Steamer – ’’ a unui steamer de calcat, cu abur, si ia-l cu tine atunci cand calatoresti…’’[52;1]; lexical category: 1; word repetition number: 1; article number: 8; heading: 6 trucuri fashion care iti vor usura viata. Secretele unei fete stylish;

Look-ul – ’’ 1. Incheie nasturii si indoaie maneca de cateva ori pana ce obtii look-ul dorit, apoi imbraca camasa. 2. In felul acesta te asiguri ca sunt egale si ai un look curat ce va rezista intreaga zi. 3. Daca vrei un look mai neglijent, lasa nasturii descheiati, indoaie intai maneca pe jumatate si apoi… 4. care e compusa mai mult din look-uri office’’[52’1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 4; article number: 8; heading: 6 trucuri fashion care iti vor usura viata. Secretele unei fete stylish;

Mix – ’’ Ilinca Avram si-a lansat de curand la Londra un mix din colectiile sale…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Designerul – ’’ 1. … iar acum designerul se poate lauda cu o noua veste buna… 2. care a adunat designerii de top din Romania, printre care…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Siteuri – ’’ 1. …tinutele sale sunt purtate de bloggerite de moda si apar pe siteuri celebre. 2. …si bloggerii surprind cele mai stilate aparitii pe strada si le publica apoi pe site-uri de renume sau bloguri.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Site-ul – ’’ Ilinca Avram s-a bucurat sa-si descopere tinuta pe site-ul vogue.uk.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Bloggerite – ’’ 1. …tinutele sale sunt purtate de bloggerite de moda…; 2. …alaturi de alte doua bloggerite de moda, a aparut la… 3. De multe ori, fotografii si bloggerii surprind cele mai stilate aparitii pe strada si le publica…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 3; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Office – ’’ …care e compusa mai mult din look-uri office.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Vogue – ’’ Ilinca Avram s-a bucurat sa-si descopere tinuta pe site-ul vogue.uk.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Bloguri – ’’ …si le publica apoi pe site-uri de renume sau bloguri.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 9; heading: Tinuta creata de moldoveanca Ilinca Avram a aparut in Vogue UK!

Podiumuri – ’’ …iar colectiile ce ni se dezvaluie pe podiumuri la Saptamana Modei nu fac decat sa rasuceasca si mai mult cutitul in rana.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Stylish – ’’ Secretul pentru a arata stylish si a pastra, in acelasi timp, confortul termic, sta intr-o stratificare…’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Look-ul – ’’ 1. Poarta-l peste un palton simplu si look-ul tau va fi complet schimbat. 2. Iti vor tine de cald si sunt perfecti in tinutele in straturi, oferindu-ti un look sic.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Cardiganul – ’’ 1. Cardiganul este o piesa de rezistenta in tinutele in straturi. 2. Sugestie: poarta un cardigan lung direct pe piele, inchide-l doar in partea de sus si leaga-l in talie cu o curea, apoi…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Poncho – ’’ 1. Poarta-l pe sub o jacheta din piele sau pe sub un poncho din lana, strange-l cu o curea in talie, poarta-l peste rochii…; 2. Poncho-urile si capele sunt printre cele mai cool piese ale sezonului.’’[5;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Jeansi skinny – ’’ …apoi adaga o pereche de jeansi skinny si botine cu toc – e combinatia…’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun + adjective; words repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Cool – ’’ Poncho-urile si capele sunt printre cele mai cool piese ale sezonului.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Trendy – ’’ Sunt suficient de largi incat sa poti purta o multime de haine pe dedesubt si tot sa arati trendy.’’[52;1]; lexical category: adjective; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Fashionistele – ’’ Sunt cele mai versatile piese ale sezonului, iar fashionistele au demonstrat ca le poti purta cu orice.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 1; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Blazer – ’’ . …si poarta-l cu toate piesele din garderoba ta – pe sub un blazer, sub o rochie cu bretele, sub o camasa alba, sub un pullover… 2. Ii poti purta cu un pulover supradimensionat, cu un blazer masculin sau pe sub o rochie subtire.’’[52;1]; lexical category: noun; word repetition number: 2; article number: 10; heading: 6 piese care iti vor transforma tinutele din banale in wow! Poarta-le, pentru un look sic de iarna.

Diagram 2.3 Moldavian Fashion Magazine Article Anglicisms

Taking together, there are 70 different Moldavian fashion magazine article anglicisms in the chart’ results and 5 of them belong to lexical category: verb; 33 of them belong to lexical category : noun and 35 of them belong to lexical category: adjective. That means that the most anglicisms used in this fashion magazines article belongs to adjectival lexical category: 50 %, less belong to nominal lexical category: 47 % and the least belong to verbal lexical category, only 3 %.

So verbal lexical category has the least number of fashion magazine article anglicisms in both countries, Romanian and Moldavian, but for the most used of anglicisms in fashion magazine article it is a difference of number, in Romanian is nominal lexical category and in Moldavian is adjectival lexical category, in equal number of 50 per cent.

Conclusions to Chapter Two

The increasing international influence of English has been welcomed by many, but criticized by many others. While some appreciate its political, economic and cultural advantages, others are sensitive to a possible threat to other languages and cultures. The borrowing from foreign languages facilitates and enriches communication. Sooner or later the foreign words will be integrated into the existing language structures to such an extent that they will not be recognized as foreign any more. Yet, the critique of the anglicisms is not so much about the fact that language is a means of communication, but rather about language being a symbol of the national and cultural identity of a speech community. As they say, anglicisms epitomise Anglophone or American social and cultural structures and values and many people might perceive this as a threat to their own values. When speaking about the penetration and usage of the English loanwords in the Romanian vocabulary, especially in the language of fashion, the picture is complicate and blurry. The language of fashion in Romania proves to be a generous receiver, ready to enrich itself continuously. Also, the English elements are adopted and easily adapted to the Romanian language of fashion. Then, words that are perceived as ‘aliens’ frequently keep their foreign form, while loanwords that are used in common speech tend to adjust themselves to the articulatory and spelling habits of the Romanian host language.

The authors are aware that one of the main strengths of English borrowings is their international dimension, and as it can be seen in the examples provided above, they are present in various fields. Although there are linguists concerned about the danger that Anglo-Saxon borrowings might represent, these borrowings do not threaten the Latin dimension of the Romanian language, since many of them are Latin themselves. On the contrary, many anglicisms could represent an opportunity, allowing Romanian to become a language that is capable of expressing concepts, facts, ideas that have an international scope.

CONCLUSIONS

Borrowings represent a normal and desirable phenomenon in the evolution of a language; they enrich the language, they develop synonyms and synonymy, sometimes they come to replace old words and help speakers keep up with the novelties in technology, communications. Some of the borrowed terms are necessary, in the sense that they are introduced, because there is no equivalent to join the newly introduced concept, and some develop as synomyms for words already existing in the vocabulary. The criterion of use imposes a foreign word in our vocabulary and dictates its life, it is also the one that establishes whether the newly introduced words should keep their original pronunciation or should be adjusted to the rules and regulations of the target language. To introduce a new word means to adjust, to assimilate and to modify it, to integrate it graphically, phonetically – which is very difficult as there are always many alternative pronunciations of a word, – and morphologically. The difficulty in the phonetical and graphical integration gives rise to mistranslations: e.g. location – mistranslated as locatie while the correct translation is amplasament; maintenance – mistranslated as mentenanta (in comision de mentenanta); the correct translations are intretinere, even administrare (comision de administrare).

In order to penetrate a language a new term must be in accordance with the following criteria: frequency, acceptability, ability to form new words. If we take into account the nationalist implications, then we should not accept the penetration of foreign origin terms and resort to our common core vocabulary, instead of using terms which are not likely to be understood by the great majority of speakers. Even the French who can sometimes be reluctant to use and adopt terms with an English origin (they still maintain the term ordinateur for computer and numerique for digital) have no choice but to use these terms of English origin: faire du shopping, hardware. If we take into account the criterion of age, we will see that people over 40 who might not have access to computers or specialized magazines (IT, finances, advertising) find it hard to at least recognize, rather than understand the meaning of such words as: chat, e-mail, and so on.

As shown above, some of these words are necessary and they will be naturalized (football > fotbal); some are either trendy or snobbish; therefore, they might die, lose vitality and be replaced by new words (milieu is nowadays replaced by environment). There is the danger of an excessive use of words with an English origin that might lead to a hybridisation, to an artificiality of language, but, at the same time, if banned, the process will stop the natural development and the ability of the language to sediment and preserve what it needs and, ultimately, this will lead to a sterile purism.

We can notice that the use of anglicisms varies a lot according to circumstances. Some terms are employed to ease the communication as there are words with no Romanian equivalents and they should have been rendered through a whole long phrase (single „disc ce conține câte o singură piesă pe fiecare față”). Other times they are used just to change the “old” language and to keep pace with the international trends. Most borrowed items are nouns denoting abstract notions and invariable adjectives: “sexy/sexi”, “live”. Nouns got the Romanian plural ending: hobby-uri, party-uri, trend-uri. As far as grammar is concerned, the grammatical structure is the most stable, thus the novelties penetrate the vocabulary, the fixed expressions meant to signal, to build up the contact especially among young people. From a morphological point of view we have to admit that anglicisms rapidly adapt themselves to the Romanian morphology; in order to be able to communicate people have to model them: to form plural, to articulate the nouns, to use verbs conjugated according to number and person, for example, “bodyguarzi” and “a downloada” (at present “downloadez”).

On the other hand, the orthographic and phonetic adaptation is rather slow; a possible explanation could be that a lot of people know and learn English and consequently it is a matter of social prestige to use the words sounding and behaving very close to the original. Even if they are rather peculiar as compared with Romanian words, English borrowed items tend to “behave” like “one of them” and thus speakers employ them pretty often. Moreover, the media fully makes use of them, regardless the domain. Some anglicisms do not change when “entering” Romanian language, they only add a dash: dressing-ul, shopping-ul, outfit-ul etc. We consider that any reader of a fashion, sport or IT article will get the essential, even if s/he does not speak the language. There are terms that cannot be actually translated into Romanian with one word only; we need an explanation which is time, space and energy-consuming: marketing, training, leadership, trust, broker, rating, management etc. but this is not always the case of the glossy magazines; here the writers use borrowed terms so as to spice their communication.

To end up, the essence of a language is to get richer every day. Borrowings from other languages correctly used are all that matters. Media is the one that promotes language at most as it knows its tendencies best influencing both the language and its speakers. Anglicisms stand for a living proof that the language evolves. Yet, we mention that we considered only those terms very frequently used in fashion magazines.

SUMMARY

Anglicisms are found in all walks of life and learning them is therefore almost a prerequisite for the mastery of the Romanian language. English, as the main donor language for the international pool of words, has become a lingua franca, serving as an indispensable means of communication with the outside world. Its presence in the present-day Romanian language has become so influential that, undoubtedly, it deserves a lot of our interest and scrutiny.

We presented a short history of the borrowing process, including other channels that helped this process and two cases of words whose evolution presented some peculiarities, also presents the most important factors that encourage the borrowing of English elements into Romanian. Called Anglicisms and Related Terms some of the main terms related to the subject of this paper are described in order to clarify some of the issues that are likely to generate confusion and analyzing the impact the English element has had both on Romanian and, comparatively, on other European languages. All estimations and findings present the influx of Anglicisms as a pervasive phenomenon, with an increasing impact in the more recent years, especially in the Eastern countries (Romania included) after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. We tried to offer a short view as to what extent European peoples (Romanians included) accept English loans open-heartedly or not.

A thorough analysis of the complicated process of integration and adaptation of Anglicisms in Romanian, with its implications and peculiarities at all levels, be them orthographic, morpho-sintactic, phonetic or semantic. Obviously, the most prominent part is dedicated to the orthographic adaptation, with its many subdivisions and special cases. Adaptation is a highly complicated and complex process which requires a lot of attention. The way Anglicisms are rendered in written media is described and the most authors who use such English terms in their writings often resort to various methods in order to help the Romanian reader understand the exact meaning of these terms. Then, there are lots of cases when the English terms are given without any explanation, as they are considered popular enough among readers.

Beside the natural need to use some terms coming from English, the invasion of English borrowed words becomes a sort of trend among some social categories that frequently and deliberately employ English words. Under the circumstances, it is obvious that beside the national language, a lingua franca is often seen as an absolute necessity in any civilized country of this world. In this respect, English is seen as a foreign language, serving as a useful means of communication with the outside world, while the national language is used within one's own speech community.

REZUMAT

Anglicismele se regăsesc în toate domeniile vieții și ale învățamintului, prin urmare, aproape o condiție necesară pentru stăpânirea limbii române. Engleza, ca limbă principală donatorilor pentru o multime internaționala de cuvinte, a devenit o lingua franca, servind ca un mijloc indispensabil de comunicare cu lumea exterioară. Prezența ei în limba română de azi a devenit atât de influent încât, fără îndoială, că merită o mulțime de interes și control.

Am prezentat un scurt istoric al procesului de împrumut, inclusiv alte canale care au ajutat acest proces și două cazuri de cuvinte a căror evoluție a prezentat o serie de particularități, prezintă, de asemenea, cei mai importanți factori care încurajează împrumuturile de elemente limba engleză în limba română. Numind anglicismelor și termeni înrudiți unele dintre principalele termeni legate de subiectul acestei lucrări sunt descrise pentru a clarifica unele dintre problemele care sunt susceptibile de a genera confuzie și analizarea impactului elementului englez a avut atât pe român și, comparativ, pe alte limbi europene. Toate estimările și constatările prezintă afluxul de anglicisme ca un fenomen omniprezent, cu un impact tot mai mare în ultimii ani, în special în țările din Est (inclusiv în România), după dizolvarea Uniunii Sovietice. Am încercat să oferim o imagine mai scurt în ce măsură oamenii Europeeni (români inclus) accepta imprumuturile din engleză cu inima deschisa sau nu.

O analiză aprofundată a procesului complicat de integrare și adaptare a anglicismelor în limba română, cu implicații și particularitățile sale la toate nivelurile, fie el ortografic, morfo-sintactic, fonetic sau semantic. Evident, partea cea mai proeminentă este dedicată adaptarii ortografice, cu multe subdiviziunile ale sale și cazuri speciale. Adaptarea este un proces extrem de complicat și complex, care necesită o mulțime de atenție. Modul anglicismelor sunt redate în presa scrisă este descris și cei mai multi autori care folosesc astfel de termeni în engleză în scrierile lor recurg adesea la diferite metode pentru a ajuta cititorul român să înțeleagă semnificația exactă a acestor termeni. Apoi, există o mulțime de cazuri când condițiile engleză sunt date fără nici o explicație, deoarece acestea sunt considerate suficient de populare în rândul cititorilor.

Pe lângă necesitatea naturală de a utiliza unii termeni care provin din limba engleză, invazia de cuvinte în limba engleză împrumutate devine un fel de trend in randul unor categorii sociale care folosesc frecvent și în mod deliberat cuvinte în limba engleză. În aceste condiții, este evident că pe lângă limba națională, una lingua franca este adesea văzută ca o necesitate absolută în orice țară civilizată din lume. În acest sens, limba engleză este văzută ca o limbă străină, servind ca un mijloc util de comunicare cu lumea exterioară, în timp ce limba națională este utilizată în cadrul comunității proprii in discursul cuiva.

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APPENDICES

Anexa 1

1. look

2. jacheta

3. volum

4. elegant

5. jeans

6. top

7. posterior

8. dramatic

9. printurile

10. sexy

11. vulgar

12. bluza

13. perfect

14. supermodel

15. fotomodel

16. style-iconuri

17. trenduri

18. over-dressed

19. under-dressed

20. luxului

21. modern

22. designerilor

23. brandurile

24. individual

25. topurile

26. zona

27. contrabalansa

28. articole

29. aspect

30. fix

31. vestimentare

32. skinny

33. maschezi

34. larga

35. bufanta

36. ultra

37. vertical

38. creeaza

39. exact

40. invers

41. general

42. stylish

43. voluptoase

44. corpolente

45. combini

46. probleme

47. material

48. defectele

49. fluide

50. street-style

51. surprize

52. sport

53. romantice

54. mesaje

55. normelor

56. unisex

57. skate

58. snowboard

59. casual

60. selfie-uri

61. album

62. foto

63. digital

64. share-ui

65. duckface

66. unfriend

67. blitz-ul

68. unti-selfie

69. transparent

70. motive

71. optimizate

72. frontal

73. postura

74. maximum

75. relevant

76. moment

77. filter

78. facebook

79. instagram

80. negative

81. fashion

82. actual

83. costum

84. retro

85. nonconformist

86. office

87. blazer

88. statement

89. designerul

90. stiletto

91. brogues

92. tenisi

93. dresscode

94. austere

95. festiv

96. bleumarin

97. luxerul

98. lameul

99. brocartul

100. glam

101. bodycon

102. dress

103. mini

104. club

105. beauty

106. smokey eyes

107. maron

108. olive

109. gri

110. bej

111. burgund

112. mov

113. design

114. model

115. mall

116. weekend

117. clasica

118. fast fashion

119. mix

120. trendy

121. grunge

122. preppy

123. hippie

124. jeansii

125. trendul

126. styling

127. kitten

128. flats

129. cool

130. crop

131. blazerelor

132. tartan

133. cat eye

134. all black

135. cocktail

136. fashion

137. distressed

138. oxford

139. must have

140. voiaj

141. steamer

142. siteuri

143. site-ul

144. bloggerite

145. vogue

146. bloguri

147. podiumuri

148. cardigan

149. poncho

150. fashionistele

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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DOOM 1 – Dicționar ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române. București: Editura Academiei, 1982. 89 p.

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Sources

www.fashionandbeauty.ro

www.perfecte.md

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http://www.ascrie.org/2009/09/

APPENDICES

Anexa 1

1. look

2. jacheta

3. volum

4. elegant

5. jeans

6. top

7. posterior

8. dramatic

9. printurile

10. sexy

11. vulgar

12. bluza

13. perfect

14. supermodel

15. fotomodel

16. style-iconuri

17. trenduri

18. over-dressed

19. under-dressed

20. luxului

21. modern

22. designerilor

23. brandurile

24. individual

25. topurile

26. zona

27. contrabalansa

28. articole

29. aspect

30. fix

31. vestimentare

32. skinny

33. maschezi

34. larga

35. bufanta

36. ultra

37. vertical

38. creeaza

39. exact

40. invers

41. general

42. stylish

43. voluptoase

44. corpolente

45. combini

46. probleme

47. material

48. defectele

49. fluide

50. street-style

51. surprize

52. sport

53. romantice

54. mesaje

55. normelor

56. unisex

57. skate

58. snowboard

59. casual

60. selfie-uri

61. album

62. foto

63. digital

64. share-ui

65. duckface

66. unfriend

67. blitz-ul

68. unti-selfie

69. transparent

70. motive

71. optimizate

72. frontal

73. postura

74. maximum

75. relevant

76. moment

77. filter

78. facebook

79. instagram

80. negative

81. fashion

82. actual

83. costum

84. retro

85. nonconformist

86. office

87. blazer

88. statement

89. designerul

90. stiletto

91. brogues

92. tenisi

93. dresscode

94. austere

95. festiv

96. bleumarin

97. luxerul

98. lameul

99. brocartul

100. glam

101. bodycon

102. dress

103. mini

104. club

105. beauty

106. smokey eyes

107. maron

108. olive

109. gri

110. bej

111. burgund

112. mov

113. design

114. model

115. mall

116. weekend

117. clasica

118. fast fashion

119. mix

120. trendy

121. grunge

122. preppy

123. hippie

124. jeansii

125. trendul

126. styling

127. kitten

128. flats

129. cool

130. crop

131. blazerelor

132. tartan

133. cat eye

134. all black

135. cocktail

136. fashion

137. distressed

138. oxford

139. must have

140. voiaj

141. steamer

142. siteuri

143. site-ul

144. bloggerite

145. vogue

146. bloguri

147. podiumuri

148. cardigan

149. poncho

150. fashionistele