Analysis of the influence of sensor motor coordination on the [631693]

Analysis of the influence of sensor motor coordination on the
biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault
Vladimir Potop1*, Virgil Ene-Voiculescu2, Carmen Ene -Voiculescu3
1Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ecological University of Bucharest,
Romania2 Faculty of Marine Engineering, „Mircea cel Batran” Naval Academy,
Constanta, Romania
3Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, “Ovidius” University, Constanta, Romania
*corresponding author : [anonimizat]

Analysis of the in fluence of sensor motor coordination on the
biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault
This paper aims to highlight the influence of the sensor motor coordination
development on the kinematics and dynamic characteristics of Yurchenko
hands pring vault in female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years . Pentru aceasta s-a
organizat un studiu experimental în cadrul lotului național de gimnastică artistică
feminină a României, în perioada 2012 -2014, pe un număr de 7 gimnaste de 12 to
15 years. În realizare a sarcinilor cecetării s -au aplicat 3 teste evaluation of sensor
motor coordination la testarea inițială și finală . Pentru a evidenția influența
indicatorilor coordonării senso motrice asupra caracteristicilor biomecanice la
săritura cu sprijin Yurchenko, cu ajutorul metodei de orientare posturală a
mișcării s-a efectuat o analiză video biomecanică folosind programel e Pysics
ToolKit și Kinovea. Iar prin s elecționa rea celor mai eficienți indicatori
biomecanici necesari realizării corecte a săriturii s-a efec tuat o analiz ă corelativă
liniară Person între indicatorii coordonării senso motrice , caracteristicile
biomecanice a săriturii Yurchenko și performanțele obținute în concurs la sărituri
cu sprijin . The results of the study highlighted the strong connection s at p<0.01,
p<0.05 and moderate connections with values of r= 0.500 – 0.650 approximately
level between these indicators and their influence on the technical execution .
Keywords: Biomechanics; correlative analysis; indicators; vault, technical
execution
Subject classification codes : Biomechanics
1. Introduc tion
Artistic gymnastics has made significant progress in its development, consistent with
the changes in the Code of Points 2017 -2020 regarding the content (FIG, 2017) ,
construction and composition of the exercises, the current trends of high performance
sport (Arkaev & Suchilin, 2004 ) and the correct assessment of gymnasts’ efforts based
on the knowledge of the biomechanical particularities (Bruggmann, 1994; Prassas,

Kwon, & Sands, 2006 ), the physical tr aining level and the physiological stress of the
body (Manolachi, 2018).
Vaulting is a very dynamic activity and in a competition the vault, including run-up,
will be completed in just a few seconds (Readhead, 2011) . Deși efectuarea unei sărituri
pare, la prima vedere, mai simplă decât oricare exercițiu la celelalte aparate, totuși,
acesta cere din partea gimnastelor calități deosebite, ca (Vieru, 1997): detenta, viteza,
forța, coordonare și orientare în spațiu, concentrare și curaj. Săriturile re prezintă proba
cu o singură structură tehnică de bază și variantele acesteia, răsturnarea prin stand pe
mâini iar dificultatea și valoarea acetora se apreciază atât prin lungima și înălțimea
zborului doi, cât și de întoarcerile și rotațiile efectuate în di ferite axe ale acestora
(Filipenco, Tomșa , & Buftea , 2014 ; Potop, 201 5).
Therefore one of the main tasks of physical training in gymnastics is to improve the
technique of movement execution. Both of them are meant to avoid the following issues
(Grigore, 2 001): a poor physical training leads to a faulty technique and to failure in
competition; a good technical and physical training which are not supported by proper
mental training result in modest performances. Physical training takes two forms
(Gaverdovski j, 2014; Smolevskij & Gaverdovskij, 1999) : general physical training and
specific physical training. Datorita valențelor sale estetice și spectaculoase, ca sport cu o
tehnică complexă, gimnastica artistic ă solicită aptitudini deosebite celor care doresc să
obțină performanțe mari. În funcție de ponderea acestora prezentăm (Grigore, 2001):
capacitatea coordinativă (îndemânarea), viteza, forța, mobilitatea articulară și suplețea
muscular și rezistența.
Capacitățile coordinative ale sportivilor sunt diferite de la o ramură sportivă la alta ;
ele prezintă a complex of predominantly psycho -motor skills și an optimum operation
of the sensitive vestibular system has a great importance for achieving great sports

results in various branches of sport, contribuind la î nvățarea mai eficientă și rapidă a
unoir noi mișcări (Dragnea & Bota, 1999 ; Boloban, 2006, 2013).
According to Blume (1981), quoted by R. Manno, (1996) elementele component ale
capacității coordinative sunt: capacitatea de combinare și cuplare a mișcărilor ce include
și cooronarea segmentară, capacitatea de orientare spațio -temporală, capacitatea de
diferențiere chinestezică, capacitatea de echilibru, capacitatea de reacție motrică,
capacitatea de trasformare a mișcărilor , simțul ritmului; A. Dragnea & S. Mate –
Teodorescu, (2002) identified the following forms: general, specific and conditional on
other motor skills.
Capacitățile de coordonare depend e de o serie de factori complecși care în unele
cazuri ar putea limita performanța. Aceștia se referă la (Bota & Prodescu, 1997):
tonusul optim al scoarței cerebrale precum și mobilitatea mobilitatea proceselor
corticale fundamentale (excitația și inhibiția), coordonarea intra și intermusculară, starea
funcțională a receptorilor (analizatorii kinestezic, tactil, static -dinamic, visual și
acustic).
This paper aims to highlight the influence of sensor motor coordination on the
kinematic and dynamic characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault in female
gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years.
Hypothesis of the paper. The correlative analysis made between the components of
sensor motor coordination capacity, the indicators of the biomechanical features of
sports technique in Yurchenko handspring vault and the performances achieved in
competition by the female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years will point out the connection
level between these indicators and their influence on the technical execution.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants

A number of 7 female gymnasts, whose age was 12 to 15 in 2012, the year of the
pedagogical experiment, took part in this research. These gymnasts were members of
the junior national team: 2 gymnasts of 12 years old, junior III category, level 4; one
gymna st of 13 years old – Junior II; 2 athletes aged 14 and 2 athletes aged 15 – Junior I.
The subjects of the study were selected from the team who participated in the Romanian
National Championships of Bucharest – 2014 in the handspring vaults event.
2.2. Tes ting procedures
This research was based on the results achieved during the postdoctoral studies of
the first author, from 2012 to 2014, dealing with the fundamentals of the learning
macro -methods of the young female gymnasts during the basic specializatio n stage of
training in women’s artistic gymnastics (Potop, 2015) .
Analiza video computezată by means of ”Kinovea” and ”Physics ToolKit”
programs of biomechanical analysis, folosind method of movement postural orientation
(Boloban, 2013) and assessment of sports technique key elements with complex
coordination of movement structure (Gaverdovskji, 20 14).
A number of 3 tests for the sensor motor coordination assessment were used in this
study la testarea inițială și testarea finală (Potop & Carp, 2017 ):
1) Test 1 – “Biriuk” test, static balance, test for maintaining body balance on tiptoe with
eyes closed and arms along the body (at least 15 -20 sec.);
2) Test 2 –static -kinematic stability – 5 forward rolls in 5 sec. with 10 in -place jumps
with eyes closed, in the center of a graduated circle (maximum deviation of 35 cm);
3) Test 3 – dynamic -kinematic stability – standstill landing, in -depth salto from the
higher bar (uneven bars), assessed by penalties for the execution mistakes 0.1 -1.0
points; 3 attempts.

In order to study the influence of sensor motor coordination development on the
biomechanical characteristics in handspring vaults, a number of 10 Yurchenko
handspring vaults (3 – Yurchenko stretched saltos YSS, 4 – YSS with 360° twist a nd 3
– YSS with 720° t wist) were analyzed bio -mechanically, in competition conditions,
during the Romanian National Championships, Bucharest 2014.
The physic structure of the test routines during the research focused on the
biomechanical analysis of the key elements of Yurchenko round -off vault with
backward salt o stretched (Potop & Urichianu, 2018) , taking into account the functional
structure and the causes as a whole, characteristic of the translational and rotational
motion of body segments around GCG axis (fig. 1).
****Figure 1.

2.3. Statistical analysis
Analiza corelativă s -a realizat la testarea finală a cercetării between the components
of sensor motor coordination capacity, the indicators of the biomechanical features of sports
technique in Yurchenko handspring vault and the performances achieved in competition by the
female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years (Potop & Urichianu, 2018). ”KyPlot” program for
statistical calculation and the parametric test linear correlation – Pearson were used. The i ssues
listed below were analyzed:
a) Horizontal variables :
– Control tests of sensor motor coordination indicators in terms of static balance (test
1), static -kinematic stability (test 2), and dynamic – kinematic stability (test 3).
– Performances obtained in competition – handspring vaults event during the
Romanian National Championships of Women’s Artistic Gymnastics, Bucharest, 2014,
regarding the difficulty, execution and final score on this apparatus.
b) Vertical variables:

– Biomechanical indicators requir ed by the analysis 2, (1-4 indicators): inertia of
rotation (IR, kg∙m2), radius of movement of body segments (RM, m) toes, shoulder and
arms.
– Angular characteristics of the key elements of sports technique (5 -9 indicators): in
preparatory phase – launchi ng body posture 1 (LP1), angle between joints of ankle –
shoulders; multiplication of body posture 1 (MP1), angle between toes – shoulders;
launching body posture 2 (LP2), angle bet ween hand joint – foot 2; in basic phase –
multiplication body posture 2 (MP2), angle between hip – torso; in final phase –
concluding body posture, landing (CP), angle between hip – torso.
– Spatial characteristics of the body segments trajectory (m) (10-19 indicators) : LP1
– shoulders, MP1 – maximum height of GCG flight, LP2 – toes, MP2 – maximum
height of GCG and CP flight – shoulders.
– Kinematic characteristics of angular velocity (rad/s) (20-29): LP1 – shoulders, MP1
– arms and toes, LP2 – toes, MP2 – arms, shoulders and toes and CP – arms , shoulders
and toes.
– Dynamic characteristics of force resultant of GCG movement (N) in all the key
elements of vaults phases (30-34 indicators) .
3. Results
3.1. Sensor motor coordination
Table 1 shows the results of sensor motor coordination development in junior
gymnasts aged 12 -15 years in terms of static balance, static -kinematic stability and
standstill landing. The comparative analysis of physical training of the female gymnasts
aged 12-15 years was made by calculating the most usual statistical indicators and the
significance of the differences between the means of the initial and final testing of the
research (2012 and 2014) using the t – Student parametric method.

****Table 1.

The sensor motor coordination of the 12 -15 years old gymnasts was assessed through 3
tests which highlighted the following values (table 1, mean ± SD, n=7):
Test 1, Biriuk” –static balance test, has a mean of 15.04±2.26 sec in initial testing and
an increa se by 3.96 sec in final testing ( 19.0±2.44 sec), the coefficient of variation
(Cv%) – moderate, namely 15.05% and 12.86%, significant differences between tests at
p˂0.01 (t=5.27);
Test 2, static -kinematic stability, has a mean of 23.28±2.29 cm in initial t esting and a
decrease (improvement) by 1.71 cm in final testing (21.57±0.97 cm), Cv% –high,
namely 9.83% and 4.52%, insignificant differences between tests at p>0.05 (t=1.98);
Test 3, dynamic -kinematic stability, has a mean of 9.26±0.13 points in initial te sting and
an improvement by 0.21 points in final testing (9.47±0.05 points), Cv% –high, namely
1.37 % and 0.52%, significant differences between tests at p˂0.01 (t=4.21).
3.2. Correlations
During the correlative analysis we selected 34 biomechanical indic ators considered
more efficiency for highlighting the influence of the correct technical execution of
Yurchenko handspring vault. The results of the correlative analysis of the sensor motor
coordination indicators, the performances recorded in competition and the
biomechanical indicators of Yurchenko handspring vault point out the following
elements (table 2) :
Test 1, (fig. 2) presents strong connections at p<0.01 with radius of movement
(RM, m) arms r= -.690 and at p<0.05 with radius of movement (RM, m) sh oulders, r= –
.690; trajectory of shoulders in concluding posture (CP, m) r=.687; with angular
velocity of arms in the 1st flight, regarding the multiplication of body posture (MP1,

rad/s) r=.665 and the resultant of force in the 2nd flight, regarding the multiplication of
body posture (MP2, N) r= -.736. Moderate connections with the radius of toes (RM, m)
r=-.536; with the angular velocity of shoulders in launching posture 1 (LP1, rad/s)
r=.532 and toes in the 2nd flight, in terms of multiplication of body posture 2 (MP2,
rad/s) r= -.561; with the resultant of force of GCG movement in the launching posture 1
(LP1, N) r=.572 and LP2, (N) r=.563 while the other indicators show insignificant ,
weak or even non -existing connections at p>0.05.
****Figure 2.

Test 2, (fig. 3 , tables 2 -6) shows moderate connections with the trajectory of
shoulders (X, m) r=.619 and (Y, m) r= -.523; with the resultant of force in launching
posture 2 (LP2, N) r= -.536 while the other indicators show insignificant , weak or even
non-existing connections at p>0.05.
****Figure 3.

Test 3, (fig. 4) presents strong connections at p<0.05 with radius of movement toes
(RM, m), r=.690 and RM shoulders r=.724; trajectory of shoulders in concluding
posture (CP, X, m) r=.711; with the resultant of force of GCG in the 1st flight, in terms
of body posture multiplication (MP1, N) r=.702 and MP2 in the 2nd flight r=.652.
Moderate connections with IR (kg•m2) r=.544; with RM, (m) arms r=.513; with the
angle between hip and torso in t he 2nd flight of MP2, (degrees) r= -.515; with LP1 of
shoulders (X, m) r= -.628 and Y, (m) r=.595; with the trajectory of GCG inMP1 in the
1st flight X, (m) r= -.618 and Y, (m) r=.609; with the trajectory of GCG in MP2 in the
2nd flight Y, (m) r=.579 and the trajectory of shoulders in CP Y, (m) r=.500 while the
other indicators show insignificant , weak or even non -existing connections at p>0.05.

****Figure 4.

The performances achieved in competition concerning the difficulty of the vaults
(fig. 5) have strong connections at p<0.01 with the hip -torso angle in the 1st flight of
MP1 (degrees) r= -.821 and the hip -torso angle (degrees) in the concluding posture (CP)
r=-.855; at p<0.05 with the trajectory of shoulders in CP Y, (m) r= -.687; with the
angul ar velocity of arms in the 1st flight of MP1 (rad/s) r=.698; with the resultant of
force of GCG movement in LP2, (N) r=.691 and in the 2nd flight of MP2, (N) r= -.716.
****Figure 5.

In terms of the score for execution (fig. 6) , there are strong connectio ns at p<0.05
with the trajectory of GCG in the 2nd flight of MP2 X, (m) r=.727 and of CP X, (m)
r=.715; with the angular velocity of toes in the 1st flight of MP1 (rad/s) r=.753 (fig. 6 ,
tables 2 -6); the final score has strong connections at p<0.01 with th e angle hip -torso in
CP (degrees) r= -.814; with the resultant of force of GCG movement in LP2 (N) r=.786;
at p<0.05 with the angular velocity of arms in the 1st flight of MP1 (rad/s) r=.664 and
toes in LP2 (rad/s) r=672.
****Figure 7.

Moderate connection s regarding the vaults difficulty with the hip -torso angle in the
2nd flight of MP2 (degrees) r=.508; with the angular velocity of toes in LP2 (rad/s) r= –
.562; with the resultant of force of GCG movement (N) r=.591; score for execution with
the toes -arms a ngle (degrees) r= -.557; final score with the hip -torso angle in the 1st
flight of MP1 (degrees) r= -.603; with GCG trajectory in the 1st flight of MP2 – Y (m)
r=.509 and shoulders Y (m) r= -.586; with the resultant of force in the 2nd flight of MP2

(N) r= -.530 and of CP (N) r=.576 while the other indicators show insignificant , poor or
even non -existing connections at p>0.05 (tables 2 -6).
4. Discussions
According to the Code of Points (CoP) in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics (FIG, 2017) ,
the handspring vaults are divided into 5 groups iar handspring vaults Yurchenko
belongs to group IV (Round -off (Yurchenko) with/wo 3/4 turn (270°) in 1st flight phase
– salto bwd with/without turn in 2nd flight phase). Modificările CoP 2017 -2020 , scot în
evidență scăderea valorii de dificultatea a săriturii Yurchenko cu 0, 4 puncte (4,00 p.
with stretched salto bwd off, 4,60 p. – with 1/1 turn (360°) off and 5,40 p. – with 2 /1
turn ( 720°) off ). Ca și celelalte sărituri cu sprijin săritura Yurchenko are următoarele
faze (Gaverdovsk ji, 2014; Smolevskij & Gaverdovskij, 1999; Vieru, 1997 ): running,
hurdle onto springboard (round -off), first flight (½ răsturnare înapoi) , support with
hands on table (handspring), second flight (1 ½ salt înapoi) and landing.
Handspring vaults are based on one technical structure and variants thereof, the
handspring rollover. Thus, while dealing with the biomechanical issues of handspring
vaults, many authors studied the identify mechanical variables that govern successful
performance of the ha ndspring with full turn vault (Takey, 1998), the identify an
optimum technique for the women’s Yurchenko layout vault through an application of
optimal control theory on a five -segment model consisting of the hand, whole arm,
upper trunk, lower trunk and whole leg (Koh, et al, 2001) , the predict an individual’s
optimal Yurchenko layout vault by modifying selecte d critical mechanical variables
(Koh, et al., 2003), the dynamic optimization technique is feasible for complex
movements, using the Yurchenko layo ut vault (Koh & Jenning, 2003 ), the parameters of
contact with the floor (Seeley & Bressel, 2005 ), the computer simulation of gymnastics
vault landings (Mills, 2005 ), the kinematics analysis of the center of mass in the springboard

phase of the Yurchenko -style vault (Penitente, et al, 2007), the development of the velocity
for vault runs in artistic gymnastics (Naundorf, et al, 2008), the investigate how the
kinematic factors during the horse (table) contact phase influence the post -flight
performance in handspring vaulting (Chen, Yu, & Cheng, 2009), the study was to point
out the biomechanical explanation of the judges’ detection of scores relative to the on –
board and pre -flight phases of the Yurchenko vault with one twist on (table) (Penit ente,
et al, 2009 ), the a biomechanical comparison of this type of vault and two associated
teaching drills (Elliott & Mitchell, 2010) , the characterize the normal (Fz) and anterior –
posterior (Fx) hand contact forces of female gymnasts performing a handspring vault on the
modern vault table (Penitente, et al, 2010), the effect of biomechanical variables on the
assessment of vaulting in top -level artistic female gymnasts in world cup competitions
(Farana & Vaverka, 2012), the important to know the biomechanical characteristics of
technique for skilled female gymnasts performing vault group Round -off, flic -flac on vault table
(Kashuba, Khmelnitska, & Krupenya, 2012 ), the determine which kinematic characteristics may
be used as a performance indicator(s) for vault (), the kinematics of springboard phase, the
kinematic variables of table vault on artistic gymnastics (Fernandes, et al, 2016), the
delve into run -up velocity measurements in previous research and to interpret the data
and the possible influences based on the methodologies of the studies (Fujihara, 2016),
the identify kinematic variables that govern successful performance and judges' scores
and to establish correlative relationships among those of Yurchenko layout with a full
twist in female vaults (Park, & Kim, 2017 ), the identify kinematic variables that govern
successful performance and judges' scores and to establish correlative relationships
among those variables of Yurchenko layout with a full twist in female vaults (Kim &
Park, 2017), the improvement of sports technique based on biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault in women’s artistic gymnastics , the e-learning by computer
video analysis, the use of e -training in mathematics modeling of the biomechanical

characteristics and the a pplication of transfer technology in the improvement of
learning the elements in women's artistic gymnastics (Potop, et al, 2015, 2017, 2018) .
The correlative analysis between the studied indicators, regarding the sensor motor
coordination development indicators and the performances achieved in handspring
vaults events with the biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko vault, reveals strong
connections at p<0.01, p<0.05 and moderate connections with values of r= 0.500 –
0.650 approximately (table 2 and figures 2 -7).
These significant differences reveal the influence of sensor motor coordination on
the improvement of the key elements of Yurchenko handspring vault sport technique
based on the biomechanical indicators in conformity with the performances obtained in
competition and the implementation of the bases of l earning macro -methods in junior
gymnasts’ training (Potop, 2015) .
5. Conclusions
The results of the study demonstrate the improvement of sensor motor coordination
development by increasing the duration of maintaining the static balance, decreasing the
deviation in the static -kinematic stability and bettering the standstill landing and the
dynamic -kinematic sta bility.
The computerized video biomechanical analysis consistent with the method of
movement postural orientation highlights the improvement of the key elements of
Yurchenko handspring vault sport technique in the case of the junior female gymnasts
of 12 -15 years old on the basis of the angular, spatial, kinematic and dynamic
characteristics indicators and the performances achieved in competition.
The results of the linear correlative analysis point out strong connections between
the sensor motor coordination indicators, the performances obtained in the handspring
vaults event and the biomechanical indicators.

The correlative analysis between the components of the capacity for sensor motor
coordination, the indicators of the biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko
handspring vault sports technique and the performances obtained in competition by the
junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years showed the connection between these indicators
and their i nfluence upon the technical execution, fact that validates the hypothesis
proposed by the research .
Acknowledgment
We express our gratitude to the Romanian Gymnastics Federation and especially to
Mrs. Anca Grigoras Mihailescu – federal coach and to the coaches of the Olympic
Team who hel ped us to conduct this research .
Disclosure of interest
The authors report no conflict of interest .
ORCID
Vladimir Potop: https://orcid.org/0000 -0001 -8571 -2469
Virgil Ene -Voiculescu : https://orcid.org/0000 -0002 -1451 -207X
Carmen Ene -Voiculescu : https://orcid.org/0000 -0002 -5103 -8370
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Table 1. Results of sensor motor coordination development of junior gymnasts aged 12
to 15 (n=7) .

Control tests Statistical indicators
mean SD Cv% t р
IT FT IT FT IT FT
Test 1, (sec) 15.04 19.00 2.26 2.44 15.05 12.86 5.27 <0.01
Test 2, (cm) 23.28 21.57 2.29 0.97 9.83 4.52 1.98 >0.05
Test 3, (points) 9.26 9.47 0.13 0.05 1.37 0.52 4.21 <0.01
Note: IT – initial testing; FT – final testing; SD – standard deviation; Cv% – coefficient of variation;
parametric t – Test: Paired Comparison for Means
Table 2. Correlation of sensor motor coordination development indicators with
Yurchenko vault biomechanical characteristics and the performances achieved in
competition (n =10)

№ r, Pearson Control tests Results comp.(points)
Biomechanical
indicators Test 1
(sec) Test 2
(cm) Test 3
(points) D. E. Final
score
1 IR (kg·m2) -.127 -.461 .544 .352 .221 .379
2 RM,
(m)
toes -.536 -.368 *.690 -.382 .177 -.218
3 should *-.690 -.189 *.724 -.483 .257 -.259
4 arms **-.799 .144 .513 -.372 .068 -.260
5
KE,
(deg)

LP1 -.238 -.143 -.118 .394 -.557 .049
6 MP1 -.333 .189 .118 **-.821 .088 -.603
7 LP2 .123 -.117 -.452 .309 -.213 .143
8 MP2 .458 -.002 -.515 .508 -.139 .334
9 CP -.409 .201 .073 **-.855 -.306 **-.814
10 LP1 should,
m x .133 .619 -.628 .003 .051 .026
11 y -.112 -.523 .595 .294 .181 .315
12 MP1 GCG,
m x -.155 .285 -.618 .311 -.244 .129
13 y -.056 -.103 .609 -.219 .288 -.037
14 LP2 toes,
m x .051 .469 -.270 -.171 .399 .053
15 y -.044 -.414 .494 .398 .063 .341
16 MP2 GCG,
m x .091 -.025 .434 -.221 *.727 .166
17 y .078 -.396 .579 .436 .358 .509
18 CP should,
m x .156 -.301 *.711 .138 *.715 .442
19 y *.687 .078 .500 *-.687 -.101 -.586
20 LP1 should rad/s .532 .284 -.535 .465 -.176 .283
21 MP1 arms rad/s *.665 -.319 -.393 *.698 .250 *.664
22 toes rad/s .351 -.060 .256 -.126 *.753 .253
23 LP2 toes rad/s -.275 .185 -.404 -.562 -.495 *.672
24 MP2 arms rad/s .079 -.187 -.371 .028 -.446 -.186
25 should rad/s -.429 .283 .148 -.374 -.156 -.366
26 toes rad/s -.561 .417 .310 -.369 .221 -.187
27 CP arms rad/s .228 -.089 -.253 -.178 -.344 -.301
28 should rad/s .458 -.024 -.169 .387 .038 .322
29 toes rad/s .466 .084 -.427 .377 -.066 .265
30 LP1 N .572 -.323 -.031 .478 .449 .585
31 MP1 N -.464 -.284 *.702 -.486 .091 -.339
32 LP2 GCG N .563 -.536 .042 *.691 .523 **.786
33 MP2 N *-.736 .081 *.652 *-.716 .067 -.530
34 CP N .276 -.091 .019 .591 .239 .576
Note: Parametric test linear correlation Pearson’s; ** – p<0.01; * – p<0.05

1 2 3 4 5
Figure 1. Phasic structure of the key elements of Yurchenko vault sports technique
(Round -off, flic -flac on, stretched salt backwards) ; in preparatory phase – 1) launching
posture of the body (LP1), flip off of the springboard (preparatory movement) and 2)
multiplic ation of posture of the body (MP1) – the 1st flight, half back rollover and 3)
handspring on apparatus (LP2) , flip off of the table; in basic phase – 4) multiplication
of posture of the body (MP2), the 2nd flight that highlights the shape of salt and the
momentum of maximum height of GCG (1 ½ stretched salt backwards, 1 ½ stretched
salt backwards with 360° and 720° turn); and in final phase – 5) concluding posture
(CP) of the body, moment of landing damping and freezing (standstill landing)

-1-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35r
Biomechanical indicators

Figure 2. Results of the linear correlation between the biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault and the static balance – test 1
-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35r
Biomechanical indicators

Figure 3. Results of the linear correlation between the biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault and the static -kinematic stability – test 2
-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35r
Biomechanical indicators

Figure 4. Results of the linear correlation between the biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault and the dynamic -kinematic stability – test 3
-1-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35r
Biomechanical indicators

Figure 5. Results of the linear correlation between the biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault and the difficult of the vaults in competition
-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,81
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35r
Biomechanical indicators

Figure 6. Results of the linear correlation between the biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault and the execution score in competition

-1-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,200,20,40,60,81
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35r
Biomechanical indicators
Figure 7. Results of the linear correlation between the biomechanical indicators of
Yurchenko handspring vault and the final score in competition