Analysis of the influence of sensor motor coordination on the [631671]

Analysis of the influence of sensor motor coordination on the
biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault
Vladimir Potop1*, Virgil Ene-Voiculescu2, Carmen Ene -Voiculescu3
1Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ecological University of Bucharest,
Romania2 Faculty of Marine Engineering, „Mircea cel Batran” Naval Academy,
Constanta, Romania
3Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, “Ovidius” University, Constanta, Romania
*corresponding author : [anonimizat]

Analysis of the in fluence of sensor motor coordination on the
biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault
This paper aims to highlight the influence of the sensor motor coordination on the
kinematics and dynamic characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault in women
artistic gymnastics . To this end, an experimental study was carried out in the
Romanian national team of women’s artistic gymnastics from 2012 to 2014; a
number of 7 gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years participated in the study. The
fulfilment of the res earch tasks involved the organization of 3 tests for the
evaluation of sensor -motor coordination. In order to reveal the influence of the
sensor -motor coordination indicators on the biomechanical characteristics of
Yurchenko handspring vault by means of th e method of movement postural
orientation, a video biomechanical analysis was made using Physics ToolKit and
Kinovea programs. By selecting the most efficient biomechanical indicators
required for the correct execution of the vault, a linear parametric cor relative
analysis (Pearson’s) was conducted between the indicators of the sensor -motor
coordination, the bi omechanical characteristics of Yurchenko vault and the
performances achieved in the handspring vaults event. The results of the study
highlighted the strong connections at p<0.01, p<0.05 and moderate connections
with values of r= 0.500 – 0.650 approximately level between these indicators and
their influence on the technical execution .
Keywords: biomechanics; correlative analysis; indicators; vault, technical
execution
Subject classification codes : biomechanics
1. Introduc tion
Artistic gymnastics has made significant progress in its development, consistent with
the changes in the Code of Points 2017 -2020 regarding the content (FIG, 2017),
construction and composition of the exercises, the current trends of high performance
sport (Arkaev & Suchilin, 2004) and the correct assessment of gymnasts’ efforts based
on the knowledge of the biomechanical particularities (Bruggmann, 1994; Prassas,

Kwon, & Sands, 2006 ), the physical training level and the physiological stress of the
body (Manolachi, 2018).
Vaulting is a very dynamic activity; during a competition, the vault, including run –
up, will be completed in just a few seconds ( Readhead, 2011). Although the exec ution
of a vault seems to be, at first glance, simpler than any other routine on the other
apparatus, however it requires particular skills of the athletes, like (Vieru, 1997): spring,
speed, strength, coordination and orientation in space, concentration a nd courage.
Vaulting is the event with only one basic technical structure, the back handspring and its
variants; the difficulty and value of these ones are evaluated according to their length
and height of the second flight and also depending on the saltos and twists in different
axes (Filipenco, Tomșa, & Buftea, 2014; Potop, 2015).
Therefore the physical training in gymnastics is mainly focused on the improvement
of the technique of movement execution. The purpose is to avoid the following issues
(Grigore , 2001): a poor physical training leads to a faulty technique and to failure in
competition; a good technical and physical training which is not supported by proper
mental training result in modest performances. Physical training takes two forms
(Gaverdovs kij, 2014; Smolevskij & Gaverdovskij, 1999): general physical training and
specific physical training. Thanks to its aesthetical and spectacular features, artistic
gymnastics – a sport with complex technique – involves special aptitudes of the athletes
who aim at high performance. Depending on the share of these skills, we can speak of
(Grigore, 2001): coordinative capacity (skill), speed, strength, joint mobility and
endurance.
Athletes’ coordinative capacities differ from one sports branch to another; th ey are
characterized by a complex of predominantly psycho -motor skills and an
optimum operation of the sensitive vestibular system which has a great importance for

achieving great sports results in various branches of sport and contributes to the more
efficient and rapid learning of new movements (Boloban, 2006, 2013 ; Dragnea & Bota,
1999 ; Gidu, Straton , & Hrițac, 2010 ).
According to Blume (1981), quoted by R. Manno, (1996) the constitutive elements
of the coordinative capacity(including the segmental coord ination) are: capacity for
combining and joining the movements, capacity for spatial -temporal orientation,
capacity for kinesthetic differentiation, capacity for balance, capacity for motor
reaction, capacity for movements transformation, sense of rhythm. The authors A.
Dragnea & S. Mate -Teodorescu, (2002) identified the following forms: general, specific
and conditional on other motor skills.
The coordination capacity depends of a series of complex factors that could restrict
the performance in certain c ases. These ones are (Bota & Prodescu, 1997): the optimal
tonus of the cerebral cortex and the mobility of the fundamental cortical processes
(excitation and inhibition), intra and inter -muscular coordination , functional status of
the receptors (kinestheti c, tactile, static -dynamic, visual and acoustic analyzers).
This paper aims at highlighting the influence of sensor motor coordination on the
kinematic and dynamic characteristics of Yurchenko handspring vault in female
gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years.
Hypot hesis of the paper. The correlative analysis made between the components of
sensor -motor coordination capacity, the indicators of the biomechanical features of
sports technique in Yurchenko handspring vault and the performances achieved in
competition by t he female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years will point out the connection
level between these indicators and their influence on the technical execution .
2. Methods
2.1. Participants

A number of 7 female gymnasts, whose age was 12 to 15 in 2012, the year of the
pedagogical experiment, took part in this research. These gymnasts were members of
the junior national team: 2 gymnasts of 12 years old, junior III category, level 4; one
gymnast of 13 years old – Junior II; 2 athletes aged 14 and 2 athletes aged 15 – Junior I.
The subjects of the study were selected from the team who participated in the Romanian
National Championships of Bucharest – 2014 in the handspring vaults event.
2.2. Testing procedures
This research was based on the results achieved during the pos tdoctoral studies of
the first author, from 2012 to 2014, dealing with the fundamentals of the learning
macro -methods of the young female gymnasts during the basic specialization stage of
training in women’s artistic gymnastics (Potop, 2015); it is include d in the research plan
in the field of National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine, with the
subject matters: 2.11, 2.32 and in the plan of research for 2017 -2018 of the Faculty of
Physical Education and Sport, Ecological University of B ucharest.
We used the video computerized analysis by means of ”Kinovea” and ”Physics
ToolKit” programs of biomechanical analysis, based on the method of movement
postural orientation (Boloban, 2013) and assessment of sports technique key elements
with com plex coordination of movement structure (Gaverdovskji, 2014).
A number of 3 tests for the sensor -motor coordination evaluation were used in this
study in initial and final testing ( Potop & Carp, 2017 ):
1) Test 1 – “Biriuk” test, static balance, test for maintaining body balance on tiptoes
with eyes closed and arms along the body (at least 15 -20 sec.);
2) Test 2 –static -kinematic stability – 5 forward rolls in 5 sec. with 10 in -place jumps
with eyes closed, in the center of a graduated circle (maximum devi ation of 35 cm);

3) Test 3 – dynamic -kinematic stability – standstill landing, in -depth salto from the
higher bar (uneven bars), assessed by penalties for the execution mistakes 0.1 -1.0
points; 3 attempts.
In order to study the influence of sensor motor coordination development on the
biomechanical characteristics in handspring vaults, a number of 10 Yurchenko
handspring vaults (3 – Yurchenko stretched saltos YSS, 4 – YSS with 360° twist and 3
– YSS with 720° twist) were analyzed bio -mechanically, in comp etition conditions,
during the Romanian National Championships, Bucharest 2014.
The physic structure of the test routines during the research focused on the
biomechanical analysis of the key elements of Yurchenko round -off vault with
backward salto stretc hed (Potop & Urichianu, 2018), taking into account the functional
structure and the causes as a whole, characteristic of the translational and rotational
motion of body segments around GCG axis (fig. 1).
****Figure 1.

2.3. Statistical analysis
The correlative analysis was performed in the research final testing between the
components of sensor motor coordination capacity, the indicators of the biomechanical
features of sports technique in Yurchenko handspring vault and the performances
achieved in competition by the female gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years (Potop &
Urichianu, 2018). ”KyPlot” program for statistical calculation and the parametric test
linear correlation – Pearson were used. The issues listed below were analyzed:
a) Horizontal variables:
– Control tests of sensor motor coordination indicators in terms of static balance (test
1), static -kinematic stability (test 2), and dynamic – kinematic stability (test 3).

– Performances obtained in competition – handspring vaults event during the
Romanian National Championships of Women’s Artistic Gymnastics, Bucharest, 2014,
regarding the difficulty, execution and final score on this apparatus.
b) Vertical variables:
– Biomechanical indicators required by the analysis 2, (1 -4 indicators): inertia of
rotati on (IR, kg∙m2), radius of movement of body segments (RM, m) toes, shoulder and
arms.
– Angular characteristics of the key elements of sports technique (5 -9 indicators): in
preparatory phase – launching body posture 1 (LP1), angle between joints of ankle –
shoulders; multiplication of body posture 1 (MP1), angle between toes – shoulders;
launching body posture 2 (LP2), angle between hand joint – foot 2; in basic phase –
multiplication body posture 2 (MP2), angle between hip – torso; in final phase –
concludi ng body posture, landing (CP), angle between hip – torso.
– Spatial characteristics of the body segments trajectory (m) (10 -19 indicators): LP1
– shoulders, MP1 – maximum height of GCG flight, LP2 – toes, MP2 – maximum
height of GCG and CP flight – shoulder s.
– Kinematic characteristics of angular velocity (rad/s) (20 -29): LP1 – shoulders, MP1
– arms and toes, LP2 – toes, MP2 – arms, shoulders and toes and CP – arms, shoulders
and toes.
– Dynamic characteristics of force resultant of GCG movement (N) in al l the key
elements of vaults phases (30 -34 indicators).
3. Results
3.1. Sensor motor coordination
Table 1 shows the results of sensor motor coordination development in junior
gymnasts aged 12 -15 years in terms of static balance, static -kinematic stability a nd

standstill landing. The comparative analysis of physical training of the female gymnasts
aged 12 -15 years was made by calculating the most usual statistical indicators and the
significance of the differences between the means of the initial and final t esting of the
research (2012 and 2014) using the t – Student parametric method.
****Table 1.

The sensor motor coordination of the 12 -15 years old gymnasts was assessed through 3
tests which highlighted the following values (table 1, mean ± SD, n=7):
Test 1, “Biriuk” –static balance test, has a mean of 15.04±2.26 sec in initial testing and
an increase by 3.96 sec in final testing (19.0±2.44 sec), the coefficient of variation
(Cv%) – moderate, namely 15.05% and 12.86%, significant differences between tests at
p˂0.01 (t=5.27);
Test 2, static -kinematic stability, has a mean of 23.28±2.29 cm in initial testing and a
decrease (improvement) by 1.71 cm in final testing (21.57±0.97 cm), Cv% –high,
namely 9.83% and 4.52%, insignificant differences between tests at p> 0.05 (t=1.98);
Test 3, dynamic -kinematic stability, has a mean of 9.26±0.13 points in initial testing and
an improvement by 0.21 points in final testing (9.47±0.05 points), Cv% –high, namely
1.37 % and 0.52%, significant differences between tests at p˂0.01 (t=4.21).
3.2. Correlations
During the correlative analysis we selected 34 biomechanical indicators considered
more efficient for highlighting the influence of the correct technical execution of
Yurchenko handspring vault. The results of the correlative analysis of the sensor motor
coordination indicators, the performances recorded in competition and the
biomechanical indicators of Yurchenko handspring vault point out the following
elements (table 2):

Test 1, (fig. 2) presents strong connections at p<0.0 1 with radius of movement
(RM, m) arms r= -.799 and at p<0.05 with radius of movement (RM, m) shoulders, r= –
.690; trajectory of shoulders in concluding posture (CP, m) r=.687; with angular
velocity of arms in the 1st flight, regarding the multiplication of body posture (MP1,
rad/s) r=.665 and the resultant of force in the 2nd flight, regarding the multiplication of
body posture (MP2, N) r= -.736. Moderate connections with the radius of toes (RM, m)
r=-.536; with the angular velocity of shoulders in launching posture 1 (LP1, rad/s)
r=.532 and toes in the 2nd flight, in terms of multiplication of body posture 2 (MP2,
rad/s) r= -.561; with the resultant of force of GCG movement in the launching posture 1
(LP1, N) r=.572 and LP2, (N) r=.563 while the other indicato rs show insignificant,
weak or even non -existing connections at p>0.05.
****Figure 2.

Test 2, (fig. 3 ) shows moderate connections with the trajectory of shoulders (X, m)
r=.619 and (Y, m) r= -.523; with the resultant of force in launching posture 2 (LP2, N)
r=-.536 while the other indicators show insignificant, weak or even non -existing
connections at p>0.05.
****Figure 3.

Test 3, (fig. 4) presents strong connections at p<0.05 with radius of movement toes
(RM, m), r=.690 and RM shoulders r=.724; trajectory of shoulders in concluding
posture (CP, X, m) r=.711; with the resultant of force of GCG in the 1st flight, in terms
of body posture multiplication (MP1, N) r=.702 and MP2 in the 2nd flight r=.652.
Moderate connections with IR (kg•m2) r=.544; wi th RM, (m) arms r=.513; with the
angle between hip and torso in the 2nd flight of MP2, (degrees) r= -.515; with LP1 of

shoulders (X, m) r= -.628 and Y, (m) r=.595; with the trajectory of GCG inMP1 in the
1st flight X, (m) r= -.618 and Y, (m) r=.609; with the trajectory of GCG in MP2 in the
2nd flight Y, (m) r=.579; with the trajectory of shoulders in CP Y, (m) r=.500 with
angular velocity of shoulders in launching posture 1 (LP1, rad/s) r= -.535 while the other
indicators show insignificant, weak or even non-existing connections at p>0.05.
****Figure 4.

The performances achieved in competition concerning the difficulty of the vaults
(fig. 5) have strong connections at p<0.01 with the hip -torso angle in the 1st flight of
MP1 (degrees) r= -.821 and the hip -torso angle (degrees) in the concluding posture (CP)
r=-.855; at p<0.05 with the trajectory of shoulders in CP Y, (m) r= -.687; with the
angular velocity of arms in the 1st flight of MP1 (rad/s) r=.698; with the resultant of
force of GCG movement in LP2, (N ) r=.691 and in the 2nd flight of MP2, (N) r= -.716.
****Figure 5.

In terms of the score for execution (fig. 6), there are strong connections at p<0.05
with the trajectory of GCG in the 2nd flight of MP2 X, (m) r=.727 and of CP X, (m)
r=.715; with the an gular velocity of toes in the 1st flight of MP1 (rad/s) r=.753 (fig. 6,
tables 2 -6); the final score has strong connections at p<0.01 with the angle hip -torso in
CP (degrees) r= -.814; with the resultant of force of GCG movement in LP2 (N) r=.786;
at p<0.05 with the angular velocity of arms in the 1st flight of MP1 (rad/s) r=.664 and
toes in LP2 (rad/s) r=672.
****Figure 7.

Moderate connections regarding the vaults difficulty with the hip -torso angle in the
2nd flight of MP2 (degrees) r=.508; with the angular velocity of toes in LP2 (rad/s) r= –
.562; with the resultant of force of GCG movement (N) r=.591; score for execution with
the toes -arms angle (degrees) r= -.557; final score with the hip -torso angle in the 1st
flight of MP1 (degrees) r= -.603; with GCG trajectory in the 1st flight of MP2 – Y (m)
r=.509 and shoulders Y (m) r= -.586; with the resultant of force in the 2nd flight of MP2
(N) r= -.530 and of CP (N) r=.576 while the other indicators show insignificant , poor or
even non -existing connections at p>0.05 (tables 2 -6).
4. Discussions
According to the Code of Points (CoP) in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics (FIG,
2017), the handspring vaults are divided into 5 groups and the handspring vaults
Yurchenko belongs to gr oup IV ( Round -off (Yurchenko) with/without 3/4 turn (270°)
in 1st flight phase – salto bwd with/without turn in 2nd flight phase). The changes of the
CoP 2017 -2020 highlight the decrease of the difficulty value of Yurchenko vault by 0.4
points (4.00 p. withstretched salto bwd off, 4.60 p. – with 1/1 turn (360°) off and 5.40 p.
– with 2/1 turn (720°) off). As the other handspring vaults, Yurchenko vault has the
following phases (Gaverdovskji, 2014; Smolevskij & Gaverdovskij, 1999; Vieru, 1997):
running, hurdle onto springboard (round -off), first flight (½ back somersault), support
with hands on table (handspring), second flight (1 ½ back salto) and landing.
Handspring vaults are based on one technical structure and variants thereof, the
handspring rollov er. Thus, while dealing with the biomechanical issues of handspring
vaults, many authors tried to identify the mechanical variables that govern successful
performance of the handspring with full turn vault (Takey, 1998), to find the best
technique for wom en’s Yurchenko layout vault through an application of optimal
control theory on a five -segment model consisting of the hand, entire arm, upper trunk,

lower trunk and entire leg (Koh, et al, 2001), to predict an individual’s optimal
Yurchenko layout vault b y modifying the selected critical mechanical variables (Koh, et
al., 2003). The dynamic optimization technique is feasible for complex movements,
using the Yurchenko layout vault (Koh & Jenning, 2003), the parameters of contact
with the floor (Seeley & Bre ssel, 2005), the computer simulation of gymnastics vault
landings (Mills, 2005), the kinematics analysis of the centre of mass in the springboard
phase (Penitente, et al, 2007), the development of the velocity for vault runs in artistic
gymnastics ( Naundor f, et al, 2008). The researchers investigated how the kinematic
factors during the horse (table) contact phase influence the post -flight performance in
handspring vaulting (Chen, Yu, & Cheng, 2009), they tried to point out the
biomechanical explanation of judges’ detection of scores relative to the on -board and
pre-flight phases of the Yurchenko vault with one twist on table (Penitente, et al, 2009).
A biomechanical comparison of this type of vault and two associated teaching drills was
made (Elliott & Mitc hell, 2010), characterizing the normal (Fz) and anterior -posterior
(Fx) hand contact forces of female gymnasts performing a handspring vault on the
modern vault table (Penitente, et al, 2010), the effect of biomechanical variables on the
assessment of vaul ting in top -level artistic female gymnasts in World Cup competitions
(Farana & Vaverka, 2012). It is important to know the biomechanical characteristics of
the technique for elite female gymnasts performing the vault group Round -off, flic -flac
on vault tab le (Kashuba, Khmelnitska, & Krupenya, 2012), to determine which
kinematic characteristics may be used as performance indicator(s) for vault ( Jeroen Van
der Eb, et al., 2012 ), to analyze the kinematics of springboard phase, the kinematic
variables of table vault in artistic gymnastics (Fernandes, et al, 2016), the run -up
velocity measurements shown in previous studies and to interpret the data and the
possible influences based on the methodologies of the studies ( Fujihara, 2016). It is also

necessary to identify the kinematic variables that govern successful performance and
judges' scores and to establish correlative relationships of the variables of layout with
full twist Yurchenko -type vault in women’s vaulting (Park , & Kim, 2017). The
improvement of sports technique based on biomechanical indicators of Yurchenko
handspring vault in women’s artistic gymnastics, the e -learning by computer video
analysis, the use of e -training in mathematics modelling of the biomechanic al
characteristics and the application of transfer technology in the improvement of
learning the elements in women's artistic gymnastics were also studied by the specialists
(Potop, et al, 2015, 2017, 2018).
The correlative analysis between the studied i ndicators regarding the sensor motor
coordination development, the performances achieved in handspring vaults events and
the biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko vault reveals strong connections at
p<0.01, p<0.05 and moderate connections with values of r= 0.500 –0.650 approximately
(table 2 and figures 2 -7).
These significant differences highlight the influence of sensor motor coordination
on the improvement of the key elements of Yurchenko handspring vault sport technique
based on the biomechanical indicators in conformity with the performances obtained in
competition and the implementation of the bases of learning macro -methods in junior
gymnasts’ training (Potop, 2015).
5. Conclusions
The results of the study demonstrate the improvement of sensor mo tor coordination
development by increasing the duration of maintaining the static balance, decreasing the
deviation in the static -kinematic stability and bettering the standstill landing and the
dynamic -kinematic stability.

The computerized video biomecha nical analysis consistent with the method of
movement postural orientation highlights the improvement of the key elements of
Yurchenko handspring vault sport technique in the case of the junior female gymnasts
of 12 -15 years old on the basis of the angular , spatial, kinematic and dynamic
characteristics indicators and the performances obtained in competition.
The results of the linear correlative analysis point out strong connections between
the sensor motor coordination indicators, the performances obtained in the handspring
vaults event and the biomechanical indicators.
The correlative analysis between the components of the capacity for sensor motor
coordination, the indicators of the biomechanical characteristics of Yurchenko
handspring vault sports technique and the performances obtained in competition by the
junior gymnasts aged 12 to 15 years showed the connection between these indicators
and their i nfluence upon the technical execution, fact that validates the hypothesis
proposed by the research .
Disclosure of interest
The authors report no conflict of interest.
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