Analiza Contrastivă a [618882]

1
UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA
FACULTATEA DE LIMBI ȘI LITERATURI STRĂINE
DEPARTAMENT TRADUCERE, INTERPRETARE ȘI LINGVISTICĂ
APLICATĂ

VASILACHE IURIE

ANALIZA CONTRASTIV Ă A COMUNICĂRII MEDIATIZATE
ÎN RE܉ELE SOCIALE
ÎN LIMBILE ENGLEZĂ ȘI ROMÂNĂ
(Group Chat , E-mail, Facebook Messaging)

223.1. LIMBA EN GLEZĂ APLICATĂ ȘI LIMBA B APLICATĂ

Teză de Licen܊ă

܇ef catedră : _________________ Grădinaru Angela
(Semnătura)

Conducător ܇tiințific : _________________ Svetlana Corcodel, Lector Universitar
(Semnătura)

Autorul: _________________ Vasilache Iurie
(Semnătura)

CHIȘINĂU -2017

2
MOLDOVA STATE UNIVERSITY
THE FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION, INTERPRETATION AND APPLIED
LINGUISTICS

VASILACHE IURIE

CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF COMPUTER MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN
LANGUAGES
(Group Chat, E-mail, Facebook Messaging)

223.1. APPLIED ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND APPLIED B LANGUAGE

DIPLOMA PAPER

Head of Department : _________________ Grădinaru Angela

Conducător ܇tiințific : ________________ Svetlana Corcodel, MA, University Lecturer

Author: _________________ Vasilache Iurie

CHIȘINĂU -2017

3
ANNOTATION
This diploma paper is written by Vasilache Iurie, on the topic: “Contrastive study of
Computer Mediated Communication in English and Romanian Languages ”, Chi܈inău 2017. The
diploma paper begins with an introduction than Two Chapters, Conclusions and General
Conclusions and Recommendations, 45 overall pages and bibliography of 45 sources.
Key-words: Computer Mediated Communication, World Wide Web, Network, E-mail,
Group Chat, Instant Messaging, Emoticons.
This Diploma Paper has Two Chapters, the First Chapter in dedicated to theory on the
Computer Mediated Communication and is called: Theoretical Approach of Computer Mediated
Communication. The second Chapter is practical and is called: Contrastive Approach to
Computer Mediated Communication in English and Romanian Languages.
Chapter One is dedicated to the theory, characteristics, peculiarities and history of
Computer Mediated Communication and is composed of four main parts: 1.1 Definition of
Computer Mediated Communication ; 1.2 History of Computer Mediated Communication ; 1.3
Classification of Computer Mediated Communication ; 1.4 Linguistic Characteristics of
Computer Mediated Communication. In these parts we have brought definitions of the Computer
Mediated Communication, history and linguistic peculiarities.
The second chapter is practical and three Computer Mediated Communication systems
are analyzed from the linguistic point of view: group chat, e-mail and instant messaging with
concrete examples. The second Chapter is composed of four parts: 2.1 Lexical Aspect of
Computer Mediated Communication ; 2.2 Grammatical Aspect of Computer Mediated
Communication ; 2.3 Peculiarities of Computer Mediated Communication in English and
Romanian ; 2.4 The Effect of Computer Mediated Communication on the Language Usage.
At the end of this Diploma Paper is written “General Conclusions and
Recommendations ” that describes the work we have done, personal opinions and conclusions
about the research.

4
ADNOTARE
Această lucrare este elaborat ă de Vasilache Iurie, pe tema: " Analiza Contrastivă a
Comunicării Mediatizate în Rețele Sociale în Limbile Engleză ܈i Română", Chi܈inău 2017.
Lucrarea de cercetare începe cu introducere, două capitole, concluzii ܈i concluzii genera le ܈i
recomandări, 45 de pagini ܈i bibliografiecu 50 de surse.
Cuvinte cheie: Computer Mediated Communication, World Wide Web, Network, E-mail,
Group Chat, Instant Messaging, Emoticons.
Această lucrare este compus ă din două capitole, primul capitol este dedicat teoriei
comunicării mediatizate ܈ i este numit: Theoretical Approach of Computer Mediated
Communication. Capitolul al doilea este practic ܈i se nume܈te: Contrastive Approach to
Computer Mediated Communication in English and Romanian Languages.
Capitolul unu este dedicat teoriei, caracteristicilor, particularităților ܈i istoriei comunicării
mediatizate ܈i este compus din patru părți principale: 1.1 Definition of Computer Mediated
Communication; 1.2 History of Computer Mediated Communication; 1.3 Classification of
Computer Mediated Communication; 1.4 Linguistic Characteristics of Computer Mediated
Communication . În aceste părți a m adus d efiniții ale comunicării mediatizate, istoriei ܈i
particularităților lingvistice.
Al doilea capitol este practic ܈i sunt analizate din punct de vedere lingvistic trei sisteme
de comunicare mediatizată : chat de grup, e- mail ܈i mesagerie instant anee cu exemple concrete.
Al doilea capitol este alcătuit din patru părți: 2.1 Lexical Aspect of Computer Mediated
Communication; 2.2 Grammatical Aspect of Computer Mediated Communication; 2.3
Peculiarities of Computer Mediated Communication in English and Romanian; 2.4 The Effect of
Computer Mediated Communication on the Language Usage.
La sfâr܈itul acestei lucrări este scrisă "General Conclusions and Recommendations" care
descriu munca pe care am făcut -o în această lucrare, opinii personale ܈i concluzii despre
cercetare.

5
Contents
Annotation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Chapter One
I Theoretical Approach of Computer Mediated Communication …………………………………….. 8
1.1 Definition of Computer Mediated Communication ………………………………………………………… 8
1.2 History of Computer Mediated Communication …………………………………………………………… 10
1.3 Classification of Computer Mediated Communication ………………………………………………….. 15
1.4 Linguistic Characteristics of Computer Mediated Communication …………………………………. 17
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
Chapter Two
II Contrastive Approach to Computer Mediated Communication in English and Romanian
Languages ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
2.1 Lexical Aspect of Computer Mediated Communication ………………………………………………… 22
2.2 Grammatical Aspect of Computer Mediated Communication ………………………………………… 28
2.3 Peculiarities of Computer Mediated Communication in English and
Romanian ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………….
2.4 The Effect of Computer Mediated Communication on the Language Usage…………………………………….
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

General conclusion and Reccomendations …………………………………………………………………………
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6
Introduction
The aim of this thesis is on the Computer Mediated Communication and its linguistic
peculiarities. For the characterization of computer mediated communication, a part of the thesis
is dedicated to defining the concept and presenting the history.
In the first part of the thesis it will be presented the computer mediated communication,
the definition, history, general characteristics and linguistic features. It will be presented the
three main systems of computer mediated communication: group chat, email and instant
messaging with their peculiarities and linguistic characteristics before being analyzed in Chapter
Two.
In Chapter Two will be analyzed and compared the three Computer Mediated
Communication systems from the linguistic points of view: group chat, email and instant
messaging with examples in English and Romanian languages, focusing on the specific features
of every system. The examples that will be provided may be grammatically incorrect and won ’t
include the names or personal data of the authors of the examples. Below are two chapters
related to computer mediated communication both theoretical and practical and each one is
followed by a conclusion related to the content each chapter includes.
The importance of this topic to be researched is clear as computer mediated communication
has become very popular and becomes more common among people of all around the world. It
has positive parts as well as many downsides. The bad effects it causes are mainly upon language
and communication. Computer Mediated Communication has great influence upon the people
using it and it is very important to understand and remember about the bad effect upon the
people and their languages and this way to create a harmony, a balance between it, pe ople and
their languages.
To be able to understand this topic and to research it, it ’s very important to understand the
theory first, that will give the image of the CMC system and its components. This topic is very
important because there are different opinions on whether CMC is a positive or negative thing
for the people and their communication. It is important to make a research and make my own
opinion about CMC or change it depending on the results.
In making the research it is required to find examples of group chat conversations, emails
and instant messaging conversation (Skype, Facebook, What ’s Up conversations) of the same
homogenous groups of users of the different languages, that are English and Romania and to
analyze the differences from the lexical and grammatical points of view.
The main objectives of this study are first to understand the theory, the characteristics
and the domain of the Computer Mediated Communication; to analyze the linguistic features of

7
the written English used in group chat, email and instant messaging and to distinguish the
differences from the standard language and to be able to decide whether computer mediated
communication has a negative or positive effect upon the language and communication of the
user.
The purpose of this research is first to present the Computer Mediated Communication
system history and theory and to analyze it and the communication in group chat, e-mail and
instant messaging. The objectives of this research are: to learn about the history of the Computer
Mediated Communication; to find and learn the theoretical aspect of the Computer Mediated
Communication; to find out about the problems and negative or positive effect of the Computer
Mediated Communication upon the language and day- to-day communication; to research and to
analyze the communication in group chat, e-mail and instant messaging in English and
Romanian from the lexical and grammatical point of view; determining the language used in
CMC by the same homogenous group of people of different languages and in this case of
English and Romanian and in the end to be able to formulate the opinion on either Computer
Mediated Communication is or not a threat for the language and communication of its users.
The theoretical value is in helping to learn and find out about the topic and in making
the image and advancing into the topic. The theory describes the parts of the Computer Mediated
Communication, it ’s characteristics and peculiarities and the connections with the language and
communication for the further research of the topic.
The practical value is in determining the influence of Computer Mediated
Communication upon the language usage and helping the student to formulate his own ideas on
the topic. The research is important in making the connections between practical experiences and
theoretical knowledge. It helps to strengthen and build the skills of the researcher. The practical
aspect can ’t be performed without knowledge given by the theory. So, theory and practice are
two inseparable parts necessary one for another.

8
CHAPTER ONE: INTERNET COMMUNICATION AND LINGUISTIC
CHARACTERISTICS
1.1 Definition of Computer Mediated Communication
The communication ’s purpose is to share and exchange the information. In the current
age, the communication has many different forms and states, especially the area of network, but
in all the cases, no matter how they differ, the nature of network, that is mediated by computers
is still to transmit and share the information.
Computer Mediated communication is a new form of communication that also includes
all the previous types of communication features and embraces the instant interaction of oral
communication. Alongside that, it creates a number of different new communication forms, like
multimedia, hypertex t etc. which are the ways to organize information and to deliver the
messages cross-space. Benefiting from the continuous development of technique and
mechanism, computer-mediated communication makes the dream of transmitting information
cross space and time come true, which will definitely have a great impact on our social lives [13,
p. 49 ]. Susan C. Herring [11, p. 1] defines computer mediated communication as the
communication that takes place between human beings via the instrumentality of computers.
Communication is a process that gives the ability to the people to exchange information
to express feelings or their thoughts. It has different formats like Interpersonal Communication ,
Organizational Communication, Oral Communication, Small Group Communication,
Intercultural Communication etc. Computer-mediated Communication is a way of
communication based on network and computers. According to Denis McQuail [13, p.52],
Computer Mediated Communication is defined as any communicative exchange that occurs
through the use of two or more networked computers. The most popular forms of CMC include:
email, video, audio, text chat, MMO s (massively multiplayer online game), but they are
changing rapidly with the development and appearance of new technologie s. Computer mediated
communication is a widely accepted concept that has been appropriately applied to illustrate the
communication process, occurring via a computer terminal and a communication network such
as the internet.
Computer Mediated Communication is a system that puts together the human and the
computer, which make s it more alive. The human beings, with their participation, it makes them
creators, users, makes them to be the core of the computer-mediated communication system,
which means that without them, the system would not work and would not be real. The
combination of humans and computers, of networks, forms a compl ex information transmitting

9
system that aims at exchanging and sharing freely the information. There are some genera l
features of information system in the Computer Mediated Communication System, together with
some special features of human social system. Text-based Computer Mediated Communication
remains to be the most popular among virtual ways of communication. The transmission of the
first email between networked computers took place in 1972 [(10, p. 187].
First it was restricted to the users in the military and government, business and
universities. But in the late 1980 ’s and early 1990 ’s it become accessible to everyone and the
people were able to go online from their homes, and it earned massive popularity from that
period. The “golden age ” for CMC was from the middle to the late 1990s, with public and multi-
participant textual interactions, mailing and Internet Chat. More recently popular CMC modes
such as text messaging on mobile phones, instant messaging, weblogs, and wikis – are also
textual, and textual interactions continue to be important even on cutting-edge convergent
multimedia platforms such as media sharing and social network sites [9, p. 17]. According to
Harold Dwight Lasswell ’s theory, CMC system is a new form of communication with its own
characteristics and can be divided into five components: subject, host, information resource,
channel, relations and effects [13, p. 52].
The Subject of CMC system is the human, which is called Network User. They can
create or provide the network. The subject performs different roles: as the initiator, the media or
also the target [18, p. 532]. Since CMC system implies reciprocal features, the roles of people in
the network are changeable. Human has close connections with CMC system, even can be part of
the system. Human is also part of the social system that forms the border of CMC system, it
means that human is in the center, between these two systems [18, p. 532]. Through this, the role
of CMC system in the social system is more and more wide and deep. The Subject of CMC
system is getting bigger and bigger also has complicated relations inside. An example would be
with China that has more than 300 million internet users, which are not only network users, but
they are also service providers. By activating and using communication through CMC system,
they have a great influence on the development and evolution of this system and the relationship
between the users of CMC system is so important that its activity rely on the communicating
though network, also on the communicating in the real world – the social system, so, the network
relationship is in reality a presentation of the real one.
Host : In computer networking, a network host represents the computer connected to th e
Internet and a network host can host the information resources and software to provide network
services, so, the host plays the most important part of a CMC system [18, p. 532]. It is the main
part which is a communication network node, and also a center of the information resources. A

10
special host system can be a user or a server, and both are the basis of network communication.
In CMC system, a host includes both, the hardware and software, which are dynamically
integrated. A host system performs a process of communication using the network and so, the
host system gets the developments of information quantities and services [18, p. 533]. This
means that a computer with no network is just a processing unit with the abilities to deal with
information. But when it is connected to internet, it forms a CMC system, and it suffers a
beneficial change in dealing and processing. This is the real and unique power of the
communication system [18, p. 533].
Information Resource : Network information is all the messages transmitted using
computer network and that are memorized on the so called network nodes. The network
information resource is “a summation of various information resources gained by using the
network [18, p. 532]. It doesn ’t include all the information put in the internet, but only the parts
which meets the information demands of the users. It means that the area of network information
resource is narrower than that of network information. Network information resources are the
information and objects of network communication. During the process of CMC, the network
information is executed as the commutation of meanings which is also the essence of CMC. Yu
Bin [18, p. 532] in his research also added that the network information resources have
characteristics on huge amounts, diverse types, easy access, wide distribution and fast
transmission, and this way it can achieve a quickly accurate information dissemination process,
which makes computer mediated communication to be different from other forms of
communication.
Channels : Channel of CMC is a path of network used to transmit information of
different subject s, and allows a smooth transmission of network information. By the
characteristic and state of the channel depends the effect of the computer mediated
communication. The channel is made up of these three parts: network facilities, network news
transfer protocols (NNTP) and network media [18, p. 533]. The facilities and media are none
other but the hardware, and the protocols are the software of the computer mediated
communication channel. CMC channel includes the material parts such as electric cables and
also includes different software that deliver the network information, such as NNTP, so hardware
and software are very interrelated. But these are just parts, very important ones, to which the
network users don ’t pay much attention as their attention is on the CMC process itself.

11
1.2 History of Computer Mediated Communication
The confrontation between USA and USSR lead to the development of a network system
by the USA. USA considered a way to communicate in case of a nuclear scenario. The history of
the internet is also closely connected with the development in 1950s of the electronic computers.
The US Department of Defense created ARPANET in 1960s, which was the first network
system. The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor
Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second
network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) [30].
Networks like ARPANET, NPL network, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and
Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using different communications
protocols [30]. Donald Davies first designed a packet-switched network at the National Physics
Laboratory in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades [17,
p.126]. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in
which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. It was only used
by government [46].
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation
(NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET) [30]. In 1982, the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET and in the early
1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at a number of
universities, and in 1986 provided interconnectivity with the NSFNET project, which also
created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and
education organizations [30]. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to appear in
the late 1980s and ARPANET was withdrawn from service in 1990 [46]. Limited private
connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several
American cities by the end of 1989 and in 1990 and the NSFNET was withdrawn from service in
1995 and removed the last restrictions on the usage of the Internet to carry commercial traffic
[46].
In the 1980s, research by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in
Switzerland lead to the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information
system, accessible from any node on the network.[2, p. 2] Since the mid-1990s internet has had a
great and revolutionary impact on cultures, technology, commerce, also the appearance of near-
instant communication by email, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
telephone calls, video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums and blogs, than
social networking and online shopping sites [30]. The research and education community

12
continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone
Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail and increasing amounts of data
are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-
Gbit/s, or more [30]. The Internet's conquer of the global communication landscape took place
almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through
two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than
97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007 [30]. Today the Internet continues to grow
thanks to great amounts of online information appearing all the time, online commerce,
entertainment, and social networking [30].
Email started in 1965 and was intended for multiple user communication. Although the
history is precise, among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development
Corporation (SDC) Q32 and the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) at MIT [46 ].
The ARPANET was not intended as a message system but in the minds of its inventors,
the network was intended for resource-sharing, period [10, p. 122]. That very little of its capac ity
was actually ever used for resource-sharing was a fact soon submersed in the tide of electronic
mail [10, p. 122]. Between 1972 and the early 1980s, e-mail, or network mail as it was called ,
was discovered by thousands of early users and the decade gave rise to many of the different
features of modern digital culture like: Flames, emoticons, the “@” sign, misunderstandings on
free speech and privacy, and a sleepless search for technical improvements and agreements about
the technical underpinnings of it all [10, p. 122]. At first, e-mail was difficult to use, but by the
end of the 1970s the big problems had been licked [30]. The big rise in message traffic was to
become the largest early force in the network ’s growth and development [10, p. 123]. Things
only got better as the network grew and technology converged with the torrential human
tendency to talk [10, p. 124].
The ARPANET computer network had a huge part on the development and evolution of
electronic mail [30]. An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly
after its creation [41]. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet
electronic mail addressing format, using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names
[30]. For this, a number of different protocols were created to deliver messages among groups of
time-sharing computers over alternative transmission systems, such as UUCP and IBM's VNET
email system [30]. Email could be passed this way between a number of networks, including
ARPANET, BITNET and NSFNET, as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via
UUCP [46]. In addition, UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many
others [30]. In 1979 Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott developed news software that was used to

13
distribute news and bulletin board-like messages [10, p. 126]. This brought to quickly rise of
discussion groups, where different discussions of all kind and topics took place. On ARPANET
and NSFNET this kind of discussion groups would form via mailing lists and in these
environments were discussed technical issues as well as more culturally focused topics [30].
During the early years of the Internet, email and similar mechanisms were also
fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of
online connectivity [10, p. 126]. UUCP was often used to distribute files using the 'alt.binary'
groups, also FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to
download files using ftp commands written inside email messages [30]. The file was encoded,
broken in pieces and sent by email; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later, and it was
the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions
using the slow dial-up connections available at the time but after the popularization of the Web
and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned [30].
With different other purposes and benefits, the internet has transformed and simplified
how people communicate with each other around the globe [30]. In addition to email, instant
messaging has played a large role in bringing people together. From ICQ to AIM, Google Chat
to Facebook Chat, Internet users have been able to send messages to each other instantaneously
for years [30].
Instant messaging has been an evolving idea for a long time, so it's very difficult to find
its origin [31]. The phrase "instant messaging" entered common usage in the early 1990s, but the
concept dates back to the mid-1960s [31]. Multi-user operating systems such as the Compatible
Time-Sharing System (CTSS) was created at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s
Computation Center in 1961 and allowed up to 30 users to log in at the same time and send
messages to each other [31]. The system, which is perhaps closer to what we now think of as
email, had hundreds of registered users from MIT and other New England colleges by 1965 [31] .
In the 1970s, programmers worked on peer- to-peer protocol, allowing universities and research
labs to establish simple communication between users of the same computer and, The Zephyr
Notification Service, also created at MIT through Project Athena in the 1980s, used “Unix ” to
locate and send messages to users [31]. Some institutions, including MIT and Carnegie Mellon
University, still use this service [31]. The 1980s also saw great interest in the bulletin board
system, or BBS – a system that allowed users to use a terminal program to upload and download
software and exchange direct messages with others [31]. In 1982, Commodore International
released the Commodore 64 PC and the Commodore 64 included an Internet service, Quantum
Link (Q-Link), which came to be known as America Online (AOL) in the '90s [31]. Q-Link users

14
could pay a monthly fee to send text-based messages to others via modem, and the receiver had
the option to respond to or to ignore the messages [31]. CompuServe's CB Simulator, created in
1980 to simulate citizens band radio through text-based messages and user handles, is considered
to be the first service dedicated to online chat [31].
In 1996, Israeli company Mirabilis launched ICQ, a text-based messenger that was the
first to really reach an enormous popularity in the market of online users and ICQ allowed for
multi-participant chats, file transfers, a searchable user directory and more [31]. AOL acquired
Mirabilis and ICQ in 1998 and later, in 2010 sold it to Digital Sky Technologies [31]. The latest
version of ICQ includes Facebook integration, mobile sync and many other features [31]. The
true turning point, however, occurred in 1997, when AOL launched AIM, attracting a new
generation of Internet users and like the services before it, AIM allowed users to send messages
to each other, and included user profiles, away messages and icons for more engagement [31] .
With AIM also came the development of different bots, such as “StudyBuddy ” and
“SmarterChild ”, with whom users could interact but these bots have already retired since [31] .
By 2005, AIM was dominating in the instant messaging market with up to 53 million users
worldwide [31]. Chat rooms, in which multiple people could send messages to each other, were
another popular AOL feature [31]. Also Yahoo launched Yahoo! Messenger but in 1998 it was
called Yahoo! Pager. Used with a user's Yahoo! ID, Yahoo! Messenger included customized
"IMVironments," address book integration and custom status messages. Like AOL, Yahoo had a
chat room service [31].
Pidgin was founded as "Gaim" in 1998 as an open-source instant messaging client that
allowed users to reach contacts on several operating systems [31]. In 2007, it was stated that
Pidgin had already 3 million users. In 1999, Microsoft launched the MSN Messenger and it
could tell the consumers when their friends, family and colleagues are online and enables them
to exchange online messages and email with the more than 40 million users of the MSN Hotmail
TM Web-based email service as well as with people using AOL Instant Messenger [31]." This
service was renamed as Windows Live Messenger in 2005 also adding photo sharing
capabilities, social network integration and different games [31]. In 2009, the company
announced that this service has more than 330 million active users every month [31]. In 2000,
Jabber came out, a multi-protocol instant messenger that acted as a single gateway for users to
chat with friends and access their buddy lists on all of the big networks at the time: AIM, Yahoo
and MSN, Jabber.org is the original IM service based on Extensible Messaging and Presence
Protocol (XMPP) [31]. In August 2012, Jabber disabled new registrations due to user abuse and
denial of service attacks [31]. In 2002 Apple developed iChat, or iChat AV, for its Mac OS X

15
operating system and Mac users could integrate their address books and Apple Mail in a native
app compatible with AIM [31]. In 2011, Apple announced iMessage for the updated Mac OS and
both iChat and iMessage were replaced by OS X Mountain Lion's Messages, allowing users to
send unlimited messages to almost any Apple product [31]. Founded in 2003, Skype allows
Internet users to communicate with others through video, voice and instant messaging [31]. The
instant messaging aspect of the service, was perhaps not it ’s most popular function compared to
video conferences, but anyway was used by many people [31]. In July 2011, Skype announce d
integration with Facebook, so users could see Facebook friends on Skype and see Facebook Chat
through both services [31]. Meebo began in 2005 as an instant messaging service accessed via
web browser but before it was acquired by Google, it supported Yahoo! Messenger, Windows
Live Messenger, AIM, ICQ, and later MySpaceIM, Facebook Chat, Google Talk and others [31] .
Meebo had also developed mobile versions for iPhone and Android [31].
Social Media Chat
In 2005, Google released Google Talk, often referred to as Google Chat or Gchat and it is
available in various web or native and mobile applications and Google Talk always appears in a
Gmail user's window, allowing for easy communication with email contacts [31]. The service
includes text-based messaging, voice calls and video conferences [31]. Recently, Google Talk
has been integrated with Google+, allowing users to chat while in the social network [31] .
Myspace developed MySpaceIM in 2006 as an addition to its social platform – the first social
network to do so [31]. Users could instant message with friends on their desktops, as well as
online starting in 2009, through MySpaceIM for Web [31]. Later this service was also inte grated
with Skype. Facebook released Facebook Chat in 2008, allowing users to instant message one
friend or multiple people through the groups feature while logged into the social network [31]. In
2011, Facebook announced the incorporation of video in Chat – integrated with Skype – and has
also released the mobile app Facebook Messenger [31].

1.3 Classification of Computer Mediated Communication
Computer mediated communication with the help of internet is used for human
communication. This medium has great influence on humans, in many cases it creates
dependence and the CMC has also affected the psychology and the mind of many humans. CMC
have many advantages like having rich resources as it collects information from all parts of the
world, makes the communication between people from all around the world possible, regardless
of their religion, social status etc. It helps to bring people together from any part of the globe.
Thanks to computers, the communication process has evolved and it happened very fast.

16
This led to the massive use of the computers and made many changes in the communication of
people. This have become a liberty, a freedom for the people in terms of communication, it is a
huge advantage and in continues to influence people and to attract them permanently.
Some of the most popular forms of CMC include e-mail, audio and video or text chat, MMOs
and Weblogs that have also become popular. With the development of new technologies these
settings are changing rapidly. Here are the most popular and well known types of CMC.
Email (electronic mail) is a form of CMC that usually takes place between a sender and a
recipient but also, nowadays, email systems permit multiple participants, recipients [8, p. 81].
The language style used in e-mails may have different variations. It is determined by the aspects
like age, function of the users and even their computer experience. It may be used to write
invitations, may be used for business, or just communication or flirting. The nature of email is to
be private and is not for public view [8, p. 81]. The language used in email may vary and usually
may be ungrammatical, with lack in spelling and punctuation but it is also determined and
influenced by the people and the relationship between them and between whom it takes place,
are they business partners, friends or members of communities of all kind and so on. Such kind
of language should not be an issue for natural language processing or search procedures, since
the mails are stored on an individual user ’s computer, the language used and grammatical errors
are not a problem, as it ’s not intended for public view [8, p. 81]. Emails gained great popularity ,
and this form of CMC is in continuous development, bringing new possibilities like file sharing
and other useful features that attract more and more people.
Chat is a type of CMC created for conversations with multiple participants. The
participants in chat enter into a “channel ” or “room ” which is dedicated to a certain topic. The
participants use nicknames to hide their personal real-life characteristics like gender or age and
other aspects. The conversation takes place in real time and is very noisy and quick. To respond
to early conversations, users can scroll back through the archive. As it is very quick,
abbreviations, grammatical and spelling errors are very common and acceptable.
MMO ’s are also part of the CMC System. A massively multiplayer online game (MMOG or
MMO) is an online game that is capable to support large numbers of players in the same instance
– virtual world. MMOs feature a massive open world in which players can interact,
communicate, cooperate and compete with each other. These games can be found for most
platforms that have internet connection like video game consoles, personal computers or
smartphones.
World of Warcraft is the current most popular MMOG with up to 9 million permanent players
and a total of 50 million players worldwide. There are a lot of other MMO ’s of all genres that

17
attract millions of players worldwide. In MMO ’s, players use chat to communicate with each
other and cooperate. They can choose the global chat, to communicate, ask for help or advices to
all the players from the channel, or choose the private chat, to communicate only with your
added friends or members you chose as allies. These a re separate functions.
Instant messaging (IM) is another form of CMC that is also utilized usually between a
single sender and a single recipient. IM messages are synchronous and are often shorter and
more casual than email. ICQ, Yahoo (Yahoo! Messenger) and Microsoft (MSN Messenger) were
from the first to become widely used and very popular among users. These services became
popular mostly among young people. Features like creating profiles, adding online biographies,
the ability to add friends, the ability to make video calls as well as showing if he/she is online or
temporarily away, attracted younger generation ’s attention first, as these services were youth-
oriented. Instant messaging attracts teenagers and younger generation and it means that the
number of users is increasing all the time and it makes software developers to create new and
more captivating applications. The competition is huge in this business. It led to the appearance
of newer applications which gained even more popularity like: Skype, What ’s Up, Viber as well
as the message apps of the current very popular Social Networks like Facebook, Twitter,
Odnoklassniki, Vkontakte etc.
Video-conferencing is another type of CMC, but now it is mainly a part of instant
messaging and is not separate, thanks to apps like Facebook Messenger, What ’s Up, Skype etc.
You can use it if you and the other person you want to communicate with, have cameras and
special software that allows you to see each other and talk on your computers. Video
conferencing makes it real to see each other in a face- to-face meeting you need, without being in
the same location. This is one of the most effective communication tools. Services like Skype,
Apple's FaceTime, Google's Hangouts, Yahoo Messenger and others offer video conferencing on
desktops and modern mobile devi ces. In the business area, video conferencing is an important
part that helps companies to communicate and take decisions and helps to save both time and
money.

1.4 Linguistic characteristics of CMC
The types of language used in CMC may differ and may be influenced by many different
aspects, starting with the function of the message and what is the purpose of it, all these things
may lead to different writing styles. The language used in emailing a friend and also the topic of
this conversation can totally differ from an email to a professor or a job application email, where
the right opinion upon yourself is very important and the wrong one may lead to consequences

18
that will have a negative impact upon you, your name and personality as well as your future.
Other things that can influence the language used in CMC are the device constraints that
include the physical hardware that is used to formulate the messages. Devices with smaller
screens make it more difficult to formulate and write a long email or message, as well as reading
large amounts of text. Using mobile phones, it ’s not more difficult and unpleasant to write an
email, but also they have a more limited number of characters in a single message than personal
computers. All these aspects of device constraints made the users to write shorter text and also
less edited texts than they might write on their bigger screen devices like PCs.
The recipients, to understand the idea, the feelings and emotions of the writer, they can
rely only upon the text they received. There were no other ways to show in the text the emotions
the writer feel, that ’s why many have said that the written medium of CMC is not to express the
so called nuances of meaning, facial expressions that are an aspect of the face- to-face
communication. New linguistic feature of CMC appeared to solve this problem – emoticons
(smileys). Emoticons are a combination of punctuation marks, sometimes characters on the
computer keyboard, used to represent semantic nuances and emotions like sadness, happiness
etc. The most common ones and the most important are the following:
🙂 happiness, 😮 shocked, 🙁 sadness, 😉 winking.
With time, different situations led to the appearance of many other emoticons, some being
specific to certain groups of people of different cultures.
There is another way to express the emotions in virtual messages: using abbreviations.
Abbreviations in CMC are very often used to show the membership to a certain group. Crystal
[3, p. 85] enumerates the most common abbreviations that are known and used by most CMC
users: “lol” – laughing out loud, “imho ” – in my humble opinion, gr8 – great, asap – as soon as
possible. CMC has features from both, the traditional writing and face- to-face discourse [3, p.
25]. CMC begins to influence more and more the contemporary writing and speech, in general of
the CMC users.
Rules of Online Conversation
It is commonly agreed that with entering into a conversation, one confirms to abide by
certain, perhaps unconsciously perceived, rules [19, p. 17]. In spoken conversation, people act in
accord with the cooperative principle [14, p. 290], that includes several maxims introduced by
Paul Grice, which are the following:
 The maxim of quality binds the speakers to say only what they believe is true (and can be
supported by evidence) [24].
 The maxim of quantity makes speaker ’s contribution as informative as required [24].

19
 The maxim of relation, if followed, makes the contribution relevant [24].
 And lastly, the maxim of manner guarantees that the contribution would not be
ambiguous or obscure [(14, p. 290].
Alongside these maxims, Wardhaugh [(14, p. 290] introduces also the maxim of politeness, that
is characterised by being polite and respecting the other that are involved.
In general, internet is considered to be a place of total speech freedom. But most forums
used for communication have a number of established rules for the participants in the discussion,
available in a section called FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). These rules are intended for the
users, to read before joining the conversation. And how these rules are followed, is supervised
and controlled by moderators and administrators of the forum. If any participant of the
conversation violates some of the established maxims, they may get punished. For instance, their
message may get edited, removed, or much worse, by having their forum accounts deleted.
These rules are usually very similar and common for all types of CMC and the users themse lves
feel what is and what is not appropriate and would fight against unruly participants [19].
Violating the Maxims : Very often the feeling of anonymity users of internet get, often
encourages them to deliberately violate the maxims. The cases of bad and unacceptable
behaviour, in computer mediated communication, were so many that they were classified as new
terms [3, p. 45]. Below are some of these practices, that are against requirements of any C MC
System and violates all maxims of conversation that are essential and crucial for a good and
successful communication experience.
Trolling : A troll is a person who sows discord on the Internet by starting arguments or
upsetting people, by posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online
community with the intent of provoking readers into an emotional response or of otherwise
disrupting normal, on-topic discussion, often for the troll's amusement [29] . Such behaviour
violates the maxims of quality (the user ’s posts are very probably based on information which
the author considers untrue), relation (such messages are irrelevant for their very purpose,
whatever the exact informative content is) and politeness (clearly, it is impolite and improper to
distract the flow of discussion deliberately) [19 , p. 18]. Generally trolls are suggested to be
ignored.
Flaming : Flaming is very similar to trolling. It is also an aggressive attack. The only
difference is that the user who posts a flame aims the attack against a particular user [7, p. 68] .
Such messages violate the maxims of quality, relation and politeness in the same manner as
trolling [19, p.19].

20
Spamming : Scott Hazen Mueller [27 ] said that spamming means “flooding the Internet
with many copies of the same message in an attempt to force the message on people who would
not otherwise choose to receive it ”. Also most of the discussion forum spam is aimed at lurkers,
who do not subscribe to the forums (and thus do not give their address away and cannot receive
spam by e-mail) [16, p. 44]. It means that spamming violates both, the maxim of quantity and the
maxim of relation, as the spam content that has nothing with the rest of the discussion, is forced
on the users against their will [19, p. 19].
Lurking : The practice of lurking consists in reading posts and not contributing to the
discussion [18]. Some people consider lurking as a violation of users ’ privacy [3, p.53],
especially when the discussion is about personal issues.
Sock puppets are false online identities “through which the puppeteer posts follow-ups
to their own original message to give the appearance that a number of people support the views
held in the original message ” [28]. Usually the users use sock puppet accounts for two main
reasons: to defend the real identity account in a discussion or to gain access to an online
discussion after being banned for breaking rules [19, p. 20]. These actions violate Goffman ’s
face-work concept that says that the participants of a conversation really are what they cla im to
be so that other users may present their true faces and identities without any fear of any suspicion
[19, p. 20].
Conclusions
Chapter one represents general information and theory of computer mediated
communication. It includes the general knowledge that the person who makes the research on
this topic should be familiar with before continuing.
This chapter contains information beginning with the definition and general
characteristics of the computer-mediated communication as well as historical aspects. It
continues with the components of the system of computer-mediated communication. It also
includes some rules and problems of virtual conversation. All the information included in
chapter one is very important as it introduces to this domain of computer mediated
communication before doing the research. It is the most important part of the thesis because it
can’t be without the presentation and introduction to the subject. The theory on CMC in this
chapter focuses largely on the social effects of computer-supported communication technologies.
CMC is very convenient and flexible and can be effectively used to rule a variety of
communication situations. It gives the ability to communicate on an international level.

21
Communication is a crucial part of the human nature without which they can ’t exist. So,
computers give us the ability to fulfill the need of communication and socialization. Even more,
it gives the ability to communicate to people that the user never met before. A user can
communicate to people from any part of the globe, from any nationality. The only thing needed
is a computer connected to internet.
Computer Mediated Communication has become an important and widely-used tool in
many organizations, and is being used increasingly as a method for communication within
professional and social groups. This domain is very important to be familiarized with because
CMC is more and more popular with each day and everybody will have to deal with it during
their lives as it becomes a part of people ’s lives. CMC in almost a part of every other domain
now and people have to adapt to it. The theoretical aspect from the first chapter is necessary and
will help giving the necessary knowledge to be able to perform the practical aspect in chapter
two.

22
CHAPTER TWO : CONTRASTIVE APPROACH TO COMPUTER MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION

2.1 Lexical Aspect of Computer Mediated Communication
Group chat systems are some noisy communication environments, where you can
communicate with up to 100 people at once in a group discussion and all the time different
utterances written by other participant ’s conversations or system messages may interrupt
ongoing exchanges. Any participants can invite others to join the conversation.
Improper Spelling
In this example can be seen how improper and spoken-like spelling is used. The words
are written in a way that reflects the way people talk which is more time-saving and
understandable at the same time. Here are the examples that were found:
(1)<Name > whos hungry???? – [Who ’s hungry? ]/(2) <Name > wanna see me live??????? [Want
to see me live? ]/ (3) <Name > gotta go byeeee [= Got to go. Bye] [3, p. 158].
In the (1), (2), (3) and (4) examples, it ’s more time-saving and easier to write: ” whos
hungry ”? than “who is hungry ”?; “wanna see me live ”? than do “you want to see me live ”?; and
“gotta go ” than “got to go ” . People chose to write fast than right because the conversation takes
place in real-time and the participants need to answer as soon as possible and not to make their
conversation partners to wait much.
This is a result of time pressure and also this is a strategy of making typing more effective a s in
chatting conversation takes place in real-time and there is no other strategy to keep everything in
time in this environment that using a non-proper orthography of words. The language used in
chatting is similar to spoken language. So this way of communication is acceptable in
environments like group chats. Communicating in chat rooms is also difficult and confusing and
hard to concentrate to an only person and due to lack of time they use different ways of writing
and non-proper and nonstandard orthography. This CMC System requires to be brief and in
many cases it can lead users to shorten their long utterances into more messages.
The language used in writing an e-mail depends on the participants of the conversation.
Someone can write to his/her friend and use one language, not following the rules of orthography
and then write to a teacher or to apply to a job and so he/she will use a totally diffe rent language
and structure, as in the following examples:

23
(1) Email to a professor
Dear Mr. Johnson:
Thank you for sending me the
information needed for writing the report.
This will be very helpful for me. I hope to
manage to write it in time. As for your
request, I will forward you a copy after
finishing, so you can check it.
Thank you again for your help and
understanding. (2) Email to a friend
Hello bro,
Yes i just received the info you sent
me, thanks. I need 2 make this report asap so
thx 4 help.
The photos you wanted 2 see, ill send them
today by 9.
See ya.
Sincerely,
James Benoit.
As seen in the (1) and (2) examples, writing to a friend, people are less accurate and don ’t
usually follow the necessary rules and norms of the orthography. The language used in writing
an e-mail depends on the person he/she writes to. Writing to a professor or trying to apply to a
job is very important to take time and write it with the proper language, without mistakes,
abbreviations and day to day expressions. It is very important to sound as formal as possible to
create or keep the right impressions because it may affect the writer ’s relationship, job, or image.
For the message to be more effective, he/she must write it properly. Writing to a friend is
acceptable to use a language that is understandable by both participants.
The language used in writing an e-mail to a friend does not differ too much from the
language style used in group chat. The only thing visible is the lack of time in group chat and
leads to using reduced sentences, abbreviations etc. the sentences in the second e-mail are full
but use improper orthography and spoken-like spelling just like in group chat, and leads to these
results: writing ”2” instead of “to”; “thx” instead of “thank you ”; “4” instead of “for”; and lack of
apostrophe and writing “ill” instead of “I’ll”.
In the (1) email, all the necessary norms are followed. Also the language and the tone
used totally differ from the (2) email. So, emails are asynchronous and writing them, a person is
not under the pressure of time. But emails are private and are not intended for public view.
That’s why a people can write them using the language they want and chose.
Emails, in comparison with group chat messages or instant messaging, have a structure.
Emails have three basic parts: the header , which is a set of lines that contains information about
the message's transportation like the sender's address, the recipient's address ; the message

24
proper which is made of: the header fields, a set of lines describing the message's settings, such
as the sender, the recipient, the date ; the message body , containing the message, separated from
the header by a line break [32]. The message body has its own structure. The sentences a re
written in short paragraph that forms a “wall” of ideas, sentences. In examples (1) and (2), the
messages keep the same structure, with the elements like: subject line, greeting, intro and
purpose, detail, ask and action, closing and sign-off. Regardless of who the participants of the
conversation are, users keep the structure, even if the message and language used is totally
different.
Instant messaging usually takes place between a single sender and a single recipient, so
it’s synchronous. In comparison with e-mails, these messages are often shorter and more casual.
<Name>hi dude, how r u/<Name>good dude thnkx, what bout ya ?/<Name>fine, howz ya dog ?/
<Name>much better now/<Name>i need a lil bit of help in mcoc/<Name>yes ill join ya soo [].
In a Facebook, skype or any other instant messaging app, the conversations are synchronous just
like in group chat and it usually takes place between a single sender and a single recipient. So
just like in group chatting, the participants a hurried by the time and they automatically write as
quick as possible for the conversation to be successful. They also write words with improper
letters like: “r” instead of “are”; “u or ya ” instead of you; “howz ” instead of “how is ” etc. The
words are not written properly to get to the point quicker and again, to save time.
In these types of Computer Mediated Communication, people do not pay much attention
to orthography. The only exception is in writing e-mails. E-mails are used mainly in business and
professional activities and the language is used properly. Nowadays young people, friends do not
usually use e-mails to communicate, only for different purposes. And the rules of writing right
are usually followed here but there are steel exceptions.
Spoken-like Lexicon
In this part are examples regarding the use of colloquial lexicon, dialects. Colloquial
expressions are part of a society and are influenced by the way people speak in that society [35].
Colloquial lexicon refers to the use of everyday or dialectal expressions. They reflect the way
people talk in everyday life. According to Wikipedia [34], colloquialism is a word, phrase, or
other form used in informal language, and a regional dialect expression, in this case, used in
group messaging. Here are the examples:
(1)<Name> aint ya happy [= Are you not happy?]/(2) <Name> y ’all stupid !!!! – [You all
are stupid]/ (3) <Name> been ready 4 hours – [I have been ready for hours now]/ (4) <Name> i
dont got time 4 this…. by by !!!![I don’ t have time for this, by, by!] [3, p. 159].

25
By these examples it ’s clearly visible that communicating in group chat is more like in
everyday life, with no formalities. The users write to be understood, not to be right from
linguistic point of view. They just write their thoughts that would use in everyday conversation.
The language used in group chat is similar to the one used in everyday life. The colloquial
expressions usually show the membership of the writer to a certain social group, ethnicity as in
(4) that was written by an Afro-American, which have their specific language and lexicon. The
examples (1), (2), (3) and (4) are colloquial expressions of American origin and were written
also by the Americans. These messages are also brief and informal with a speech-like style.
These examples do not contain complete grammatical clause in comparison with the standard
syntax. The syntax in example (4) is also divergent from the standard one as the writer attempted
to use the African American English, which is a non-standard language variety. As Yates [17, p.
29] said that synchronous chat is closer to casual speech and asynchronous modes like e-mail are
closer to formal writing.
The informal and casual language, occur in e-mails when the writer wants to get straight
to the main idea, including less details. This type of language is not used when emailing a boss,
making a business meeting, applying for a job, or when introducing to someone of a higher
status or job. Casual language may be used only after the relationship between the person and
his/her boss or co-workers grow. But maintaining the required level of professionalism in
working environments is very important. So, colloquial expressions must be avoided in formal
email and can be used in informal ones. Below is an example of an informal email:
(3) Heyyy Alice,
How are u? I hope you are ok. I ’ll attach the photos from my brother ’s weeding as you asked.
Wanna see my cavalier too? You are gonna like him. I think I ’m in love !!!!!!
Can’t wait 4 your reply. Really want to hear your thoughts.
Love you,
Maria [44].
In this short email there are used colloquial expressions as it is an informal email. So, in email
just like in group chat, colloquial expressions are steel used. They create an atmosphere of
everyday conversation as it reflects the way people talk in everyday life. People use informal
language and in this case using colloquial expressions as they tent and feel more like in a face to
face conversation where they are free to use the language they prefer and which is
understandable by their conversation partner as well.
In a formal email the language totally differ and the colloquial expressions are not used and are
replaced with formal, more professional language as in the example below:

26
(4) Dear Mr. Johnson,
I am writing to request a 15 day leave of absence for medical reasons. As I have not been
keeping good health for a while my doctor advised me to take some days off work. If possible, I
would like to leave work on June 1 and return on June 16.
Although I will not be in office during this time period, I will still be available via email
or phone. Please do not hesitate to contact me If you have any questions.
Thank you very much for your considerations.
Sincerely,
Michael Burton [45].
This is an example of a formal email. In comparison with the example (3), example (4) is written
in a more detailed way and there is a lack of colloquial expressions. It is correctly written from
the linguistic point of view. The language used is formal and creates the image of a professional.
The adequate language gives the needed result and makes the recipient to view the writer with
respect as he is a professional and takes his/her job seriously. The sentences are full and are
written using standard language. The word order is right and the sentences contain complete
grammatical clauses and right structure with no omissions.
In instant messaging the situation is similar to group messaging. The colloquial expressions are
widely used in instant messaging because it’s a feature of informal language and in most cases,
informal language is used in this communication environment. There are different factors that
lead to the use of colloquial expressions: to create an atmosphere of a face to face
communication and using the language specific to it; using a language that is specific of a certain
group like slangs etc.
(1)<Name>heyy howz goin[Hey, how ’s it going?]/<Name>doin well thanks[I;m doing well,
thank you]/<Name>u aint ready?[You are not ready yet?] [3, p. 165].
As mentioned above, instant messaging is a perfect environment for colloquial expressions, that
are not slangs or jargon but expressions that are understood by the people of the same geographic
region not a specific group. So, day to day language is mostly used in synchronous types of
communication that is an environment where they can discuss on different topics. This type of
communication is not usually used for the purposes that emails are used. It is mainly used to
make friends, to discuss on everyday problems. That ’s why the language used is not formal.
This communication environment creates concerns for the linguists in terms of language use and
loss of language and writing skills.

27
Emoticons
In this part are examples related to the use of emoticons in Computer Mediated
Communication. According to merriam-webster.com, [36], an emoticon is a group of keyboard
characters (such as :-)) that typically represents a facial expression or suggests an attitude or
emotion and that is used especially in computerized communications. Emoticons are the textual
expressions that correspond to the writer ’s facial expression, mood. Emoticons have emotional
meaning used to provide expressivity to text messages. They are text representation of sounds,
emotions. CMC systems now have their own lists of emoticons which are visual images that
people can use instead of text representations but text representations are steel used and these
examples were found:
(1)<Name> hotttt ;- ) – [You are hot 😉 {wink}]/ (2)<Name> :-O {Shock, surprise}/
(3)<Name> hahaha u wont find me :L [= hahaha, you won ’t find me :L {tongue out}]/(4)
<Name> good job broh o/\o [Good job my brother o/\o {high five}] [3, p. 37].
Emoticons are used to show gestures and facial expressions of the face- to-face
communication in the virtual one. When chatting, it is impossible to see each other ’s facial
expressions, and this situation led to the appearance of the emoticons. These textual expressions
correspond to the writer ’s facial expression and to what is on their mind. Emoticons enriches the
user’s way of expressing the things, giving more possibilities, giving more quality to the
message and helping to set a tone and to express the needed message when words can ’t.
Emoticons and emoji are used generally in all types of Computer Mediated Communication,
especially in group chat and instant messaging and less in e-mail, as it is more formal and does
not usually require expressing feelings and emotions. In emails, the emoticons usage is also
influenced by the relationship between the participants. The emoticons are not use in formal
email as they make the writer look unprofessional. For these purposes like expressing feelings
and emotions, instant messaging is usually used because it is also faster and e-mail for more
professional purposes that also require the message to be full and the sentences correctly written.
But as already mentioned, e-mails and the content written in e-mail depends on who the
participants are.
Lexical Aspect of Computer Mediated Communication in Romanian Language
Below are examples in Romanian language of group chat that reflects the way Romanian
speaking people write and communicate in this environment. In these examples is also used
improper spelling just like the English examples. Due to difference in languages, the way of
writing words is different and more complete and less abbreviations are used:

28
(1)<Nume> cei aici? c vreti? [Ce- i aici? Ce vreți ?]/(2)<Nume>tres plec hai davai [Trebuie să
plec, la revedere!]/(3)<Nume>kum la voi patani?[Cum la voi b ăieți? ] [42].
These are Moldovan examples and the people that wrote (2) and (3) messages, are
influenced by the “Moldovan language ” that is a combination of Romanian and Russian
languages. People write so because all the participants are from the same country and they a re
familiar with this type of communication. Obviously, incorrect orthography is used here, mainly
because of the words used that are not related to the Romanian language; Also the expressions
used like: ”tres” instead of “trebuie să” and writing “kum” instead of “Cum ”. The orthography
norms are not followed in the (1) example, which is more similar to the English case ”. It makes
again the writing more fast and time-saving due to limited time users have in group chat that is
synchronous.
These examples both English and Romanian show that users, regardless of their place of
residence try to shorten their content when writing, which is totally because of lack of time they
have as group chats have many participants and it is really hard to talk to a single person.
(1) Stimat ă doamnă Popescu,
Vă scriu pentru a vedea dacă mă
puteți ajuta. Dumneavoastră ați spus să ne
adresăm în caz de necesitate. Vreau să
elaborez raportul pe tema: ”Criminalitatea
Organizat ă” ܈i nu am surse suficiente pentru
aceasta. V- a ܈fi foarte recunoscător dacă mi –
ați putea expedia orice exemplu de sursă
bună de informație. (1) Sal Mihai
Iti scriu p mail pentr k am pierdut nr
tau d tel. Scriemi t rog nr din nou k s pot s t
sun.
Am cv important d vorbit cu tn.
Scriemi kit mai repede posibil.
Sanatate !
Vă mulțumesc pentru înțelegere !
Cu respect,
Alin Băisan .
These examples show that just like in any other languages, the message depends on who
the recipient is. If it’s a friend, the language will be more simpler as well as shorter as there is no
need to pay much attention to the context. Writing to a different person like a professor, people
consciously know and use a different, more formal and accurate language. In Romania just like
in English, writing to a friend is used more casual language and shortened word as there is no
need to sound formal but understandable. Norms of orthography are followed in (1) example, as
the author wants to keep the right opinion upon him and also to get the needed result.

29
The language used in instant messaging is generally like the one used in group chat.
People are also under the pressure of time due to the fact that instant messaging take place in
real-time:
<Nume> sal,cmf?[Salut ce mai faci ?]/<Nume> bine, tu? Esti in tara? [Bine, tu ce mai faci? E ܈ti
în țară? ]/<Nume> aha d 2zile deam [Da, de 2 zilea deja].
These examples show misspelling in the Romanian messages, just as in the English ones
that occur because of the pressure of time, like in any other synchronous types of
communication. Abbreviations are also mainly used like ”cmf” for “ce mai faci ”, “sal” for ”salut ”
and improper writing of the Romanian letters like: “i” where is needed ”î”, “t” and “a” instead of
“ț”and”ă” etc. Also the sentences do not start with capital letters. Instant messaging is a private
way of communication and the messages are not intended for public view. This is also a reason
why people use this type of writing. They are not usually writing this way intentionally, just in
cases where formalities are not necessary and when they are sure the recipient will understand
their content written.
All these examples have shown that the proper writing depends very much on who are the
participants of the conversation and most of all who is the recipient and what relation is between
the participants. The only exception is group chatting, where participant don ’t usually know each
other and don ’t have enough time to write correctly. In terms of colloquial expressions used by
Romanian speaking users these examples of group chat were found: (1)<Nume> nuti baga
nasu/(2)<Nume>te simti cu musca pe caciula/(3)<Nume> astept d 100 d ani deam [42].
Colloquial expressions are widely used by the Romanian speaking users of CMC as they
reflect the everyday lexicon. This type of language is used as it is more simple and familiar to the
users. Using colloquial language make the writer sound too informal. Colloquial language is not
appropriate in academic writing and many professional communication situations [39].
Colloquial language is used to give a tone to the conversation and a more casual effect.
Colloquial expressions are used in informal situations. In email, the usage of this kind of
language is also influenced by the relationship between the writer and the recipient. All the users,
Romanians or English, are influenced in writing an email by such a factor as the relationship
between them and the recipients.
In instant messaging, Romanian speaking users also use mainly spoken-like language,
usually to keep the conversation similar to the face to face conversation. Using spoken-like
language makes them feel more comfortable in this environment or simulate the face to face
conversations online.

30
Spoken language is different from the standard language. The language used on internet is
similar to the spoken language. This means that the language used on internet is incorrect. The
way people communicate display their nature and identity to others. Their linguistic behavior
shows their membership to certain groups. In instant messaging or group chat there are no
linguistic constrains, that ’s why people chose to communicate as they prefer, also leads to the
creation of new words and their own lexicon and linguistic features.
In terms of emoticons, Romanian speaking users also prefer to use them as it is a way to express
one’s facial expression as it is a feature of face to face communication and people found a way to
show their feelings, emotions and facial expressions through writing. It is a popular feature
among the users of all around the world as it gives more life and color to the messages.
(1)<Nume>draguta !!!!! 😉 ;)/(2)<Nume> imi pare rau 🙁 /(3)<Nume> ceai spus??? :-O [42].
Emoticons and emoji are mostly used in group chat and instant messaging than in email. As
already mentioned, the usage of emoji and emoticons in email occur only in informal messages.
From the linguistic point of view, emoticons are not acceptable in properly written sentence.
This is again, a feature of Computer Mediated Communication created by the users to make their
communication easier, more colorful that gives more options to express their feelings and
emotions. Internet communication is characterized by a mixed syntax with features from the ora l
conversation and literary language. Users try to adapt to this environment that imposes limits and
create new ways to overcome these limitations for a better and more pleasant experience.
In conclusion, the lexical aspect is largely affected in Computer Mediated
Communication. Users don ’t pay attention to lexical norms while writing the messages and this
happens unintentionally. Their aim is to get their message across and to get the pleasure of
communication with other users. In group chat and instant messaging the users are affected by
time pressure and they need to be as quick as possible for the conversation to take place. In e-
mail conversations things take place differently. E-mail is asynchronous and the conversation
does not take place instantly and the users are not affected by the time pressure and this gives
them the opportunity to write as required, from the linguistic point of view. But it also depends
on the participants. Conversations via e-mail usually have different purposes than just
communication it has usually a more professional aspect and does not usually take place between
friends. That means a more formal expression, full sentences and faithfulness to the right lexical
and grammatical aspect.

31
2.2 Grammatical Aspect of Computer Mediated Communication
The grammatical aspect is an important part of the language that is also highly affected in
Computer Mediated Communication systems, in group chat and instant messaging and less
affected in e-mails. Below are presented the grammatical issues that occur in Computer
Mediated Communication.
Reduced Sentences
In the following part are examples showing reduced sentences that occur in group chat,
and more precisely the omission of subject/pronoun. The sentences are reduced, again, to be
quick er in replying the message or answer to the other person and not to take too long in writing,
especially in group chat where may participate up to 100 users:
(1) <Name> must go now… tired [I must go now; I ’m tired. ]/(2) <Name > sorry im slow… not
feeling good today [Sorry I ’m slow; I ’m not feeling good today.]/ (3 ) <Name>donno [I don ’t
know. ]/(4) <Name>never ever seen it! [I have never ever seen it.] [3, p. 159].
The examples (1), (2), (3) and (4) show incomplete sentences as well as other grammatical
issues. In all the examples above, there is the omission of the pronouns. Users omit pronouns as
it is understandable and their conversation partners consciously perceive what the writer is
saying and there is no need to write the pronoun and specify because it will take more time.
In instant messaging this issue also persists as it is also a synchronous way of
communication and the users just like in group chat, tend to send their messages as quick as
possible and not to make their conversation partner to get tired of waiting.
(1) miss u[I miss you!]/(2)still not ready 2 go[I ’m still not ready to go]/ (3 )must go, call u soon[I
must go. I ’ll call you soon].
These examples show the persistence of the same grammatical issue in Facebook messages as in
group chat. All three examples show the omission of pronouns and so the reduction of sentences.
In e-mails, this grammatical issue may not usually persist. In many cases people that
write e-mails, are they friends or strangers to each other, they anyway tend to be polite, re spect
the structure of the e-mail and use standard orthography. Writing e-mail differ in many cases but
in comparison with group chat or instant messaging, e-mail don ’t usually contain different
unconventional abbreviations, that are abbreviations that are not generally accepted in Standard
English etc. Spoken-like language using colloquial lexicon is a feature mostly visible and met in
other Computer Mediated Communication systems. E-mails remain more accurate than any other
ways of internet communication. In the example below it is shown that an e-mail to a friend is
written using also the informal language but it is written adequately from the linguistic point of
view. Also it is important to mention that people use e-mail for different other purposes than

32
simple communication, flirting or meeting people. In order to write an e-mail, the writer must
have the e-mail address of the addressee.
(1) Dear Tom,
I was trying to reach you by phone, but in vain. If it is still not too late, I
would like to send you those books you asked me about.
Please forward me if you get them!
Sincerely,
Michael [44].
This example of e-mail, in comparison with the group chat and Facebook examples above, is
written using complete sentences and no omission of the pronouns. Emails are more language
friendly systems of communication even in friendly relationships between the sender and the
recipient. In cases of professional relationships between them, the language used is formal and as
grammatically friendly as possible and won ’t be affected by such aspects like age etc.
(2) Dear Mr. Piper,
Please accept this letter as written notification that I was unable
to attend work on July 17 2014 due to personal reasons. Please
let me know if you have any other questions.
Sincerely,
Michael Cole [44].
The example (2) is a formal e-mail message. As mentioned above, in cases of professional
relationship between the participants, the message is maximum accurate in terms of grammar
and other linguistic aspects. In all similar cases, the writer uses proper language and stays
faithful to the linguistic norms for maximum needed effect. The proper tone, language and
message have great influence upon the recipient and make the needed impression and so, gives
the needed results to the writer. Proper grammar is an important part of the message in such
cases.
Verb Phrase
In this part are examples showing reduced sentences and more precisely the omission of
the verb phrases. According to Cambridge Dictionary [38], a verb phrase consists of a main verb
alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or auxiliary verbs. It is a syntactic unit composed of a t
least one verb and its dependents – objects, complements and other modifiers – but not always
including the subject [38].
(1) <Name > anyone ???? [= Does anyone want to chat? ]/(2) <Name> date? 😉 [= Would you like
to go on a date? ;)]/(3) <Name> IRL??? [= Does anyone want to meet in real life? ]/(4) <Name >

33
wanna chat????? [= Do you want to chat? ]/(5) <Name > weirdo 😛 [= You are a weirdo.] [3, p.
165].
By these examples we can see also the lack of punctuation. Online messaging has practically no
punctuation, and is basically a grammar free-for-all. [33].
Such situations occur again in synchronous types of internet communication and in this case in
group chat. The omission of verb phrases is also a time-saving strategy used very often in
synchronous Computer Mediated Communication Systems like group chat and instant
messaging. Saving time in such communication environments like group chat is essential for a
successful communication and helps the users to be quicker in forwarding to the needed person
from the many other participants.
The Use of Shorter Words Instead of Longer
In this part are examples on the use of shorter words instead of longer. This means that longer
words are replaced with short word with the same meaning. This practice takes place regularly in
such environments like group chat. Below are the examples found:
(1) <Name> Ive quit drinking [I ’ve given up drinking alcohol. ]/ (2) <Name> im so glad [I ’m so
thankful…]/ (3) <Name> u a re nuts [ You are foolish …]/ (4) <Name> thats too stupid [= That ’s
extremely stupid [3, p. 164].
The users ’ intentions are to save as much time as possible in order to be successful in group
chatting. Using this technique does not make significant difference in terms of saving time. The
shorter words that are used are not as short in comparison with their longer equivalents and that
means that this is just their preference.
The Use of Symbols Instead of Full Words
In this part are examples showing the use of symbols as a replacement for words. The use of
symbols instead of words simply refers to cases in which either of them could have been used.
With reference to symbols replacing words, the following examples were found in the analysis of
the conversations:
(1)<Name> me & u forever and ever!!!!! [Me and you forever and ever!]/(2) <Name> do u have
2 or 3 siblings [Do you have two or three siblings?]/ (3) <Name> the € is down again!!!! [= The
Euro is down again!]/(4) <Name> u are such a X hahahaha 😛 [= You are such a X [?] hahahaha
[43].
From the linguistic point of view, symbols are not accepted as they are not a part of language
but symbols created outside the language. Symbols are a huge part of the internet language and
are widely used in the internet communication. When communicating on internet users try and

34
are obliged by the situation and the communication environment to use as few letters as possible,
so, these linguistic issues occur.
In instant messaging the situation with the symbols is similar as in group chat. The symbols
are also widely used just like in all synchronous types of Computer Mediated Communication.

2.3 Peculiarities of Computer Mediated Communication in English and Romanian
2.4 The effect of Computer Mediated Communication on language usage
There are different opinions on whether computer mediated communication have a
negative effect upon the user ’s linguistic skills. Some people say that it has great impact upon
our literacy others consider it just a new form of communication. Generally it affects the younger
generations, as it is easy to use, is fast and simple and gives you the ability to write as you want.
You can use a specific language that will be understandable by a certain group of people. You
can use abbreviations and acronyms etc. But other people say that it really affects the literacy
skills of some people and most of all of the young ones.
World Wide Web launched in 1990 and the popularity of this service spread in the whole
world very easy. As new messaging services appeared, they easy become very popular and this
way, also new forms of language appeared and became increasingly used all other the web.
Some linguists stated that with that, people ’s communication got filled with jargons, slangs. Also
it led to breaking the linguistic rules of punctuation, spelling etc. And it became a trend among
people and more and more of them started to use this form of language. Not only teenagers but
also adults started to use it to feel more contemporary.
Linguists say that this phenomenon putts the future of our languages at risk. New
technologies give new possibilities. Older technologies had limited functions, limited number of
characters in a message, complicated keyboards that gave pure writing experience. These thin gs
made people to write with abbreviations, bad spelling and so on. Nowadays, with the current
technologies and smartphones we don ’t have these limitations anymore. The modern phones now
have autocorrect function that corrects automatically the word ’s spelling. Using abbreviations is
not so common now because the messages are made up largely by full words and full sentences
and the autocorrect function automatically converts the written by the user abbreviation into full
words which makes easier and more beneficial from the linguistic point of view. However,
solving these problems, other ones occur and more exactly with the formal language, people
don’t use the language adequately and also the punctuations, they usually omit proper
punctuation. As Crystal stated [5, p. 25] children of the future will no longer be able to spell, and
it’s mostly because of text messaging. With the autocorrect feature in their phones, children

35
don’t have to spell for themselves anymore, and the problem of punctuation will be a common
problem of the future generations. The internet has greatly changed the global communication.
With its possibilities and opportunities, internet has revolutionized the communication of the
people. But as anything else, it has its downsides and in this case on language and writing. But
there are steel different opinions on whether it ’s for the better of for the worse. The British
linguist David Crystal in his book “Language and the Internet ” said that the dynamic nature of
the Internet makes it difficult for comprehensive analysis of its effects to stay up- to-date [3, p.
171], and also added that the impact of the worldwide web upon language is not critical but stays
minimal. Crystal said: "When we look at the specific effect of the Internet on language,
languages asking the question, has English become a different language as a result of the
Internet, the answer has to be no," [25].
Crystal stated that linguistic changes caused by the Internet run parallel to changes in the existing
lexicon. According to Crystal [3, p. 171], these changes are not bad they are just additions and
improvements to the language. He also pointed to some studies by the Coventry University in
England and University of Washington that support the same idea and said that the only effect of
internet on language is to make it richer, providing new possibilities and benefits to the language
that haven't existed in the past. It ’s nothing but freedom of expression and it helps to get more
creative but anyway, teachers need to ensure that students maintain an academic understanding
of the use and rules of language [25].
Twitter for example is a social site that impose character limit and it force their users to
shorten, to compress their thoughts. Recently the character limit was extended but its steel not
unlimited and the most messages are made of abbreviations. Twitter particularly leaded to
creation of an abbreviation language that is used by millions of people, with 319 million monthly
active Twitter users. Terms like LOL (laugh out loud) which are very popular, have evolved and
have a wider meaning than their original abbreviation. LOL is now almost as a type of
punctuation, used to add a joking inflection to messages. It is not always used to indicate only
literal laughter. All these show us how internet creates its own language. Writing has become
now a very social way to communicate because before the appearance of internet, most people
wrote to communicate with only one other person but now with a single post, message we reach
thousands of people. There are many different types of communications in social media and
abbreviations, slang are not appropriate for every setting. Twitter forces the use of abbreviations
due to character limits but Facebook has longer text limits and it encourages proper grammar.
Also in writing emails or in blogs, writers very often use proper writing. People post and share
things on their social network accounts and their friends can automatically see them and so, there

36
is no need to call or talk with them separately to share the information you want to tell them.
With social media there is no such barrier. This is very quick time-saving. Posting on twitter and
its text limit has its own advantages as the ability to get to the point faster. It gives a n ew way of
writing that is more concise, jumping straight to the point. Very often in blogging are used
abbreviations especially when the writer has a time limit. Smartphones and the popularity of
texting make us more distracted in social settings. Some say that technologies make us less
social but actually we are just more distracted by them as they are addictive and putting the
technologies down and focusing on real life takes a real effort. Social media is influencing and
changing the way we communicate. The online connections help us to explore new horizons as
well as our social circles [25].
People get obsessed with internet and it also influences our act of talking in real-life. We
can use different acronyms, neologisms, and abbreviations in everyday speech. With internet,
new expressions and words will continue to appear. Our languages continue to evolve, as it did
before by interacting with other languages. Internet will continue to influence our languages a nd
have great impact upon them.
How Internet speak is changing the way we talk
When it comes to the way we communicate with each other, with the appearance of
Internet came major changes: we communicate mostly with messages and with the help of
technologies that face- to-face, even work in many cases is done using emails and other services
instead of going and meeting people face- to-face.
There are already many examples of how social network services helped to introduce new
words. For example, Twitter introduced the idea of a “re-tweet ” as an action, but people started
to use it in their vocabularies as a verb [25]. This happens usually when new features appear
online, like “lurking, ” “trolling ”. Other example is from Facebook that introduced “liking ” etc.
Crystal [5, p. 26] sees the internet as a thing that will improve languages than something
that will hurt them, and he also considers that it ’s too soon to talk about the language chance
with the influence of internet and CMC because a language can ’t chance in a such short period of
20 years of the existence of internet, it takes much more time [25]. He also said that most people
speak today just as they did before the arrival of internet and the addition of spoken abbreviation
like “LOL ” is hardly a significant effect upon English language [25].
But anyway, with time languages will suffer significant changes as new generations coming that
are using technologies and internet from early ages, those that are using technologies regularly
and participate in internet culture [25].

37
So it seems that the internet will continue to influence the way we talk but this will
happen as long as it is an important part of our society. But that doesn ’t mean that nothing will
change. The way we talk on internet will change, new words will be used and others will
disappear or will be replaced. New words will appear all the time as the users of internet are
people of different cultures and nationalities. Even if they use English as a standard language to
communicate with the people from all around the globe, their native languages will also
influence their communication, leading to the birth of new words, new expressions, or hybrid
words and some of these words may also start to be used by other people from other countries or
even new languages may appear and as D. Crystal says [4, p. 32], speakers of other langua ges
than English – called minority languages, may be encouraged to learn the more commonly used
languages from the Web in order to get access to more resources, and so leading to a decli ne in
the usage of their own language. Also, the interaction between English and other languages is
predicted to be an important area of study [12, p. 341]. But the internet offers opportunities for
speakers of different languages to communicate with one another as never before, leading to an
exchange of ideas [25].
As technologies are coming all the time and giving new opportunities for communication,
so they become popular very easy and attract many users. And so using CMC, it becomes a
standard among people and the whole contemporary world. People will somehow be forced to
use CMC to adapt to these standards, to meet the demand of the new technological world.
Nowadays using computers and CMC is not just a convenience but a part of our life, of our
everyday life.
We must agree that internet really influences our language education. It is really
important aspect as it affects the education of current and future generations of student and leads
to different errors, the use of informal language, incorrect word use in formal situations or in
academic papers by students, also different issues with spellings and grammar that occur more
and more among students and their academic works. But just like D. Crystal, Naomi S. Baron [1,
p. 219] said that student writings suffer little impact from the use of computer mediated
communication such as internet chat, text messaging and e-mail. This just improves their
vocabulary and may lead to a positive impact on their development.
Internet has already proven that it can provide different benefits in enhancing the learning
of language and most of all in foreign language learning. CMC allows communication through
chat messages, e- mail, different discussion forums and blogs and allows the interaction between
a language learner and a native speaker of that language. Such interactions provide better
learning opportunities of a language, and this process allows the language learner to pick up

38
skills and knowledge from the native speaker. Nothing of this would have been possible without
the internet and computer mediated communication.
English is the dominating language on the web and with the help of internet, the number
of English speaking people is growing as it is also mainly the universal language of the internet.
Internet becomes more and more important as it spreads in all the possible fields of the human
life. English and internet become two things that are important for each other as the world
changes and it becomes more important to know how to use internet services and, so, to read and
write English. If you don ’t know English, you will have many problems using internet and you
won’t be able to use it properly.
Using internet becomes a habit and a part of everyday life and this won ’t change in the
near future. It will continue to “enslave ” more and more people, becoming more and more poplar
each day. And so, the change of our languages is inevitable and the only thing we can do is to
adapt to this situation.
Conclusion
Chapter two provides examples and analysis of the linguistics in computer mediated
communication. There are indicated concrete examples of communication, intentional mistakes
made by those who converse via computers and internet.
As indicated in Chapter two, communication via email requires some rules and also,
emails are more like the digital letters but more comfortable and timesaving. Emails are very
useful nowadays. This mean of internet communication is especially used in business, schools,
universities etc. It is also used in everyday life by everyone who needs to send a message. As it
has developed in recent years, a person can also send and attach documents, photos, audio and
video files. Now emails are more and more developed and useful than ever.
Group chat is also very popular mean of computer mediated communication. In group
chatting can participate tens of users at once. That ’s why it is a noisy place to have a
conversation as there is lack of coherence. Conversations in group chat take place between
people that are not known to each other so there are different ways they can address to each
other. Someone can’t just talk to a single person because messages are generated all the time and
for beginners it is more a chaos that pleasure. To survive in group chat, users learn to shorten
their words in order to keep everything in time. The result is the usage of language that is similar
to the one used day to day in face to face communication. The sentences written in this
environment are improper from the linguistic point of view. Issues like lack of punctuation,
capital letters at the beginning of the sentence, use of abbreviations, incomplete sentences and

39
the use of colloquial expressions are very common in these communication environments. All
these issues occur because of the lack of time. So, this type of writing is acceptable in such
environments as group chats.
The language in instant messaging is similar to the one used in group chat as both
communication environments are synchronous and time pressure persists. As a result, the
messages written are affected from the linguistic point of view and do not correspond with the
grammatical and lexical norms.
Computer mediated communication influence the languages both negative and positive.
There are a lot of causes why it influences the language. The most common causes are the
timesaving and the development of impatience of the users. Other case is the tendency to sound
more like the way he or she communicates in face- to-face communication or to be more unic and
distinctive from the other participants. In some cases they are forced and obliged to shorten their
messages to keep in time and to manage in delivering the message in time.

40
Bibliography
Books:
1. Baron, N. S. Always on: language in an online and mobile world, New York: Oxford
University Press, 2008, 304p
2. Couldry, N. Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice, London:
Polity Press, 2012, 297p
3. Crystal, D. Language and the Internet, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 289p
4. Crystal, D. English as a Global Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003,
212p
5. Crystal, D. The language revolution (1st ed.), Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004, 152p
6. Dawson A. Globalisation and New Identitites: A View From the Middle, Johannesburg:
Jacana, 2005, 364p
7. Dery, Mark. Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture, Duke University Press, 1994, 355p
8. Gains, J. Electronic mail – a new style of communication or just a new medium: an
investigation into the text features of email, English for Specific Purposes , 1998, 101p
9. Herring, Susan. C. Slouching Toward the Ordinary: Current Trends in Computer Mediated
Communication. New Media & Society, 2004, 36p
10. Hafner Katie, M. L. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet, New York,
1996, 193p
11. Herring, Susan C. (ed. 1996). Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and
Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996, 324p
12. Ivkovic, D. &. Multilingualism in cyberspace: Conceptualising the virtual linguistic
landscape, International Journal of Multilingualism, 2009, 36p
13. McQuail, D. Mcquail's Mass Communication Theory. 5th ed. London: SAGE Publications,
2005, 616p
14. Wardhaugh, R. An introduction to sociolinguistics, Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1992, 426p
15. Stanley, J.B. Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture (4th edition),
Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2008, 529p
16. Stivale, Charles J. Spam: heteroglossia and harassment in cyberspace, 1996, 133p
17. Yates, S. J. Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing. In S. C.
Herring, (Ed. 1996), 327p
Journals and Researck books:

41
18. Bin Yu, Computer-Mediated Communication Systems. In B. Yu, Computer Mediated
Communication Systems, Beijing: tripleC, 2011, 531p
19. Indrová, T. Masarik University CZ, (2011) Retrieved March 20, 2017, from Masarik
Universitysite:https://is.muni.cz/th/331015/ff_b/Indrova_TerezaSpoken_Written_and_Computer
-Mediated_Communication.pdf
20. Slobodan Cvjetkovic, Computer-Mediated Communication: A Study of Language Variation
on Internet Chat, Gothenburg University, 2010
21. Lewis, L.K., & Seibold, D.R. Innovation modification during intraorganizational adoption.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Miami,
1992
22. Hård af Segerstad, Ylva. Use and adaptation of written language to the conditions of
computer mediated communication, Gothenburg, 2002, 288p
Web sites:
23. http://www.voanews.com/a/experts-divided-over-internet-changes-to-language-
81898572/162216.html
24. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_principle
25. http://www.voanews.com/a/experts-divided-over-internet-changes- to-language-
81898572/162216.html
26. https://www.translatemedia.com/us/blog-us/how-the-internet- is-changing-language/
27. http://spam.abuse.net/overview/whatisspam.shtml
28. http://www.wordspy.com/words/sockpuppet.asp
29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll
30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet
31. http://mashable.com/2012/10/25/instant-messaging-history/#K6Z.Sb1nwPqG
32. http://ccm.net/contents/117-structure-of- an-email-headers-and-bodies
33. https://www.oxfordlearning.com/texting-vs-writing-the-problem-with-instant-messag/
34. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquialism
35. https://literarydevices.net/colloquialism/
36. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emoticon
37. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/about-verbs/verb-phrases
38. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_phrase
39. http://www.lib.usf.edu/writing/wcnews/colloquial-language-and-slang/
40. http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet
41. http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html

42
42. https://www.wireclub.com/places/moldova/1
43. https://iflychat.com
44. http://vu.flare.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/english/writing/intermediate/informal/examples.htm
45. http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/businessenglish/leave-of-absence-letter.htm
46. http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet