An english workbook by 10M4 [307667]
ENGLISH
OVERSIMPLIFIED
An english workbook by 10M4
Colegiul National „Mihai Viteazul”, Ploiesti
© 2019
Contents
Present Tense Simple & Time Expressions…………………………………………………………………….Pages 3-6
Present Tense Continous & Stative Verbs………………………………………………………………………Pages 6-12
Present Perfect………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 12-22
Relationships……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 23-25
Past tenses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 26-37
Education…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 38-41
Future tenses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 42-59
Adolescence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 60-65
Reported speech……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 65-83
Enviroment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 84-92
Passive voice…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 93-103
Media……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 104-115
Articles……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 117-125
Our health………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 126-128
Advectives & Adverbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 128-150
Appearance and Personality…………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 150-162
Wish & If only………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 163-170
Books……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 171-177
Causative form………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 178-182
Film………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 183-188
Questions And Short Answers……………………………………………………………………………………..Pages 189-191
Fashion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages 191-206
Inverision & Emphasis………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 208-220
Techology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 221-228
Edu & Victor(?)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 229-236
Ing Forms……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pages 237-246
Leisure and Entertainment………………………………………………………………………………………………Pages xxx-xxx
Answers and indications………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.Present Tense Simple
DEFINITION
The simple present, present simple or present indefinite is one of the verb forms associated with the present tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense, although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time. The simple present is the most commonly used verb form in English, accounting for more than half of verbs in spoken English.
It is called "simple" because its basic form consists of a single word (like write or writes), in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary form) of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present forms am, is, and are.
FORM.
E/ES-RULES
The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.
go – goes
catch – catches
wash – washes
kiss – kisses
fix – fixes
buzz – buzzes
2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.
marry – marries
study – studies
carry – carries
worry – worries
3. For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.
play – plays
enjoy – enjoys
say – says
USES
1: We use the present simple when something is generally or always true.
People need food.
It snows in winter here.
Two and two make four.
2: Similarly, we need to use this tense for a situation that we think is more or less permanent.
Where do you live?
She works in a bank.
I don't like mushrooms.
3: The next use is for habits or things that we do regularly. We often use adverbs of frequency (such as 'often', 'always' and 'sometimes') in this case, as well as expressions like 'every Sunday' or 'twice a month'.
Do you smoke?
I play tennis every Tuesday.
I don't travel very often.
4: We can also use the present simple for short actions that are happening now. The actions are so short that they are finished almost as soon as you've said the sentence. This is often used with sports commentary.
He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and he scores!
5: We use the present simple to talk about the future when we are discussing a timetable or a fixed plan. Usually, the timetable is fixed by an organisation, not by us.
School begins at nine tomorrow.
What time does the film start?
The plane doesn't arrive at seven. It arrives at seven thirty.
6: We also use the present simple to talk about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until', 'after', 'before' and 'as soon as'. These are sometimes called subordinate clauses of time.
I will call you when I have time. (Not 'will have'.)
I won't go out until it stops raining.
I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.
7: We use the present simple in the first and the zero conditionals.
If it rains, we won't come.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils
8.In direct speech, to introduce quotes
Shakespears says: “Not ,marble, nor the gilded monuments
Ok princes shall..”
TIME EXPRESSIONS
2.Present Tense Continuous
DEFINITION
The present continuous, also called the present progressive, is a verb form used in modern English that combines the present tense with the continuous aspect.[1] It can be employed in both the indicative and subjunctive moods. Approximately 5% of verbs in spoken English are in the present continuous form.
FORM.
ING RULES
General rule
The general rule when changing a verb into its -ING form is just to add -ING to the end of the verb.
e.g.
to feel – feeling
to go – going
to sleep – sleeping
Spelling exceptions
The following exceptions exist when spelling words ending in ING:
1). If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.
to live – living
to have – having
to make – making
to take – taking
2). If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add ING.
to stop – stopping
to sit – sitting
to plan – planning
to get – getting
to swim – swimming
3). If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we do not double the final consonant when the stress is on the first syllable.
to happen – happening
to enter – entering
to offer – offering
to suffer – suffering
4). But, we do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the final syllable is not emphasized.
to fix – fixing
to enjoy – enjoying
to snow – snowing
5). If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING.
to lie – lying
to die – dying
to tie – tying
6). If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and add ING.
to travel – travelling
to marvel – marvelling
7). If the verb ends in a stressed vowel + R, we double the final R and add ING.
to refer – referring
to defer – deferring
8). If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel + R, we do not double the final R and add ING.
to offer – offering
to suffer – suffering
to whisper – whispering
USES
1. Actions that are happening at the moment of speaking;
e.g. We are studying English now.
2. Temporary actions;
e.g. Today, mom is driving me to school.
3. Changing states;
e.g. More and more children are using mobiles phones.
4. With verbs to get, to grow, etc. to show the transition from one state to another;
e.g. It is getting dark.
5. Bad habits;
e.g. You are always/forever/constantly/continually talking.
6. Fixed arrangements for the future;
e.g. They are getting married on 5th of may.
7. Sometimes in subordinate sentences of time or conditional;
The girl will stay in the car while her father is washing the windscreen.
TIME EXPRESSINONS
STATIVE VERBS
Statives verbs are normally used in the Present Simple tense and not the Present Continuous.
Some stative verbs can be used in continuous forms, but there is a change in meaning. Instead of describing a state, they describe an activity.
Exercises
Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:
Mr. John receives (receive) a letter from his son every month. He __________ (study) abroad and __________ (never forget) to write to his father.
When I __________ (go) to the lawyer, I __________ (feel) tense.
Jane __________ (not remember) new words after studying them. She __________ (not seem) to be able to learn them.
He __________ (watch) TV at the moment. He __________ (watch) TV every day before he __________ (go) to school.
‘Hello, Michael! What __________ (you do) over there?’
‘I __________ (try) to fix this radio. I __________ (listen) to the radio every day before work.’
Kate can’t come to the party because she __________ (wash) her dog.
He __________ (wash) his cat every mounth.
Look! It __________ (snow). It __________ (seldom snow) at this time of year.
They __________ (have) a party on this week at home.
Choose the correct word or phrase:
She smells / is smelling the flowers.
Marlyn isn’t watching / doesn’t watch horror films.
What do you think / are you thinking the best way to overcome this problem is?
Please be quiet! I am trying / try to concentrate.
She is thinking / think about the book she read.
This sauce tastes / is tasting delicious.
Well done! I admire / am admiring your courage.
I can’t come with you tonight. I am seeing / see an old friend.
We are visiting / visit our grandparents every week.
Jack never goes / is going out after midnight.
Write the questions to the answers:
a.) A. Where do you usually go on Friday night ?
B. I usually go to clubs with my friends.
b.) A. What time _________________________________?
B. I arrive at school at seven o’clock every day.
c.) A. What _____________________ on Sunday morning?
B. I am visiting my uncle.
d.) A. Why ______________________________ with you ?
B. I think it’s not raining today.
e.) A. What ______________________________right now?
B. I am playing with my dogs.
f.) A. Where ____________________________________ ?
B. I live in the suburbs of London.
4. Find the mistake and correct the sentences:
a.) Does Paul walks to work every day?
Does Paul walk to work every day?
b.) What time do the last train leave?
______________________________
c.) My father always telling us to eat breakfast!
______________________________________
d.) Kate is see the doctor at 5 pm today.
________________________________
e.) Nobody think that Jack will pass the exam.
_____________________________________
f.) My sister don’t have a job right now.
________________________________
g.) Maya thinks of moving to a new house.
_________________________________
h.) My friend isn’t liking his house.
___________________________
5.Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct description.
3.Present Perfect Simple
DEFINITION
The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and perfect aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences.[1] The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar to refer to forms like "I have left".
The forms are present because they use the present tense of the auxiliary verb have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination with the past participle of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past perfect: "I had eaten.")
FORM.
USES
Incomplete actions:
e.g.: She has written two pages of her essay.
Indefinite actions:
e.g.: We’ve bought a house.
For experiences:
e.g.: Have you even eaten snails?
Past actions with a visible result in the present:
e.g.: He has lost his pen.
Recently finished actions:
e.g.: She’s just painted the door.
With TODAY, THIS WEEK for open actions:
e.g.: We’ve seen two plays this week.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
FOR
SINCE
JUST
ALREADY
SO FAR
UP TILL NOW
EVER / NEVER
YET
RECENTLY
LATELY
4.Present Perfect Continuous
DEFINITION
English also has a present perfect continuous (or present perfect progressive) form, which combines present tense with both perfect aspect and continuous (progressive) aspect: "I have been eating". The action is not necessarily complete; and the same is true of certain uses of the basic present perfect when the verb expresses a state or a habitual action: "I have lived here for five years."
FORM.
USES
1: We use the Present Perfect Continuous tense to talk about action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.
I’m tired now because I have been running.
Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining?
You don’t understand because you haven’t been listening.
2: We use the Present Perfect Continuous tense to talk about action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.
I have been reading for 2 hours. (I am still reading now.)
We've been studying since 9 o'clock. (We're still studying now.)
How long have you been learning English? (You are still learning now.)
We often use for and since when talking about time.
for + period: a "period" is a duration of time – five minutes, two weeks, six years. For means "from the beginning of the period to the end of the period".
Eg. He has lived in Beijing for a long time.
since + point: a "point" is a precise moment in time – 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. Since means "from a point in the past until now".
Eg. She has been working since she arrived.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
HOW LONG…?
ALL DAY
FOR (a week)
SINCE (yesterday)
EXERCISES
Fill in for or since into the gaps.
Nobody has seen him_____ last Wednesday.
It has been cloudy _____ some days.
She has been reading _____ eight o’clock.
We have been working here _____four years.
The pilots have been on strike _____ two months.
We have had terrible weather _____ Monday.
I've known Alex _____ 1998.
You have been waiting for the taxi_____ half an hour.
They haven't lost a match _____ April.
Things have changed _____ he's become headmaster.
The police have been looking for her _____two months.
Our cat has been ill _____ three days.
She's been looking for this dress _____ a long time.
I've been doing my homework _____ I got up.
The kettle has been boiling _____ fifteen minutes.
Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple or Contiunous.
1. I ____have missed____(miss) the bus, so I am walking to university.
2. ___________________ (You/finish) your project yet?
3. She ________________(give) him the videogame he wanted.
4. Jane _______________(catch) a cold two times this month.
5. How long ______________ (You/learn) English?
6.They _________________(go) to Greece for their holidays for eight years.
7. He _________________ (look) for a new job since last two years and still hasn’t found.
8. Where ___________________________(you/be)? I ___________________ (look) for you for two hours.
9.She _______________ (try) to repair the coffee machine for three hours. I think she should give up now.
10. What’s all that mess? What ________________ (they/do)?
III. Study the example and rewrite the sentences in the same way.
1. He has never eaten Mexican food before.
This is the first time __he has (ever) eaten Mexican food.
2.He has never played tennis before.
This is the first time ________________________________
3. They have never visited an art gallery before.
This is the first time ________________________________
4. My father has never had an accident before.
This is the first time _________________________________
5.Ann has never spoken in front of an audience before.
It’s the first time ___________________________________
6. I have never visited a foreign country before.
It’s the first time ___________________________________
IV.Correct the following sentences where necessary. Put a tick below those which do not need correcting.
1. Someone has been smoking in the house. I can smell cigarette smoke.
______________________________________________________
2. The car has belonged to the family from 1945.
_______________________________________________________
3. I’ve been typing four letters so far this morning
________________________________________________________
4. I just left my office.
_________________________________________________________
5. It’s the first time he is playing golf with us.
__________________________________________________________
6. I’ve been writing the essay but I haven’t finished yet.
__________________________________________________________
7. Sarah has been missing the train so she’ll be late.
__________________________________________________________
8. My eyes are red because I have cried.
__________________________________________________________
V. Translate into English:
1. Poti sa faci niste ceai? Ceainicul fierbe de zece minute.
_________________________________________________________
2. Preturile au crescut in continuu din martie.
___________________________________________________________
3. Acea familie cultiva trestie de zahar de multe generatii.
___________________________________________________________
4. Ei primesc scrisorile acelea anonime de cand sotia lui a aparut la televizor.
___________________________________________________________
5. Noi purtam doliu de cand a murit unchiul nostru.
__________________________________________________________
6.Prietenii asteapta cu nerabdare petrecerea aceasta de o luna.
_________________________________________________________
7. Mergem cu masina de doua ore deja si inca n-am vazut o statie de benzina.
__________________________________________________________
8. Ei se cearta mereu de cand s-au casatorit.
__________________________________________________________
VI. Complete the second sentence using the world in brackets so that it has the same meaning as the first ine.
1. He died six years ago.
He ______________________________________________________________ (BEEN)
2.She finished ironing the clothes a few minutes ago.
She _______________________________________________________________(JUST)
3. I bought this motorbike three years ago.
I _______________________________________________________________ (OWNED)
4.It has been two years since their mother passed away.
Their mother _________________________________________________________ (AGO)
5.James has run this restaurant for three years.
James ____________________________________________________________ (SET)
TEST
1.
Many birds of Europe … south to Africa in winter.
A. are flying
B. flies
C. fly
D. has flown
2.
The weather … very cold in Moscow in the winter.
A. get
B. is getting
C. has got
D. gets
3.
After six days of rain, I'm glad that the sun … again today.
A. shines
B. is shining
C. shining
D. is shines
4.
Don't forget to take your umbrella. It … outside.
A. rains
B. raining
C. has been raining
D. D. is raining
5.
Justin … a book about his adventure in Tibet. I hope he can find a good publisher when he finish it.
A. write
B. has written
C. is writing
D. writes
6.
I … them three times, but I still haven't received a reply.
A. am writing
B. have written
C. write
D. writing
7.
Hey, let's change the conversation. It … too serious!
A. gets
B. has been getting
C. getting
D. is getting
8.
A: What is your activity now? B: Well, right now I … a book on how to cook fried rice better.
A. write
B. have written
C. writes
D. am writing
9.
We … three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have.
A. are having
B. have
C. have had
D. has
10.
Hendra really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he … here four times trying to reach you. He called at 9:10, 10:25, 12.15, and 1.45.
A. calls
B. has called
C. is calling
D. called
11.
Right now Martha is in the science building at our school. The chemistry experiment that she … is dangerous, so she is very careful.
A. is doing
B. does
C. has done
D. doing
12.
Don't give him this book. I … it.
A. reading
B. read
C. am reading
D. have read
13.
A: Tell me your experience in going around the world. B: Well, I … many of the countries in Central America. I took a tour of Central America about six years ago.
A. visit
B. have visited
C. have been visiting
D. am visiting
14.
We … four tests so far this week. We are in need of a great and long holiday!
A. have had
B. have
C. are having
D. have been having
15.
It's ten p.m. I … for two hours and probably won't finish until midnight.
A. am studying
B. study
C. have studied
D. have been studying
16.
She … to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
A. has talked
B. have
C. talks
D. is talking
17.
Rani: Did you like the movie "The Godfather"? Erna: I don't know. I … that movie in my life.
A. am never watching
B. has never watched
C. have never watched
D. have never been watching
18.
The telephone … for almost a minute. Why doesn't someone answer it?
A. has
B. has rung
C. has been rung
D. is ringing
19.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She … for three different companies so far.
Discuss
A. work
B. works
C. has been working
D. has worked
20.
A: Do you know Alex? B: Well, I … him since he was a child.
Discuss
A. know
B. am knowing
C. have been knowing
D. have known
21.
Judy : How long have you been in Canada? Claude: I … here for more than three years.
Discuss
A. am studying
B. study
C. have been studying
D. have studied
22.
The boys are playing soccer now. They … for almost two hours. They must be getting tired.
A. are playing
B. have been playing
C. have played
D. play
Relationships
Vocabulary and Reading
*
Read the following short texts detailing the
way these people met their match.
Afterwards, answer the following questions with text A, B, C or D.
Which text
-Had two people meeting thanks to a mistake? ……… (
-Didn’t describe a random meeting? …….
-Specifies initial feelings regarding someone…
-Ends on a humorous note? ….
VOCABULARY
Hit it off (with someone) = to be friendly with each other immediately
To tell on someone = to give information about someone's bad behavior or secrets
Quarter = in text B it refers to the coin worth 0.25 US Dollars
Vow = a solemn promise
Out of the blue = suddenly
Blog = a discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries
A"I had just moved to town and my apartment wasn't ready yet, so I had to stay in a hotel. The hotel had a strange rooming system. I was in 4B — the clerk said the door would be cracked open because the cleaning crew had just finished. I reached a cracked door and assumed it was mine, so I opened it. There was a man standing there with a dog in a non pet-friendly hotel. He just looked at me and said, 'Please do not tell on me! My house is being fumigated and this was the best hotel I could afford!' I just laughed and said, 'Hey, calm down. I just moved here, my dog’s in the car, I intend on sneaking her in too. Your dog is cute as hell.'
B "My husband and I lived in the same college dorm when we met. Three months into the semester, while doing his laundry, he realized he was 75 cents short and unable to finish drying his last bit of clothes. He walked around the nearby lobby, checking to see if anyone may have any change. I was sitting at a table with friends and happened to have my wallet with me. I looked inside and there were three single quarters. Nothing more. Nothing less. I let him have my quarters and we exchanged names.
Four years later, we were exchanging vows. Not a bad deal for me. 75 cents for the love of my life… wait, did he ever pay me back?"
C "It was the early 00's and I was a blogger, like all twenty-something women. I had a fairly popular/humorous blog about dating in my hometown. The local paper did a full article on me with a big photo. Later that day, I got an email from some radio DJ inviting me on his show for an interview. I didn't listen to that station and I had no idea who he was, but my mom said, 'Go for it! It could be fun!' I met him the following week for the on-air interview. We were engaged eight months later and will be married 10 years in October, and have three children. I would have missed out on my whole life if I skipped that interview!"
We ended up really hitting it off, as did our dogs. He went home the next day, but we exchanged numbers. On my second-to-last day at the hotel, somebody called in about my dog. They let me stay, but said my dog had to go. He offered us both a place to stay, which I said was too weird, but I let my dog there. We ended up dating and are still together."
D The first time I saw him, we were sitting at the gate for our flight to Chicago. I remember glancing over at him and thinking, Oh, wow, he's cute. When I got to my seat, I saw that the seat beside me was empty and thought, How awesome would it be if he ended up next to me?
Sure enough, a family in his row wanted to sit together so he asked the flight attendant if he could take the empty seat beside me. We spent the entire flight discussing everything. And then, the flight landed.
He asked for my number and we went our separate ways. I was certain I would never hear from him again. A few months later, out of the blue, he sent me [a message that said] 'Happy New Year.' We hit it off like nothing ever changed.
Use a word or phrase to fill in the gaps. Each word or phrase is used only once.
love-interest, blood, nemesis, friendship, love, crush, casual, distant, unrequited love, acquaintance, steady, business partner
Love is very different from _______. If you've got a _______ on someone you can't wait to see them. If it's just an ________ you can probably wait until tomorrow or the day after. One thing is for sure: You'll probably see your ______ relatives every day! Luckily, you don't need to see your _______ relatives quite as often, though. When it comes to business, you'll probably see your _________ daily, but you'll stay away from ________ as often as you can.
Let's face it: ______ is complicated. I've heard from a number of people who have experienced _____________, and they're never the same! There are also all kinds of considerations. For example, if you've had a _______ date, do you want to go out again? Are you tired of your ________ date? Well, maybe it's time for a new __________!
Describe your Prince Charming
Have you ever been in a relationship? If so, how did you feel about it? If not, would you want to be in one? Why or why not?
Imagine your girlfriend/boyfriend asks you out to see a movie. Have a little debate on watching a movie at home and watching at the cinema. Use as many adjectives as you can.
Grammar
PAST TENSES
Simple Past
Form: Take the base verb and change the word form to the past tense form. Usually this means adding /ed/ to the end of the word. However, much like simple present tense, there are a lot of irregular verbs with different past tense forms.
Uses: 1: For actions completed in the past. EXAMPLE: The scientists conducted an experiment. 2: For actions or states which are now finished. EXAMPLE: Mr. Jonh worked as a gardener when he was younger.
Past Continuous
Form: The past form of “to be” (was, were) + verb + ing
Uses: 1: Describing a past action that hasn’t been completed yet. EXAMPLE: At 11pm, I was still working on my homework at math. 2: Describing a past action that was interrupted by another action. EXAMPLE: We were swimming when it started to rain. 3: Describing two past events that took place at the same time. EXAMPLE: While mother was cooking father was playing with kids on the carpet. 4: Describing a past action that took place in a specific time period and may have continued afterward. EXAMPLE: At 8 o’clock yesterday, I was having dinner with Mark.
Past Perfect Simple
Form: had+ past form of a verb
Uses: 1: For an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. EXAMPLE: Ann had finished cooking by 6 o’clock. 2: For an action which finished in the past, and whose results was visible at a later point in the past. EXAMPLE: He had broken his leg a month ago and he still could not walk properly.
Past Perfect Continuous
Form: had + been + verb + ing
Uses: 1: To put the accent on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before another action or stated time in the past, usually with for and since. EXAMPLE: He had been walking for about an hour before he reached his destination. 2: For an action that were in progress in the past and had an effect on a latter action. EXAMPLE: He had been painting and his clothes were covered in paint.
EXERCICES
I Complete the sentences with the correct form of Past Simple or Past Continuous 1) I ……. (sit) in a cafe when you ……. (call) . 2) When you ……. (arrive) at home, who ……. (be) there? 3) Susie ……. (watch) a film when she ……. (hear) the noise. 4) Yesterday I ……. (go) to the school, next I ……. (have) a swim, later I ……. (meet) Julie for dinner. 5) We ……. (play) tennis when John ……. (hurt) his leg. 6) What ……. (they/do) at 10pm last night – it was really noisy? 7) He ……. (take) a shower when the telephone ……. (ring). 8) He ……. (be) in the shower when Philip ……. (call). 9) When I ……. (walk) into the room, everyone ……. (work). 10) It ……. (be) a day last September. The sun ……. (shine) and the birds ……. (sing) . I ……. (walk) along the street when I ……. (meet) an old friend.
II Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Peter was Sally's best friend. She ……. (know) him all her life. 2 The children were wet because they ……. (play) football in the rain. 3 We were very hungry because we ……. (not / eat) all day. 4 I was happy when I found my keys. I ……. (look) for them for hours. 5 She was exhausted because she …….. (work) since eight o'clock that morning. 6 Everything was white because it ……. (snow). 7 The passengers were cross because the airline ……. (lose) everyone's bags. 8 I ……. (not / see) Jacob for several years, but I recognised him immediately.
III Choose the correct time expresion to complete the sentences.
1 She had been waiting for an opportunity like this ____ years. a for b since c already 2 What exactly had they been doing ____? a today b all day c next time 3 ____ I had spoken, I regretted it. a As soon as b While c Until 4 ____ had the man been following you for? a What time b How long c When 5 Mark had never been to a Formula 1 race ____. a after b jus c before
IV Choose the most appropriate answer. 1. He ___ a new house last month, but he doesn't really like it.
bought
was buying
had bought
had been buying
2. I burned my finger while I ___ dinner.
was cooking
had cooked
had been cooking
3. By the time I came back, my parents ___ , so I couldn't tell them about it.
were already leaving
had already left
had already been leaving
4. He ___ for twenty years when he finally quit smoking.
smoked
was smoking
had been smoking
5. I ___ you yesterday because my telephone was lost.
didn't call
hadn't called
hadn't been calling
6. He was waiting for his taxi when the robbers ___ him.
attacked
were attacking
had attacked
had been attacking
7. I wanted to ask my father for help, but I saw that he ___ , and I decided not to wake him up.
slept
was sleeping
had slept
had been sleeping
8. Yesterday I went to an interesting museum that I ___ before.
didn't visit
wasn't visiting
hadn't visited
9. By the time we arrived, she ___ for us at home for three hours.
waited
was waiting
had been waiting
10. Christopher Columbus ___ America in 1492.
discovered
was discovering
had discovered
had been discovering
V Rewrite the sentences and keep the same meaning.
1 After finishing his drink he got up. – After he _____ his drink he _____ up. 2 His driving too fast caused an accident. – He had an accident as he _____ too fast. 3 Everyone sat down. The show started. – The show _____ when everyone _____ . 4 He was relaxing all day. He felt better in the evening. – He _____ better in the evening because he _____ all day. 5 It was 5°C during the day. The snow disappeared in the evening. – The snow _____ in the evening because it _____ 5°C during the day.
Education Vocabulary: Word Lists and Pronunciation
Educational Institutions
kindergarten = pre-school education
primary school
secondary school
college = further education
higher education = university education = tertiary education
post-graduate school = university for students studying beyond degree level
School Subjects
Maths
Language
Literature
Science
Physics
Biology
Chemistry
Natural Science
Geography
Religious Studies
History
Information Technology (IT)
Physical Education (PE)
Cookery = domestic / food science
Handicrafts
Art
Music
Vocabulary Exercises: School Subjects
One of the reasons that I didn`t like ………….. was because of the lab work which sometimes involved dissection.
I`ve always enjoyed learning about how chemicals react with one another so I decided to choose …………… as one of my main subjects.
When I was a child, we practiced …………. three times a week which was fine in summer but was freezing during the winter when you have to football or hockey outside.
My teacher encouraged us to take part in …………. order to develop skills beyond what is taught in scheduled lessons.
I used to find complicated calculations difficult as well as algebra but when we got a new ………….. teacher, it all become much easier to understand.
One of my favourite subjects was ……………. because you had a chance to get out of the classroom and learn more about the environment.
Teachers were really strict on ……………… in exams. The exam invigilators won`t even let you have your bag in the exam room.
Poetry should be taught more in …………… lessons in order to help students develop a deeper understanding of their language and culture.
I always loved studying maps. We spent a lot of time in our …………… lessons tracing the borders of countries and learn the capital cities of different countries.
My worst subject at school was ……….. because I was completely tone deaf.
Useful Language 8: Collocations
lab work = laboratory experiments
dissection = cutting up animals for scientific research
scheduled lessons = lessons which are planned and written into a school curriculum
algebra = formulas and equations in mathematics
to give out or assign homework = to do or complete homework
to complete high school = to graduate high school
tracing = copying, outlining in pencil
tone deaf = without an ear for music = unable to appreciate or hear different music and notes
University Vocabulary:
University Courses:
BA/ BSc = Bachelor of Arts Degree/ Bachelor of Science Degree
MA/ MSc = Masters of Arts / Masters of Science
PhD = Doctorate
Other Courses:
Certificate = a lower level qualification often offered at colleges rather than universites. This is also the word used the for documentation received for completing any type of course or degree (she received her certificate for her BA degree).
Diploma
Online Course
Distance Learning Course
Vocational course = a course which teaches you skills for a specificjob, for example engineering.
Non-vocational course = a course which is not related to a job but to a general subject instead, such as Biology.
Useful Verbs 8: Nouns for University
to graduate from a university = complete a degree course / to finish university
to enroll on a degree course = put your name down for a degree course
to major in physics = to choose physics as your main subject at university
to attend a lecture = to go to listen to a speaker at university often with a large audience in a lecture theatre
to attend a tutorial = to go to a meeting with a professor usually in small group held in his/her office
deliver a lecture = to give a talk or presentation
to lecture in media studies = to talk about media studies or to teach media studies at university
the faculty of business = a department specialising in business at university
to read history = to study history
to do or complete coursework = doing project work or assignments as part of your course
undergraduate (n) = someone currently doing their first degree
graduate (n) = someone who has completed a degree course
note-taking = being able to take notes in a lecture while the lecturer is talking
keeping up with the workload = being able to maintain the level of studying required
fall behind with studies = fail to keep pace with the school / university work
University Work
presentations
lectures
tutorials
thesis
dissertation
hypothesis
assignment
project
work
research
Vocabulary Exercises: Universities
Complete the following sentences are university education using no more than one word.
People who have …………. from university stand a better chance of finding a good job.
I hope to enroll …………. a degree in law next year in the UK.
There is a lot of competition to get a …………… but without it I won`t be able to afford the universities fees.
One of the keys to successful …………… is knowing where to look for information and how to judge which information is most current and relevant. Knowing the best sources of materials is essential.
Other Useful Vocabulary for Education
literate = to be able to read and write
illiterate = unable to read and write
the literacy rate = the percentage of people in a country or region able to read and write
comprehensive education = a well-rounded, broad education covering a variety of subjects
scholarship = an award of either free or supported education for high achievers
student loan = money taken by a student to pay for their education which they must pay back after graduating
pay off a student loan = to repay money borrowed for university education
intensive course = a course which runs over a short period oftime but contains a lot of information and training
play truant / truancy = not attending school / being absent from school without permission
gap year = to take a year out between high school and university
Vocabulary Exercises: Useful Education Vocabulary
Complete the sentences using no more than two words.
The rate of ………… is higher in developed countries than in under developed countries.
Schools should offer a …………. which includes subjects relating to all minority groups.
The rise in university fees has led to a large proportion of students taking out ………….. which can often be difficult to pay back.
Students who take a …………… often find it difficult to get back into their studies again.
Rather than the governament offering free university education for all people, they should, instead, ensure that a certain number of gifted individuals receive a …………… .
Biography
https://www.grammarbank.com/support-files/causative-verbs-worksheet.pdf
https://www.grammarbank.com/causatives.html
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g1-causative.php
FUTURE TENSES
Future Tenses:
Simple Future;
Future Perfect;
Future Perfect Continuous;
Future Continuous.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Form
The simple future tense is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without to
FUNCTIONS
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty.
The simple future is used:
1.To predict a future event:
It will rain next week.
2.With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision:
I'll pay for the diner by credit card.
3.To express willingness:
I'll do the washing-up.
He'll carry your bag for you.
4.In the negative form, to express unwillingness:
The kid won't drink his milk.
5.With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer:
Shall I carry your bag for you?
6.With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion:
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
7.With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions:
What shall I tell my mom about this grade?
8.With you, to give orders:
You will do exactly as I say.
9.With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation:
Will you come to the new movie with me?
Note:In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations.
FUTURE PERFECT
FUNCTION
The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed sometime later than now. It is most often used with a time expression.
FORM
The future perfect is composed of two elements:the simple future of the verb "to have" (will have) + the past participle of the main verb
TO see, FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
EXAMPLES
1.I will have been here for six months on September 23rd.
2.By the time you finish your homework I will have left.
3.You will have finished your project by this time next week.
4.Won't they have arrived by 7:00?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUNCTION
Like the future perfect simple, this form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions that are currently unfinished but will be finished at some future time. It is most often used with a time expression.
FORM
The future perfect continuous is composed of two elements
the future perfect of the verb "to be" (will have been) + the present participle of the main verb (base + ing)
TO start, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
EXAMPLES
1.I will have been waiting here for two hours by ten o'clock.
2.By 2015 I will have been living in London for five years.
3.When I finish this course, I will have been learning English for eleven years.
4.Next year I will have been living here for five years.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FUNCTIONS
The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. The future continuous is used for quite a few different purposes.
Form. The future continuous is made up of two elements:
the simple future of the verb 'to be' + the present participle (base+ing)
TO STAY, FUTURE CONTINUOUS
EXAMPLES
The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the future.
1.This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Dubai.
2.Just think, next Friday you will be watching the new movie.
The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.
1.He'll be coming to the party, I expect.
2.I guess you'll be feeling thirsty and hungry after working in the sun.
In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information about the future.
1.Will you be bringing your boyfriend to the family diner?
2.Will she be going to the party tonight?
Talking about the future
When we know about the future, we normally use the present tense.
1. We use the present simple for something scheduled:
We have a lesson next Friday.
The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.
2. We can use the present continuous for plans or arrangements:
I'm playing tennis tomorrow.
They are coming to talk to us tomorrow.
3. We use will:
a.when we express beliefs about the future:
It will be a nice event next week.
I'm sure you will enjoy the film ”Star wars”.
b.to mean want to or be willing to:
I hope you will come to my birthday party.
George says he will show us the neighbourhood.
c.to make offers and promises :
I'll see you next week.
We will call you.
d.to talk about offers and promises:
Tim will be at the meeting.
Mary will help with the cooking.
4. We use be going to:
a.to talk about plans or intentions:
I'm going to stay at home today.
They are going to move to London.
b.to make predictions based on evidence we can see:
Be careful! You are going to fall. (= I can see that you might fall.)
Look at the sky. I think it's going to rain. (= I can see that it will rain.)
5. We use will be with an -ing form for something happening before and after a specific time in the future:
I'll be working at seven o'clock. Can you come later?
They'll be waiting for you when you arrive.
6. We can use will be with an -ing form instead of the present continuous or be going to when we are talking about plans, arrangements and intentions:
They'll be coming to see us next month.
I'll be driving to work tomorrow.
7. We often use verbs like would like, plan, want, mean, hope, expect to talk about the future:
What are you going to do next year? I'd like to get a summer job.
We plan to go to Italy for our holidays.
George wants to buy a new phone.
8. We use modals may, might and could when we are not sure about the future:
I might stay at home tonight or I might go to the cinema..
9. We can use should if we think there's a good chance of something happening:
We should be home in time for diner.
The game should be over by ten o'clock.
The future in time clauses and if-clauses
In time clauses with words like when, after, until we often use present tense forms to talk about the future:
I'll come at your house when I finish work.
You must wait here until your brother comes.
They are leaving after they have had dinner.
In clauses with if we often use present tense forms to talk about the future:
We won't be able to go out if it is raining.
If Barcelona win tomorrow, they will be champions.
Be careful!
We do not normally use will in time clauses and if-clauses:
I'll come home when I finish work. (NOT will finish work)
We won’t be able to go out if it rains. (NOT will rain)
but we can use will if it means want to or be willing to:
I will be very thankful if you will come to my party.
We should finish the job early if Ross will help us.
Will or Be Going to:
Both Will and Be Going to are used to express future tense in English but they do not have the same meaning.
Differences Between Will and Going to
“Will” expresses a desire or agreement to do something… or a sudden decision.
For example:
1.I will help you with your homework.
2.Iwill take your temperature.
“Be going to” is used when you already have plan to do something.
For example:
I am going to have breakfast with Mike.
When you want to make a prediction about the future, you can use “will” or “be going to”. The meaning is the same.
For example:
I will be a celebrity someday/I am going to be a celebrity someday.
Future Tenses Exercises
I. Choose from mixed future tenses
The train __________ (to arrive) at 12:00.
We __________ (to have) dinner at a seaside restaurant on Friday.
It __________(to snow) in Brighton tomorrow.
On Friday at 9 o’clock I __________ (to meet) my relatives.
Paul __________ (to fly) to London on Monday morning.
Wait! I __________ (to drive) you to the airport.
The English lesson __________ (to start) at 10:45.
Are you still writing your essay? If you __________ (to finish) by 4pm, we can go for a walk.
I __________ (to see) my mother in June.
Look at the clouds – it __________ (to rain) in a few minutes.
When they __________ (to get) married in March, they __________ (to be) together for five years.
You’re carrying too much. I __________ (to open) the door for you.
Do you think the teacher __________ (to mark) our homework by Monday morning?
When I __________ (to see) you tomorrow, I __________ (show) you my new clothes.
After you __________ (to take) a nap, you __________ (to feel) a lot better
I’m sorry but you need to stay in the office until you __________ (to finish) your work.
I __________ (to buy) the cigarettes from the corner shop when it __________ (to open).
I __________ (to let) you know the second the builders __________ (to finish) decorating.
Before we __________ (to start) our lesson, we __________ (to have) a review.
We __________ (to wait) in the shelter until the bus __________ (to come).
I’m very sorry Dr. Jones __________ (not be) back in the clinic until 2pm.
This summer, I __________ (to live) in Brighton for four years.
I don’t think you __________ (to have) any problems when you land in Boston.
The baby should be due soon, next week she __________ (to be) pregnant for nine months.
By the time we get home, they __________ (to play) football for an hour.
In two years I __________ (to live) in a different country.
When you __________ (to get) off the train, I __________ (to wait) for you by the ticket machine.
__________ (to take) your children with you to France?
This time next week I __________ (ski) in Switzerland!
Now I __________ (to check) my answers.
II. Choose the right answer
1. I …………… you if you say that word again.
a.am hitting
b.will be hitting
c.will hit
2. I think our team …………
a.will win
b.would win
c.will be winning
3. …………….. I help you with the housework?
a.Will
b.Would
c.Shall
4. This time tomorrow I ……………. a discussion with my boss.
a.will have
b.will be having
c.am having
5. By next Christmas we ……………….. in this city for twenty-five years.
a.have lived
b.will have lived
c.will be living
6. I ………………….. home late tonight.
a.am
b.will be
c.would be
7. She …………….. before too long.
a.will arrive
b.is arriving
c.would arrive
8. I will phone you when I …………… time.
a.will have
b.will be having
c.have
9. I will discuss your situation with my boss when I …………. him tomorrow.
a.meet
b.will meet
c.would meet
10. I will follow you wherever you ………….
a.are going
b.will go
c.go
11. You can take anything I ……………
a.will find
b.am finding
c.find
12. She ……………. upset when she finds out what you have done.
a.is upset
b.would be
c.will be
III. Fill in the correct future tense – will future, going to or present continuous
1. They (drive) to New York tomorrow .
2. I hope the weather (be) nice.
3. I offered him this job. I think he (take) it.
4. I promise I (not tell) your secret to anyone.
5. Take your umbrella with you. It (rain).
6. They (play) cards this evening.
7. I (go) to a birthday party tomorrow.
8. They (fly) to Seattle next summer .
9. I (invite) 45 people to the party, and I hope everyone (come).
10. That exercise looks difficult. I (help) you.
11. he (go) to the football match?
12. Are you sure they (win) the match?
13. She probably (stay) till Thursday.
14. He (not leave) next Monday.
15. We think he (come) home late in the night.
IV. Complete the sentences for situations in the future. Decide which tense you need to use.
Aaron is carrying two tyres – he (change)……………. the tyres on a car.
Next week (be)……….. the beginning of winter and the weather forecast says that there (be)………… snow tomorrow.
That’s why many of the garage’s customers have made an appointment and (call in)…………. today to get their winter tyres.
By the end of the day, Aaron (mount)…………….. about 50 tyres.
He (be/probably)………….. tired after that.
It’s a lot of work for one day, but his customers promise that next year they (have)……….. their tyres changed earlier.
That’s what they always say, but they (forget/surely)…………… about it by next year.
Some customers have agreed that they (pick up)………….. their cars tomorrow.
They have decided to go home by bus, which (stop) ………….. in front of the garage every hour.
V. will – future or going to – future
Philipp 15 next Wednesday. (to be)
They a new computer. (to get)
I think my mother this CD. (to like)
Paul's sister a baby. (to have)
They at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive)
Just a moment. I you with the bags. (to help)
In 2020 people more hybrid cars. (to buy)
Marvin a party next week. (to throw)
We to Venice in June. (to fly)
Look at the clouds! It soon. (to rain)
WEBOGRAPHY
https://www.learn-english-have-fun.com/future-perfect.html
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/talking-about-future
https://www.eslbuzz.com/english-grammar-will-or-be-going-to/?fbclid=IwAR1RD9ybRAiyOQ5C_Z8l-AQmgajmqzOZhhBmEAhvo__b4RpaG7Yr6PyrkGA
http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/future-tenses-exercise/
https://www.english-4u.de/en/tenses-exercises/future.htm
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tense-comparison/future-tenses/exercises
https://www.allthingstopics.com/movies-and-television.html
https://education.jlab.org/reading/history_of_film_01.html
https://www.english-in-chester.co.uk/e-learning/lesson/film-vocabulary/?fbclid=IwAR1JzieIFnGkbjh0wJGso4pIKLmpTy2r3rjIdlzqXPxXudGly8SVb__17Zc
https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/future-perfect/
Adolescence… when?
Scientists have changed their estimation of when adolescence ends and adulthood starts. Adolescence is that difficult time when children develop into adults. It was traditionally thought to coincide with our teenage years. However, scientists from the University of Melbourne have redefined this. They say it can start at the age of 10 and continue to the age of 24. Puberty used to occur around the age of 14, but because of improved health and nutrition, puberty can now start at the age of 10, especially in the developed world. Likewise, the upper age for when adolescence ends has been increased. This is because we stay in education longer, and delay responsibilities like marriage, parenthood and getting a job.
The scientists published their study in the "Lancet Child and Adolescent Health" journal. They say society needs to change laws to take into account the findings of the research. Professor Susan Sawyer said: "Although many adult legal privileges start at age 18, the adoption of adult roles and responsibilities generally occurs later." The researchers say youth support services could be extended to the age of 25. However, this could be problematic in many countries around the globe. There is a big difference in the legal age at which nations recognize adulthood. Children legally become adults at the age of 15 in Indonesia, Myanmar and Yemen. In Singapore, Zambia and Honduras, the age is 21.
1. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
a. Scientists amended the range for which adolescence starts and ends. T / F
b. People believed adolescence and our teenage years were similar. T / F
c. Children used to reach puberty at the age of ten. T / F
d. The age for adolescence increased due to lengthier education. T / F
e. The scientists suggested new laws for adolescents. T / F
f. The researchers want youth support services stopped at 18. T / F
g. All countries use the same age to decide when someone is an adult. T / F
h. In Zambia, people are adults when they turn 18. T / F
2. Answer to the following questions:
a. What do children develop into during adolescence?
b. What did people think adolescence coincided with?
c. What are adults spending a longer time in?
d. What age did a professor say adult legal privileges started at?
e. When do people in Myanmar become adults?
3. Match the following synonyms. The words in bold are from the news article.
1. estimation a. similarly
2. coincide b. acknowledge
3. puberty c. put off d. correspond
4. likewise d. duties
5. delay e. correspond
6. published f. consider
7. take into account g. approximation
8. responsibilities h. lawfully
9. recognize i. sexual maturity
10. legally j. brought out
3. Phrase match: (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)
1. that difficult time when children develop a. around the age of 14
2. It was traditionally thought to coincide b. be extended
3. Puberty used to occur c. like marriage
4. improved health and d. account the findings
5. delay responsibilities e. their study
6. The scientists published f. with our teenage years
7. change laws to take into g. responsibilities
8. the adoption of adult roles and h. recognize adulthood
9. youth support services could i. into adults
10. the legal age at which nations j. nutrition
4. Complete the text using the words bellow:
a. coincide; b. improved; c. upper; d. estimation; e. responsibilities; f. redefined; g.develop; h. especially; i. account; j. generally; k. globe; l. published; m. Recognize; n.privileges; o.society; p. extended;
Scientists have changed their (1) ____________ of when adolescence ends and adulthood starts. Adolescence is that difficult time when children (2) ____________ into adults. It was traditionally thought to (3) ____________ with our teenage years. However, scientists from the University of Melbourne have (4) ____________ this. They say it can start at the age of 10 and continue to the age of 24. Puberty used to occur around the age of 14, but because of (5) ____________ health and nutrition, puberty can now start at the age of 10, (6) ____________ in the developed world. Likewise, the (7) ____________ age for when adolescence ends has been increased. This is because we stay in education longer, and delay (8) ____________ like marriage, parenthood and getting a job.
The scientists (9) ____________ their study in the "Lancet Child and Adolescent Health" journal. They say (10) ____________ needs to change laws to take into (11) ____________ the findings of the research. Professor Susan Sawyer said: "Although many adult legal (12) ____________ start at age 18, the adoption of adult roles and responsibilities (13) ____________ occurs later." The researchers say youth support services could be (14) ____________ to the age of 25. However, this could be problematic in many countries around the (15) ____________. There is a big difference in the legal age at which nations (16) ____________ adulthood. Children legally become adults at the age of 15 in Indonesia, Myanmar and Yemen. In Singapore, Zambia and Honduras, the age is 21.
5. What are the good and bad things about being these ages? Complete this table with your partner(s).
6. Put the letters to the underline words in the right order
a. Scientists have changed their stinemoait
b. idccineo with our teenage years
c. have ednifedre this
d. improved health and initutrno
e. ytbrpeu can now start at the age of 10
f. delay responsibilities like mgiaerar
7. Put the correct words from the table bellow in the article.
Scientists have changed their (1) ____ of when adolescence ends and adulthood starts. Adolescence is that difficult time when children develop into adults. It was traditionally thought to (2) ____ with our teenage years. However, scientists from the University of Melbourne have redefined (3) ____. They say it can start at the age of 10 and continue to the age of 24. Puberty used to occur around the age of 14, but because of improved health and (4) ____, puberty can now start at the age of 10, especially in the (5) ____ world. Likewise, the upper age for when adolescence ends has been increased. This is because we stay in education longer, and (6) ____ responsibilities like marriage, parenthood and getting a job.
The scientists published their study in the "Lancet Child and Adolescent Health" (7) ____. They say society needs to change laws to (8) ____ into account the findings of the research. Professor Susan Sawyer said: "Although many adult legal privileges start at age 18, the adoption (9) ____ adult roles and responsibilities generally occurs later." The researchers say youth support services could be extended (10) ____ the age of 25. However, this could be (11) ____ in many countries around the globe. There is a big difference in the legal age at which nations (12) ____ adulthood. Children legally become adults at the age of 15 in Indonesia, Myanmar and Yemen. In Singapore, Zambia and Honduras, the age is 21
(a) esteem (b) estimation (c) estimable (d) esteeming
(a) coerce (b) coincide (c) concur (d) coincidental
(a) then (b) which (c) these (d) this
(a) nutritious (b) nutrition (c) nutritional (d) nutrient
(a) development (b) develops (c) developer (d) developed
(a) decay (b) derail (c) delay (d) destroy
(a) journal (b) diary (c) note (d) memo
(a) have (b) do (c) take (d) put
(a) for (b) as (c) on (d) of
(a) to (b) as (c) in (d) up
(a) problematic (b) problems (c) problem (d) probably
(a) recognize (b) detect (c) aware (d) sight
8. Discuss in groups using the roles
Role A – Money You think money is the best thing about adulthood. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is wrong with their things. Also, tell the others which is the worst of these (and why): marriage, working or driving.
Role B – Marriage You think marriage is the best thing about adulthood. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is wrong with their things. Also, tell the others which is the worst of these (and why): money, working or driving.
Role C – Working You think working is the best thing about adulthood. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is wrong with their things. Also, tell the others which is the worst of these (and why): marriage, money or driving.
Role D – Driving You think driving is the best thing about adulthood. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is wrong with their things. Also, tell the others which is the worst of these (and why): marriage, working or money.
PRACTICE TEST
Choose the correct answer:
1) What do children develop into during adolescence?
a) higher beings
b) adults
c) trouble
d) bad habits
2) What did people think adolescence coincided with?
a) university
b) first dates
c) spots and pimples
d) teenage years
3) When did puberty use to start?
a) 12
b) 13
c) 14
d) 15
4) Where is it now common for puberty to start from the age of 10?
a) the developed world
b) Africa
c) Yemen
d) Singapore
5) What are adults spending a longer time in?
a) the countryside
b) education
c) bed
d) baths
6) What did the researchers say needed to change?
a) laws
b) everything
c) children
d) adults
7) What age did a professor say adult legal privileges started at?
a) 16
b) 17
c) 18
d) 19
8) Until what age did researchers suggest extending support services?
a) 25
b) 24
c) 23
d) 22
9) When do people in Myanmar become adults?
a) 18
b) 17
c) 16
d) 15
10) When do people in Honduras become adults?
a) 18
b) 17
c) 21
d) 20
Circle the correct word:
Scientists have changed their estimating / estimation of when adolescence ends and adulthood starts. Adolescence is that difficult time when children develop onto / into adults. It was traditionally thought to coincide / coincidence with our teenage years. However, scientists from the University of Melbourne have redefined these / this. They say it can start at the age of 10 and continue for / to the age of 24. Puberty used to occur around / rounded the age of 14, but because of improved / improve health and nutrition, puberty can now start at the age of 10, especially in the developed world. Likewise, the upper / up age for when adolescence ends has been increased. This is because we stay on / in education longer, and delay responsibilities like marriage / married, parenthood and getting a job.
The scientists published / publication their study in the "Lancet Child and Adolescent Health" journal. They say society / societal needs to change laws to take into / onto account the findings / funding of the research. Professor Susan Sawyer said: "Although many adult legal privileges / prevails start at age 18, the adoption of adult roles and responsibilities generality / generally occurs later." The researchers say youth support services could be extended / extension to the age of 25. However, this could be problematic / problem in many countries around a / the globe. There is a big difference in the legal age at which nations recognize / recognition adulthood. Children legally become adults at the age of 15 in Indonesia, Myanmar and Yemen. In Singapore, Zambia and Honduras, the age is 21.
3.Write a letter to an expert on adolescence. Ask him/her three questions about it. Give him/her three of your ideas on when the legal age for adulthood should be, and why. Read your letter to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your partner(s) will answer your questions.
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY
A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me = him, her; my = his, her; mine = his, hers; we = they…)
She said, “he’s my son”. She said that he was her son.
“I’m ill”, she said. She said that she was ill.
B. THIS / THESE
This used in time expressions usually becomes that.
She said, “She’s coming this week”.She said that she was coming that week.
This and that used as adjectives usually change to the.
He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.
He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother.
This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s bed”. → He said he had found them beside the king’s bed.
He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”. He said that they would discuss it (the matter) the next day.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:
“I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said. → He said he’d seen her two days before.
“I’ll do it tomorrow”, he promised. → He promised that he would do it the next day.
She said, “My father died a year ago”. → She said that her father had died a year before/the previous year.
B. But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary:
At breakfast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”. → At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today.
C. here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant:
At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”. → He said that he’d be there again the next day.
Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:
She said, “You can sit here, Tom”. → She told Tom that he could sit beside her.
STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY
A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that … This is usual when we are:
a. reporting a conversation that is still going on
b. reading a letter and reporting what it says
c. reading instructions and reporting them
d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says that he’ll never get married.
When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct speech without any change of tense:
PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table.
All those changes represent the distancing effect of the reported speech. Common sense, together with the time aspect from the speaker’s point of view, are more important than the rules when making the usual changes.
QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct question: He said, “Where is she going?”
Indirect question: He asked where she was going.
A. When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the following changes are necessary:
a. tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in statements.
b. the interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form.
c. the question mark is omitted in indirect questions.
B. If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. ask, wonder, want to know etc.
He said, “Where is the station?” → He asked where the station was.
C. ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object):
He asked, “What have you got in your bag?” → He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
But wonder and want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to report a question where the person addressed is mentioned, we must use ask.
He said, ”Mary, when is the next train?” → He asked Mary when the next train was.
D. If the direct question begins with a question word (when, where, who, how, why etc.) the question word is repeated in the indirect question:
He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?” → He asked (her) why she hadn’t put on the brake.
She said, “What do you want?” → She asked (them) what they wanted.
E. If there is no question word, if or whether must be used:
“Is anyone there?” he asked → He asked if/whether anyone was there.
COMMANDS, REQUESTS, ADVICE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct command: He said, “Lie down, Tom”.
Indirect command: He told Tom to lie down.
Indirect commands, requests, advice are usually expressed by a verb of command/request/advice + object + infinitive.
A. The following verbs can be used: advise, ask, beg, command, order, remind, tell, warn etc.
He said, “Get your coat, Tom!” → He told Tom to get his coat.
B. Negative commands, requests etc. are usually reported by not + infinitive:
“Don’t swim out too far, boys”, I said → I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
EXCLAMATIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Exclamations usually become statements in indirect speech. The exclamation mark disappears.
a. Exclamations beginning What (a) … or How … can be reported by:
– exclaim/say that:
He said, “What a dreadful idea!” or “How dreadful!” → He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea/was dreadful.
– give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/surprise etc.
– if the exclamation is followed by an action we can use the construction with an exclamation of delight/disgust etc. + he/she etc. + verb.
b. Other types of exclamation such as Good! Marvellous! Splendid! Heavens! Oh! Ugh! etc. can be reported as in (b) or (c) above:
“Good!” he exclaimed. → He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
“Ugh!” she exclaimed, and turned the programme off. → With an exclamation of disgust she turned the programme off.
c. Note also:
He said, “Thank you!” → He thanked me.
He said, “Good luck!” → He wished me luck.
He said, “Happy Christmas!” → He wished me a happy Christmas.
He said, “Congratulations!” → He congratulated me.
He said, “Liar!” → He called me a liar.
He said, “Damn!” etc. → He swore.
The notice said: WELCOME TO WALES! → The notice welcomed visitors to Wales.
YES AND NO IN INDIRECT SPEECH
yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by subject + appropriate auxiliary verb.
He said, “Can you swim?” and I said “No” → He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I couldn’t.
He said, “Will you have time to do it?” and I said “Yes” → He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would.
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
A. OFFERS
“Shall I bring you some tea?” could be reported He offered to bring me some tea.
B. SUGGESTIONS
“Shall we meet at the theatre? could be reported He suggested meeting at the theatre.
INDIRECT SPEECH: MIXED TYPES
Direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command, command + statement, or all three together. Normally each requires its own introductory verb.
“I don’t know the way. Do you?” he asked. → He said he didn’t know the way and asked her if she did/if she knew it.
He said, “Someone is coming. Get behind the screen.” → He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.
REPORTED SPEECH: OTHER POINTS
A. MUST: after a past reporting verb, must does not usually change:
He said, “It must be pretty late, I really must go”. → He said that it must be pretty late and he really must go.
had to is also possible in reported speech, but this is really the past of have to, not must.
He said, “I have to go. I have an appointment in half an hour” → He said that he had to go because he had an appointment in half an hour.
B. MODAL VERBS: Past modal verbs (could, might, ought to, should, used to, etc. ) do not normally change in reported speech.
He said, “I might come”. → He said that he might come.
He said, “I would help him if I could”. → He said that he would help him if he could.
He said, “You needn’t wait”. → He said that I needn’t wait.
C. CONDITIONALS: Conditional sentences type two remain unchanged.
He said, “If my children were older I would emigrate”. → He said that if his children were older he would emigrate.
SAY AND TELL AS INTRODUCTORY VERBS
A. say and tell with direct speech.
1. say can introduce a statement or follow it.
Tom said, “I’ve just heard the news”. or “I’ve just heard the news”,Tom said.
Inversion of say and noun subject is possible when say follows the statement.
“I’ve just heard the news”, said Tom.
say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it cannot introduce it.
“I’m leaving at once”, Tom said to me.
Inversion is not possible here.
2. tell requires the person addressed.
Tell me. He told us. I’ll tell Tom.
Except with tell lies/stories/the truth/the time, when the person addressed need not to be mentioned.
He told (me) lies. I’ll tell (you) a story.
Tell used with direct speech must be placed after the direct statement:
“I’m leaving at once”, Tom told me.
Inversion is not possible with tell.
B. say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is possible but less usual than tell + object.
He said he’d just heard the news.
He told me that he’d just heard the news.
Note also tell … how/about:
He told us how he had crossed the mountains.
He told us about crossing the mountains.
He told us about his journeys.
EXERCISES
STATEMENTS
1. These people are saying these things. Report them, using says that.
a. Paul: “Atlanta is a wonderful city.” ____________________________________________________
b. Raul: “I go jogging every morning.” ___________________________________________________
c. Anna: “Jen isn’t studying for her exams.” _____________________________________________
d. Andrew: “I used to be very fat.” _______________________________________________________
e. Jim: “I can’t swim.” ______________________________________________________________
2. People made these statements. Report them, using said.
a. “Mary works in a bank”, Jane said. ____________________________________________________
b. “I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said. _______________________________________________
c. “I’ve never been to Roma”, Mike said. _________________________________________________
d. “Ross can’t use a computer”, Ella said. _________________________________________________
e. “Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said. __________________________________________
f. “Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said. ____________________________________________
g. “I’ll stay at home on Saturday”, Bill said. _________________________________________________
3. Change the following statements into the reported speech.
a. “I have something to show you”, I said to her.
________________________________________________________________
b. “I’m going away tomorrow”, he said.
________________________________________________________________
c. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said Robert.
________________________________________________________________
d. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied.
________________________________________________________________
e. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said.
________________________________________________________________
f. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said.
________________________________________________________________
g. “I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to the museum this afternoon”, he said.
________________________________________________________________
4. Write these sentences in indirect speech.
a. “I’m very tired”, she said. ____________________________________________________________
b. “I’ll see them soon”, he said. _________________________________________________________
c. “I’m going to the cinema”, she said. ___________________________________________________
d. “I see the children quite often”, he said. ________________________________________________
e. “I’m having a bath”, she said. _________________________________________________________
f. “I’ve already met their parents”, she said. _______________________________________________
g. “I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said. ___________________________________________
h. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said. ______________________________________________
i. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said. _________________________________________________
j. “I’m listening to the radio”, he said. ____________________________________________________
k. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said. ___________________________________________
l. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said. ________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
5. Write these sentences as reported questions using the words given.
a. “What’s your name?”, he asked. (wanted to know)
________________________________________________________________
b. “Do you like Marlon Brandon?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
c. “How old are you?”, she said. (asked)
________________________________________________________________
d. “When does the train leave?”, I asked.
________________________________________________________________
e. “Are you enjoying yourself?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
f. “How are you?”, he said. (asked)
________________________________________________________________
g. “Does your father work here?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
h. “Do you live near your father?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
i. “Who did you see at the meeting?”, my mother asked.
________________________________________________________________
j. “Why did you take my wallet?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
k. “How did you get to school?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
l. “Are you a foreigner?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
m. “Where do you live?”, the boy asked.
________________________________________________________________
n. “Have you met Danny before?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
o. “Are you hungry?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
p. “Why wasn’t Judy at the party?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
q. “Why didn’t you telephone?”, my father asked.
________________________________________________________________
r. “Did you borrow my dictionary?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
s. “Why are you so late?”, the teacher asked.
________________________________________________________________
t. “Have you finished your exams?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
u. “Did you invite Judy and Mitch?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
v. “Does your brother live in London?”, she asked.
________________________________________________________________
w. “Why didn’t the police report the crime?”, the judge asked.
________________________________________________________________
x. “Do you know who broke the window?”, he asked.
________________________________________________________________
COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND ADVICE
6. Rewrite these sentences in reported speech.
a. “Make some coffee, Bob”, Carol said.(ask)
________________________________________________________________
b. “You must do the homework soon, Jasmine”, she said.(tell)
________________________________________________________________
c. “Remember to buy a map, Ann” he said.(remind)
________________________________________________________________
d. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Clark”, he said.(advise)
________________________________________________________________
e. “Keep all the windows closed, Bill” they said.(warn)
________________________________________________________________
f. “Go home, Paul”, Francis said.(tell)
________________________________________________________________
g. “Please stay for supper, Bob”, he said.(try to persuade)
________________________________________________________________
SAY AND TELL
7. Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner.
a. What’s your name? ________________________________________________________________
b. Did you see the robbers? ____________________________________________________________
c. What were they wearing? ___________________________________________________________
d. How do you think they got in? ________________________________________________________
e. What did they take? ________________________________________________________________
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS
8. Rewrite the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive and the in reported speech.
a. “I’ll bring my CDs to the party.”
He promised
_______________________________________________________________
b. “Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we?
She suggested ________________________________________________________________
c. “Yes, I stole the wallet.”
He admitted ________________________________________________________________
d. “Be careful! The water is boiling.”
She warned us ________________________________________________________________
e. “You must apologise to your teacher.”
My father insisted (on) ______________________________________________________________
f. “All right! I’ll share the expenses with you.”
My friend agreed ___________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT FORM
I
1. “Can you feel it?”
Ron asked Harry__________________________________________.
2. “Does it make a difference?”
Hermione wanted to know ___________________________________
3. “Are you staying, or what?”
Ron asked Hermione ________________________________________
4. “Will it really come by owl?”
Lily asked Snape ___________________________________________
5. “Is Draco alive? Is he in the castle?”
Narcissa wanted to know ______________________________________
6. “Was the sword stolen by Gryffindor?”
Harry asked Hermione ________________________________________
7. “Can you forgive me for not trusting you?”
Dumbledore asked Harry ______________________________________
8. “Does anyone else know where it fell?”
Dumbledore asked Harry __________________________________________
9. “How are you going to open it?”
Ron asked Harry ________________________________________________
10. “Why do you keep looking out of the window?”
Hermione asked Mr Lovegood ______________________________________
11. “Where does he keep going?”
Snape asked Lily _________________________________________________
12. “How can I be alive?
Harry wondered __________________________________________________
13. “Where do you think we are?”
Dumbledore asked Harry __________________________________________
II
Use the correct form of SAY and TELL in these sentences.
a. She _______________________ me she didn’t agree.
b. He _______________________ , “Have we met before?”
c. I _______________________ them I wasn’t happy with their work.
d. She smiled and _______________________ to me, “I’m very pleased to meet you.”
e. She _______________________ me a story about her parents.
f. He _______________________, “Are you feeling OK?”
g. I didn’t hear. What did he _______________________?
h. Could you _______________________ me the time, please?
i. They _______________________ me they were going to a meeting.
j. I _______________________ the police my address.
k. I _______________________ I wanted to buy a magazine.
Environment
Environment= 1. the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates
2. the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity
VOCABULARY
Collocations & Phrasal Verbs
to beat about the bush= avoid or delay talking about sth embarrassing or unpleasant
Come on, stop beating about the bush and tell me what you think.
to have a field day= to have the opportunity to criticize and write a lot about sb (generally used about the press)
When the press find out he has been lying, they will have a field day.
grass roots= ordinary people (used in connection to politics, most commonly in the phrases:
grass roots support= the support of ordinary people who are members of a political party
grass roots level= among/with ordinary people who belong to a political party
None of the senior party members liked him, but at grass roots level he was very popular.
to be on the rocks= (used for marriages and relationships) to be close to failing (a rocky marriage/ relationship)
It’s highly surprising they broke up; their relationship had been on the rocks for years.
the root cause= the main reason for
The root cause of his discontent is him being passed over for promotion.
to be stone deaf= to be completely deaf
She wouldn’t have heard anything, she’s stone deaf.
to be barking the wrong tree= to be wrongly accusing sb of sth
You are barking up the wrong tree if you think I did that.
an argument doesn’t hold water= an argument is illogical
Your argument doesn’t hold water and I’ll explain why.
to weed (sb) out= to get rid of unwanted people from a group or organization
On taking over the company, we weeded out those employees who were not pulling their weight.
not to be out of the woods= not to be out of danger or trouble yet
We’re not out of the woods yet. We’re still heavily in debt to the bank.
a wave of= a sudden increase in a particular emotion/behavior affecting a large number of people
News that the volcano was about to erupt sent a wave of panic throughout the city.
Practice
Complete the sentences, using an appropriate word from the box bellow.
When the press found out that she lied about her qualifications, they had a ……… day.
Business has picked up. Having said that, we are still heavily in debt, so we’re not out of the ………….. yet.
He was popular at the …………. roots level of the party, but the cabinet colleagues couldn’t stand him.
If you think he stole the money, then you are barking up the wrong …………… .
I’m afraid your argument doesn’t hold ……………. . You say mobile phones can cause brain tumors and yet scientists have found no evidence for this.
Rumours that there was going to be a petrol shortage sent a …………. of panic throughout the country.
Most people agree that the ………… cause of vandalism is boredom.
Their separation didn’t come as mush of a surprise as their marriage had been on the …………… for quite some time.
I won’t beat about the ………….., I’ll come straight to the point – there have been complaints about the way you have been treating your staff.
The selection process begins with an aptitude test. This helps up to ……………out those applicants who are clearly unsuited to a career in the diplomatic service.
She can’t hear us. She’s ……………deaf.
Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits into the space next to it.
GOING GREEN
There is an _______________________ (ARGUE) that _______________________ (RECYCLE) may have some unforeseen negative effects. Of course, it would be a major _______________________ (ACHIEVE) if we were able to increase _______________________ (AWARE) to the threat of the environment caused by _______________________ (POLLUTE) and the _______________________ (BURN) of fossil fuels. However, if the public’s only _______________________ (INVOLVE) in ecological issues is taking their newspapers and bottles to a recycling point, we may only be creating the _______________________ (APPEAR) of _______________________ (IMPROVE). If they have to drive any _______________________ (DISTANT) to the recycling point, for example, it might mean the _______________________ (CONSUME) of more energy than is saved. In addition, if people feel that they are making their _______________________ (CONTRIBUTE) to the environment, they might not put so much _______________________ (PRESS) on large _______________________ (ORGANISE) to encourage the _______________________ (DEVELOP) of safer, less damaging forms of _______________________ (PRODUCE).
SPEAKING
What is the importance of plants in our lives?
Why do people love flowers so much?
What do plants need to grow?
Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning:
1.Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide cause acid rain.
Acid rain ……………………………………………………………………………………
2.Cars produce almost 50% of the world’s nitrogen oxide.
It is cars……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Rainforests are valuable habitats. However, big areas of rainforests are destroyed every year.
Despite………………………………………………………………………………………
Its negative effects have been proved. Not much is done to reduce acid rain.
In spite of……………………………………………………………………………………
New policies should be implemented by the Environmental Authority.
The Environmental Authority………………………………………………………………
We burn lots of fossil fuels, thus, the levels of pollution increase dramatically.
If…………………………………………………………………………………………….
The tropical rainforests are being destroyed. Then lots of animals lose their habitats.
Because of…………………………………………………………………………………..
Weather Vocabulary
to be baking= to be very hot
to be balmy= to be pleasantely warm, with gentle winds (a cool balmy evening)
a drought= a long period of time with very little or no rain
If the drought continues, water will soon have to be rationed.
a heatwave= a period of usually hot weather
The heatwave is expected to continue for another two weeks.
to be humid/to be muggy= hot, wet and uncomfortable
a scorcher= a very hot day
The weather couldn’t have been better. Sunday was a real scorcher.
a blizzard= a very bad snow
chilly= a little bit cold (a chilly day/ it’s quite chilly)
frost= a thin layer of ice which forms on the ground (often overnight)
sleet= a mixture of rain and snow
a snowdrift= a deep mass of snow pushed together by strong winds to form sth that looks like the side of a hill
They had to dig the car out of the snowdrift.
to bucket/to pour down= to rain very hard
a cloudburst= a downpour= a short period of very heavy rain
A sudden cloudburst left us all drenched.
I got caught in that downpour, that’s why I’m soaked.
hail= frozen rain which falls as hard balls
Hailstones the size of tennis balls began to fall out of the sky.
a clap of thunder= the noise made by a thunder
a patch of fog= an area of fog
Practice
Do the following words refer to warm hot, cold or wet weather? Categorise them accordingly. Sometimes a word can belong in more than one category.
It’s chilly ……………
It’s boiling ……………
It’s humid …………..
It’s muggy ……………
It’s baking ……………
Sleet ……………
Drizzle ……………
A scorcher ……………
A blizzard ……………
Slush ……………
Frost ……………
Balmy ……………
A breeze ……………
A heatwave ……………
A downpour ……………
A cloudburst ……………
A snowdrift ……………
A drought ……………
Hail ……………
Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits into the space next to it.
1. My _________________ centre accepts old cans and newspapers. RECYCLE
2. We should be careful because we might be the next _________________ species.
DANGER
3. Nowadays people are getting more aware of ___________________ issues. ENVIRONMENT
4. I try to buy _________________ bottles and ___________________ products whenever I can. RETURN, FRIEND
5. _________________ is one of the most pressing social problems the world has to face. POPULATE
6. Large areas of tropical rainforest are being destroyed by _________________.
FOREST
7. An abrupt change in climate would prove ___________________ for species around the world. DISASTER
8. The gradual increase in world temperatures caused by some polluting gases is called global _________________.WARM
9. We support alternative energy sources – we use _______________ energy to heat water. SUN
10. This wine is made from ___________________ grown grapes. ORGANIC
11. Last year a severe _________________ ruined the crops. DRY
12. Many people are very concerned about the _________________ of coral reefs.
DESTROY
13. Some politicians support the ‘_________________ pays principle’. POLLUTION
14. If there is a rise in sea-level, low-lying areas could become _________________.
HABITAT
15. Most summers see _________________ waves in one section or another of the United States. HOT
16. ___________________ water is our most precious resource, we must protect it. DRINK
17. Many species of animals are ___________________ and could disappear.
THREAT
18. There will be more extreme and _____________________ weather.
PREDICT
19. More and more _______________________ believe that most of the pollution is the result of human activities. ENVIRONMENT
20.Switzerland's most important source of _____________________ energy is hydropower. NEW
Writing
Write an article in which you say your opinion about the way pollution affects your town and the people in it. Your article must include two effective solutions, explaining how this changes would make your life different. (180-220 words)
Biography: https://docslide.net/documents/advanced-grammar-vocabulary.html
https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/language-in-use/word-formation/wf007-going-green.pdf
https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/the_environment/parts-of-speech/46351
Practice Test – Environment
1. Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits into the space next to it.
Eg: Smoke from factories is polluting the atmosphere. (POLLUTION)
This is one of many problems. (ENVIRONMENT)
Pollution is very to people's health. (HARM)
Fortunately there are now many groups. (CONSERVE)
Their aim is the of all natural things. (PROTECT)
Pollution is the environment. (DESTROY)
The effects of radiation can be very . (DAMAGE)
waste is a big problem. (INDUSTRY)
2. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning
1.The government wanted has launched a campaign to protect the environment. However, nothing has been done so far.
Although……………………………………………………………………………………
2. New measures has been adopted to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The authorities………………………………………………………………………………
3.We can save energy by switching the light off when leaving rooms.
If…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.“The ice covering the poles is melting faster than we expected”, Professor Smith remarked.
Professor Smith……………………………………………………………………………..
5.You don’t recycle as much as you should.
I wish………………………………………………………………………………………..
The Passive Voice
The Passive Voice is formed using the verb to be + the past participle of the main verb.
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Note: We don’t use the passive with the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect Continuous, the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect Continuous.
Change the sentences from the active into the passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.
Yesterday I sent a letter to a friend in Bucharest.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mihai Eminescu wrote “Luceafarul”.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
David has installed a new computer software.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
When I got home, I washed the dishes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
He likes the people taking him to the theatre.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
It is building new houses in neighborhood.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I have finished my homework for Tuesday.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The teachers informed the students that the school will be closed for 3 days.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
They renovated the school in 2015.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
People drink champagne on New Year’s Eve.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
They will tell you when you get home.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
She will accept the offer when you apologize to her.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
I will prepare the dinner before you come.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
The doctor rescued the patient who was in critical condition.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
The dog did not bite the cat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Change the sentences from the passive into the active.
The lesson was learned last week by your friend.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
The documents were stolen from the desk, when she was gone.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The pyramids were built nearly 5,000 years ago by the ancient Egyptians.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Coziana was elected head of the class at the beginning of the school year by her colleagues.
……………………………………………………………………………………
Ten children were injured when part of the school roof collapsed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
This great company was founded by two brothers a few years ago.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
A restaurant is being built nearby.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Smoking isn’t allowed in schools.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The criminal hasn’t been arrested by the police yet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
My brother is going to be promoted next week.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
George’s wallet was stolen last week.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Your letter hasn’t been posted yet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Her watch can’t be repaired.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
A lot of foods are bought on Christmas.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Jim has never been acused of lying before.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Make correct passive phrases. Mind the tenses in brackets.
candy/to receive (Past Simple)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
books/to read(Past Simple)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
bikes/to ride(Present Simple)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
stories/ to tell(Future Simple)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
basket-ball/ to play(Present Continuous)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Are the sentences written in Active or Passive voice?
A woman was recorded stealthily. …………………………
He lost his phone in the desk. ………………………..
Lots of houses were destroyed by the storm. ……………………………..
My friend bought a new car. ……………………………..
Sport is practiced all over the world. ………………………
Form passive voice in appropriate tenses for the following exercise.
Top of Form
1.(TV / invent / Baird)
TV was invented by Baird.
2.(Pyramids / build / Egyptians)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.(milk / produce / cows)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.(coffee / grow / in Brazil)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.(chopsticks / use / in China)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.(plants / water / everyday)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7.(the robber / arrest / the police / yesterday)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8.(injured marines / take to a hospital / now)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.(the truck / repair / tomorrow)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Modal Verbs in the Passive Voice
Passive Voice for Present and Future Modals
Passive Voice for Past Modals
Put the following sentences into passive voice.
You may forget the rules quickly.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
You should study the lessons repeatedly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Benjamin must win the competition.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
They should cancel the game.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
The doctor can't persuade her.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
They need to repair my car.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Who should pay the damage?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
I can answer the question.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
She would carry the box.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
You should open the window.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
We might play cards.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
You ought to wash the car.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
He must fill in the form.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
They need not buy bread.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
He could not read the sentence.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Will the teacher test our English?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Could Jenny lock the door?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Rewrite using modal auxiliary verbs.
1. It is not necessary for you to wait any longer. / You ………………… not wait any longer.
need
should
must
2. You are required to respect the national flag. / You …………………… respect the national flag.
should
would
could
3. She was able to read when she was three. / She ……………… write when she was three.
would
could
might
4. I was able to solve the problem. / I …………………………… solve the problem.
would
should
could
5. Perhaps she would come. / She ……………………. come.
would
should
might
6. You are prohibited from entering my home. / You ………………….. enter my house.
must
must not
need not
7. You are allowed to go home. / You ………………… go home.
can
may
Either could be used here
8. She is able to speak English. / She ………………….. speak English.
can
may
could
9. It is possible to blow glass. / Glass ……………………. be blown.
can
may
Either could be used here
10. It is not necessary for her to pay for that call. / She ……………….. pay for that call.
needs not
need not
may not
11. It is possible for wars to break out at any time. / Wars …………………….. break out at any time.
can
may
Either could be used here
12. I prefer to stay at home instead of going to the club. / I …………………….. rather stay at home than go to the club.
would
could
should
Biography: https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/complex_tests/passive1/index.php
https://www.studyandexam.com/passive-voice-for-modal.html
https://www.grammarbank.com/passives-with-modals.html
https://www.grammarbank.com/passive-voice-exercises.html
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?05
THE MEDIA
Vocabulary
Match idioms 1–6 with their meanings (a–f).
1. keep a close eye on
2.keep a low profile
3. keep an open mind
4. keep your wits about you
5. keep your fingers crossed
6. keep in with
a) get all the facts before making a judgment
b) stay alert
c) stay friendly with
d) monitor very carefully
e) avoid attracting attention to yourself
f) hope for a positive outcome
Choose the correct words to complete the text !
advertisements celebrities contents daily editor financial front page headlines journalists media producer online reports review write
_________write the stories but the ________controls the __________of the newspaper. He or she decides which stories should go on the _____________. Editors also write the ___________ for the main stories. The Sunday papers have more sections than __________ papers , for example they have a sports section with _________ of different sporting events, a ____________ section with articles about money and the stock market and a________ section. This often has interviews with _________like film stars and singers. Newspapers are cheap in the UK and they make lots of money by including __________ . _____________news is one of the fastest growing areas of the _____________.
Rewrite each sentence using the expressions given at the end and the correct verb.
a) I'm sure social networks will exist in the future. DEFINITELY
Social networks ____________________in the future.
b) Paper books will probably disappear in the future. BE LIKELY TO
Paper books _______________________ in the future.
c) Social networks will not affect relationships. BE UNLIKELY TO
Social networks _______________________ relationships.
d) People will probably use applications like Skype to make their calls. MIGHT
People __________________________applications like Skype to make their calls.
e) Half of the courses in college will be online. DEFINITELY
Half of the courses in college ______________ online.
f) Youngsters will probably spend more time at home with their computers than in cafés with their friends. BE MORE LIKELY TO
Younsters ___________________________time at home with their computers.
g) Most people will probably do their shopping online. MAY WELL
Most people _____________________________ their shopping online.
h) Perhaps everyone will have a blog. MIGHT
Everyone________________________ a blog.
i) Google will probably be the only search engine. BE LIKELY TO
Google __________________________the only search engine.
Choose the correct word.
The Encounter is the latest (1) costume / dress drama on ITV.
The (2) scenery / setting is eighteenth-century England, and according to most of the (3) critics / editors the team at ITV have another hit on their hands. However, the (4) plot / script, which concerns love and jealousy in a small village, based on a short story and I thought the plot was a bit thin.
Nevertheless, it is enjoying to watch and there are some amusing (5) series / episodes. For me, much of the music was not right for this time period, but I guess that's what's known as (6) artistic / classic licence!
Match the words and expressions in box A with a suitable definition in box B.
Box A.
A. large-format newspapers
B. small-format newspapers
C. people who write for newspapers or
periodicals
D. the amount of space or time given to an
event in newspapers or on television
E. the political situation as it is now
F. radio or television programmes
G. to enter a password and start to access
a computer system
H. journalists who write reports of events
for a newspaper, periodical or television
programme
I. the millions of pages and sites which
display text and images within the
Internet
J. to transfer pages from a web site onto
your own computer
K. the international network linking
millions of computers
L. a modern expression referring to the
inability of a human to process
everything he or she hears and sees
M. a collection of related pages on the
World Wide Web created by a company,
organisation or individ
Choose the correct answer to go in the gap.
Top of Form
Example:
The …. is the person who is responsible for the overall shape of the programme.
actor
producer
director
Bottom of Form
1. Turn on the TV! There is live …… of the cricket match between England and Australia.
coverage
report
review
Top of Form
2. "Those were today's headlines. And now it's Angela McCarthy with her weather …… ".
forecast
broadcast
presentation
3. I can't stand that stupid comedy. Can you switch to another …… , please?
host
channel
transmission
4. A …… is some kind of TV drama in parts based on inter-human relationships.
documentary
soap opera
sit-com
5. We're just getting some …… news, that a tidal wave has destroyed much of the city of Atlanta.
sensation
arriving
breaking
6. I like the new …… introducing and reviewing progammes on our local TV.
actor
guide
presenter
7. 'The Weakest Link' is a very popular …… based on general knowledge, broadcast daily on BBC television.
quiz
exam
test
8. The time of day when most people are watching television is known as …… .
prime time
popular time
best time
9. Many TV viewers were shocked when late-night presenter John Smith's face started puffing up horribly while …….. .
filmed
on (the) air
acting
10. "Welcome to another live TV debate. Our …… is as usual Simon Bainbridge, and his guests today are some of Poland's most prominent politicians".
announcer
host
actor
Bottom of Form
Look at the clues, and use them to help you rearrange the letters in bold in the sample
sentences. The first letter of each word has been underlined. Use these words to complete the
crossword. You will find a lot of the answers in the clues to the other sentences.
Clues across()
1. A person who writes for newspapers or other periodicals.
The aojurtlisn asked the police chief some difficult questions.
4. The amount of space (in a newspaper) or time (on television) that is given to a story or piece of
news.
There wasn't much ogveerca of the Arsenal-Liverpool match.
5. Photographers who follow famous people to take pictures of them for newspapers.
They were followed by the rapaapziz from the theatre to the hotel.
6. A routine placed in a computer program which destroys or corrupts files.
I think there's a srivu on the computer.
7. The people watching a TV programme or listening to a radio broadcast.
The football match attracted an endaceui of almost 20 million.
9. To move information or programs from a computer network to an individual computer.
Is it illegal to aownldod music from the Internet?
11. A factual film about a real subject.
Did you see the mocdurtayen about South Africa on BBC1 last night?
13. Words in large letters on the front page of a newspaper.
Have you seen this dheneali: QUEEN IN RAP GUN VIDEO SHOCK?
16. A frequency band for radio or TV, or a station using this band.
The news is on anehCnl 4 at 7 o'clock.
18. A journalist in charge of a newspaper, or a person who gets a radio or TV programme ready.
He wrote to the etordi of 'The Times' to complain about the story they had printed.
20. An important item in a TV news programme, or an important article on a special subject in a
newspaper.
I read an interesting urefeat on the future of information technology.
21. To bring out a book or a newspaper for sale.
They were asked not to bliphus the book, but went ahead anyway.
23. A TV or radio show.
Last night we watched a rammrogep on life in 17th century France.
24. A collection of related pages on the internet, created by a company or individual.
If you want to know more about Bloomsbury books, visit their siwteeb at www.bloomsbury.com.
Clues down ()
2. A journalist who writes reports of events for a newspaper or TV programme.
The BBC sent a pterorer to cover the earthquake.
3. The action to ban newspapers, books or films, or part of them.
The government imposed strict press epnscorshi to stop rumours being spread.
4. The number of copies of a magazine, newspaper, etc, which are sold.
The paper has a ircculionat of almost 2 million.
8. A newspaper with a large page size.
The problem with a bhrdseoaet is that it's difficult to read on the bus.
10. Important events (often political) that are happening now.
A lot of children study ctreurn faafirs as part of their educational curriculum.
12. The number of people who read a newspaper.
The paper targets a young shrdpereai who are tired of the usual broadsheets.
14. To explore websites on the Internet in no particular order.
Most people furs the internet as a way of relaxing.
15. A radio or TV programme, or a verb which means 'to send out on radio or TV'
The programme will be tbacroasd on Monday at 8 o'clock.
17 An untrue written statement which can damage someone's reputation.
It can be very difficult to sue a newspaper for blile.
19. A newspaper with a small page size.
The Sun is the most widely-read dloatbi in Britain.
22. A collective word for newspapers.
You shouldn't believe everything you read in the rpses.
ASSESSMENT FORM
The media
topic-specific vocabulary
57
For reference, see the Easier English Dictionary for Students (978 0 7475 6624 3)
and 9__________________________ , and censorship would deprive us of much of this?
Rupert?
R.P.: Of course. Mr. Blake’s accusations are unfounded, as are the accusations of
10__________________________ we have received, but I can safely say that my journalists
never pay people money to create stories. We are simply reporting the truth. Of course,
if Mr. Blake wants to sue us for 11__________________________ , he is very welcome to try.
But he would be depriving our 12__________________________ – all eight million of them
– of the things they want…
T.B.: You’re talking rubbish, as usual, like the pathetic 13__________________________ you own
and use to fill your pockets with dirty money.
R.P.: Now look here, mate…
C. Now read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from
Tasks A and B. You may need to change the form of some of the words.
‘The media plays a valuable role in keeping us informed and entertained. However, many
people believe it has too much power and freedom.’ Discuss your views on this, giving
examples and presenting a balanced argument both in favour of, and against, the power and
freedom of the media.
Barely a hundred years ago, if we wanted to stay informed about what was going on in the world, we
had to rely on word of mouth or, at best, newspapers. But because communication technology was very
basic, the news we received was often days or weeks old.
We still have newspapers, of course, but they have changed almost beyond recognition. Whether we
choose to read the 1__________________________ , with their quality 2__________________________ of news
and other 3__________________________ by top 4__________________________ and articles by acclaimed
5__________________________ , or if we prefer the popular 6__________________________ , with their lively
gossip and colourful stories, we are exposed to a wealth of information barely conceivable at the
beginning of the last century.
We also have television and radio. News 7__________________________ let us know about world events
practically as they happen, while sitcoms, chat shows and documentaries, etc. keep us entertained and
informed. And there is also the 8__________________________ , where we can access information from
millions of 9__________________________ around the world which we can then
10__________________________ onto our own computers.
However, these forms of 11__________________________ and 12__________________________ (or
‘infotainment’ as they are now sometimes collectively called) have their negative side. Famous
personalities frequently accuse the 13__________________________ (and sometimes even respectable
papers) of 14__________________________ by the 15__________________________ who are determined to
get a story at any cost. Newspapers are often accused of 16__________________________ by angry
politicians who dislike reading lies about themselves, and there are frequent accusations of
17__________________________ , with 18__________________________ reporters paying people to
create stories for their newspapers or television programmes. Of course, it is not just the papers
which are to blame. Sex and violence are increasing on the television. Undesirable people
fill the 19__________________________ with equally undesirable material which can be accessed by
anyone with a home computer. And the fear of 20__________________________ prevents many from
21__________________________ to the Internet.
Many argue that the government should impose stricter 22__________________________ to prevent such
things happening. But others argue that 23__________________________ is the keystone of a free country.
Personally, I take the view that while the media may occasionally abuse its position of power, the benefits
greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Our lives would be much emptier without the wealth of information
available to us today, and we are better people as a result
entertainment • invasion of privacy • exploiting • libel • censorship
information • readership • media tycoon • paparazzi • freedom of the press
unscrupulous • gutter press •chequebook journali
Complete this extract from a television interview with an appropriate word or expression
from the box.
entertainment • invasion of privacy • exploiting • libel • censorship
information • readership • media tycoon • paparazzi • freedom of the press
unscrupulous • gutter press •chequebook journalism
Interviewer: Welcome to today’s programme. Today we will be discussing the
1__________________________ , and asking the question: Should we allow newspapers and television channels to print or say whatever they like? In the studio I have television personality Timothy Blake and 2 ________________ __________________ Rupert Poubelle, multi-millionaire owner of the Daily Views newspaper. Timothy, let’s start with you.
T.B.: Thank you. In my opinion, it’s time the government imposed stricter 3__________________________ of the press in order to prevent 4 _______ _________________________ journalists and reporters from making money by 5__________________________ people. I have often accused Mr Poubelle’s organisation of 6__________________________ – nowadays I can’t even sunbathe in my garden without being photographed by his hordes of 7__________________________ . They’re like vultures.
And everything they print about me is lies, complete rubbish.
Interviewer: But isn’t it true that the media provides us with valuable 8__________________________ and 9__________________________ , and censorship would deprive us of much of this?
Rupert?
R.P.: Of course. Mr. Blake’s accusations are unfounded, as are the accusations of
10__________________________ we have received, but I can safely say that my journalists never pay people money to create stories. We are simply reporting the truth. Of course, if Mr. Blake wants to sue us for 11 ___________ __________________________ , he is very welcome to try.
But he would be depriving our 12__________________________ – all eight million of them- of the things they want…
T.B.: You’re talking rubbish, as usual, like the pathetic 13 _____________ __________ you own and use to fill your pockets with dirty money.
R.P.: Now look here, mate…
Drag the words into the correct boxes.
bestseller conductor editor soundtrack musical lyrics episode
film =
book =
newspaper =
television =
song =
stage =
concert =
Correct the spelling
Where would we be without the media? How would we get nfnaoitormi about the world? All of us are interested in the news. We all want to know what’s nhppengai around the world. We tischw the TV on just to watch the news. It seems as htohgu every train passenger has a newspaper. The journalists who bring us the news do a very important job. Many risk their evsil to bring us the news from the world’s danger esonz. Unfortunately, many reporters are killed while they are orvcgnie a war. The media make us feel we are part of the world. We become tresxep on other countries and on the big news eisosrt. The media also bring us many unforgettable megasi, such as a man walking on the moon. Really, the media show us history as it happens.
Match the meanings with the expressions.
a sound bite broadsheets chequebook journalism circulation figures libel laws media coverage ratings war spin the tabloids viewing figures
the number of newspapers sold
the number of people who watch a broadcast
popularity battles with rival channels / networks / programmes
official rules governing what you may say about people in print
present a positive view of something to influence people
paying people for information
amount of time / space given to a subject
very short part of speech or statement
the ‘popular press’
quality newspapers / the ‘quality press’
Bibliography
Reported Speech
https://inglescarmelitaslb.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/reported-speech.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/37081400/A_SAMPLE_LESSON_PLAN_ABOUT_REPORTED_SPEECH
The Media
https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/open-cloze/newspapers-media.htm
https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=7091
https://www.studocu.com/en/document/university-of-the-philippines-diliman/english-i/other/ielts-vocabulary-exercises-the-media/1034599/view
https://www.esleschool.com/b2-vocabulary-exercise-3-entertainment-and-the-media/
http://www.world-english.org/media_vocabulary.htm
http://elibrary.bsu.az/books_250/N_59.pdf
https://www.esleschool.com/b2-vocabulary-exercise-1-entertainment-and-the-media/
https://listenaminute.com/m/media.html
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/languageleader/pdf/Unit-Spreads/LL_ADV_CB.pdf
ARTICLES,DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS
Articles, determiners and quantifiers are those little words that precede and modify nouns
E.g: the teacher, a college, a bit of honey, that person, those people
Sometimes these words will tell the reader or listener whether we're referring to a specific or general thing (the garage out back; A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!); sometimes they tell how much or how many (lots of trees, several books, a great deal of confusion).
The choice of the proper article or determiner to precede a noun or noun phrase is usually not a problem for writers who have grown up speaking English, nor is it a serious problem for non-native writers whose first language is a romance language such as Spanish.
Determiners are said to "mark" nouns. That is to say, you know a determiner will be followed by a noun. Some categories of determiners are limited (there are only three articles, a handful of possessive pronouns, etc.). The determiners (except for those possessive nouns), on the other hand, are well established, and this class of words is not going to grow in number. These categories of determiners are as follows:
the articles (an, a, the — ;
possessive nouns (Joe's, the priest's, my mother's);
possessive pronouns, (his, your, their, whose, etc.);
numbers (one, two, etc.);
indefinite pronouns (few, more, each, every, either, all, both, some, any, etc.);
demonstrative pronouns.
THE ARTICLES
The three articles — a, an, the —. The is called the definite article because it usually precedes a specific or previously mentioned noun; a and an are called indefinite articles because they are used to refer to something in a less specific manner (an unspecified count noun). These words are also listed among the noun markers or determiners because they are almost invariably followed by a noun (or something else acting as a noun).
‘’THE’’
The is used with specific nouns. The is required when the noun it refers to represents something that is one of a kind:
e.g.: The moon circles the earth.
The is required when the noun it refers to represents something in the abstract:
e.g.: The United States has encouraged the use of the private automobile as opposed to the use of public transit.
The is required when the noun it refers to represents something named earlier in the text.
‘’A/AN’’
A/An is used with singular countable nouns to talk about indefinite things.
e.g. There’s a boy leaning on the fence. (indefinite)
We use a before singular count-nouns that begin with consonants (a cow, a barn, a sheep); we use an before singular count-nouns that begin with vowels or vowel-like sounds (an apple, an urban blight, an open door).
Words that begin with an h sound often require an a (as in a horse, a history book, a hotel), but if an h-word begins with an actual vowel sound, use an an (as in an hour, an honor).
We would say a useful device and a union matter because the u of those words actually sounds like yoo (as opposed, say, to the u of an ugly incident). The same is true of a European and a Euro (because of that consonantal "Yoo" sound). We would say a once-in-a-lifetime experience or a one-time hero because the words once and one begin with a w sound (as if they were spelled wuntz and won).
We use a/an before Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms when we refer to an unknown person
e.g. A Mr Brown called you this morning.(A person that we don’t know)
Proper nouns: We use the definite article with certain kinds of proper nouns:
• Geographical places: the Sound, the Sea of Japan, the Mississippi, the West, the Smokies, the Sahara (but often not when the main part of the proper noun seems to be modified by an earlier attributive noun or adjective: We went swimming at the Ocean Park)
• Pluralized names (geographic, family, teams): the Netherlands, the Bahamas, the Johnsons, the New England Patriots
• Public institutions/facilities/groups: the Wadsworth Atheneum, the Sheraton, the House, the Presbyterian Church
• Newspapers: the Times
• Nouns followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with "of": the leader of the gang, the president of our club
Abstract nouns: Abstract nouns—the names of things that are not tangible—are sometimes used with articles, sometimes not:
E.g.: The storm upset my peace of mind. He was missing just one thing: peace of mind.
Her body was racked with grief. It was a grief she had never felt before.
Zero articles:
Several kinds of nouns never use articles. We do not use articles with the names of languages ("He was learning Chinese." [But when the word Chinese refers to the people, the definite article might come into play: "The Chinese are hoping to get the next Olympics."]), the names of sports ("She plays badminton and basketball."), and academic subjects ("She's taking economics and math. Her major is Religious Studies.")
DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstrative pronouns are also used as determiners in English. There are four of them: this, that, these and those. Demonstratives are used in a situation in which the speaker can point to the item they mean, making them even more specific than a definite article. For example:
Do you want this piece of chicken?;
I don't want to go to that movie anymore.;
These black raspberries are not sour. I like them this way.;
He wanted those boys to go away.;
This and these refer to items nearby; that and those refer to items far away. Note also that this and that are singular while these and those are plural.
QUANTIFIERS
Quantifiers are determiners that indicate how much or how little of the noun is being discussed. They include words such as all, few and many. For example:
He took all the books.;
He liked all desserts equally.;
Few children like ice-cream, so the cafeteria stopped serving them.;
Many kittens are taught to hunt by their mothers.;
Note that all can be used with other determiners to specify which particular items are meant (i.e. all the books in this pile). In this case, the quantifier always comes before the article or demonstrative. It's also possible to use all alone to refer to items generally, as in the second example.
POSSESSIVES
When referring to a noun that belongs to someone or something, you can use possessive pronouns to show ownership. Possessive pronouns include my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. For example:
Where is your room?;
The dog growled and showed its teeth;
My best friend is a dog.;
Which one is his house?;
Loyalty is her best quality.;
The tree shed its leaves.;
It's our secret recipe. Don’t tell it!;
As always, the determiner comes before the noun and any modifying adjectives. In English, you can use the same possessive whether the noun it references is singular or plural.
~EXERCISES~
1) Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles or determiners.
1. I am looking forward to being ——————- mother.
2. I used my shoe as ————————- hammer.
3. Have you fed ————————- cats?
4. There are ———————– children in the pool.
5. Who invented ———————–light bulb?
6. I am ———————- oldest in my family.
7. I prefer ————————- mountains to the seaside.
8. We went to ———————— same university.
9. My brother is going out with ———————–Chinese girl.
10. Have you got ———————— matches?
11. We met ——————— nice American girls on holiday.
12. I think there is ———————yoghurt in the fridge. Go to check!
2) ZERO ARTICLE
1. He was sent to ………….. for theft
Prison, the prison
2. I like ………………. Food
Indian, the Indian
3. Do you like ……… cheese?
Stilton, the Stilton
4. She was born in …………..
France, the France
5. Do you often go to ………?
Mosque, the mosque
3) Fill in with the correct article/determiner:
1. The conference was attended by the leaders of ………… nations.
2. ……… of my friends are undergoing training as a pilot.
3. The man complained that ………… boys were stealing ………….. of his mangoes.
4. ……… the girls nor the boys wish to take part in the debate.
5. There are ……………. People in the cinema. I don’t think that we can get …………. tickets.
6. She is surrounded by ………….. of her friends, yet she feels lonely.
4) Choose the correct form:
1. ……………………… people don't trust politicians.
a) Most
b) Most of
2. ……………………………. his ideas are quite interesting.
a) All
b) All of
3. …………………….. my nephews are engineers.
a) Both
b) Both of
4. ………………………the shops are closed on Sundays.
a) Most
b) Most of
5. Neither of …………………………. valid.
a) This argument is
b) These arguments are
c) These arguments is
5) Fill in a/an, the, one or ones.
1. I helped …………… old lady cross …………… road.
2. …………….. day, you’ll thank me for making you work harder than before!
3. I like …………………. Cotton dress best. Which ……………….. do you like more?
4. Anne goes to ……………….. mall every Friday.
5. Mum wouldn’t let us get ……………….. puppy.
6. ……………… best time to do exercise is in ……………….. morning.
7. ……………… Mr Jenkins called while you were out.
8. All of the shoes look great, but the ……………… I like best are …………… sneakers.
9. I have two English dictionaries at home: …………….. is pocket-sized, ……………….. other is huge.
10. Peter’s dog is …………………. German Shepherd.
11. John needed ………………. rest so badly that he couldn’t keep his eyes open.
6) Please complete the following exercise using a/an/the/0 (no article) in the underlined spaces where appropriate. Change capital letters to lower case letters at the beginning of a sentence if necessary.
Ms Parrot, (1) ___ most famous lady detective of (2) ___ twenty-first century, was born in (3) ___ United Kingdom in (4) ___ 1960s. Since then, she has been to many countries, including (5) ___ Portugal, Singapore and Australia, and has lived in (6) ___ northern hemisphere and (7) ___ southern hemisphere, as well as on (8) ___ equator. She has never been to (9) ___ Philippines or (10) ___ United States, but she speaks (11) English, French and Portuguese. Like Sherlock Holmes, (12) ___ famous detective, she plays (13) ___ violin, and sometimes practises up to five times (14) ___ day. She is also (15) ___ only person in (16) ___ world to have performed Tchaikovsky’s 1812 overture [a long piece of music] in one breath on (17) ___ recorder. She has been (18) ___ detective for thirty years and claims that although many people think that being (19) ___ detective is (20) ___ piece of cake, detectives generally work very hard and it’s not all fun and games. (21) ___ detective is someone who solves mysteries, and (22) ___ people who contact Ms Parrot have some very unusual problems. Little information is available about some of (23) ___ cases she has solved, but quite (24) ___ few of her most famous cases have attracted worldwide attention and she has been offered up to (25) ___ thousand dollars (26) ___ hour to help solve mysteries such as (27) ___ case of (28) ___ Australian owl in (29) ___ uniform. (30) ___ bird laid (31) ___ egg in (32) ___ European nest in less than (33) ___ hour after its arrival. What (34) ___ strange problem! With great (35) ___ modesty, she has either declined such (36) ___ fee or donated (37) ___ money to (38) ___ poor, or to (39) ___ Grammar Survival Fund, believing that (40) ___ detective should use their skills for (41) ___ common good.
7) Some of these phrases are wrong. Correct them.
a engineer
a house
a hour
an orange book
an expensive university
an uniform
8) Fill in: a lot (of), much or many.
1. It takes ………………… hard work to get a university degree.
2. How …………… milk do you need?
3. Recently, she has been working overtime as she’s got so ……………. To do.
4. The house isn’t finished yet; there’s still ……………….. work to be done.
5. There was so …………………. traffic in the city that we were delayed for an hour.
6. I haven’t got ………………….. time, so please hurry up.
7. Have you invited ……………….. guests to your dinner party?
8. Don’t eat …………………… cakes. Sugar is not good!
9. ……………… children were waiting in the class when I arrived.
10. Are there …………………… Chinese people living in Germany?
Our Health
Reading :
Vocabulary
Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Depression is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
Take a look at two of the most common health issues among teenagers
Diabetes.
Stress can worsen diabetes in two ways. First, it increases the likelihood of bad behaviors, such as unhealthy eating and excessive drinking. Second, stress seems to raise the glucose levels of people with type 2 diabetes directly.
Depression and anxiety.
It's probably no surprise that chronic stress is connected with higher rates of depression and anxiety. One survey of recent studies found that people who had stress related to their jobs had an 80% higher risk of developing depression within a few years than people with lower stress.
Answering Questions
Does any of these symptoms affect you?
Does school affect your level of stress?
What do you usually do to cope with depression?
Vocabulary :
1. The _ _ _ _ is getting worse. What should I do?
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ seems to be the plague of modern life.
3. People sometimes don’t work if they've only got a _ _ _ _.
4. He has a strong _ _ _ _ _. He should take some cough syrup.
5. It's common to feel aches and pains, as well as have a slight fever when you've got the _ _ _.
6. Make sure to clean the wound so you don't get an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
7. Where do you feel the _ _ _ _?
8. Put a bandage on your _ _ _.
9. That _ _ _ _ _ needs to be treated by a doctor. Go to the emergency room.
10. Use this _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to stop the bleeding.
11. Make sure to take your _ _ _ _ of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at ten o'clock.
12. The doctor can prescribe _ _ _ _ _ if necessary.
13. Ron has a serious _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on Friday.
14. Opiates are a type of _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ that can be very addictive.
15 .Take one _ _ _ _ before you go to bed.
16 .This _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ will calm your nerves so you can rest.
17. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gave me a check-up and cleaned my teeth.
18. Many women choose to have a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ help with the birth of their baby.
19. The _ _ _ _ _ will come in to check on you every hour.
20. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ has a broken rib and nose.
21. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ need to have nerves of steel as they cut into the flesh during an operation.
22. The surgeon entered the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and began the operation.
23. You can sit in the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ until he's finished.
24. Most people _ _ _ _ _ a cold from time to time.
25. The boy _ _ _ _ his ankle playing basketball.
26. Eat _ _ _ _ _ _ _ food and get regular exercise.
Writing :
Imagine you are a doctor and you need to write a patient a sending ticket for having diabetes .
Write the adjectives made from the following words:
day daily responsibility ……………………… energy ………………………
victory ……………………… affection ……………………… hesitate ………………………
fear ……………………… life ……………………… glory ………………………
beauty ……………………… fool ……………………… humour ………………………
Choose from the adjectives given to complete the next pick-up lines:
1. Your hand looks …………. . Here, let me hold it for you. beautiful
2. If you were a triangle, you’d be …………. one. crazy
3. Did your license get suspended for driving all these guys …………. . illegal
4. Is it …………. in here or is it just you? (a)cute
5. Somebody call the cops, because it’s got to be …………. to look that good. tired
6. Did you hear of the new disease called …………., I think you're infected. heavy
7. Are you sure you’re not ………….? You’ve been running through my mind all day. Hot
In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding -ly to an adjective
If the adjective ends in -y, replace the y with i and add -ly
If the adjective ends in -able, -ible, or -le, replace the -e with -y.
If the adjective ends in -ic, add -ally. Exception: public -> publicly
Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight, & wrong
Classification of Adverbs
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. Adverbs of place are usually placed after the main verb or after the clause that they modify. Adverbs of place do not modify adjectives or other adverbs. Some examples of adverbs of place: here, everywhere, outside, away, around
John looked around but he couldn't see the monkey.
Here and there are common adverbs of place. They give a location relative to the speaker. With verbs of movement, here means "towards or with the speaker" and there means "away from, or not with the speaker".
Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common adverbial phrases.
What are you doing up there?
Come over here and look at what I found!
The baby is hiding down there under the table.
I wonder how my driver's license got stuck under here.
dverbs of place that end in -where express the idea of location without specifying a specific location or direction.
I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.
Adverbs of place that end in -wards express movement in a particular direction.
EXAMPLES
Cats don't usually walk backwards.
Be careful: Towards is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed by a noun or a pronoun.
EXAMPLES
He walked towards the car.
Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often. Adverbs of time are invariable. They are extremely common in English. Adverbs of time have standard positions in a sentence depending on what the adverb of time is telling us.
ADVERBS THAT TELL US WHEN
Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence.
EXAMPLES
Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
Putting an adverb that tells us when at the end of a sentence is a neutral position, but these adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different emphasis. All adverbs that tell us when can be placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the time element. Some can also be put before the main verb in formal writing, while others cannot occupy that position.
EXAMPLES
Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is important)
Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a policeman's report)
Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)
Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the sentence.
EXAMPLES
She stayed in the Bears' house all day.
Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main verb is "to be", in which case the adverb goes after the main verb.
EXAMPLES
I often eat vegetarian food.
Many adverbs that express frequency can also be placed at either the beginning or the end of the sentence, although some cannot be. When they are placed in these alternate positions, the meaning of the adverb is much stronger.
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main verb or after the object.
EXAMPLES
He swims well.
He ran quickly.
She spoke softly.
An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.
EXAMPLES
He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]
He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]
He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]
f there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object.
EXAMPLES
The child ran happily towards his mother.
The child ran towards his mother happily.
Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have no object (intransitive verbs).
EXAMPLES
The town grew quickly after 1997.
He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.
These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after the verb: well, badly, hard, & fast
EXAMPLES
He swam well despite being tired.
The rain fell hard during the storm.
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If the adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies only that verb. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause. Notice the difference in meaning between the following sentences.
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
ENOUGH AS AN ADVERB
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both in positive and negative sentences.
EXAMPLES
Is your coffee hot enough?
nough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
EXAMPLES
We have enough bread.
Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
EXAMPLES
I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
Can I go to the zoo too?
Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
EXAMPLES
This coffee is too hot.
He works too hard.
Adverbs of certainty express how certain we feel about an action or event. Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb unless the main verb is 'to be', in which case the adverb of certainty goes after.
EXAMPLES
He definitely left the house this morning.
He surely won't forget.
He is probably in the park.
If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb of certainty goes between the auxiliary and the main verb.
He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on the action. These adverbs are different from other adverbs because they do not tell us how an action occurred. Commenting and viewpoint adverbs modify entire clauses rather than single verbs, adverbs, or adjectives. There is no real distinction between commenting adverbs and viewpoint adverbs, except in their sentence placement. Many adverbs that can be used as viewpoint adverbs can also be used as commenting adverbs. However, in some cases, an adverb is far more common as one or the other. Viewpoint adverbs are placed at the beginning, or more rarely, at the end of the sentence. They are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Commenting adverbs are placed before the main verb unless the verb "to be" is used, in which case placement can be either before or after the verb. In some cases, commenting adverbs placed before the main verb will also be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, although in most cases they will not be. In the examples below, viewpoint and commenting adverbs are shown in the correct sentence placements. When a sentence placement is unusual, stilted, or too formal for spoken language, it is marked with an asterisk.
The relative adverbs where, when & why can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace the more formal structure of preposition + which used to introduce a relative clause.
The interrogative adverbs why, where, how, & when are placed at the beginning of a question. These questions can be answered with a sentence or a prepositional phrase. After an interrogative adverb in a question, you must invert the subject and verb so that the verb comes first.
EXAMPLES
Why are you so late? There was a lot of traffic.
Where is my passport? In the drawer.
How are you? I'm fine.
Choose the right answer
She had ___________ time at the party although some of her friends weren't there.
A quite a good
B a bit good
C a quite good
'I quite like this sweater but it's ___________ big, don't you think?'
'Yes, you need one a size smaller.'
A very
B a bit
C really
The party was _____________ good. What a pity you missed it.
A quite
B a bit
C really
It's __________________ hot to play tennis this afternoon. Let's wait until the evening.
A quite
B too
C very
We can't have the party at my place – it's not ____________________ .
A too big
B big enough
C quite big
You're not _____________ to drink alcohol in a pub – you're only 16.
A quite old
B too old
C old enough
It can get _______________ hot in the summer – about 25 to 30 degrees.
A really
B too
C quite
I love my phone. It's _____________ an old model but it works well and it's perfect for me.
A quite
B too
C a bit
That's a __________ nice jacket you've got on. Where did you get it?
A so
B really
C quite
We had _________ a good meal. The food was nice, but the service was a bit slow.
A quite
B really
C a bit
The soup was _____________ spicy. I couldn't finish it.
A really
B quite
C a bit
'I'm _____________ hungry.'
'Shall we have dinner?'
'It's alright. I'll just get a snack.'
A too
B a bit
C really
You can't wear those trousers – they're __________ short. You'll look silly.
A a bit
B too
C quite
This book is _________ boring. I'll fall asleep if I read any more.
A really
B quite
C too
'Do you think Tom is ___________ old to run a marathon?'
'Of course not. You can do sports at any age if you're fit, and he's only 59.'
A very
B too
C quite
4
The bus driver was injured. (serious)S\
Kevin is clever. (extreme)
This hamburger tastes . (awful)
Be with this glass of milk. It's hot. (careful)
Robin looks . What's the matter with him? (sad)
Jack is upset about losing his keys. (terrible)
This steak smells . (good)
Our basketball team played last Friday. (bad)
Don't speak so . I can't understand you. (fast)
Maria opened her present. (slow)
5
Form adverbs from the following adjectives:
perfect →
quiet →
careful →
regular →
nice →
terrible →
heavy →
good →
hard →
fantastic →
Compare the following adverbs:
fast → →
well → →
carefully → →
often → →
badly → →
hard → →
clearly → →
little → →
much → →
early → →
Speaking Time
Describe your Prince Charming.
Have you ever been in a relationship? If so, how did you feel about it? If not, would you want to be in one? Why or why not?
Imagine your girlfriend/boyfriend asks you out to see a movie. Have a little debate on watching a movie at home and watching at the cinema. Use as many adjectives as you can.
NOTES ON ADJECTIVES
Compound adjectives are formed with:
present participles long-standing relationship
past participles self-employed carpenter
cardinal numbers + nouns a twenty-year-old girl with a thirty-year-old boy
prefixes and suffixes non-stop quarrel
well, badly, ill, poorly + participles well-cooked steak
Some adjectives ending in –ly look like adverbs (friendly, motherly, lonely, lovely). These adjectives form their adverbs by adding the word way/manner/fashion.
She behaved in a very friendly way/manner/fashion after they had broken up.
Some adjectives such as poor, late and old have different meanings, according to where they are placed in the sentence.
My boyfriend is very old. (in years)
Tony is an old friend of mine. (I’ve known him for a long time)
Certain adjectives can be used with the to represent a group as a whole: the rich, the dead, the young, the homeless, the blind, etc.
There are certain adverbs such as above, upstairs, downstairs, inside, etc which can be used as adjectives.
an upstairs room the downstairs bathroom the above rule the inside page
Little, old and young are often used in fixed adjective-noun combination, so they are always placed next to the noun they modify.
This young man spent too much money on her birthday present.
Underline the correct item.
1. Jenny got a beautiful gold/golden broach from her fiancé.
2. He plays tennis good/well.
3. Our date was planned perfect/perfectly.
4. I feel badly/bad about what happened yesterday.
5. I am not sure if this word is spelled correct/correctly.
6. I was happy/happily to accept the invitation.
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
A general guide to the ordering of adjectives is given below. However, this cannot always be strictly followed since when there is more than one adjective in a sentence, it is rather difficult to say in exactly what order they should be placed, as this depends on the speaker’s feeling or intention.
More examples:
I love that beautiful old big green antique car that always parked at the end of the street. [quality – age – size – color – proper adjective]
A big square blue box. [dimension – shape – color]
A disgusting pink plastic ornament. [opinion – color – material]
An amazing new American movie. [opinion – age – origin]
Take a break and read some fun facts. Enjoy!
There’s a reason why cuddling feels so good.
Oxytocin, the so-called love or cuddle hormone, is produced during an embrace or cuddle.
Some people can’t feel love.
Some individuals who claim never to have felt romantic love suffer from hypopituitarism, a rare disease that doesn’t allow a person to feel the rapture of love.
‘Love’ is a word derived from Sanskrit.
The term “love” is from the Sanskrit lubhyati, meaning “desire.”
The parent trap.
Some psychologists argue that we fall in love with someone who is similar to the parent with whom we have unresolved childhood issues, unaware we are seeking to resolve this childhood relationship in adulthood.
Food > romance.
According to a study, brain scans reveal that women are more responsive to romantic stimuli after eating a meal than before.
Choose the correct item.
1. They live in a __________________ house.
A. large and white
B. white and large
C. large white
2. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
A. We took a ride on a blue, old Chinese bus.
B. We took a ride on a Chinese, old, blue bus.
C. We took a ride on an old, blue Chinese bus.
3. We went for a two-week cruise on a __________________________ ocean liner.
A. incredible brand-new, huge Italian
B. incredible, huge, brand-new Italian
C. Italian incredible, brand-new, huge
4. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
A. During my college years, I wore a red, white and black big hat to sporting events.
B. During my college years, I wore a big red, white and black hat to sporting events.
C. During my college years, I wore a big red white and black, hat to sporting events.
5. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
A. My brother rode a beautiful big black Friesian horse in the parade.
B. My brother rode a beautiful Friesian big black horse in the parade.
C. My brother rode a big, black, beautiful Friesian horse in the parade.
Regular comparisons
Note
Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -ly, or –y usually form their comparative and superlative by adding –er or –est to the positive form, whereas those ending in –re or –ful take more and most.
clever – cleverer – cleverest , careful – more careful – most careful
Irregular Comparisons
With adverbs ending in -ly, you must use more to form the comparative, and most to form the superlative.
EXAMPLES
The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
Could you sing more quietly please?
With short adverbs that do not end in -ly comparative and superlative forms are identical to adjectives: add -er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative. If the adverb ends in e, remove it before adding the ending.
EXAMPLES
Jim works harder than his brother.
Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
EXAMPLES
The little boy ran farther than his friends.
You're driving worse today than yesterday !
He played the best of any player.
As and Like
‘using’
As is used
For what sb or sth really is (jobs or roles).
She works as an air-hostess. (She is an air-hostess)
Before clauses/phrases.
I’ll do as you say.
In certain expressions: as usual, as … as, as much, such as.
He came late as usual.
After accept, describe, be known, class, refer to, use, regard.
She is regarded as an authority on Physics.
Like is used
For what sb or sth is not really but looks or is like. (similes)
She works like a slave. (She’s not a slave)
With nouns/pronouns/-ing.
It was like travelling in a spaceship.
After sound, smell, look, feel + noun.
It feels like velvet.
After negative expressions.
There is no place like home.
As or like?
She sings ______ an angel.
I'm much better ______ you can see.
My sister is not at all ______ me.
My daughter is just ______ my sister.
I use one of the bedrooms ______ an office.
You are very ______ your mother.
I hope to qualify ______ an engineer.
My friend Rob looks ______ John Travolta.
She liked him ____ a friend
We're late for the train. We'll have to run ______ the wind.
I'm your friend and, ______ a friend, I advise you to think again.
I want to join the air force ______ a pilot.
We need a strong leader ______ Winston Churchill.
I've done the work ______ we agreed.
I was sure, ______ was everybody else, that you would do well in this job.
SUMMARY TEST
Complete with adverbs or adjectives
What's this (AWFUL) smell ?
Why are you looking at me so (ANGRY) . – Have I done anything ?
Please tell Dad to drive (CAREFUL). The roads are (ICY) and the winds are blowing (HEAVY).
Have you seen George (LATE) . – No I haven't seen him at all (RECENT).
The post office is (NEAR) the supermarket.
Bertha cried (SILENT) in her bed last night.
My brother is a (WONDERFUL) cook. Nobody makes roast beef like he does. He says it's (TYPICAL) British.
Charlie is a (HANDSOME) young man and he sings (BEAUTIFUL).
When the days grow shorter it gets (COLD) pretty fast.
The dessert tastes (GREAT).
Jane is (DEEP) worried about her brother.
They played (MOST) jazz at the concert
Our dog smells (CAREFUL) at everything he sees.
My sister has (SUCCESSFUL) passed her test.
My new teacher can explain things very well (GOOD). She seems (NICE) and her lessons are not (BORING). And she (HARD) ever makes any jokes.
Jackie usually takes the (LATE) bus home.
What you said was (HIGH) interesting.
Please send the email to him (DIRECT)
My dad says he can get us some (FREE) tickets.
I (NEAR) forgot to tell you the good news.
Complete with common, proper, solid, weak, tight, exotic, abrupt, stiff, regular, smooth, utter, extraordinary, clever, awful
14. Last year, the most _______________ first names for boys in this country were Matthew and Joshua.
Fill in the correct form of the word in brackets:
1. My house is (big) bigger than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful) …………………… than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) ………………….…. book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ……………….……. than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) ………………….…. animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ……………………. than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ………….…………. than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) …………………… woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) ……………….……. than last summer.
Appearance & Personality
1.PERSONALITY
Robert Plutchik’s Wheel Based Theory
Robert Plutchik, a professor at the University of South Florida, agreed with Paul Ekman’s research driven perspective but developed his own model, called the “wheel of emotions.”
Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions is similar to a colour wheel. Like colours, primary emotions can be expressed at different intensities and can mix with one another to form different emotions. The intensity of the emotion increases as you move towards the wheel’s centre and decreases as you move outward; the darker the shade, the more intense the emotion.
Plutchik’s eight primary emotions are Joy , Trust, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Anticipation, Anger, and Disgust. Each primary emotion has a polar opposite, so that:
Joy is the opposite of Sadness
Fear is the opposite of Anger
Anticipation is the opposite of Surprise
Disgust is the opposite of Trust
Unkown words:
1.submission = the act of accepting the power or authority of someone else.
e.g.: They raised their arms in submission.
2.remorse = a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done.
e.g.: He felt no remorse for the crimes he had committed.
3. contempt = a strong feeling of disliking and having no respect for someone or something.
e.g.: At work he has complete contempt for his boss.
4.despair = he feeling that there is no hope and that you can do nothing to improve adifficult or worrying situation.
e.g.: To her teacher's despair, Sara never does the work that she's told to do.
5. delight = (something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction.
e.g.: She seems to take great delight in teasing her sister.
6. gullible = easily deceived or tricked, and too willing to believe everything that otherpeople say
e.g.: There are any number of miracle cures on the market for people gullible enough to buy them.
7.moody = If someone is moody, their moods change suddenly and they become angry orunhappy easily.
e.g.: He can sometimes be moody.
8. picky = Someone who is picky is very careful about choosing only what they like.
e.g.: The children are such picky eaters.
9.witty = using words in a clever and funny way.
e.g.: He was witty and very charming.
10. obstinate = unreasonably determined, especially to act in a particularway and not to change at all, despite what anyone else says.
e.g.: He can be very obstinate at times.
11.bigoted = having strong, unreasonable beliefs and disliking other people who have different beliefs or a different way of life.
e.g.: She's so bigoted that she refuses to accept anyone who doesn't think like her.
12.conceited = too proud of yourself and your actions and abilities.
e.g.: James may be so conceited to believe that he is competent when he is not.
13. gloomy = not expecting or believing anything good in a situation.
e.g.: I has just heard a gloomy economic forecast.
14.stingy = unwilling to spend money; small in amount
e.g.: He's really stingy and never buys anyone a drink when we go out.
15.mischievous= behaving in a way, or describing behaviour, that is slightly bad but is notintended to cause serious harm or damage
e.g.: They have a mischievous sense of humour.
Personality Conversation Questions
What makes you happy?
What makes you angry?
Are you happy with your personality?
Are you shy? Do you make friends easily?
Are you an outgoing person?
How do you organize files in your computers?
What kinds of people do you get along well with?
can you think of ten verbs to describe personality?
having a great personality makes you attractive?
What characteristics does a leader need to have?
How are male and female personalities different?
How has your personality changed over the years?
What personality types are you attracted to?
2. APPEARANCE
Collocations
Go places = to be likely to be successful in the future.
e.g.: You said that the team was clearly going places.
Be the cat’s whiskers = to be better than everyone else; a person or thing that is excellent or superior.
e.g.: My sister thinks she is the cat’s whiskers.
Be as fresh as daisly = to be full of energy and enthusiasm.
e.g.: After a after a well-deserved vacation with some good night's sleep I'll be as fresh as a daisy.
Be as hard as nails = be strong and very determined.
e.g.: Jack is a warm and friendly person, but he is also as tough as nails at school.
Keep up appearances = to pretend to be happier, less poor, etc. than you really are, because you do not want people to know how bad your situation is
e.g.: They were very unhappily together but kept up appearances for the future of their children.
Be dressed up to the nines = wearing very stylish and fashionable clothes, often for a particular purpose or occasion.
e.g.: They were all dressed up to the nines for the Christmas party.
Be like chalk and cheese = if two people are like chalk and cheese, they are completely different from each other.
e.g.: My mother and my father are like chalk and cheese sometimes.
Be a big cheese = an important person in a company or an organization with a lot of influence.
e.g.: She left business school and became a big cheese in the group.
Not have a hair out of place = If someone does not have a hair out of place, their appearance is very neat.
e.g.: Jane was wonderful and also she was as immaculate as ever – not a hair out of place.
Be a mouse potato = a person who spends a lot of time on their computer and does not have an active style of life.
e.g.: Many of my sister's colleagues are mouse potatoes.
Be a bad egg = old-fashioned, a bad person .
e.g. Jenny is a bad egg today, because these shoes are out of fashion.
Be the apple of one’s eye = a person of whom one is extremely proud.
e.g.: Maya is the apple of grandmother’s eye.
Be as ugly as sin = Something that is so disgustingly hideous it is comparable to sin itself, not necessarily physically ugly, something so disturbingly ugly it makes your stomach churn.
e.g.: That style is as ugly as sin.
Dead wood = people or things that are no longer useful.
e.g.: He cleared out the dead wood as soon as he finished the work.
Be thin on the top = o have lost some of the hair on your head.
e.g.: Oh…it's a little thin on top these days, isn't it?
Be a couch potato = a person who watches a lot of television and does not have an active life.
e.g.: Jimy is like a couch potato these days.
Be dressed to kill = very well-dressed and fashionable, typically in an attempt to impress other people.
e.g.: It is normal for a lady to be dressed to kill.
Be as proud as a peacock = Proud to the point of arrogance, vanity, or boastfulness.
e.g.: Sam's been as proud as a peacock ever since he found out he came in top of the class and he hasn't missed a single opportunity to remind us what he did then.
Have a five o’clock shadow = the slight darkness on a man's face, especially his chin, caused by the growth of hair during the day.
e.g.: He has a five o’clock shadow for a week.
Appearance and personality- Exercices
I. Choose the most appropriate answer.
1. His two younger daughters are real beauties, but his oldest daughter is …., I’m afraid.
a) quite plain
b) quite pretty
c) rather attractive
d) very handsome
2. James is an attractive …. man. He is probably about 35.
a) elderly
b) middle-aged
c)old
d)young
3.She is …., with short red hair. She said she would be wearing an orange skirt with sequins. You’ll recongnise her.
a) a tall brunette
b) average height and slim
c) medium-build and blond
d) short and gray-haired
4. She …. her father in appearance. She has the same blue eyes and straight chestnut hair.
a)goes after
b) is after
c)looks after
d)takes after
5. My brother is ….. .I rely always on him.
a)crafty and deceitful
b) hardworking and responsible
c) immature and inefficient
d) lazy and careless
6. My friend, Emily, is a ….. and a ….. person. She always laughes and makes jokes.
a) old /grumpy
b) outgoing/ cheerful
c) safe/ dangerous
d) easy / weak
II. Look at the crossword puzzle below and find 13 words vertically or horizontally, from the lexical field of personality.
III. Match the sentences in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column. Use the
adjectives in bold to help you.
IV. What’s the opposite of these expressions? Choose from these adjectives:
Straight hair / __________ hair;
Oily skin / __________ skin;
Narrow shoulders / __________ shoulders;
Even teeth / __________ teeyh.
V. In pairs, list as many words as you can think of in two minute sunder the headings. Compare with another pair. Then use the words to describe yourself and your family members.
Height/build : well-built,
Hair: straight,
Face: round,
Eyes: almond-shaped,
Cheeks: chubby,
Eyebrows: arched,
Eyelashes: thick,
Nose: Delicate,
Mouth: small,
Skin: pale,
e.g. I am tall and slim with short curly black hair. I’ve got…
VI. Match the idioms with their definitions.
VII. Read the texts and use the word given to form a word that fits in the space.
Facial expressions
Body language is a very __efficient__(0) form of communication.Some ______(face)(1) expressions, in particular, can be understood all around the world. If we find something ________ (disgust)(2), for example, we wrinkle up our noses. Anyone immediately knows how we feel.
All people smile, and a smile is likely to get a positive ______ (react)(3). It can, however, be obvious when you don’t mean it. When you ________(genuine)(4) smile, muscles around your eyes automatically contract, but these uscles are difficult to control consciously. An authentic smile fades quickly, too, while an articificial smile will _______ (usual)(5) last longer.
The expressions we make when we are angry, sad and scared are also common to most cultures. Despite all the _________ (differ)(6) languages spoken in the world, we can still communicate using this __________ (universe)(7) language of facial expressions.
However, you sometimes need to be ________ (care)(8). Certain gestures can vary, even within a single country. For example, _________ (south)(9) Italians gesturing ‚’yes’ tilt their heads forwards, never back, whereas people in the north nod by tilting the head backwards and forwards.
WISH AND IF
ONLY
Wish and ‘If only’ are both used to talk about regrets – things that we would like to change either about the past or the present.
Talking about the present
If only I didn’t have so much homework I could go to the concert tonight. She has a lot of homework and she can’t go to the
concert.
I wish you didn’t live so far away.
I wish I knew what to do.
When we talk about present regrets, both wish and if only are followed by the past simple tense. The past tense emphasises that we are
talking about something ‘unreal’.
Talking about the past
I wish I’d studied harder when I was at school. He didn’t study harder when he was at school.
I wish I hadn’t eaten all that chocolate. I feel sick.
If only I’d known you were coming.
Both wish and if only are followed by the past perfect tense when we talk about past regrets.
Wish/if only and would
We use wish + would to talk about something in the present that we would like to change – usually something that we find annoying.
I wish you wouldn’t borrow my clothes without asking
I wish you’d give up smoking. it’s really bad for you.
NB We can only use wish + would to talk about things we can’t change.
So I wish I wouldn’t eat so much chocolate is not possible
although we can say I wish I didn’t eat so much chocolate.
Wish and If only
1.I wish(if only)+ past simple/past continuous=wish/regret about a present
situation we want to be different
ex: I wish you studied more.(It’s a pity you don’t.)
2.I wish(if only)(wish/regret about the present)+could+bare
infinitive=wish/regret in the present concerning lack of ability
ex:I wish I could drive a car(But I can’t.)
3.I wish(if only)(regret about the past)+past perfect=regret the
something happened or didn’t happen in the past
ex:I wish I had taken your advice.(But I didn’t.)
4.I wish(if only)(impossible wish for a future
change)+Subject+would+bare inf(wish and would should have dif, subjects;
wish+inanimate sj+would is used to express the speaker’s lack of hope)=wish for a future change unlikely to happen
or wish to express dissatisfaction; polite request implying dissatisfaction.
ex:I wish he would drive more carefully.
I wish the children would be more cooperative.
I wish it would stop raining.
I wish/ If only Guess the problem
Choose one of the situations below and say things you would think or say in that
situation until your partner guesses what the situation is. Give other hints if your
partner gets stuck, but don’t say any of the words in the sentence below.
You can’t play the guitar
You don’t have a girlfriend/ boyfriend
You can’t find a job
You can’t move a box
You have a headache
You can’t communicate with someone
You feel bored
Your team are losing a match
It’s raining
You have an exam tomorrow
Your big brother bullied you
2.The students produce the sentences. The High-Five.
I have called this part The High Five. Still standing and forming a circle, ask students to think
of a sentence about themselves they think people will easily relate to using I wish/ if only.
Students take it in turns to say their sentence aloud and at the same time move into the centre
of the circle. Anybody who feels the same way moves to the centre of the circle and gives a
High-five to the person in the centre of the circle who has said the sentence.
Same procedure as above. In pairs or in 3’s ask them to briefly discuss their answer.
You can start by moving to the centre of the circle and saying:
I wish I could pass my English test ( Note: your hands will hurt from all the high fives you’ll
get with this sentence)
Discourage sentences that might be too personal or too specific like
I wish my mother had come with me on that trip.
Interactive game
1.Choose the correct options to complete the text.
Dear Mum,
I feel really unhappy! I wish I 1 this job. If only I 2. to you before I
made the decision to come here. l wish the people here 3. so unfriendly. I don't like
it at all! If only I 4 . longer breaks.Looking at a computer screen all day is tiring; I
wish my computer
5. ! And I wish my boss 6. yelling at me all the time. He's always in a bad
mood. It's so annoying! Also, I wish there 7. someone here I could talk to but
there is no-one I can talk to. I haven't made any friends. If only I
8. some friends when I arrived here, but meeting new people is very difficult. I wish you were nearer to me!
Please write soon. I miss you!
Love, Mary
1.didn’t/wouldn’t accept/hadn’t accepted
2.did/had/would listen
3.hadn’t been/wouldn’t be/weren’t
4.had/had had/would had
5.explode/would explode/will explode
6.stopped/had stopped/would stop
7.had been/would be/were
8.would have made/made/had made
9.lived/had lived/would live
2.Decide whether these statements express a "wish" or a "regret":
1 I wish I could fly.
Wish
Regret
2 If only she had seen the doctor earlier. He could have saved her.
Wish
Regret
3 If only I traveled to New York
Wish
Regret
4 I wish I were a doctor.
Wish
Regret
3.Choose the correct answer:
1 Alice didn't get a good grade. She wishes she (work) harder.
a.worked
b.had worked
2 Tom likes football very much. He wishes he (become) a professional football player.
a.became
b.had become
3 He was running very fast when he had a heart attack. If only he (not/run) so fast.
a.hadn’t run
b.didn’t run
4 She's keen on computers. She wishes she (study) computer science next school year.
a.studied
b.had studied
5 I am sorry I don’t know how to use the computer. If only I (know)
how to use it.
a.knew
b.had known
6 I stayed late at work and missed the last bus. I wish I (stay) at work late.
a.did not stay
b.had not stayed
PRACTICE TEST
1.Complete the sentence with the correct tense of the verb in brackets.
1. We always have to take the bus home. I wish we (not live) so far from the city centre
2. We are completely soaked. I wish we (bring) the umbrella
3. He is always whistling. I wish he (not do) that all the time
4. We are having a wonderful holiday on the beach. I wish you (be) here
5. This computer is useless. I wish my parents (choose) a better one when they bought it
6. She's got a new job but she feels bored. She wishes her boss (give) her more responsibility.
7. He's sorry he missed the wedding ceremony. He wishes he (go)
8. I wish my neighbours (not make) so much noise. I can hardly sleep at night
9. Citizens wish their leaders (start) doing something to improve the economic situation
10. They have lots of money. Even so, they wished they (have) more and more
PRACTICE TEST
2.Write a sentence using “wish” or “if only”.
1.I ate too much and now I have stomachache.
=
2. His parents would like him to look after himself.
=
3. I can't smoke anywhere now. The anti-smoking law is so restrictive!
=
4. It's a pity we don't own a boat, I love sailing.
=
5. My pupils keep talking in class all the time and I can't handle it.
=
6. Visiting the museum was interesting but it would have been nicer to go to the beach.
=
7. Next Christmas I would like to stay at home for a change.
=
8. He never brings me flowers on our anniversary.
=
9. I failed all my exams. I should have studied harder.
=
10. I don't like being so tall
=
PRACTICE TEST
3. Complete the sentences using the words in the bold. Use two to five words.
a.It’s a shame we didn’t go out for dinner.
gone I wish
b.I don’t have many friends here.
had I wish
c.It’s a pity I can’t go out tonight, but I have to work late.
could I wish
d.It’s a shame we didn’t go to Italy for our summer holidays.
gone I wish
e.If it weren’t raining, we could go for a walk.
stop I wish
f.It’s a pity that I wasn’t given the position.
been I wish
g.I’ve been offered a job in Spain, but I can’t speak Spanish.
speak I wish
h.If it weren’t snowing, we could go for a drive.
stop I wish
i.It’s a shame we missed the beginning of the film.
missed I wish
PRACTICE TEST
EGYPT
Egypt is the most 0.heavily (heavy) populated country in the Middle East with 1.
(approximate) 80 million people. Located in North Africa, Egypt is an extremely dry land as the 2.
(major) 96% of it is desert. The 3. (remain) of 4%, consists of the famous river Nile and its
rich Fertile banks. The Nile runs the entire 4. (long) of the country. Almost the entire
Egyptian 5. (populate) lives along its banks.
Every year, millions of tourists travels to Egypt because of its truly 6. (remark) history.
Egypt gave rise to one of the greatest 7. (civilise) and richest cultures the world has ever
seen. Ancient Egyptian society lasted for than 3,000 years and left magnificent 8.
(archaeology) wonders behind, such as the Great Pyramids and The Sphinx at Giza.
Egypt is a 9. (fascinate) country which remains just as vibrant and 10. (culture) rich
today as it was in the past.
Vocabulary (BOOKS)
Useful expressions:
to be engrossed in: to be completely focused on one thing
bedtime reading: something to read in bed before you go to sleep
to be a big reader: someone who reads a lot
to be heavy-going: difficult to read
the central character: the main person in a film or book
to come highly recommended: to be praised by another person
an e-book: a digital book
an e-reader: a device for reading e-books
to flick through: to look quickly through a book
to get a good/bad review: to receive positive or negative feedback
a page turner: a book that you want to keep reading
plot: the main events in a film or book
to read something from cover to cover: to read a book from the first page to the last
the setting: where the action takes place
to take out (a book from the library): to borrow a book from the library
to tell the story of: to outline the details of someone’s life or an event
I. Complete the texts using these words:
A. take out,be engrossed in, from cover to cover, bedtime reading;
I like nothing more than ……………………………..a good book. I regularly …………………………….books from the library and usually read them ……………………………………….. in no time, and I can’t go to sleep at night without some
good ……………………..…
B: historical novel, the setting, based on, plot, it tells the story of, couldn’t put it down, came highly recommended, a real page-turner, the central character;
I like reading, especially English novels. It’s a great way to improve your vocabulary and there are so many fantastic authors to choose from; one book that ………………………….. by my teacher was The Mayor of Casterbridge. I was studying at a school in The UK at the time and she said it would give me a picture of what life was like years ago in the area I was living, well I have to say I absolutely loved it, it was ……………………….. It’s a ………………………. and ……………………….was a fictional town called Casterbridge, but actually it was ………………………………a town near where I was studying called Dorchester , it had such a great ………………………….. to cut a long story short ……………………………………..the downfall of a man called Henchard ………………………………………….who lives during a period of great social change around the time of the industrial revolution ; the reason I enjoyed it so much, apart from the great story, it gave me a picture of what life had been like in the place I was studying at the time, I really………………………. A fantastic story.
C. heavy-going, a big reader, soundtrack, special effects
I’m not really ………………………………..I find books quite ……………………………………….so I much prefer to see a film, perhaps it’s the ………………………………… or the ……………………………. I don’t know, I just prefer a film .
D. got a good review, flicking through
I love …………………………………..books in a bookshop. Online shopping is useful: finding out on Amazon if a book you want has ………………..maybe getting one that is difficult to find , but I still love the experience of being in a bookshop .
II. Read the sentences and decide which answer (A or B) best fits each gap.There is an example at the beginning.
0. What's the __ of the book you're reading?
heading
title
1. Who’s the ?
A.author
B.writer
2. I like both short stories and .
A.novels
B.romances
3. It isn’t a long book:there are only five .
A.chapters
B.editions
4. I like books with .
A.illustrations
B.pictures
5. She wrote a fascinating of her life as a singer.
A.autobiography
B.biography
6. This thriller is really exciting! It’s a –turner.
A.book
B.page
7. The in the book are believable.
A.characters
B.people
8. But the is a little slow in places.
A.plot
B.story
9. The at the beginning of the book gives you some fascinating backgound to the story.
A.prologue
B.sequel
III. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning.
0-to
Electronic books, or ebooks, provide a new, cool, environmentally-friendly, and inexpensive way (0) read. Differing (1)……………………………… their paper cousins only in the binding, ebooks (2)……………………………………… stored and used (3) ……………………………computer files rather than as ink on paper. E-books may encourage reading in some because they are easy to access. If you want a print book, you have to order it, go to the library, or run to a bookstore. If you want an E-book, on the other hand, you can get it in minutes with the few clicks.
This helps lend to the convenience that we are all used to (4)……………………………….. this day and age. This can lead (5)……………………………….. an incredible boost in popularity. This isn’t surprising either. It’s the same concept that has led to the struggle (6)…………………………………….. brick-and-mortar stores versus titans such as Amazon.
Answer these questions:
What is your favorite story?
Who is your favorite author?
Who is your favorite character?
What is your favorite genre?
What is the longest book you have ever read? How long did it take you to read it?
Book Genres
The two types of books can be further divided into many different sub-types, called "genres." Here are some of the different genres of books which are available today. Fiction:Action, Adventure, Crime,Drama, Horror,Mystery, Poetry,Romance, Suspense, Thriller, Short story, Historical fiction
Nonfiction:Autobiography/Biography, Book review, Dictionary, Health, History, Journal, Science, Review, Guide, Encyclopedia
IV Read the sentences and decide which answer (A, B,C or D) best fits each gap.There is an example at the beginning.
0 When I was a child I liked reading ___________ ; now I read ___________
A.novels, story books
B.story books, novels
C.fiction books, story books
D.fairy tales, story books
1 I liked the music in the film so much, I went out and bought
A.the DVD
B.the disc
C.the soundtrack
D.the musical
2 Leonardo diCaprio ___________ Jack in Titanic
A.stars
B.starring
C.casts
D.plays
3 The film________________________ two brothers who love the same woman.
A.topic
B.is talk about
C.is about
D.is talking about
4 I find thrillers ………………………………………..
A.very scary
B.very horrible
C.very exciting
D.very terrible
5 Jackie Chan is famous for …………………………………..
A.Chinese fighting movies
B.sci-fi movies
C.horror films
D.martial arts movies
6 The Harry Potter films have been …………………………………
A.a great box-office success
B.bestsellers
C.hits
D.stars
7 The Harry Potter books are ……………………………..
A.a great box-office success
B.bestsellers
C.hits
D.market leaders
8 Anna and the King ……………………………….
A.is take place in Thailand
B.is set in Thailand
C.is happen in Thailand
D.was happened in Thailand
9 I liked the book Rebecca, so much that …………………………………..
A.I couldn't put it down
B.I couldn't pick it up
C.I couldn't put it up
D.I picked it up
V. Match the definitions with these words:
1. to be heavy-going a.the main events in a film or book
2.a page turner b.to read a book from the first page to the last
3.plot c.difficult to read
4.to read something from cover to cover d.where the action takes place
5.the setting e. a book that you want keep reading
6.to flick through f.to look quickly through a book
Causative Form
We use causative verbs to show that someone or something caused something to happen. Causative verbs are: get, have, make, let and help.
Here is what you need to know about the causative in English.
Causative # 1 – HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it , but you don’t say who this person is.
Examples:
Causative # 2 – HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it, but you also say who this person is.
Examples:
Causative # 3 – GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING
This means someone does something for you because you persuade (= encourage, tell them that you’d like them to do something) them to do it. So this construction feels less neutral than the previous ones.
Examples:
Causative # 4 – MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING
This means that you force someone/something to do something for you.
Examples:
Causative # 5 – LET SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING
This means that you allow ( = let, give permission to do something) someone to do something or you allow something to happen.
Examples:
Causative # 6 – HELP SOMEONE (to) DO SOMETHING
This means that you help ( = assist) someone (to) do something. This structure is most often used without ‘to’.
Examples:
EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks with the verbs given
1. I made my son __________ the windows before he could go outside to play. (wash)
2. Mrs. Crane had her house __________. (decorate)
3. The teacher had the class __________ a 3000 word research paper. (write)
4. Don got some kids in the neighbourhood __________ out his garage. (clean)
5. I went to the bank to have a cheque __________. (cash)
6. After I had the sleeves __________, the jacket I bought fit me perfectly. (shorten)
7. My boss made me __________ my report because he wasn't satisfied with it. (redo)
8. Tom had a bad headache yesterday, so he got his twin brother Tim __________ to class for him. The teacher didn't know the difference. (go)
9. Alice stopped at the service station to have the tank __________.(fill)
10. I got Mary __________ me some money so I could go to a movie last night. (lend)
11. Mr. Fields went to a doctor to have the wart on his nose __________. (remove)
12. Peeling onions always makes me __________. (cry)
13. We had a professional photographer __________ pictures of everyone who participated in our wedding. (take)
14. I spilled some tomato sauce on my suit coat. Now I need to get my suit __________. (clean)
B. Complete the causative verbs exercises by choosing the correct option (a), (b), (c) or (d) to complete each of the sentences.
1. My parents always make me _______________________ my homework before I can watch any television.
(A) to finish (B) finishing (C) finish (D) finished
2. My Mum lets me ________________ later at the weekend.
(A) stay up (B) stayed up (C) staying up (D) to stay up
3. I had the computer technician at work ___________________ my lap top. It works well now.
(A) fixed (B) to fix (C) fixing (D) fix
4. I ________________ my hair cut at that new hairdressing salon the other day, they’re really good!
(A) have (B) made (C) had (D) let
5. My flatmate got me ___________________ dinner for him last night as he said he was too tired.
(A) to cook (B) cook (C) cooked (D) make
6. Why don’t you let me __________________ that for you. I’m happy to help!
(A) do (B) to do (C) did (D) done
7. I _______________________ my house broken into last night. I’m so upset!
(A) let (B) made (C) had (D) make
8. I always have my car _________________ at that garage. They provide a really good service.
(A) repair (B) was repaired (C) repaired (D) to repair
9. Did his boss make him ________________ late again last night?
(A) work (B) to work (C) worked (D) works
10. Did her teacher get her ________________ the visitors to the school?
(A) welcome (B) to welcome (C) welcomes (D) welcomed
11. He got me ___________________ that parcel for him as I was going to the post office anyway.
(A) posted (B) post (C) posts (D) to post
12. My parents didn’t make me ___________________ with housework when I was very young, but they do now.
(A) to help (B) help (C) helped (D) was help
C. Complete the following sentences using the grammar construction have something done in English.
1. We will (the documents/deliver)…………………….. to you by the postman.
2. She couldn’t understand the document so she (it/translate)………………….. by her colleague.
3. How often (you/your eyes/test)…………………………?
4. I will never (my ears/pierce)………………………. It’s too painful.
5. Look at her hair. She must (it/dye)……………………… .
6. Your car is making a lot of noise. You should (it/service)…………………………………….. 7. She’s going to (a rose/tattoo)……………………. on her leg.
8. Do you (your cat/groom)…………………… regularly? 9. I (my tooth/pull out)…………………….. yesterday.
10. I (my car/wash)…………………… every week.
VOCABULARY →FILM
I.Movie quiz
In Lord of the Rings, who is the king of Rohan?
a) Denethor
b) Gandalf
c) Legolas
d) Aragorn
e) Theoden
In the Hunger Games, what district is Thresh from?
4
6
7
10
11
What was the name of the dragon in The Hobbit?
Thorin
Bard
Sauron
Swaug
There is no dragon
In Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith, how many lightsabers does General Grievous have?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 4
d) 2
e) none
Who is the princess that places her finger on the spinning wheel?
Xeina
Aurora
Kate
Laura
Zoe
What is the fifth Star Wars movies called?
The Phantom Menace
A New Hope
Return of the Jedi
Revenge of the Sith
The Empire Strikes Back
Which movie was meant to be a set, but the first one did so bad they didn’t take any more?
Eragon
Star Wars
Lemony Snicket
The Hobbit
Homeward Bound
Which set of movies is the lightning thief from?
Lord of the Rings
Percy Jackson
Harry Potter
Star Wars
The Hobbit
II.Choose the most natural – sounding answer.
The movies has fantastic special effects, so you really should see it…………
on the screen
on the big screen
in full format
…………..- there’s a film just starting on the other channel at nine o’clock.
Change the station
Retune the TV
Change the channel
This is……….broadcast from Wembley stadium.
an actual
a live
a current
There will be a …………. Of the series over Christmas.
feature-length episode
film-length programme
full-length showing
This soap opera is one of the most popular in the country and……… are increasing.
viewing figures
viewer numbers
viewers
The film was……… and was nominated for an Oscar.
a ticket-seller
a cinema success
a box office hit
III.Try to match the types of film with their contents.
A short humorous film in which the caracters are drawn.
animated film
cartoon
costume drama
documentary
A film that is set in the future and there are some imaginary developments.
thriller
mistery
horror
sci-fi
A type of film which combines humour with a love story.
romantic comedy
romance
drama
musical
A film with a very exciting story that often involves a crime.
horror
sci-fi
drama
thriller
A serious film.
documentary
drama
sci-fi
costume drama
A film that tells a true story, often shown on television.
drama
horror
documentary
news
IV.Match the word with the meaning.
1.The music that goes with a film:
a) special effects b) a trailer c) soundtrack
2. A series of short sections of a film that are shown to advertise it:
a) multiplex b) trailer c) thriller
3.An informal word for cinema:
a) credits b) multiplex c) pictures
4. The person who is responsible for the artistic part of a film:
a) cast b) director c) a star
5. A cinema with many different screens so it cand show many films at the same time:
a) multiplex b) mall c) producer
6. A list of people involved in making a film, usually shown at the end of it:
a) cast b) distribution c) credits
7.The person who is responsible for the business side of the film:
a) star b) producer c) director
V.What types of movies are the people talking about?
My wife and I love films about the Wild West, expecially ones with cowboys and Indians.→ _______________
My younger sister enjoys watching films about wild animals.
→_____________
I like films about the future, aliens from space or space travel. →_____________
My brother likes watching these films because they are fast and exciting. →__________
This is a very funny film with a hilarious ending.→___________
biography
https://www.allthingstopics.com/movies-and-television.html
https://education.jlab.org/reading/history_of_film_01.html
https://www.english-in-chester.co.uk/e-learning/lesson/film-vocabulary/?fbclid=IwAR1JzieIFnGkbjh0wJGso4pIKLmpTy2r3rjIdlzqXPxXudGly8SVb__17Zc
Questions and short answers
Saying ‘Yes, I do. / No, I don’t’ in English is more polite than just saying ‘Yes. / No.’ That’s why short answers are very commonly used.
To form the short answer, you use the first word from the question. (This is either an auxiliary verb or a form of ‘be’.)
Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes).
Use the short form (he doesn’t) in negative answers (no).
Mind: If ‘you’ is the subject of the question, ‘you’ must be replaced by ‘I’ or ‘we’.
If the question starts with ‘are you’, ‘are’ must sometimes be replaced by ‘am’.
HOWEVER, if the question more direct, and commences with a verb or Did, then it is generally possible
to give a short or a long answer to the question.
Use of English :
A.
Are you from Germany? Did you talk to him?
– Yes, ______________________ . – Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ . – No, ______________________ .
Are Peter and Sue your friends? Have you been waiting for long?
– Yes, ______________________ . – Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ . – No, ______________________ .
Has your sister got a car?
– Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ .
Do you speak English?
– Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ .
Can he play football?
– Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ .
Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester?
– Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ .
Is she going by bus?
– Yes, ______________________ .
– No, ______________________ .
B.
back into shape
in bad shape
feel blue
kick the bucket
off colour
black out
A person who is in poor physical condition.
You need to take some exercise in order to become fit and healthy again.
To have feelings of deep sadness or depression
A way of talking about death.
You look or feel ill.
You lose consciousness
Test Paper :
1.
2.
Is he nice?
Yes, _______________ .
Is she new at our school?
Yes, _______________ .
Are you from Germany?
Yes, _______________ .
Have your grandparents got a cat?
Yes, _______________ .
Had you locked the door before you left the house?
Yes, _______________ .
Were they lazy on Sunday?
No, _______________ .
VOCABULARY-FASHION
IDIOMS
to be on trend: to be very fashionable
Eg.:Her long skirt is right on trend this summer.
casual clothes: not formal
Eg.:She was dressed casually in shorts and a T-shirt.
designer label: a well-known company that makes (often expensive) clothing
Eg.:Not all of us have money to spend on designer labels.
to dress for the occasion: to wear clothes suitable for a particular event
Eg.: It’s her birthday and she is dressed for the occasion.
fashionable: in fashion
Eg.:In the 1980s, shoulder pads were very fashionable in women's clothes.
fashion icon: a person who is famous for their sense of fashion
Eg.:Since her youth, she has been considered an international fashion icon and as one of the best dressed women in the world.
fashion show: an event where modals show off the latest in fashion designs
Eg.:They took part in their own fashion show
to get dressed up: to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special
Eg.:The kids were playing dress-up with their mothers' clothes.
hand-me-downs: clothes that are passed down from older brothers or sisters to their younger siblings
Eg.:Anna had two older sisters, so she wore a lot of hand-me-downs.
to have an eye for (fashion): to be a good judge of
Eg.:She has a good eye for fashion.
to have a sense of style: the ability to wear clothes that look stylish
Eg.: He has a great sense of style
to look good in: to wear something that suits you
Eg.:You look good in this dress!
must-have: something that is highly fashionable and therefore in demand
Eg.:This bag is a must-have for any fashion lover.
old-fashioned: not in fashion any more
Eg.:She's very old-fashioned in her outlook.
fashion victim: someone who always wears very fashionable clothes even if the clothes sometimes make them look silly
Eg.:I have never been described as a fashion victim.
to suit someone: to look good on someone
Eg.:The dress suits you the best.
FABRICS
Broadcloth:a densely textured woolen fabric with a lustrous finish
Brocade: thick expensive material with a raised pattern
Cashmere:the wool of a type of goat from India
Chiffon:a sheer fabric of silk or rayon
Cotton:thread or cloth made from the fibres of the cotton plant
Leather: animal skin treated in order to preserve it, and used to make shoes, bags, clothes, equipment, etc.
Silk: a smooth, shiny fabric; animal fibers produced by larvae that spin cocoons
Taffeta: a crisp smooth lustrous fabric
Tulle: a fine fabric net used for veils, tutus, or gowns
Velvet: a silky densely piled fabric with a plain back
Denim: a hard-wearing cotton twill fabric, typically blue and used for jeans and other clothing.
PATTERNS
Stripes Plaid Paisley
Floral Windowpane Sharkskin
Houndstooth Polka dots Madras
Plain
ACCESSORIES
Tie Bow tie Zipper
Beanie Button Helmet
Safety pin Bobby pin (U.S.) Hair band
Hair clip (U.K.)
EXERCISES
1)Read the text, then answer the questions.
Clothing is something we all should wear in order to fit in to society. Clothes are easily accessible and can be bought in most high street shops. Supermarkets are also beginning to sell clothes. Clothes are for keeping people warm or serving as protection from the weather. Certain items of clothing can be expensive, especially if it is made by a well-known brand or is a particular design. While clothing is affordable for most people, the price usually depends on the quality of the material used to make the item and its brand.
The type of clothing that is worn usually depends on the occasion. People that attend a wedding are usually dressed for the occasion. Men often wear suits and women wear dresses. Formal and smart clothing is often worn in times of celebration. People often wear different clothing at work. Some jobs require people to wear a special uniform which should be worn by all employees. A pilot, doctor or air hostess may be required to wear a uniform so that all the staff can be easily recognized. Other jobs are less strict and may allow people to wear casual clothes. Construction workers are usually asked to wear protective clothing, especially when the site is considered highly dangerous. People often choose to wear comfortable clothing inside their own home. This choice of clothing may be very different to the clothing they would normally wear outside. Some people even stay in their bedclothes all day on the weekend when they plan to relax and not go anywhere. People often wear clothing which matches their current state of health or their age. Pregnant women are likely to wear baggy clothes, while youths often wear tighter clothing to show their figure. Younger females often wear high heeled shoes while elderly people tend to wear more comfortable shoes which will allow them to walk with ease.
1.When can items of clothing be expensive?
A) When they are from the supermarket.
B) When they are for a special occasion.
C) When it is a well-known brand or design.
D) When they are in the sale.
2. What kind of job requires workers to wear protective clothing?
A) Pilots
B) Construction workers
C) Teachers
D) Drivers
3. How do some youths usually like to wear their clothes?
A) Baggy
B) Tight
C) Short
D) Long
4. What type of clothing is worn in times of celebration?
A) Formal
B) Casual
C) Protective
D) Bedclothes
5. Who is more likely to wear baggy clothing?
A) Youths
B) Men
C) Pregnant ladies
D) Elderly people
2) Quiz: Clothing and Fashion.Answer the twelve questions to score your vocabulary knowledge
1.Which material are most belts made of?
a) cotton
b) leather
c) polyester
d) wool
2. When do most people usually wear boots?
a) when they study
b) when they go swimming
c) when they want to run
d) when it snows or rains
3.Where can you probably find buttons?
a) on a hat
b) on a shirt
c) on shoes
d) on gloves
4. What things can you see on a floral pattern?
a) pictures of animals
b) pictures of clothes
c) pictures of flowers
d) nothing
5. Which of the following best describes the word ‘stripes’?
a) a kind of color
b) a kind of pattern
c) a kind of material
d) a kind of accessory
6.Which of the following is not a kind of clothing?
a) jeans
b) T-Shirt
c) perfume
d) dress
7. Which of the following things can you always find on a price tag?
a) colors
b) patterns
c) drawings
d) numbers
8. Which of the following is not a size?
a) small
b) medium
c) fit
d) large
9. On which part of the body do people usually wear make-up?
a) their face
b) their feet
c) their hands
d) their fingers
10. Which of the following best describes the word ‘gray’?
a) a kind of pattern
b) a kind of material
c) a kind of jewelry
d) a color
11. On which part of the body do people wear socks?
a) their hands
b) their feet
c) their head
d) their neck
12. On which of the following can you most probably find a zipper?
a) a bracelet
b) a hat
c) a jacket
d) shoes
11-12 = Excellent 9-10 = Good 8-9 or less = Study more!
3) Complete the sentences by matching a beginning (1–7) to an ending (a–g).
1. There’s no need to dress up later, …
2. You can try the dress on …
3.If you’re hot, just …
4. You’d better put on something warm because …
5. What on earth does he have on; …
6. If these trousers are too big, …
7. I can’t do up the buttons on this skirt; …
a. he looks really strange!
b. take off your jacket.
c. can you let it out a bit?
d. just come as you are.
e. we’ll take them in and turn them up for free.
f. it’s going to be cold later on.
g. to check that it fits.
4) Complete the sentences with the right answer from B.
A. B.
1.You look gorgeous in this dress! It really …………. you. a. fashion icon
2.Her outfit is ………… this summer. b. floral pattern
3.Audrey Hepburn is a ……….. ………. representative for the 60’. c. suits
4.Jenna loves watching fashion shows on TV. She is a ……………. d. on trend
5.I love the ……………….. on your dress. e. fashion victim
5)
6) Answer the questions
Do you like the clothes you are wearing today? Why/ Why not?
What did you wear yesterday?
Do you like to watch fashion shows on TV? Why/why not?
Do you enjoy shopping for new clothes? Why/ Why not?
Where do you usually buy your clothes?
Compare clothes in your country with with those of another country
Would you like to own a clothing store? Why/ Why not?
Do you spend a lot of money on clothes?
How was fashion different 100 years ago?
How will fashion be different 100 years in the future?
Fashion is described as s popular aesthetic expression in a certain time and context, especially in clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle and body proportions. Whereas a trend often connotes a very specific aesthetic expression, and often lasting shorter than a season, fashion is a distinctive and industry-supported expression traditionally tied to the fashion season and collections. Style is an expression that lasts over many seasons, and is often connected to cultural movements and social markers, symbols, class and culture (ex. Baroque, Rococo, etc). According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, fashion connotes “the latest fashion, the latest difference.”
WHAT DOES FASHION MEAN TO YOU?
Bibliography:
https://www.slideshare.net/srayzoul/articles-determiners
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm
https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/what/what-is-a-determiner.html
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/english-for-uni/articles/articles_exercises_english_for_uni.pdf
http://www.english-area.com/paginas/aanE1.pdf
FCE Use of English 2 Book
https://www.grammarbank.com/determiners-articles-quiz.html
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/artikel.html
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/english/?q=to+dress+for+the+occasion
https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads_b/marketing_downloads/1424009197/18_FCE_Unit14_AW.pd
f
https://www.excellentesl4u.com/esl-clothes-reading.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion
TEST
1) Fill in: a lot (of), much or many.
1. It takes ………………… hard work to get a university degree.
2. How …………… milk do you need?
3. Recently, she has been working overtime as she’s got so ……………. To do.
4. The house isn’t finished yet; there’s still ……………….. work to be done.
5. There was so …………………. traffic in the city that we were delayed for an hour.
6. I haven’t got ………………….. time, so please hurry up.
7. Have you invited ……………….. guests to your dinner party?
8. Don’t eat …………………… cakes. Sugar is not good!
9. ……………… children were waiting in the class when I arrived.
10. Are there …………………… Chinese people living in Germany?
2) Choose the correct form:
1. ……………………… people don't trust politicians.
a) Most
b) Most of
2. ……………………………. his ideas are quite interesting.
a) All
b) All of
3. …………………….. my nephews are engineers.
a) Both
b) Both of
4. ………………………the shops are closed on Sundays.
a) Most
b) Most of
5. Neither of …………………………. valid.
a) This argument is
b) These arguments are
c) These arguments is
3) Write an essay in 140-190 words describing how in your opinion will fashion be different 100 years from now.
Vocabulary:
Cafeteria = a restaurant in which customers serve themselves from a counter and pay before eating
Pile = a group of things laid or lying one on top of another
To growl = (of an animal, especially a dog) make a low guttural sound in the throat
Inversion and emphasis
Introduction
We can shape our use of English to add emphasis in a number of different contexts. For example, to give strong advice, to express opinions clearly, to disagree, to show concern, to entertain. The list is endless. One of the most effective ways to make language more emphatic when using English is by inverting a sentence’s regular word order. Emphasis in this way is often presented through written language and is of a highly formal register. Let’s take a look at the following sentence:
He had never eaten such a delicious dish.
The sentence above displays a regular, relatively common word order in English.
Never had he eaten such a delicious dish.
Above, Never has been taken away from the sentence’s main verb phrase and inserted at the beginning, giving emphasis to the sentence.
When do we use Inversion?
When we use a negative adverb or adverb phrase at the beginning of a sentence.
Here are some negative adverbs and adverb phrases that we often use with inversion:
2. We can use inversion instead of 'if' in conditionals with 'had' 'were' and 'should'. This is quite formal:
Normal conditional: If I had been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
Conditional with inversion: Had I been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
Normal conditional: If we had arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!
Conditional with inversion: Had we arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!
3. We can use inversion if we put an adverbial expression of place at the beginning on the sentence. This is also quite formal or literary:
On the table was all the money we had lost. (Normal sentence: All the money we had lost was on the table.)
Round the corner came the knights. (Normal sentence: The knights came round the corner.)
4. We can use inversion after 'so + adjective…that':
So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else. (Normal sentence: the girl was so beautiful that nobody could talk of anything else.)
So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite. (Normal sentence: the food was so delicious that we ate every last bite.)
5. Inversion can be used after “here” and “there”:
Here comes your father.
There goes our ride.
6. We can use inversion after “so”, “neither” and “nor” to express agreement:
Steven is an real estate agent and so is his sister.
“My colleague can’t come to the meeting” “Nor can I”.
GRAMMAR ALERT!
! We do not use inversion after “here” and “there” when de subject is a pronoun. (Ex: “Where is my sister?” “Oh here she comes” (Wrong: here comes she))
! We do not use inversion after “as” when the two subjects are the same (Ex: Sean wants to buy a car this month, as he does every other month. (Wrong: as does he))
Emphasis with inversion
In English, you may have heard native speakers inserting an adverb or an adverbial phrase of some sort at the beginning of the sentence, followed by an auxiliary and subject (adverb + auxiliary + subject). This is called ‘auxiliary inversion‘, and is common among native speakers. At first, it can sound a little weird, but this way you can apply more emphasis than usual.
Common adverbs and adverbial phrases used for inverted emphasis:
Seldom, rarely, never, scarcely, on no account, in no way, hardly, only then, no sooner, only later, nowhere, little, only etc.
Examples of ’emphasis with inversion’ using the structure: (adverb/adverb phrase + auxiliary + subject)
Never, have I seen such barbarity from anyone in my life.
Hardly, had they even read the article.
Seldom, do we ever cross paths with them, they are a little sketchy.
Little, was I to know that I missed my aeroplane apparently.
On no account, will my friend accept your proposal.
Only then, after marrying my wife, did I realise she was pregnant.
Emphasis
1. Cleft Sentences
Cleft sentences are used to help us emphasise a particular part of a sentence. They often begin with “It”, “What”, “All” or “The”.
It + Be + emphasised word/phrase + who/that/which/etc.
Ex: Michael won a million pounds.
It was Michael who won a million pounds. (emphasises Michael)
It was the million pounds that Michael won. (emphasises the money which Michael won)
“What” clause + be + (to) infinitive/noun
Ex: What he should do now is (to) visit her.
What you want is to be alone.
All + clause + be
Ex: All he did was to tell him he’s wrong.
All I need is peacefulness.
The (only/last/best) thing + be
Ex: The last thing is to check if we have the funds.
The best thing for me right now is to be with him.
What happened + be + clause
Ex: What happened was that she was struck by lightning. (Normal: She was struck by lightning)
! We can also use negative structures beginning with “It” and “What”.
Ex: It wasn’t me the one that that started this argument!
Fronting
Fronting means moving part of a sentence to the beginning or front in order to emphasise it. Often times we front adjectives and adverbial phrases. When this is the case, we invert the subject and the verb “be”.
comparative and superlative
Ex: I hated his last speech. Much better was his last one.
The school system sucks. Worst of all is the grading system.
“Also” + adverbial phrase
Ex: All the children in my school attended the spectacle. Also at the performance were some of the children’s parents.
Adverbial phrases expressing position
Ex: In the back of the room was a lonely old man.
Participle forms of verbs of movement and position
Ex: Speeding past us on the freeway was a brand new Tesla.
Full infinitive clause
Ex: To be chosen for the talent show was his only wish.
Bare infinitive (when echoing an earlier verb)
Ex: “I said I would make it.” “And make it you did”
! We can also front adjectives and adverb using the word “as” or “though” to show contrast and concession.
Ex: Lucky though he was, he failed the course.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs can be used in affirmative statements to emphasise. When speaking, they are stressed.
Ex: I do like your cake! It tastes amazing!
He didn’t reply to my text, but he did call me later that day.
Reflexives
Reflexives can be used to emphasise a noun or a pronoun.
After the subject
Ex: Even though he knows alot about marketing, Jenny herself works in IT.
At the end of the clause
Ex: I won’t fix the mess for you this time, I suggest you find a solution yourself.
Exercise 1
Complete using the words and phrases in the box.
AT NO POINT IN NO WAY LITTLE NEVER NOT NOT ONLY
NO SOONER ONLY AFTER SCARCELY ON NO ACCOUNT RARELY
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES
__________________________ were the security guards to blame for what happened.
__________________________ once did the old woman thank me for helping her.
__________________________ seeing the doctor was Theresa allowed to leave hospital.
__________________________ will passengers be allowed to carry more than 2 pieces of hand luggage.
__________________________ were they late to work, but they also forgot to bring the reports.
__________________________ during the party did anyone mention that Peter and Julie were getting married.
__________________________ had Alan arrived in Mexico when he was arrested.
__________________________ did the passengers know that the driver was really an undercover police officer.
__________________________ do you meet anyone as charming as Mr Peterson.
__________________________ should unaccompanied children be allowed to enter the pub.
__________________________ before has the company found itself facing such stiff competition.
__________________________ had the alarm gone off than the police cars arrived
Exercise 2
Using inversion, rewrite the following sentences:
You come to realise the significance of the murder only in the last few pages of the
book.
Only in the last __________________________________________________________
The demands of her job are such that she is rarely able to take a holiday.
Such __________________________________________________________________
The matter could be explained in no other way.
In ____________________________________________________________________
I have seldom heard such beautiful singing.
Seldom ________________________________________________________________
Peter didn't realize that he had lost his keys until he got home.
Not ___________________________________________________________________
If Mr Chan had been kinder to his employees, his business would not have collapsed.
______________________________________________________________________
There are no circumstances where audience members may consume alcohol.
Under no circumstances __________________________________________________
They started to argue soon after they had got married.
No sooner _____________________________________________________________
You can't use my new car at any time.
At no time _____________________________________________________________
Exercise 3
Rephrase the following sentences using emphatic structures involving inversion.
1. They had hardly started the meeting when the manager received a message. ____________ the meeting when the manager received a message.
2. She rarely allowed strangers to enter her house __________________ strangers to enter her house.
3. I have never witnessed such display of rage! _________________ such display of rage!
4. One seldom realizes how short life is. _________________ how short life is.
5. Thomas little knew what the future held in store for him. ________________ what the future held in store for him.
6. Her brother not only paid her debt, but he also bought a new house for her. _________________ her debt, but he also bought a new house for her.
7. You should on no account provide any confidential information to a stranger. ____________ any confidential information to a stranger.
8. He understood only then what he had missed. _____________ what he had missed.
9. He had no sooner resigned than he received a better job offer. __________________ than he received a better job offer.
10. You seldom meet such friendly people. ________________ such friendly people.
Exercise 4
Mark the correct answer for each of the sentences below:
1. How wonderful that movie was!
Correct
Not Correct
2. Only after posting the postcard did I remember I hadn't put a stamp on it.
Correct
Not Correct
3. Rarely Veronica forgets to take her key.
Correct
Not Correct
4. Under no circumstances you should reply to that letter.
Correct
Not Correct
5. What a lovely meal was that!
Correct
Not Correct
6. Only when you have your own children you will understand how difficult it is.
Correct
Not Correct
7. Never I have seen so much snow in November!
Correct
Not Correct
8. Only Phil saw the thief coming through the window.
Correct
Not Correct
9. What worries me most is the sheer expense of the vacation.
Correct
Not Correct
10. What I'm going to do, ask for another bill.
Correct
Not Correct
Exercise 5
Rewrite the following sentences that express holiday advice using inversion.
1. Never stay in the sea water if you are tired or cold.
Under __________________________________________________________
2. Children should never be left alone on the beach or in the water.
At no____________________________________________________________
3. Never swim just after a meal or after consuming alcohol.
Under __________________________________________________________
4. Never swim in the sea at night.
On no___________________________________________________________
5. Only swim at night in a swimming pool if there are other people
about.
Not unless_______________________________________________________
6. Don’t go out in the sun without applying sunscreen.
Only after________________________________________________________
7. The only way to avoid dehydration is to keep drinking plenty of non-
alcoholic drinks.
Only by__________________________________________________________
Exercise 6
Put the following words in the right order:
____________________________________________________________
started, it, than, had, they stepped, no sooner, to rain, outside;
____________________________________________________________
Cold and dark, not only, was, a storm, was, approaching, it, looked as if, it;
____________________________________________________________
And, no idea, did, to get, Jonathan had, neither, how, his driver, to the castle;
____________________________________________________________
Be, was, seen, the sky that, no one star, cloudy, so, could;
____________________________________________________________
In the doorway, was an, on the inn, standing, who, to them, shouted, old man;
____________________________________________________________
Like this, be, on a night, would, very dangerous, to go out;
____________________________________________________________
Turn out, would, how true, they, little, realise, his words, to be, did;
____________________________________________________________
They, and lose, he, their way, did, lose, them, warned, they, would, their way.
Biography
Reactivate
https://www.englishreservoir.com/emphasis-with-inversion/
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/inversion.html
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g84-inversion-error-exercise.php
Technology
(poza pt edu sau jipa cn face design ul la pagina asta ms)
Introduction
All this information moves around thanks to information technology (IT). IT also happens to be a powerful force in the business world, and it affects all of our lives.
Yes, there are lots of things going on in the world of IT that we should know about, simply because IT is all around us and we’re using it every day.
IT is all about using computers and other technology to manage information. It’s everywhere, including in our hands, offices and homes. There’s no escape from IT nowadays. Because we use it so often in business and daily life, it’s not only useful, but necessary, to know the language of IT.
So let’s get started.
Definitions
to access websites/email: to locate
to back up files: to make a copy of files in case of a computer problem
to boot up: to start a computer
to bookmark a webpage: to mark a webpage for future reference
to browse websites: to look at websites
a computer buff: an expert computer user
to crash: to suddenly stop working
to cut and paste: to move text or images from one place in a document to another place
a desktop PC: a computer that isn’t portable and remains in situ on a desk
digital editing: to edit digital materials like audio or video files
download (podcasts): to save a copy of a file from the internet to your own device
to enter a web address: to type the address of a website into the address bar of your browser
a gadget: a technological tool like a mobile phone or camera
to go online: to start using the Internet
high-spec (laptop): powerful computer with top quality components
Internet security: Internet safety
intranet: a network of connected computers within an organisation that is not accessible by unauthorised visitors
to navigate a website: to find your way around a website
operating system: the software that tells the computer how to work
send an attachment: send an email with an accompanying file
social media: media used to interact with other people such as Facebook or Twitter
to surf the web: to look at a series of websites one after the other
a techie: somebody who has an interest in technology
to upgrade: to obtain a more powerful or feature-rich computer or piece of software
video conferencing: to see and hear people from different locations using the Internet
wireless hotspot: a public place where you can access the Internet
wireless network: a network where users can access the Internet without the use of fixed cables
word processing; producing written texts on a computer
Reading
The future of computer games?
The Facebook owned Oculus Rift is the first of a next generation of Virtual Reality headsets based on technology made cheap enough because of the popularity of smart phones, could become the future of all computer gaming.
Oculus VR have made some special development kits which are for computer game makers to use to help make new games. Some industry experts think that a second development kit may be announced as soon as late March at the Game Developers Conference.
With the Occulus Rift you will be able to play many new computer games such as Left 4 Dead, Half-Life 2, Portal 2, Skyrim, Mirror’s Edge, Unreal Tournament 3, Dear Esther and DiRT2.
People can connect the Occulus Rift to their computer or games console and play games standing up or sitting down. People who have used the headset say that a short demo game to show how the headset will work felt as though they were in another world. Also that the game can become part of your reality because your subconscious mind can become involved in the virtual reality as well as your conscious mind.
You can wear your own headphones and it has special lenses in case you need to wear glasses.
The final version for everyone may be a year away and there are many improvements that will need to be made before it is ready for the consumer market. Nobody is certain about the price, but people think it will cost about 250 to 300 US dollars.
True, false or not given?
1. Facebook own Oculus Rift.
2. Facebook paid one billion dollars to buy Oculus rift.
3. Oculus Rift owes its development to smart phone technology.
4. You can play computer games standing up with it.
5. People who used the Oculus Rift felt that they were in another world.
6. Some people who played games with it felt sick.
7. The Oculus Rift is finished and ready.
8. Many people think it will cost less than $300.
Exercise 1
Choose the most suitable word/group of words.
I don’t have many … , just a computer, a laptop and my mobile phone, but I’ll talk about my computer as it’s so useful. It’s funny really. 2 years ago I was still learning to use computers, how to use email, send … , how to access … .Then I decided to do a … course for video and photography, so I bought the laptop when I started the course. My husband had a … , but it was very slow so I decided to … to a powerful one because we do a lot of video editing on the course. It’s a … laptop, very fast, the latest … , it … really quickly and it’s fun to use so it makes working a pleasure. I’ve become a competent computer user now. If I didn’t have it I daresay I’d have to spend more time at college using their computers. But on the positive side I suppose I’d read a lot more if I didn’t have it. I probably waste a lot of time … , but hopefully I won’t have to be without it.
Websites,upgrade, surfing the web, gadgets, desktop PC, operating system, digital editing, boots up, attachments, high-speed.
Exercise 2
Choose the most suitable verb.
1. Please …………. Your username and password.
2. You don’t have to ……………. it all in again – just cut and paste it from the first document.
3. If you forget to ………… your work and the system …….. , you may lose everything.
4. If you want to open the program, just ………. the icon.
5. If you ………. trouble downloading files, it may be because the file sizes are too large.
6. You can ………. Excel files in Word
7. Your computer will ……….. faster if you …………. the programs you’re not using.
Exercise 3
Match the two parts of the sentences.
1. Some spyware makes a record every time you access …
2. I have a USB key, but usually I save my work …
3. This memory key can be used to store up to 4GB of …
4. This anti-virus system will give you peace of mind when you go …
5. My son spends too much time surfing …
a. data b. online c. a website d. the net e. to disc
Exercise 4
Crossword time!
Across
3. I don't want my mobile phone to ring while I’m in the theatre. I think it’s best to _______it _____.
5. I want to listen to the news, but the radio’s too quiet.Can you ______it _____ please?
6. When you have done that, you can ________it _____ and watch the show.
7. Of course the Tv isn’t working. You forgot to connect it to the power supply. You have to ________it ___.
Down
1. When I got my new PC, out of its box, it wasn’t ready to use. I had to _____it _____.
2. If you want to know the price of the ticket for the concert, you can ________ it _____ on the internet.
3. This computer game has stopped working. I’m going to ______ it ____and start it again to see if it works.
4. Mum thinks your DVD player is too loud. She wants you to ________it _____.
ANSWERS TO CROSSWORD
Biography
https://www.ldoceonline.com/exercise/advanced-grammar-emphasis-2-inversion-and-fronting-practice-1
https://en.islcollective.com/resources/search_result?Vocabulary_Focus=Technology
Natural English Collocations, Vocabulary Workbook
Verb+ -ing (enjoy doing, stop doing, etc.)
Look at these examples:
I enjoy playing. (not I enjoy to play)
Would tou mind opening the door? (not mind to open)
Jane suggested going to the zoo. (not suggested to go)
After enjoy, mind and suggested, we use –ing (not to…).
Some more verbs that are followed by –ing:
stop postpone admit avoid imagine
finish consider deny risk fancy
Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence.
I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the house.
She tried to avoid answering my question.
I don’t fancy going out this evening. (=I’m not enthusiastic about it.)
Have you ever considered going to live in another city?
The negative form is not –ing:
When I’m on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early.
We also use –ing after:
give up (=stop)
put off (=postpone)
go on/ carry on (=continue)
keep/ keep on (=do something continuously or repeatedly)
I’ve given up reading the newspapers. I think it’s a waste of time.
Mary doesn’t want to retire. She wants to go on working. (or… to carry on working)
With some verbs you can use the structure verb+ somebody+ -ing:
I can’t imagine Mike riding a motorbike.
You can’t stop me from doing what I want.
‘Sorry to keep you waiting so long.’ ‘That’s all right.’
Note the passive form (being done/ seen/ kept etc)
I don’t mind being kept waiting. (=I don’t mind people keeping me…)
When you are talking about finished actions, you can say having done/ stolen/ said etc:
They admitted having stolen the money.
But it is not necessary to use having (done). You can also say:
They admitted stealing the money.
I now regret saying (or having said) what I said.
Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Gerunds (-ing) → Used when actions are real, concrete or completed.
Infinitive (to) → Used when actions are unreal, abstract or future
1. admit→ -ing 2. advise→to 3. agree→_____
4 .appear→_____ 5. ask→_____ 6. avoid→_____
7. can’t stand→_____ 8. choose→_____ 9. consider→_____
10. decide→_____ 11. deny→_____ 12. dislike→_____
13. don’t mind→_____ 14. enjoy→_____ 15. expect→_____
16. fail→_____ 17. fancy→_____ 18. feel like→_____
19. finish→_____ 20. give up→_____ 21. keep→_____
22. help→_____ 23. hope→_____ 24. invite→_____
25. imagine→_____ 26. learn→_____ 27. manage→_____
28. mean→_____ 29. miss→_____ 30. offer→_____
31. plan→_____ 32. promise→_____ 33. refuse→_____
34. reject→_____ 35. seem→_____ 36. stop→_____
37. suggest→_____ 38. try→_____ 39. want→_____
40. wait→_____ 41. would like→_____
1. Complete these sentences below with the right form of the verbs in brackets gerund (-ing) or infinitive (to). Then complete the list above.
1. Learning a foreign language means _______ (be) interested in another culture.
2. My friend is giving up _______ (smoke) at last.
3. Bob is very skilful. He has managed _______(fix) his laptop himself.
4. Doctors recommend _______ (sleep) eight hours a day.
5. Reliable friends are always there for you. They will never fail _______ (help) to you.
6. I don’t mind _______ (do) the washing up.
7. Mum, can I go out? I’ve already finished _______ (study).
8. Tina hopes _______ (become) a prestigious engineer one day.
9. Jerry is very angry. I’ve phoned him five times but he refuses _______ (speak) to me.
10. The suspect arrested by the police denied _______ (rob) the bank. He said he had an alibi.
11.He admitted _______ (make) a serious mistake and apologized.
12. I can’t stand _______ (wear) these awful glasses.
13. The teacher agreed _______ (postponed) the exam.
14. Peter pretended _______ (have) a stomach ache and left school early.
15. Will promised his mum _______ (be) back at 11.
2. Circle or highlight the right form of the verb in the bracket:
1. Do you mind (to open/opening) the window?
2. Has it stopped (to rain/raining)?
3. John forgot (to lock/locking) the door last night.
4. We agreed (to go/going) to the movies tonight.
5. I certainly enjoy (to learn/learning) Spanish.
6. My friends had hoped (to learn/learning) to play cricket in England.
7. He had not finished (to do/doing) his homework.
8. Have you remembered (to write/writing) to your parents?
9. It is no good (to argue/arguing) about it any longer.
10. Is it really worth (to pay/paying) so much money for?
11. The police had not expected (to find/finding) the stolen money so soon.
12. I just could not stand (to drink/drinking) another cup of tea.
13. She wanted so much (to go/going) to a real English disco.
14. When you enter St Paul’s Cathedral it is like (to enter/entering) a supermarket.
15. He stopped the car (to buy/buying) some petrol.
3. Complete each sentence with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):
answer apply be forget listen live lose make read try use write
1. He tried to avoid answering my question.
2. Could you please stop _________ so much noise?
3. I enjoy _________ to music.
4. I consider _________ for the job, but in the end I decided against it.
5. Have you finished _________ the newspaper yet?
6. We need to change our routine. We can’t go on _________ like this.
7. I don’t mind you _________ the phone as long as you pay for your calls.
8. My memory is getting worse. I keep _________ things.
9. I’ve put off ________ the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
10. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody _________ so stupid?
11. I’ve given up _________ to lose weight – it’s impossible.
12. If you invest your money on the stock market, you risk _________ it.
4. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentence. Use –ing.
1. I can do what I want and you can’t stop me.
You can’t stop me doing what I want .
2. It’s not a good idea to travel during the rush hour.
It’s better to avoid ___________________________.
3. Shall we paint the kitchen next week instead of this week?
Shall we postpone ___________________ until ______________?
4. Could you turn the radio down, please?
Would you mind _________________________?
5. Please don’t intrerrupt me all the time.
Would you mind ___________________________?
5. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use –ing.
1. She’s very interesting person. I always enjoy talking to her .
2. I’m not feeling very well. I don’t fancy ______________.
3. I’m afraid there aren’t any chairs. I hope you don’t mind _____________.
4. It was a beautiful day, so I suggested ________________.
5. It was a very funny. I couldn’t stop _______________.
6. My car isn’t very reliable. It keeps _______________.
6.Change these verbs into their correct “ing” form:
cry clean dance bake draw dive hit sleep cut make
sit sing run smile drive jump ride throw swim get
Leisure and Entertainment
›› Leisure Idioms
›› Entertainment Idioms
1. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
Careers in film: the stunt performer
Do you love extreme sports? Do you get a thrill from dangerous situations? And if you (1) __________ earn thousands of pounds by jumping off a tall building, (2) ___________ you do it? Id (3) ___________ then ‘stunt performer’ is the job for you.
But (4) __________ if you are incredibly brave, you still need training, qualifications and experience. To become a professional stunt performer, you need to hold six sporting qualifications at national level and to have worked as a film extra for at least sixty days.
Safety is always the number one priority. Stunt performers must be incredibly careful. (5) ___________ they could be seriously injured or even killed. However, (6) __________ a stunt performer does injure himself, he often keeps it a secret. If they can’t work because of injury, they (7) ___________ be replaced. In general, stunt performers earn very good money and (8) _________ a stunt be extremely dangerous, they earn even more.
2.Write the words from below next to their definitions:
abstract collages easel kiln masterpiece mosaics murals palette perspective sketch
1. An artist uses this to stand his or her painting on while he or she works. ____________________
2. This is a quick outline drawing done in pen or pencil. ____________________
3. The Romans were famous for making these pictures out of tiny squares of stone or glass ____________________
4. This is the art of showing distance in pictures by painting faraway objects smaller. ____________________
5. Potters use this kind of oven to bake their pots, plates, etc ____________________
6. This is a famous work of art considered to be the best the artist has created ____________________
7. These pictures are created by sticking different pieces of paper, fabric, etc onto a surface ____________________
8. In this style of drawing, the images don't look natural or real. ____________________
9. An artist mixes paints on this piece of board. ____________________
10. This is another word for wall paintings. ____________________
3.Find the odd words.
1. amusement park-circus – audience – zoo
2. star – artist – audience – opera
3. cheer – fans – audience – visitors
4. dance – disco – bow – clap
5. watch TV – listen to music – couch potato – read a book
4. Complete the 15 sentences with the words below them.
1. Every weekend, my sister and I go to a swimming
pool near our home. We love to____________________.
2. I don't do anything special in my free time. I just stay at home and _____________________ I like cooking shows.
3. My cousin likes to________________________
You can read her poems in our school newspaper.
4. I have a new computer. I like to________________________.
5. My favorite ________________________ is window shopping!
6. I like to ________________________ in my car.
7. There's a small ________________________ near our school. I often have coffee there with my classmates after class.
8. My friends and I just like to ________________________ together and chat. We like spending time together.
9. I study and I have a part-time job, so I'm usually very
very busy. In my free time I like to________________________.
10. Do you like to___________________________? I do. I like to listen to classical, pop, and rap music. Anything really.
11. I love to exercise and play sports. I especially like to ______________________________ with my friends.
12. _____________________________ are a lot of fun! My brother and I always play them together. I got the high score today.
13. My uncle likes to ________________________ pictures of animals and plants. They're really beautiful.
14. I like to _______________________________ news magazines.
15. There's a nice park in our neighborhood. My family and like to ____________________________ there every evening.
C coffee shop (n.) G go for a drive (v.)
computer game (n.) go for a walk (v.)
H hang out (v.) P paint (v.)
hobby (n.) play soccer (v.)
L listen to music (v.) R read (v.)
S surf the net (v.) W watch TV (v.)
swim (v.) write poetry (v.)
T take a nap (v.)
5. SPEAKING: Discuss the questions below with your partner
1. How much free time do you have today?
2. Do people have more or less free time than 100 years ago? Why?
3. What do you like to watch on TV in your free time?
4. Why is having no free time a bad thing?
5. What is your favorite hobby? Why?
6. Should people work less so they can have more free time? Why? / Why not?
7. What do you plan to do for fun next weekend?
8. When was the last time you went to a movie theater? What movie did you watch?
9. How many hours a day do you usually go on-line? What's your favorite website?
10. Do you think sleeping is a good way to spend your free time? Why? / Why not?
6. Associate the idioms from column A with their endings from column B
A B
1. A dog and A. a leg
2. Break B. clown of yourself
3. It’s not over C. go on
4. Museum D. heart out
5. Popcorn E. limelight
6. The show must F. movie
7. To be in the G. on the road
8. To be star H. piece
9. To get the show I. pony show
10. To jumb J. show
11. To live K. studded
12. To make a L. the shark
13. To run the M. the show
14. To sing your N. until the fat lady sings
15. To steal O. up to the hype
Review
1.Choose the most suitable verb from below. Change the form of the verb where necessary.
take put start take make
1. He was very friendly and made an effort to _________________me at my ease.
2.As she got into the bath she felt herself ________________to unwind.
3. Sit down and _______________the weight of your feet!
4. He put his feet up and ________________himself comfortable.
5. I've decided to ____________________some time off work to unwind a bit.
2. Choose the most natural sounding words or phrases.
6. Rick spends most of his ______________in the gym.
a. relax time
b.free moments
C. spare time
7.I don't want you to lift a finger. You just______________ a. relax and sit back.
b.sit back and relax
C.sit and relax back
8. Alex and I are_______________ on Saturday, so I hope you can come.
a. throwing a party
b.making a party
C. doing a party
9. I think you should try to calm down and____________________ for a bit.
a. take the things easy
b. take things easily
10. My doctor's very warm and friendly- she really________________ people at their ease.
a.makes
b. puts
C. relaxes
3. Match the two parts of the sentences.
1. I've been working too hard and I need to take…
2. He decided to take up…
3. I'm having a weekend at a spa hotel to get a bit of…
4. I enjoy gardening in my free…
5. At the moment, her life's all work and…
a. time
b. peace and quiet.
c. a hobby.
d. a break
e. no play.
4. Put the verb in the right form, to … or –ing.
1. I enjoy dancing. (dance)
2. What do you want to do tonight? (do)
3.Bye! I hope ____________you soon. (see)
4. I learnt ___________ when I was five years old. (swim)
5. Have you finished __________ the kitchen? (clean)
6. Where’s Anna? I need ___________ her something. (ask)
7. Do you enjoy___________ other countries? (visit)
8. The weather was nice, so I suggested _________ for a walk by the river. (go)
9.Where’s Bill? He promised __________ here on time. (be)
10. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind ___________. (wait)
11. What have you decided _____________? (do)
12. Gary was very angry and refused ___________ to me. (speak)
13. I’m tired. I want ______________ to bed. (go)
14. I was very upset and started______________. (cry)
15. I’m trying _______________. (work). Please stop ______________. (talk)
5. Complete the sentences using to … or -ing. Use these verbs:
go go help lose rain read send wait watch see
1 'Have you ever been to Australia?'
'No, but I'd love to go
2 Jane had a lot to do, so I offered______________ her.
3 I'm surprised that you're here. I didn't expect _______________you.
4 Nicole has a lot of books. She enjoys______________.
5 This ring was my grandmother's. I'd hate ________________ it.
6 Don't forget__________________ us a postcard when you're on holiday.
7 I'm not going out until it stops______________ .
8 What shall we do this afternoon? Would you like_________________ to the beach?
9 When I'm tired in the evenings, I like______________ television.
10 ‘Shall we go now?’ 'No, I'd prefer _____________ a few minutes.’
6. Complete these sentences. Write about yourself. Use to… or -ing
1 I enjoy______________________________.
2 I don't like___________________________.
3 If it's a nice day tomorrow, I'd like_______________________.
4 When I'm on holiday, I like____________________________.
5 I don't mind__________________, but _________________________.
6 I wouldn't like______________________________.
Answers and indications
Present tense simple
1:
studies, never forgets;
go, feel;
doesn’t remember, doesn’t seem;
is watching, watches, goes;
are you doing, am trying, listen;
is washing;
washes;
is snowing, seldom snows;
have;
2:
is smelling;
doesn’t watch;
do you think;
am trying;
is thinking;
tastes;
admire;
am seeing;
visit;
goes;
3:
do you usually go on Friday night;
do you arrive home;
do you do;
don’t you take your umbrella;
are you doing;
do you live;
4:
Does Paul walk to work every day?
What time does the last train leave?
My father is always telling us to eat breakfast!
Kate is seeing the doctor at 5 pm today.
Nobody thinks that Jack will pass the exam.
My sister doesn’t have a job right now.
Maya is thinking of moving to a new house.
My friend doesn’t like his house.
5:
2
7
3
6
4
1
8
5
Present Perfect Simple & Present Perfect Continuous
1.since
2.for
3.since
4.for
5.for
6.since
7.since
8.for
9.since
10.since
11.for
12.for
13.for
14.since
15.for
II.
2.haven't you finished
3.has given
4.has caught
5.have you learnt
6.have gone
7.has been looking
8.have you been; have been looking
9 has been trying
10.have they done
III. 2.He has (ever) player tennis
3.they have (ever) visited an art gallery
4.my father has (ever) had an accident
5. Ann has (ever) spoken in front of an audience
6.I have (ever) visited a foreign country
IV. 1. Someone has smoked in the house.
2. The cad has belonged to the family from 1945.
3. Correct
4.I has just left my office.
5. It's the first time he has played golf with us.
6. Correct
7.Sara has missed the train so she’ll be late
8. Correct
V. 1. Can you make done tea? The little vad been boiling for ten minutes
2. The prices have been raising continuously since March.
3. That family has been cultivating sugar cane for many generations.
4.They received those anonim letters since his wife vad showed on TV.
5. We have been mourning since our uncle died.
6. The friends has been waiting longing for this party for a month.
7. We have been driving for two hours and we haven't seen a has station.
8. They have been arguing since they married.
VI. 1. Has been dead for six years
2. Has just finished ironing the clothes
3. Has owed this motorbike for three years
4. Passed away two years ago.
5. Has set off this restaurant for three years
Test
C
D
B
D
C
B
D
D
C
B
A
C
A
A
D
C
C
D
C
D
C
B
Test:
C
D
B
D
C
B
D
D
C
B
A
C
A
A
D
C
C
D
C
D
C
B
Relationships
Jipa & Diana and it s a mess
Past Tenses
I 1. [ was sitting ][ called ], 2. [ arrived ][ was ], 3. [ was watching ][ heard ], 4. [ went ][ had ][ met ], 5. [ were playing ][ hurt ], 6. [ were they doing ], 7. [ was taking ][ rang ], 8. [ was ][ called ], 9. [ walked ][ was working ], 10. [ was ][ was shining ][ were singing ][ was walking ][ met ].
II 1. 'd known, 2. 'd been playing, 3. hadn't eaten, 4. 'd been looking, 5. 'd been working, 6. 'd been snowing, 7. had lost, 8. hadn't seen.
III 1. a, 2. b, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c.
IV 1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. c, 5. a, 6. a, 7. b, 8. c, 9. c, 10. a.
V 1. had finished, got ; 2. had been driving; 3. started, had sat down; 4. felt, had been relaxing; 5. disappeared; had been.
Education
School subjects :
Biology
Chemistry
Physical Education
extra curricular activities
Math`s
Natural Science
Cheating
Literature
Geography
Music
Universities
graduated
on / in
scholarship
research
Future tenses
arrives
are going to have
will snow
am meeting (or am going to meet)
is flying
will drive .
starts
finish
am going to see .
is going to rain (or will rain)
get will have been .
will open
will have marked
see , will show
take , will (or have taken)
have finished (or finish)
will buy , opens.
will have finished (or finish)
start , are going to have (or will have)
will wait in the shelter until the bus comes.
I’m very sorry Dr. Jones won’t back in the clinic until 2pm.
This summer, I will have been living in Brighton for four years.
I don’t think you will have any problems when you land in Boston. (or are going to have)
The baby should be due soon, next week she will have been pregnant for nine months.
By the time we get home, they will have been playing football for 30 minutes.
In three years I am going to live in a different country. (or will live)
When you get off the train, I will be waiting for you by the ticket machine.
Are you going to take your children with you to France?
This time next week I will be skiing in Switzerland!
Now I will check my answers. (or am going to)
II.
1.c
2.a.
3. c
4.b.
5.b.
6b.
7.a.
8. c
9.a.
10. c
11. c
12c.
III.
Fill in the correct future tense – will future, going to or present progressive.
1. They are driving (drive) to New York tomorrow
2. I hope the weather will be (be) nice.
3. I offered him this job. I think he will take (take) it.
4. I promise I will not tell (not tell) your secret to anyone.
5. Take your umbrella with you. It is going to rain (rain).
6. They are playing (play) cards this evening.
7. I am going (go) to the cinema tomorrow.
8. They are flying (fly) to Seattle next summer holidays.
9. I am inviting (invite) 50 people to the party, and I hope everyone will come(come).
10. That exercise looks difficult. I will help (help) you.
11. is he going (go) to the football match?
12. Are you sure they will win (win) the match?
13. She will probably stay (stay) till Thursday.
14. He is not leaving (not leave) tomorrow.
15. We think he will come (come) home late in the night.
IV.
Aaron is carrying two tyres – he is going to change the tyres on a car.
Next week is the beginning of winter and the weather forecast says that there will be snow tomorrow.
That’s why many of the garage’s customers have made an appointment and are calling in today to get their winter tyres.
By the end of the day, Aaron will have mounted about 80 tyres.
He will probably be tired after that.
It’s a lot of work for one day, but his customers promise that next year they will have their tyres changed earlier.
That’s what they always say, but they will surely have forgotten about it by next year.
Some customers have agreed that they are picking up their cars tomorrow.
They have decided to go home by bus, which stops in front of the garage every hour
V.
Philipp will be 15 next Wednesday.
They are going to get a new computer.
I think my mother will like this CD.
Paul's sister is going to have a baby.
They will arrive at about 4 in the afternoon.
Just a moment. I will help you with the bags.
In 2020 people will buy more hybrid cars.
Marvin is going to throw a party next week.
We are going to fly to Venice in June.
Look at the clouds! It is going to rain soon.
Adolescence
a T b T c F d T e T f F g F h F
3. 1. g 2. d 3. i 4.a 5. c 6. j 7. f 8. e 9. b 10. h
4. 1. d 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. b 6. h 7. c 8. e 9. l 10. o 11. i 12. n 13. j 14. p 15. k 16. m
6. a. estimation b. coincide c. redefined d. nutrition e. puberty f. marriage
7. 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. a 11. a 12. a
PRACTICE TEST
1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. c
estimation into coincide this to improved upper in marriage published society into findings privileges generally extended problematic the recognize
Reported speech
1.
a. Paul says that Atlanta is a wonderful city
b. Raul says that he goes jogging every morning
c. Anna says that Jen isn’t studying for her exams.
d. Andrew says that he used to be very fat.
e. Jim says that he can’t swim
2.
a. Jane said Mary worked in a bank
b. Jim said he was staying with some friends
c. Mike said he had never been to Roma
d. Ella said Ross couldn’t use a computer
e. Jill said everybody must try to do their best
f. Rachel said Jane might move to a new flat
g. Bill said he would stay at home on Saturday
3.
a. I said to her I had something to her
b. He said he was going away the next day
c. Robert said that he had been in London for a month but he hadn’t had time to visit the Tower
d. She replied that she would come with us as soon as she was ready
e. They said they had a lift but sometimes it didn’t work
f. He said he had to go to the dentist the following day
g. He said he had found an old Roman coin in the garden the day before and he was going to take it to the museum that afternoon
4.
a. She said she was tired
b. He said he would see them soon
c. She said she was going to the cinema
d. He said he saw the children quite often
e. She said she was having a bath
f. She said that had already met their parents
g. She said she had stayed in a hotel for a few weeks
h. He said that he had to go home to make dinner
i. She said she hadn’t been waiting long
j. He said he was listening to the radio
k. She said she would tell them the news on Saturday
l.. He said he liked swimming, dancing and playing tennis
5.
a. He wanted to know what my name was.
b. She asked me if/whether I liked Marlon Brando
c. She asked me how old I was
d.I asked them /him /her when the train left
e. He asked me if /whether I was enjoying myself
f.He asked me how I was.
g. She asked me if/whether my father worked there
h. He asked me if I lived near my father
i. My mother asked me who I had seen at the meeting
j.He asked me why I had taken his wallet
k. She asked me /us how I had got to school
l. She asked me if I was a foreigner
n. He asked me if I had met Danny before
o. He asked me if I was hungry
p. She asked me why Judy hadn´t been at the party
q. My father asked me why I hadn´t telephoned.
r. He asked me if I had borrowed his dictionary
s. The teacher asked me why I was so late
t. She asked me if I had finished my exams
u. He asked me if I had invited Judy and Mitch
v. She asked me if my brother lived in London.
w. The judge asked me why I hadn´t reported the crime.
x. He asked me if I knew who had broken the window
6.
a. Carol asked Bob to make some coffee
b. She told Jane to do the homework soon
c. He reminded Ann to buy a map
d. He advised Mrs Clark to see a doctor
e. They warned Bill to keep all the windows closed
f. Francis told Paul to go home
g. He asked Bob to stay for supper
7.
a. He asked him/her what his/her name was
b. He asked him/her if/whether he/she had seen the robbers
d. He asked him how he thought they had got in
e. He asked him what they had taken
8. Rewrite the sentences with the gerund or the infinitive and the in reported speech.
a. He promised to bring his CDs to the party.
b.She suggested going to the cinema
She suggested that we go to the cinema
c. He admitted having stolen the wallet
d. She warned us to be careful because the water was boiling
e. My father insisted (on) me apologising to my teacher
f. My friend agreed to share the expenses with me
Assessment form
I
1. Ron asked Harry if/whether he could feel it.
2. Hermione wanted to know if/whether it made a difference.
3. Ron asked Hermione if/whether she was staying or what.
4. Lily asked Snape if/whether it would really come by owl.
5. Narcissa wanted to know if/whether Draco was alive and if/whether he was
in the castle.
6. Harry asked Hermione if/whether the sword had been stolen by Gryffindor.
7. Dumbledore asked Harry if/whether he could forgive him for not trusting
him.
8. Dumbledore asked Harry if/whether anyone else knew where it had fallen.
9. Ron asked Harry how he was going to open it.
10. Hermione asked Mr Lovegood why he was keeping looking out of the window.
11. Snape asked Lily where he kept going.
12. Harry wondered how he could be alive.
13. Dumbledore asked Harry where he thought they were
II
a. She told me she didn’t agree.
b. He said “Have we met before?”
c. I told them I wasn’t happy with their work.
d. She smiled and said to me, “I’m very pleased to meet you.”
e. She told me a story about her parents.
f. He said, “Are you feeling OK?”
g. I didn’t hear. What did he say?
h. Could you tell me the time, please?
i. They told me they were going to a meeting.
j. I told the police my address.
k. I said I wanted to buy a magazine.
Enviroment
1.
Field
Woods
Grass
Tree
Water
Wave
Root
Rocks
Bush
Weed
Stone
2.
ARGUMENT
RECYCLING
ACHIEVEMENT
AWARENESS
POLLUTION
BURNING
INVOLVING
APPEARENCE
IMPROVEMENT
DISTANCE
CONSUMPTION
CONTRIBUTION
PRESSURE
ORGANISATIONS
DEVELOPMENT
PRODUCTS
3.
Acid rain can be caused by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.
It is cars that produce 50% of the world’s nitrogen oxide.
Despite the fact the rainforests are valuable habits, big areas of rainforests are destroyed every year.
In spite of the negative effects of acid rain, not much is done to reduce it.
The Environmental Authority should implemented new policies.
If we burn lots of fossil fuels, the levels of pollution will increase dramatically.
Because of the fact that tropical rainforests are being destroyed, lots of animals lose their habitats.
4.
Cold
Hot
Hot and wet
Hot
Hot
Cold and wet
Hot
Cold and wet
Cold and wet
Cold
Cold
Warm
Windy
Hot
Wet
Wet
Cold and wet
Hot
Cold and wet
5.
Recycling
Endangered
Environmental
Returnable
Friendly
Overpopulation
Deforestation
Disastrous
Warming
Solar
Organic
Drought
Polluter
Inhabitable
Heat
Drinking
Threatening
Unpredictable
Environmentalists
Renewable
Paper test answer
1.
Environmental
Harmful
Conservative
Protection
Destroying
Damaging
Industrialization
2.
Although the government wanted has launched a campaign to protect the environment, nothing has been done so far.
The authorities adopted new measures to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
If we switch light off when leaving rooms, we can save energy.
Professor Smith remarked that the ice covering the poles was melting faster than we have expected.
I wish you recycle more.
Passive Voice
????
Media
1. d) 2. e) 3. a) 4. b) 5. f) 6. c)
2. JOURNALISTS
EDITOR
CONTENTS
FRONT PAGE
HEADLINES
DAILY
REPORTS
FINANCIAL
REVIEW
CELEBRITIES
ADVERTISEMENTS
ONLINE
MEDIA
3.
will definitely exist
are likely to disappear
are unlikely to affect
might use
will definitely be
are more likely to spend
may well do
might have
is likely to be
4.
(1) costume / dress
(2) scenery / setting
(3) critics / editors
(4) plot / script
(5) series /episodes
(6) artistic / classic
5.
1.E 2.H 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.L 8.F 9.I 10.M 11.J 12.K 13.
6.
1: a 2: a 3: b 4: b 5: c 6: c 7: a 8: a 9: b 10: b
7.
Across: 1. journalist 4. coverage 5. paparazzi 6. virus 7. audience 9. download 11. documentary 13. headline 16. channel 18. editor 20. feature 21. publish 23. programme 24. website
Down: 2. reporter 3. censorship 4. circulation 8. broadsheet 10. current affairs 12. readership 14. surf 15. broadcast 17. libel 19. tabloid 22 .press
Assessment form
1.
1. freedom of the press 2. media tycoon (we can also use the expression media mogul) 3. censor- ship 4. unscrupulous 5. exploiting 6. invasion of privacy 7. paparazzi, 8/9. information / entertainment (in either order) 10. chequebook journalism 11. libel 12. readership 13. gutter press
2. film =soundtrack
book =bestseller
newspaper =editor
television = episode
song = lyrics
stage = musical
concert =conductor
3. Where would we be without the media? How would we get information about the world? All of us are interested in the news. We all want to know what’s happening around the world. We switch the TV on just to watch the news. It seems as though every train passenger has a newspaper. The journalists who bring us the news do a very important job. Many risk their lives to bring us the news from the world’s danger zones. Unfortunately, many reporters are killed while they are covering a war. The media make us feel we are part of the world. We become experts on other countries and on the big news stories. The media also bring us many unforgettable images, such as a man walking on the moon. Really, the media show us history as it happens.
4.
a. circulation figures; b.viewing figures; c.rating wars; d.Libel wars; e.spin; f.chequebook journalism; g.media coverage; h.a sound bite; i.tabloids; j. broadsheets
Articles
1)
1. I am looking forward to being a mother.
2. I used my shoe as a hammer.
3. Have you fed the cats?
4. There are some children in the pool.
5. Who invented the light bulb?
6. I am the oldest in my family.
7. I prefer the mountains to the seaside.
8. We went to the same university.
9. My brother is going out with a Chinese girl.
10. Have you got any matches?
11. We met some nice American girls on holiday.
12. I think there is some yoghurt in the fridge. Go to check!
2)
1. prison
2. Indian
3. Stilton
4. France
5. the mosque
3)
1. The
2. Some
3. some, all
4. Neither
5. many, any
6. all
4)
1. a)
2. a,b)
3. a,b)
4. b)
5. c)
5)
1. an, the
2. One
3. the, one
4. the
5. a
6. The, the
7. A
8. ones, are
9. one, the
10. a
11. a
6)
Ms Parrot, (1) the most famous lady detective of (2) the twenty-first century, was born in (3) the United Kingdom in (4) the 1960s. Since then, she has been to many countries, including (5) 0 Portugal, Singapore and Australia, and has lived in (6) the northern hemisphere and (7) the southern hemisphere, as well as on (8) the equator. She has never been to (9) the Philippines or (10) the United States, but she speaks (11) 0 English, French and Portuguese. Like Sherlock Holmes, (12) the famous detective, she plays (13) the violin, and sometimes practises up to five times (14) a day. She is also (15) the only person in (16) the world to have performed Tchaikovsky’s 1812 overture in one breath on (17) the recorder. She has been (18) a detective for thirty years and claims that although many people think that being (19) a detective is (20) a piece of cake, detectives generally work very hard and it’s not all fun and games. (21) A detective is someone who solves mysteries, and (22) the people who contact Ms Parrot have some very unusual problems. Little information is available about some of (23) the cases she has solved, but quite (24) a few of her most famous cases have attracted worldwide attention and she has been offered up to (25) a thousand dollars (26) an hour to help solve mysteries such as (27) the case of (28) an Australian owl in (29) a uniform. (30) The bird laid (31) an egg in (32) a European nest in less than (33) an hour after its arrival. What (34) a strange problem! With great (35) 0 modesty, she has either declined such (36) a fee or donated (37) the money to (38) the poor, or to (39) the Grammar Survival Fund, believing that (40) the detective should use their skills for (41) the common good.
7)
AN engineer
AN hour
A uniform
8)
1. a lot of
2. much
3 much
4. much
5. much
6. much
7. a lot of
8. many
9. A lot of
10. many
Our Health
Adjectives and adverbs
Jipa & Diana and it s a mess
Appearance and Personality
1.a. 2.b. 3.b. 4.d. 5.b. 6.b.
II.
III. 1.A 2.I 3.H 4.D 5.F 6.K 7.E 8 J 9.C 10.B 11.G
IV. 1. Curly hair
2. Dry skin
3. Broad Shoulders
4. Crooked teeth
V. The own answer;
VI. 1. d. 2.h. 3.k. 4.i. 5.j. 6.g. 7.f. 8.c. 9.a. 10.e. 11.m. 12.s. 13.b. 14.p. 15.l. 16.r. 17.q. 18.n. 19.o. 20.t.
VII. 1.facil
2.disgusting
3.reaction
4.genuinely
5.usually
6.different
7.universal
8.carefull
9.southern
Wish & If only
Madalina ????
Books
I. A. to be engrossed in, take out, from cover to cover, bedtime reading
B. came highly recommended, a real page-turner, historical novel, the setting, based on, plot , it tells the story of, the central character, couldn’t put it down;
C. a big reader, heavy-going, special effects, the soundtrack
D. flicking through, got a good review
II. 1.A. 2.B. 3.A. 4.A. 5.A. 6.A. 7.B. 8.A. 9.A.
III. 1.from 2.are 3.as 4.in 5.to 6.of
IV. 1.C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.A; V. 1-c, 2-e,3-a, 4-b, 5-d, 6-f
Causative form
1. Wash
2. Decorated
3. Write
4. To clean
5. Cashed
6. Shortened
7. Redo
8. To go
9. Filled
10. To lend
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. B
1. have the documents delievered
2. had it translated
3. do you have your eyes tested
4. have my ears pierced
5. have had it dyed
6. have it serviced
7. have a rose tattoed
8. have your cat groomed
9. had my tooth pulled out
10. have my car washed
Film
I Put these words into the sentences
screen
row
subtitles
trailers
credits
IITypes of films – content
1.b cartoon
2.d sci-fi
3.a romantic comedy
4.d thriller
5.b drama
6.c documentary
IIIWord – meaning
soundtrack
trailer
pictures
director
multiplex
credits
producer
IVTypes of movies
western
documentary film
sci-fi film
action film
comedy
Questions and short answers
B. 2.
1 – b a) they weren't
2 – a b) he is
3 – c c) I had
4 – d d) she is
5 – e e) I am
6 – f f) they have
1.
Fashion
1)
1.C
2.B
3.B
4.A
5.C
2)
1.b
2.d
3.b
4.c
5.b
6.c
7.d
8.c
9.a
10.d
11.b
12.c
3)
1.d
2.g
3.b
4.f
5.a
6.e
7.c
4)
1.c
2.d
3.a
4.e
5.b
Inversion and Emphasis
Exercise 1
a in no way
b not
c only after
d on no account
e not only
f at no point
g scarcely
h little
i rarely
j under no circumstance
k never
l no sooner.
Exercise 2
Only in the last few pages of the book do you come to realise the significance of the murder.
Such are the demands of her job that she is rarely able to take a holiday
In no other way could the matter be explained.
Seldom have I heard such beautiful singing.
Not until he got home did Peter realize that he had lost his keys.
Had Mr Chan been kinder to his employees, his business would not have collapsed.
Under no circumstances may audience members consume alcohol
No sooner had they got married than they started to argue.
At no time can you use my new car.
Exercise 3
1. hardly had they started
2. rarely did she allow
3. never have I witnessed
4. seldom does one realize
5. little did Thomas know
6. not only did her brother pay
7. on no account should you provide
8. only then did he understand
9. no sooner had he resigned
10. seldom do you meet
Exercise 4
1 correct
2 correct
3 not correct
4 not correct
5 not correct
6 not correct
7 not correct
8 correct
9 correct
10 correct
Exercise 5
1.Under no circumstances should you
2.At no time should children
3.Under no circumstances should you swim
4.On no condition should you swim
5.Not unless there are other people
6.Only after applying should you go out
Technology
Reading
1T , 2NG , 3F , 4T , 5T , 6NG , 7F , 8T.
Exercise 1
Correct order : gadgets, attachments, websites, digital editing, desktop PC, upgrade, high-speed, operating system, boots up, surfing the web.
Exercise 2
1 enter, 2 type, 3 back up / goes down, 4 click on, 5 have, 6 open, 7 run / close down
Exercise 3
1a, 2c, 3a, 4b,5a.
Ing Forms
1.to; 2.to; 3.to; 4.ing; 5.ing ;6.to; 7.ing; 8.to; 9.ing; 10.ing; 11.ing;12.ing; 13.to; 14.to; 15.ing; 16.ing; 17.ing; 18.ing; 19.ing; 20.to; 21.to; 22.to; 23.ing; 24.to; 25.to; 26.to; 27.ing; 28.to; 29.to; 30.to; 31.to; 32.ing; 33.to; 34.ing; 35.ing; 36.to; 37.to; 38.to; 39.ing; 40.to; 41.to
1: 1.to be; 2.smoking; 3.to fix; 4. sleeping; 5. to help; 6. doing; 7.studying; 8.to become; 9. to speak;10.robbing; 11. making; 12. wearing; 13. to postpone; 14.to have; 15.to be; 16.to buy; 17.to work; 18. getting; 19. to fly; 20. spending; 21.eating; 22.riding; 23.chatting; 24.to lay; 25. lying; 26.shouting; 27.talking; 28.dancing; 29.to work; 30. to book; 31.to be
3: 2 making; 3 listening; 4 applying; 5 reading; 6 living; 7 using; 8 forgetting; 9 writing; 10 being; 11 trying; 12 losing
4: 2 travelling during the rush hour; 3 painting the kitchen until next weekend; 4 turning the radio down; 5 not interrupting me all the time
5: 2 going out; 3 sitting on the floor; 4 having a picnic; 5 laughing; 6 breaking down
Leisure and entertainment
3: 1.audience; 2. opera; 3. cheer; 4.disco; 5. couch potato
7: 1 I; 2 a; 3 n; 4 h; 5 f; 6 c; 7 e; 8 k; 9 g; 10 l; 11 j; 12 b; 13 o; 14 d; 15 m;
Review
1: 1 put, 2 start, 3 take, 4 made, 5 take
2: 6c, 7 b, 8 a, 9 b, 10 b
3: 11 d, 12c, 13b, 14a, 15 e
4: 3 to see;4 to swim; 5 cleaning; 6 to ask; 7 visiting; 8 going; 9 to be; 10 waiting; 11 to do;12. to speak; 13 to go; 14 crying / to cry; 15 to work;talking
5: 2 to help; 3 to see; 4 reading; 5 to lose; 6 to send; 7 raining; 8 to go; 9 watching / to watch; 10 to wait
THE END
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