ALE ANALIZEI ECONOMICO-FINANCIARE 1.1 Analiza economico-ILQDQFLDUvQPHFDQLVPXOFRQGXFHULL… [613708]

BAZELE TEORETICO-METODOLOGICE
ALE ANALIZEI ECONOMICO-FINANCIARE

1.1 Analiza economico-ILQDQFLDUvQPHFDQLVPXOFRQGXFHULL

3URFHVXOGHFRQGXFHUHQXVHSRDWHED]DSHUXWLQúLLQWXLLHFLSHR
DQDOL]úWLLQWLILFSHRFXQRDúWHUHWHPHLQLFDVLWXDLHLGDWHRLGHQWLILFDUHD
YXOQHUDELOLWLORUúLRSRUWXQLWLORUGHGH]YROWDUH
ÌQWUHSULQGHUHDHVWHRRUJDQL]DLHVRFLDOFXRVWUXFWXUúLGLQDPLF
specific, fapt ce determin úi complexitatea actului decizional. Ca activitate
SUDFWLFDQDOL]DHFRQRPLco-ILQDQFLDUDUHXQFDUDFWHUSHUPDQHQWLQGLIHUHQW
GHVXELHFWXOFDUHRHIHFWXHD]GHRDUHFHSULQYDORULILFDUHDLQIRUPDLHL
IXUQL]DWHGHVLVWHPXOúLSROLWLFLOHFRQWDELOH, se pot formula concluzii
SHUWLQHQWHDVXSUDDQVDPEOXOXLDFWLYLWLLVDXVHJPHQWHORUDFHsteia.
3HED]DDQDOL]HLIDFWRUXOXPDQIRUPXOHD]FRQFOX]LLSULQFDUHVH
GLULMHD]HIRUWXODVWIHOvQFkWHIHFWHOHVILHPD[LPHVDWLVIDFkQGSULQDFHasta
FHULQHOHSURSULHWDULORUFDSLWDOXULORULQYHVWLWH

1.2 'HOLPLWULFRQFHSWXDOHSULYLQGDQDOL]DHFRQRPLFR-fiQDQFLDU

Analiza Economico-)LQDQFLDUVWXGLD]PHFDQLVPXOGHIRUPDUHúL
modificare a fenomenelor economice prin descompunerea lor în elemente
FRPSRQHQWHvQSULVLPSOHúLSULQVWDELOLUHDIDFWRULORUGHLQIOXHQ
Descompunerea se face în trepte, de la complex la simplu, în vederea
LGHQWLILFULLFDX]HORUILQDOHFDUHH[SOLFRDQXPLWVWDUHGHIDSWXQDQXPLW
QLYHOGHSHUIRUPDQVDXRDQXPLWHYROXLHDORUFig. 1.1). 1

)LJ6FKHPDGHVIúXUULLDQDOL]HLHFRQRPLFR-financiare1.

Elementele = SULFRPSRQHQWHDOHIHQRPHQXOXLDQDOL]DW
Factorii = IRUHPRWULFHFDUHSURYRDFGHWHUPLQXQ
fenomen, un rezultat.
Cauzele finale = vPSUHMXUULFDUHvQDQXPLWHFRQGLLLH[SOLF
DSDULLDXQXLIHQRPHQVWDUHDúLHYROXLD
acestuia.

AnaOL]DHFRQRPLFVWXGLD]IHQRPHQHOHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
HFRQRPLFUHVSHFWLYDOFRQVXPXOXLGHUHVXUVHúLDOUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHDe
asemenea, trebuie OXDWHvQFRQVLGHUDUHUHODLLOHVWUXFWXUDO-IXQFLRQDOHúLD
FHORUFDX]-efect. Complexitatea analizei economico-ILQDQFLDUHGHFXUJHúL
GLQIDSWXOFvQHFRQRPLHH[LVWXUPWRDUHOHVLWXDLL
• DFHODúLHIHFWSRDWHILSURGXVGHFDX]HGLIHULWH
• DFHHDúLFDX]SRDWHSURGXFHHIHFWHGLIHULWH
• HIHFWHGLIHULWHVHSRWFRPELQDGkQGRUH]XOWDQWDFRPSOH[XOXLGHIDFWRUL
sau foUH
• FRPSOH[LWDWHDúLLQWHQVLWDWHDFDX]HLSRWGHWHUPLQDQXQXPDLLQWHQVLWDWHD
fenomenului dat, ci úLcalitatea lui;
• vQIHQRPHQXODQDOL]DWSRWDSUHDvQVXúLULSHFDUHQXOH-a avut nici un
element al fenomenului.

1



  
 

 !!
"


  #$
!&% 
'

!


()(*,+.- /&!
0 
– 21345.
Fenomenul X
1
1.1 1.2
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2.1 1.2.2
a b c d d e f g 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 3
3.1 3.2 Elemente
Factori de grad I
Factori de grad II
Cauze finale

1.3 Probleme principale privind bazele teoretico-metodologice
ale analizei economico-financiare

1.3.1 Tipologia analizei economico-ILQDQFLDUHúLDIDFWRULORUGH
LQIOXHQ&RQLQXWXOSURFHVXOXLGHDQDOL]HFRQRPLFR-
ILQDQFLDU

Tipologia Analizei Economico-Financiare

$QDOL]DHFRQRPLFSRDWHILFODVLILFDWvQPDLPXOWHWLSXULvQIXQFLH
de diferite criterii, astfel:

I) 'XSUDSRUWXOvQWUHPRPHQWXOvQFDUHVHHIHFWXHD]DQDOL]DúLFHODO
GHVIúXUULLIHQRPHQXOXL
A) analiza post-factum sau post operatorie,DQDOL]DUHDOL]ULL
obiectivelor);
B) analiza previzionaOVDXSURVSHFWLY.

II) 'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOvQVXúLULORUHVHQLDOHVDXDOGHWHUPLQULORU
cantitative ale fenomenelor:
A) DQDOL]DFDOLWDWLY
B) DQDOL]DFDQWLWDWLY

III) 'XSQLYHOXOODFDUHVHGHVIúRDUDQDOL]D
A) DQDOL]DPLFURHFRQRPLF
B) DQDOL]DPDFURHFRQRPLF

IV) 'XSPRGXOGHXUPULUHvQWLPSDIHQRPHQHORU
A) DQDOL]DVWDWLF
B) DQDOL]DGLQDPLF

V) 'XSFULWHULLOHGHVWXGLHUHDIHQRPHQHORU
A) analiza tehnico-HFRQRPLF
B) analiza economico-ILQDQFLDU
C) DQDOL]DILQDQFLDU

VI) ÎnIXQFLHGHGHOLPLWDUHDRELHFWului analizat:
A) analiza pHUDPXULDQDOL]DSHXQLWLRUJDQL]DWRULFHvQWUHSULQGHUL
grupuri de întreprinderi, holdinguri);
B) analiza pe probleme (cifra de afaceri, rentabilitate, etc).

&DGLVFLSOLQLQGHSHQGHQWvQSODQXOGHvQYPkQWFDUHúL-a delimitat
obiectul în procesul de formare a specialistului economist, analiza
economico-ILQDQFLDUUVSXQGHXQRUQHFHVLWLSUDFWLFHILLQGDQFRUDWvQ
UHDOLWLOHvQWUHSULQGHULL$FHDVWDSHED]DLQIRUPDLHLH[LVWHQWHFHUFHWHD]
UH]XOWDWHOHRELQXWHIDFWRULLFDUHOH-au determinDWúLFRQFRUGDQDDFHVWRUDFX
FULWHULLOHGHHILFLHQHYLGHQLLQGSRVLELOLWile de sporire a SHUIRUPDQHORU
întreprinderii.

&RQLQXWXOSURFHVXOXLGHaQDOL]economico-fLQDQFLDU

3URFHVXOGHDQDOL]HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDUUHSUH]LQW inversul
HYROXLHLUHDOHDIHQRPHQXOXL$QDOL]DSRUQHúWHGHODUH]XOWDWHOHSURFHVXOXL
vQFKHLDWFWUHHOHPHQWHúLIDFWRULFXSULQ]kQGXUPWRDUHOHHWDSH

1) Delimitarea obiectului analizei, care presupune constatarea anumitor
fapte, fenomene, rezultate. Delimitarea obiectului se faFHvQWLPSúL
sSDLXFDOLWDWLYúLFDQWLWDWLY

2) 'HWHUPLQDUHDHOHPHQWHORUIDFWRULORUúLFDX]HORUIHQRPHQXOXLVWXGLDW
'HVFRPSXQHUHDvQHOHPHQWHSUHVXSXQHRDQDOL]VWUXFWXUDO)DFWRULLVH
XUPUHVFvQPRGVXFFHVLYWUHFkQGGHODFHLFXDFLXQHGLUHFWODFei cu
DFLXQHLQGLUHFWSkQODVWDELOLUHDFDX]HORUILQDOHSULPDUH;

3) 6WDELOLUHDIDFWRULORUSUHVXSXQHúLGHWHUPLQDUHDFRUHODLHLGLQWUHILHFDUH
IDFWRUúLIHQRPHQXODQDOL]DWFkWúLDFRUHODLHLGLQWUHIDFWRULLFDUH
acLRQHD];

4) 0VXUDUHDLQIOXHQHORUGLIHULWHORUHOHPHQWHVDXIDFWRULVHXWLOL]HD]
DQDOL]DFDQWLWDWLYSHQWUXFXDQWLILFDUHDLQIOXHQHORUDUH]HUYHORU
interne, a aprecierii cât mai exacte a rezultatelor;

5) Sintetizarea rezultatelor analizei, stabilindu-VHFRQFOX]LLOHúLDSUHFLHULOH
asupra activLWLLGLQVIHUDFHUFHWDW;

6) (ODERUDUHDPVXULORUFDUHUHSUH]LQWFRQLQXWXOGHFL]LLORUPHQLWHV
DVLJXUHRIRORVLUHRSWLPDUHVXUVHORUSHQWUXVSRULUHDHILFLHQHL
DFWLYLWLLvQYLLWRU

&ODVLILFDUHDIDFWRULORUGHLQIOXHQDIHQRPHQHORUHFRQRPLFH

FiecDUHvQWUHSULQGHUHLQGLIHUHQWGHWLSXOSURILOXOGHDFWLYLWDWHúL
ORFDOL]DUHDHLVHFRQIUXQWFXRPXOWLWXGLQHGHIDFWRULLFDUHIRUPHD]PHGLXO
de afaceri.
5HODLLOHGHLQWHUDFLXQHGLQWUHILUPúLVRFLHWDWHVXQWUHFLSURFHúL
extrem de complexe, ele putânGILSXVHvQHYLGHQFXDMXWRUXOFig 1.2
0DQDJHULLvQWUHSULQGHULLQXRSRWDGPLQLVWUDFXVXFFHVIUDLQHFRQW
GHIDFWRULLFDUHGHFXUJGLQUHODLLOHGHLQWHUFRQGLLRQDUHUHFLSURFGLQWUH
vQWUHSULQGHUHúLPHGLXOH[WHUQFXPDUILIDFWRULWHKQLci, tehnologici,
economici, sociali, politici, juridici psihologici, demografici etc.

5HODLLGLUHFWH
5HODLLLQGLUHFWH

)LJ5HODLLOHGHLQWHUDFLXQHGLQWUHILUPúLVRFLHWDWH2

2 G.A. Steiner, J.F.Steiner/Business, Government and Society/Mc Graw-Hill, Inc./USA/1991

Mass-media

Întreprinderea
6
!


 
comunitare
locale
Organismele de '
 
7
consumatorilor ,
!

Comunitatea
de afaceri Guvernul
Grupurile
politice
Comunitatea 8



Creditorii Sindicatele
9
!

Firmele
concurente Intelectualii
Managerii
companiei
Grupurile
de interes
special , :;

<
=;
 

le !
 
>=? 


le 7 #$!

Furnizorii
Biserica
<
=;
 

le
juridice

$FHúWLIDFWRULDFLRQHD]GHUHJXOQX izolat, ci interdependent,
corelat, într-XQVLVWHPGHOHJWXULvQFKHJDWH,GHQWLILFDUHDORUQHFHVLW
FXQRDúWHUHDSUHFLVDFLGHIRUPDUHDUH]XOWDWXOXLDOHJWXULORUFDX]DOHDOH
acestuia.

&ODVLILFDUHDIDFWRULORUVHSRDWHIDFHvQIXQFLHGHPDLPXOWH
criterii:

I) 'XSQDWXUDORU
ƒ WHKQLFLWHKQRORJLFLRUJDQL]DLRQDOLHFRQRPLFLVRFLDO-politici,
demografici, psihologici, biologici, naturali etc.
II) 'XSFDUDFWHUXOORUvQWU-RDQXPLWUHODLHGHFDX]DOLWDWH
ƒ factori calitativi;
ƒ factori cantitativi, care sunt pXUWWRULi materiali ai celor calitativi;
ƒ IDFWRULGHVWUXFWXU, care intervin atunci când rezultatul analizei
VHUHIHUODPVXULDJUHJDWHFRPSXVHGLQPDLPXOWHHOHPHQWH
III) 'XSPRGXOFXPDFLRQHD]
ƒ IDFWRULFXDFLXQHGLUHFWFDUHvúLH[HUFLWQHPLMORFLWLQIOXHQD
asupra fenomenului analizat;
ƒ IDFWRULFXDFLXQHLQGLUHFWGHJUDGXOQFDUHDFLRQHD]
asupra fenomenului analizat, prin intermediul altor factori.
IV) ÌQIXQFLHGHDFWLYLWDWHDvQWUHSULQGHULL
ƒ IDFWRULGHSHQGHQLGHDFWLYLWDWHDvQWUHSULQGHULLVXQWFHLFDUHvúL
au originea în eforturile depuse de întreprindere pentru
economisirea tuturor categoriilor de resurse. De exemplu,
VFKLPEDUHDVWUXFWXULLSURGXFLHLGHSLQGHGHDFWLYLWDWHD
întreprinderii.
ƒ IDFWRULLQGHSHQGHQLGHDFWLYLWDWHDvQWUHSULQGHULi.
V) 'XSJUDGXOGHVLQWHWL]DUH
ƒ IDFWRULVLPSOLFDUHQXSRWILGH]PHPEUDL
ƒ IDFWRULFRPSOHFúLFDUHVXQWGHWHUPLQDLGHRVHULHGHDOLIDFWRUL
VLPSOLVDXFRPSOHFúL
VI) 'XSL]YRUXODFLXQLLORU
ƒ factori interni (endogeni), care vúLau originea în interiorul
îQWUHSULQGHULLGHH[HPSOXRUJDQL]DUHDLQWHUQDSURGXFLHL
ULWPLFLWDWHDSURGXFLHLUDLRQDOL]ULOHvQSURGXFLH etc);
ƒ factori externi (exogeni), carevúLDXRULJLQHDvQPHGLXOH[WHUQ
întreprinderii (de exemplu modificarea cursului de schimb,
FRQFXUHQDLQIODLD etc.)

VII) 'XSVWDGLXOFLUFXLWXOXLHFRQRPLF
ƒ IDFWRULVSHFLILFLDSURYL]LRQULL
ƒ IDFWRULVSHFLILFLSURGXFLHL
ƒ IDFWRULVSHFLILFLYkQ]ULLSURGXFLHLHWF
VIII) 'XSSRVLELOLWLOHGHSUHYL]LXQH
ƒ IDFWRULSUHYL]LELOLFHULVDXGHWHUPLQDELOL, careDFLRQHD] în
cadrul unor procese controlate de conducerea întreprinderii.
ƒ factori imprevizibili (aleatori), careDFLRQHD]QHFRQWURODWFD
XUPDUHDXQRUDEDWHULGHODGHVIúXUDUHDQRUPDODXQRUSURFHVH
HFRQRPLFHVDXVXELPSXOVXOXQRUIRUHGLQDIDU
IX) 'XSLQWHQVLWDWHDDFLXQLLORU
ƒ IDFWRULGRPLQDQLIDFWRULFKHLHVXQWFHLDFURULQIOXHQHVWH
KRWUkWRDUHvQRELQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORU
ƒ IDFWRULVHFXQGDULFHLDFURULQIOXHQQXHVWHKRWUkWRDUHvQ
RELQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORU

1.3.2 5ROXODQDOL]HLvQHYDOXDUHDúLUHJODUHDSHUIRUPDQHORU
economico-financiare ale întreprinderii

(WLPRORJLFGLDJQRVWLFXOvQVHDPQFDSDFLWDWHDGHGLVFHUQPkQWLDU
într-RDFFHSLXQHVLQWHWLFDQDOL]DGLDJQRVWLFSUHVXSXQHUHSHUDUHD
VLPWRPHORUDGLVIXQFLRQDOLWLORUXQHLILUPHFHUFHWDUHDúLDQaliza faptelor
úLa UHVSRQVDELOLWLORULGHQWLILFDUHDFDX]HORUGLVIXQFWLRQDOLWLORU
HODERUDUHDXQRUSODQXULGHDFLXQHSULQDFURUDSOLFDUHSUDFWLF se asigur
UHGUHVDUHDúLDPHOLRUDUHDSHUIRUPDQHORU
Efectuarea diagnosticului unei firme poate fi motiYDWQXQXPDLGH
VLWXDLDvQFDUHDFHDVWDDUHGLILFXOWLUHVSHFWLYGLVIXQFLRQDOLWLFLúLDWXQFL
FkQGDúDFXPVSXQH-HDQ3LHUUH7KLEDXW³vQWUHSULQGHUHDDUHREXQVWDUHGH
VQWDWH³GDUVHGRUHúWHvPEXQWLUHDSHUIRUPDQHORUHL'HRDUHFHSULQ
analiza economico-ILQDQFLDUVHVWDELOHVFSXQFWHOHWDULúLVODEHGLQ
DFWLYLWDWHDXQHLILUPHGDUúLPVXULOHFHXUPHD]DVHDSOLFDSHWHUPHQVFXUW
úLOXQJSHQWUXDWLQJHUHDDQXPLWRURELHFWLYHSURSXVHDQDOL]DGLDJQRVWLF
FRQVWLWXLHRSDUWHFRPSRQHQWDPDQDJHPHQWului strategic al întreprinderii.
În general, în funcie de scop, diagnosticul poate fi restrâns la
anumite probleme sau extins în accepiunea de diagnostic global.
'HH[HPSOXvQDQDOL]DGRVDUXOXLGHFUHGLWvQWRFPLWGHFWUHEQFLDFFHQWXO
este pus pe cDSDFLWDWHDGHSODWDvQWUHSULQGHULLIUDH[FOXGHúLDOWHDVSHFWH
DOHDFWLYLWLLILQDQFLDUH

'LDJQRVWLFXOUH]XPDWODRDQXPLWSUREOHPeconomico-ILQDQFLDUD
firmei, folosit în practica PDQDJHULDOFXUHQWVHHIHFWXHD]PDLDOHVFkQG
VHVHPQDOHD]GLVIXQFLRQDOLWLvQDFWLYLWDWHDDFHVWHLD&kQGvQWUHSULQGHUHD
VHFRQIUXQWFXGLILFXOWLJUDYHVHLPSXQHXQGLDJQRVWLFFRPSOH[JOREDO
În concluzie, analiza economico-ILQDQFLDUDUHXQUROIXQGDPHQWDOvQ
HYDOXDUHDUHJODUHDúLDPHOLRUDUHDSHUIRUPDQHORUeconomico-financiare ale
întreprinderii. De aceea, aceastaFRQVWLWXLHED]DVWXGLLORUGHIH]DELOLWDWHúLD
FHORUGHHYDOXDUHHFRQRPLFDvQWUHSULQGHULORU
Analiza economico-ILQDQFLDUDúDFXPV-DPHQLRQDWDQWHULRUFD
DFWLYLWDWHSUDFWLFDUHXQFDUDFWHUSHUPDQHQWLQGLIHUHQWGDFVHUHDOL]HD]
GHFWUHXQFRPSDUWLPHQWvQFDGUXOILUPHL,VDXGHFWUHVRFLHWLVSHFLDOL]DWH
GHFRQVXOWDQDXGLW etc.

0HWRGHúLWHKQLFLXWLOL]DWHvQDQDOL]DHFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU

În cadrul analizei economico-financiare VHXWLOL]HD]PDLPXOWH
PHWRGHúLSURFHGHHVSHFLILFHVDXvPSUXPXWDWHGLQDOWHúWLLQH$FHVWHDVHSRW
grupa în 2 categorii:
1) metode ale analizei calitative;
2) metode ale analizei cantitative.

1) 0HWRGHúLWHKQLFLGHDQDOL]FDOLWDWLY:

1.1 'LYL]LXQHDúLGHVFRPSXQHrea rezultatelor.
1.2 &RPSDUDLD.
1.3 Stabilirea sistemului factorial-FDX]DODOH[SOLFULLIHQRPHQXOXL.
1.4 Modelarea fenomenelor economice.
1.5 Interpretarea rezultatelor.
1.6 Generalizarea sau evaluarea rezultatelor.

1.1 'LYL]LXQHDúLGHVFRPSXQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORU

DiviziuneaúLGHVFRPSXQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUúLDDEDWHULORUORUVXQWGH
mai multe feluri:
a) GLYL]LXQHDGXSWLPSXOGHIRUPDUHDUH]XOWDWHORU
b) GLYL]LXQHDGXSORFXOGHIRUPDUHDacestora ;
c) descompuneUHDSHSULHOHPHQWHIDFWRULúL cauze.

1.2 &RPSDUDLD

Orice rezultatDODFWLYLWLLILUPHLVHDQDOL]HD]úLDSUHFLD]QXFDR
PULPHLPSRUWDQWvQVLQHFLvQUDSRUWFXXQFULWHULXED]GHFRPSDUDLHÌQ
FD]XORULFUHLvQWUHSULQGHULH[LVWSRVLELOLWDWHDXWLOL]ULLXUPWRDUHORUFULWHULL
GHFRPSDUDLHQLYHOXORELHFWLYHORU programate, rezultatele perioadei
(perioadelor) precedente, rezultatele altor întreprinderi concurente,
rezultatele unor întreprinderi din DOWHULQRUPDWLYHVWDQGDUGH etc.
7LSXULGHFRPSDUDLL
• FRPSDUDLLvQWLPS
• FRPSDUDLLvQVSDiu;
• FRPSDUDLLvQfuncie de un criteriu prestabilit (program, norme,
standarde, etaloane, valori de normalitate, niveluri stabilite de
VWUXFWXULVSHFLDOL]DWHEDQFDUHVWDWLVWLFHDJHQLLHWF.);
• FRPSDUDLLFXFDUDFWHUVSHFLDO
(VWHREOLJDWRULXVVHDVLJXUHFRPSDUDELOLWDWHD datelor, ele trebuind
VDLEXQFDUDFWHURPRJHQVILHH[SULPDWHvQWU-XQHWDORQXQLFúLVILH
GHWHUPLQDWHGXSRPHWRGRORJLHXQLWDU

1.3 Stabilirea sistemului factorial-FDX]DODOH[SOLFULLIHQRPHQXOXL

3UHVXSXQHVWDELOLUHDIDFWRULORUFDUHGHWHUPLQIRUPDUHDúL
PRGLILFDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUSUHFXPúLDUHODLLORUVWUXFWXUDO-functionale dintre
HOHPHQWHOHIHQRPHQXOXLHFRQRPLF(VWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWFXQRDúWHUHD
QDWXULLILHFUXLIDFWRUFDQWLWDWLYGHVWUXFWXUúLFDOLWDWLYSHQWUXFDVLVWHPXO
VILHUHDOL]DWORJLFúLSHED]HUHDOHvQIXQFLHGHSULQFLSLXOFRQGLLRQULL
FRUHOULL

1.4 Modelarea fenomenelor economice

0RGHOXOHVWHRUHSUH]HQWDUHVLPSOLILFDWDUHDOLWLL0RGHOXOvQ
anali]HVWHXQXOeconomico-matematic, exprimat sub formGHHFXDLL
LQHJDOLWLFRUHODLLGLQWUHLQGLFDWRULIXQFLLGHSURGXFLHHWF
Tipologia modelelor:
• modele imitative sau iconice;
• modele analogice;
• modele simbolice.

Dintre modelele analogice, graficele sunt frecvent utilizate în teoria
úLSUDFWLFDHFRQRPLFSHQWUXYL]XDOL]DUea fenomenelor economice

Tipuri de grafice:
o cronograma;
o diagrama (diagrama cu 2 variabile, sectorial, cu coordonate
polare, cu bare simple sau asociate)
o KLVWRJUDPDVDXWDEHOXOGHSHQHWUDLH etc.

Modelele simboliceVHED]HD]SHXWLOL]DUHDVLPEROXUilor (litere,
FLIUHvQUHSUH]HQWDUHDIHQRPHQHORUúLDUDSRUWXULORUGLQWUHHOHÌQJHQHUDO,
acestea LDXIRUPDXQRUHFXDLLVDXLQHFXDLLPDWHPDWLFHÌQDQDOL]D
economico-ILQDQFLDUSUHYDOHD]PRGHOHOHVLPEROLFHAcestea pot fi:
PRGHOHGHFRUHODLHGHWHUPLQLVWHúLDOHDWRULLDGLWLYHPXOWLSOLFDWLYH
EDODQLHUHGHUDSRUWFRPELQDWH
0RGHOHOHWUHEXLHDVWIHOFRQVWUXLWHvQFkWVH[SULPHFRUHFWOHJWXUD
GLQWUHIDFWRULúLIHQRPHQHúLVH[LVWHFRQFRUGDQGHSOLQvQWUHOHJWXUD
formal-PDWHPDWLFúLFHDORJLF-econoPLF

2) 0HWRGHGHDQDOL]FDQWLWDWLY

$FHVWHPHWRGHSHUPLWFRPHQVXUDUHDDFLXQLLILHFUXLHOHPHQWVDX
IDFWRUDVXSUDUH]XOWDWXOXLDQDOL]DWSULQFDUHVHGILQDOLWDWHGHPULPHúL
VHQVOHJWXULORUFDX]DOHGHDUHOLHIDIDFWRULLFXDFLXQHPDLLPSRUWDQW
DVXSUDUH]XOWDWHORUúLGHDDSUHFLDPVXUDvQFDUHDXIRVWIRORVLWHUHVXUVHOH
întreprinderii.
3HQWUXVHSDUDUHDLQIOXHQHORUIDFWRULORUVHXWLOL]HD]GLIHULWHPHWRGH
vQIXQFLHGHIRUPDPDWHPDWLFSHFDUHRvPEUacUHODLLOHGLQWUHIDFWRUL

Metode utilizate:
2.1. Indicatorii economico-financiari.
2.2. Indicii –FDPHWRGGHH[SULPDUHDGLQDPLFLLIHQRPHQXOXL
economico-financiar.
2.3. &RHILFLHQLLGHVWUXFWXUDHFKLOLEUXHILFLHQ.
2.4. Ratele (ratio sau rating).
2.5. Tehnicile scorurilor (scoring) ca metod a analizei
discriminante.
2.6. 0HWRGDVXEVWLWXLULORUvQODQPHWRGDLWHUDULL.
2.7. Metoda calcului matricial.

2.8. Metoda ABC.
2.9. Metodele cercetrii operaionale (programare, tehnicile
jocurilor, simularea etc.).
2.10. Metodele analizei regresionale.
2.11. Metodele sociologice.

2.1. Indicatorii economico-financiari – IRUPDGHH[SULPDUHFRQFHQWUDW
DLQIRUPDLHL

Exemplu:
∑⋅+= pqMCAv,
unde:
CA = cifra de afaceri;
M PUIXULYkQGXWH
qv = produsele vândute;
p SUHXOGHYkQ]DUH (exclusiv TVA).

2.2. Indicii,UHSUH]LQWRPHWRGIUHFYHQWXWLOL]DWvQDQDOL]DIHQRPHQHORU
economico -ILQDQFLDUH&XDMXWRUXOORUVHVWDELOHúWHGLQDPLFDIDGHRED]
IL[VDXvQODQVHFRQVWUXLHVFULWPXULVHIDFDSUHFLHULDVXSUDHYROXLHL
performanHORUDFDSDFLWLLVLVWHPXOXLGHDHYROXDvQWU-un context dat.

2.3. &RHILFLHQLL(ratele) de structurHFKLOLEUXúLHILFLHQ

5HSUH]LQWRPHWRGGHPDUHXWLOLWDWHîn diagnosticarea fenomenelor
îQWUHSULQGHULLDSHUIRUPDQHORUORU
&RILFLHQLLGHVWUXFWXUVHGHWHUPLQSULn raportarea unei
componente la ansamblul fenomenului cercetat:

∑=eieiKi ;
unde:
Ki FRHILFLHQWGHVWUXFWXU;
ei = elementele componente ale fenomenului, rezultatului.

CoeficienLLGHHILFLHQUH]XOWGLQFRPSDUDUHDHIRUWXULORUGHSXVH
FXUH]XOWDWHOHRELQXWH sau invers:
EfectEfortK;EfortEfectKe e = =

unde:
eK FRHILFLHQWGHHILFLHQ
Exemplu:
100KPR
prn
f⋅= ,
unde:
Rf UDWDUHQWDELOLWLLILQDQFLDUH a capitalului propriu;
Pn = profitul net;
Kpr= capitalul propriu.

CoeficienLL de echilibru VHGHWHUPLQFDraport îQWUHGRXPULPL
FRPSDUDELOHFXVHPQLILFDLHvQWHUPHQLGHHFKLOLEUXHFRQRPLFVDXILQDQFLDU
De exemplu:
IKKK
pp
+= ,
unde:
K = coeficientul (rata) autonomiei financiare;
Kp = capitalul propriu;
I = împrumuturileSHWHUPHQPHGLXúLOXQJ

2.4. Ratele

5HSUH]LQWXQUDSRUWvQWUHGRXPULPLFRPSDUDELOHORJLFR-
HFRQRPLF(OHVXQWODUJUVSkQGLWHvQOLWHUDWXUaúLSUDFWLFa din domeniul
analizei economico-ILQDQFLDUHDGLDJQRVWLFULLúLHYDOXULLDFWLYLWLL
întreprinderilor.

De exemplu:
100qcqcqpRc ⋅−=∑∑∑,

unde:
Rc UDWDUHQWDELOLWLLUHVXUVHORUFRQVXPDWH
T FDQWLWDWHDYkQGXW
c = costul pe unitate de produs;
S SUHXOPHGLXGHYkQ]DUHSHSURGXV

Interpretarea ratelor trebuiHIFXWFXSUXGHQvQIXQFLHde fiecare
termen al raportului.

5DWHOHFDPHWRGGHPVXUDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLHFRQRPLFR-financiar
pot fi grupate în:
ƒ UDWHGHVWUXFWXU;
ƒ rate de gestiune;
ƒ rate de echilibru;
ƒ UDWHGHHILFLHQ.

2.5. Tehnicile scorurilor (scoring), ca metode ale analizei
discriminante

6FRUXOPHWRGDVFRULQJUHSUH]LQWRPHWRGGHDQDOL]
discriminantFXFDUHVHRSHUHD]vQPHGLXOH[WHUQDOvQWUHSULQGHULLGH
UHJXOvQEQFL5HSUH]LQWRIXQFLHFRQVWUXLWSHED]DXQXLDQXPLWQXPU
de indicatori.'HH[HPSOXXQDGLQIXQFLLOHVFRUFXFDUHRSHUHD]%DQFD
)UDQHLXWLOL]HD] 8LQGLFDWRULLDUYDORULOHHLDXODED]REVHUYULvQWLPSSH
un nXPUGHDQL úLeVWHDSOLFDELOvQWUHSULQGHULORUFXSHVWHGHVDODULDL
3ULPHOHOXFUULSULYLQGPetoda scorurilor au fost realizate în S.U.A.,
vQWUHDQLLúLLDUvQ)UDQDVSUHVIkUúLWXODQLORU¶
)XQFLDVFRU³=³DUHIRUPD

Z = ax1 + bx2 +…..+ zxn ,
unde:
x1 ,….. xn = ratele implicate în calcul;
a,b,……z = coeficienii de ponderare.
Aceste metode se folosesc preponderent în investigarea echilibrului
financiar, unde nu substituie alte metode,FLOHFRPSOHWHD]
6FRUXO=FDOFXODWODQLYHOXOXQHLILUPHLQGLFJUDGXOGH
vulnerabilitate al acesteia, punând în eviGHQ existenDGLVIXQFLRQDOLWLORU
DQDOL]DFRPSDUDWLYDGLQDPLFLLVFRUXOXLLQGLYLGXDOFXHYROXLDFRQVWDWDWOD
nivelul sectorului de activitate reflectSUHGLVSR]LLDILUPHLODULVFvQWU-un
DQXPLWPHGLXFRQFXUHQLDO

2.6. Metoda substituirilor în lan (metoda iterrii)

3HUPLWHFXDQWLILFDUHDFRQWULEXLHLGLIHULWHORUHOHPHQWHVDXIDFWRULOD
IRUPDUHDúLPRGLILFDUHDrezultatuluiIDGHXQQLYHOGHFRPSDUDLH
6HDSOLFvQFD]XOvQFDUHUHODLLOHGHWLSGHWHUPLQLVWGLQWUHUH]XOWDWúL
elemente sau factorii de LQIOXHQDXIRUPDGHSURGXVVDXUDSRUW
SURSRULRQDOLWDWHGLUHFWVDXLQYHUV,WHUDUHDVHIDFHFXUHVSHFWDUHDD
principii:
a) DúH]DUHDIDFWRULORUVHIDFHvQRUGLQHDFRQGLLRQrii lor economice, ceea
FHvQVHDPQRUGLQHDGHDQDOL]DGLF întâi factorii caQWLWDWLYLúLDSRL
FHLFDOLWDWLYLGDFDSDUIDFWRULLGHVWUXFWXUHLLQWHUYLQLPHGLDWGXS
cei cantitativi);
b) substituirile se fac succesiv;
c) XQIDFWRUVXEVWLWXLWVHPHQLQHFDVWDUHvQRSHUDLLOHXOWHULRDUH
De exemplu, într-un model de 3 factori, fenomenul capWH[SUHVLD

Y = f (x) respectiv y = f (x1 , x2 , xn)

Exemplu: CAP
ACAAPe
eee ⋅⋅=

$GLF 321xxxy ⋅⋅= ,

unde:
eA = active de exploatare;
CA FLIUDGHDIDFHULvQSUHXULGHYkQ]DUHH[FOXVLY79$
eP = profitul din exploatare aferent cifrei de afaceri.

Cazul teoretic:

I) Modelul în forma unui produs de mai muli factori:
cbaR⋅⋅=
unde:
R = rezultat;
a,b,c = factori de influen

a) ÌQPULPLDEVROXWH
În care: 0000 cbaR ⋅⋅= úL 1111 cbaR ⋅⋅=
01RRR−=Δ
6HSDUkQGLQIOXHQDILHFUXLDGLQFHLIDFWRULDVXSUDPRGLILFULL
rezultatului (RΔUHODLLOHVXQWXUPWRDUHOH
a) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLa:
0001000001 cb)aa(cbacba ⋅⋅−=⋅⋅−⋅⋅
b) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLb:
0011001011 c)bb(acbacba ⋅−⋅=⋅⋅−⋅⋅
c) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLc:
)cc(bacbacba0111011111 −⋅⋅=⋅⋅−⋅⋅

b) ÌQPULPLUHODWLYH

6HDUHvQYHGHUHIRUPXODJHQHUDODSURGXVXOXLGHLQGLFL
1nn320R100iiiiI−⋅⋅=,

ÌQFD]XOGDWUH]XOW

2cba
01R100iii100RRI⋅⋅=⋅=

unde:
IR = indicele rezultatului analizat;
i1, i2,…, in = indicele factorului respectiv;

Δ IR = IR – 100.

a) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLa:
ia – 100
b) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLb:
100)100i(ii100iiba
aba −⋅=−⋅
c) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLc:
2cbaba
2cba
100)100i(ii
100ii
100iii −⋅=⋅−⋅⋅

II) Modelul în forma unui raport dintre doi factori:

II.1) baR=, unde: a = factor cantitativ;
b = factor calitativ.

ÌQPULPLDEVROXWH

a) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLa:
001
00
01
b)aa(
ba
ba −=−
b) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLb:



−⋅=−
011
01
11
b1
b1aba
ba

ÌQPULPLUHODWLYH
100ii100RRI
ba
01R ⋅=⋅=

a) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLa:
100ia−
b) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLb:
a
bai100ii−


⋅

II.2)baR=, unde: a = factor calitativ;
b = factor cantitativ.

ÌQPULPLDEVROXWH

a) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLb:



−=−
010
00
10
b1
b1aba
ba
b) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLa:
101
10
11
b)aa(
ba
ba −=−

ÌQPULPLUHODWLYH
100iiI
ba
R⋅=
100IIRR−=Δ

a) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLb:
100i100
b2
−
b) LQIOXHQDIDFWRUXOXLD
b2
ba
i100100xii−

0HWRGDVHDSOLFúLvQFD]XOvQFDUHvQWUHYDULDELOHOHXQXLPRGHO
H[LVWUHODLLGHVXPúLVDXGLIHUHQ0HWRGDEDODQWLHU):

R = a + b – c;

De exemplu : D = Si + I – Sf,
unde:
D YROXPXOYkQ]ULORU
Si VWRFLQLLDO
I LQWUUL
Sf = stoc final.

,QIOXHQHOHIDFWRULORUVXQWXUPWRDUHOH

,QIOXHQDVWRFXOXLLQLLDO
0 1iiSS−

,QIOXHQDLQWUULORU
01II−

3. InIOXHQDVWRFXOXLILQDO
()0 1ffSS−−

2.7. Metoda calculului matricial

6HDSOLFvQFD]XOH[LVWHQHLXQRUUHODLLGHWHUPLQLVWHGHWLSSURGXV
VDXUDSRUWvQWUHIHQRPHQXODQDOL]DWúLIDFWRULLGHLQIOXHQ6HSDUDUHD
LQIOXHQHLIDFWRULORULQHVHDPDGHRUGLQHDGHLQWHUFRQGLLRQDUHDIDFWRULORU
întULQGSULQFLSLLOHPHWRGHLVXEVWLWXLULORUvQODQ6HSRDWHDSOLFDvQWRDWH
domeniile analizei economice, iar utilizarea calculatoarelor electronice îi
conferXQPDUHJUDGGHGHWDOLHUHH[DFWLWDWHúLHILFLHQ.

2.8. Metoda ABC

,QLLDWRUXODFHVWHLPHWRGHHVWH3DUHWR6HPDLQXPHúWHúLPHWRGD
úLSURSXQHRDQDOL]VHOHFWLYDFRPSRQHQWHORUXQXLIHQRPHQVDX
rezultat în funcLHGHSR]LLDORUvQFDGUXOvQWUHJXOXL 6HXWLOL]HD]SHQWUX
DQDOL]DYkQ]ULORUSHSURGXVHFDWHJRULLGHFOLHQLHWF
ÌQFD]XOVWUXFWXULLYkQ]ULORUSHSURGXVHFXUEDWHRUHWLFpresupune
H[LVWHQDDVXEJUXSHFXFDUDFWHULVWLFLVSHFLILFH
¾ 10-GLQQXPUXOGHSURGXVHVDXPUIXULUHSUH]LQW-70% din
cifra de afaceri (zona A); deci o subgruSFDUHFXSULQGHIRDUWHSXLQH
SURGXVHVDXPUIXULGDUFDUHUHDOL]HD] o mare parte din cifra de
afaceri;
¾ 25-GLQQXPUXOGHSURGXVHVDXPUIXULYkQGXWHGDX-30%
din cifra de afaceri (zona B);
¾ 65-GLQQXPUXOGHSURGXVHVDXPUIXULGDX-15% din cifra de
afaceri ]RQD&GHFLGRXVXEJUXSHFDUHGDXPDLSXLQGHMXPWDWH
din cifra de afaceri dar FDUHFRQFHQWUHD]PDMRULWDWHDSURGXVHORU
comercializate.
$FHDVWFXUEWHRUHWLFDUHYDORDUHDWâWVWDWLVWLFFkWúLLQGLFDWLY
$VWIHOFXUEDUHDOVHFRPSDUFXFHDWHRUHWLFúLVHGHSULQGFRQFOX]LLOH
respective.

2.9. Metode ale cercetrii operaionale

6HXWLOL]HD]vQDGRSWDUHDGHFL]LLORUvQFD]XOvQFDUHLQWHUYLQ
QXPHURúLIDFWRULFDUHWUHEXLHDYXLvQYHGHUH&ODVLILFDUH
¾ PHWRGHDOHFHUFHWULLRSHUDLRQDOHGHWHUPLQLVWHSURJUDPDUHOLQLDU
programare dinamic, teoria deciziei, teoria jocurilor, metoda
drumului critic);
¾ PHWRGHSUREDELOLVWLFH/DQXULOH0DUNRYSURFHVHOH3RLVVRQWHRULD
ILUHORUGHDúWHSWDUHPHWRGD3HUW
¾ metode simulative (metoda Monte Carlo, modelul dinamic al
VLPXOULLJHVWLRQDUH.

2.10. Metoda analizei regresionale

6HXWLOL]HD]vQFD]XOUHODLLORUGHWLSVWRFDVWLFGHWLSOLQLDU
KLSHUEROLFSDUDEROLFH[SRQHQLDO

2.11. Metodele sociologice

&XDMXWRUXODFHVWRUPHWRGHVHSXQvQHYLGHQIDFWRULLLQGLUHFLVDX
cauzeleSUH]XPWLYHFHHDFHFRQGXFHODRELQHUHDGHLQIRUPDLLGHQXDQ
HVHQLDOHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDXQXLGLDJQRVWLFFRUHFWúLHILFLHQW0HWRGHOH
sociologice cele mai utilizate în analiza microeconomic sunt metoda
chestionaruluiúLcea a interviului.

1.5. Interpretarea rezultatelor

'XSFRPHQVXUDUHDFXDQWLILFDUHDLQIOXHQHORUHOHPHQWHORUVDX
IDFWRULORUDVXSUDUH]XOWDWXOXLHFRQRPLFVHLQWHUSUHWHD]UH]XOWDWHOHvQ
IXQFLHGHVHPQLILFDLDORUHFRQRPLF.

1.6 Generalizarea sau evaluarea rezultatelor

$FHDVWDUHSUH]LQWRPHWRGFDOLWDWLYGHUHXQLUHvQWU-un ansamblu
coerent a concluziilor rezultate din studiul factorial-cauzal al fenomenelor;
VHXWLOL]HD]vQUDSRUWXOGHDQDOL]VWXGLLOHGHIH]DELOLWDWHúLGHHYDOXDUHHWF

1.3.4 Sistemul de infRUPDLL–SUHPLVDHIHFWXULLDQDOL]HL
economice

,QIRUPDLDUHSUH]LQWPDWHULDSULPGHED]SHQWUXDQDOL]D
economico-ILQDQFLDU$QDOL]DVHED]HD]SHLQIRUPDLLúLIXUQL]HD]OD
UkQGXOHLLQIRUPDLLQHFHVDUHvQSURFHVXOPDQDJHULDO
,QIRUPDLDHFRQRPLF prRYLQHGLQGRXVXUVHLPSRUWDQWH3:
1. Surse interne întreprinderiiSULQFLSDOHOHLQIRUPDLLLQWHUQHvQ
VSHFLDOILQDQFLDUHVHRELQGLQGRFXPHQWHOHGHVLQWH]ELODQXO
FRQWXOGHSURILWúLSLHUGHULúLDQH[H$OWHVXUVHLQWHUQHVXQW
contabilitatea de gestiune, contractul de management, programele de
IDEULFDLHQRUPHleOHJLVODLDILVFDOúLHFRQRPLF etc.
2. Surse externe întreprinderiiFXPDUILLQIRUPDLLSULYLQG
FRQMXQFWXUDSLHHLLQWHUQHúLLQWHUQDLRQDOHUDWDLQIODLHLGLQDPLFD

3
01LFXOHVFX'LDJQRVWLFJOREDOVWUDWHJLF(GLWXUD(FRQRPLF%XFXUHúWL

PIB, rata do-bânzii, SUHXOUHVXUVHORUHWFSHUIRUPDQHDOH
FRQFXUHQHLSURJUHVXOWHKQLFvQUDPXUDUHVSHFWLY,QIRUPDLLOHVXQW
asigurate prin:
ƒ reviste, cotidiene, magazine, periodice;
ƒ FRORFYLLFRQIHULQHFRQJUHVH
ƒ VDORDQHH[SR]LLLWkUJXUL
ƒ centre de documentare, breveWHGHLQYHQLL
ƒ RUJDQLVPHIXUQL]RDUHGHLQIRUPDLLGHVLQWH]DJHQLLUHJLRQDOH
de informare úWLLQLILFúLWHKQLFFDPHUHGHFRPHUúLLQGXVWULH
LQVWLWXWHQDLRQDOHGHVWDWLVWLFRUJDQLVPHGHFRQVXOWDQDJHQLL
QDLRQDOHGHFHUFHWDUHúLLQIRUPDUH
ƒ YL]LWHvQWkOQLULUHODLLFXFOLHQLLIXUQL]RULLúLFRQFXUHQLL
ƒ FXPSUDUHDúLDQDOL]DGHHúDQWLRDQH
ƒ UHHDXDSURSULHDvQWUHSULQGHULL
&HULQHOHFDUHWUHEXLHVILHUHVSHFWDWHGHLQIRUPDLHVXQWXWLOLWDWHD
exactitatea, profunzimea, vechimea sau vârstaYDORDUHDLQIRUPDLHLúL
costul ei.

6LVWHPHRUJDQL]DLRQDOHDOHDFWLYLWLLGHDQDOL]
economico-ILQDQFLDU

([LVWPDLPXOWHSRVLELOLWLGHRUJDQL]DUHúLUHDOL]DUHDDFWLYLWLLGH
DQDOL]HFRQRPLFvQIXQFLHGHVFRSXOXUPULWúLGHVXELHFW)irmele
SXWHUQLFHGHLQvQFDGUXOORUXQFRPSDUWLPHQWVSHFLDOL]DWGHDQDOL]
economico-financiDUDFUHLUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHHVWHGHDHIHFWXDDQDOL]H
economice pe probleme, studii utilizate în practica managerialFXUHQWVDX
de a efectua diagnostice globale.
În cadrul firmelor mici care nu dispun de compartimente specializate
GHDQDOL]DFWLYLWDWHDGHDQDOL]HFRQRPLFHVWHUHDOL]DWGHILHFDUH
FRPSDUWLPHQWIXQFLRQDO,SHSUREOHPHOHFDUHLQWUvQFRPSHWHQDDFHVWRUD
$FWLYLWDWHDGHVIúXUDWGHFRPSDUWLPHQWXOGHDQDOL]HFRQRPLFR-
ILQDQFLDUFRQVWvQUHDOL]DUHDGHUDSRDUWHGHGLDJQRVWLFDUHSHSUREOHPH
DQDOL]DSHED]GHELODQvQVFRSXOSUH]HQWULLvQFDGUXOúHGLQHORUFRQVLOLLORU
GHDGPLQLVWUDLHUHVSHFWLYDGXQDUHDDFLRQDULORUGLDJQRVWLFHJOREDOHvQ
cazXOH[LVWHQHLGLVIXQFLRQDOLWLORUvQIXQFionarea întreprinderii.

De asemenea, pot efectua analize tematice sau de ansamblu,
RUJDQLVPHOHFUHDWHVSHFLDOSHQWUXVROXLRQDUHDXQRUSUREOHPHOHJDWHGH
SURPRYDUHDGHQRLSURGXVHVWXGLHUHDFRQFXUHQHLH[WLQGerea sau
restrângerea unor actLYLWLVWXGLLGHIH]DELOLWDWH etc.

Alte organisme care desfúRDUDFWLYLWLGHDQDOL]
¾ RUJDQHOHILVFDOHDOHVWDWXOXLFDUHDQDOL]HD]PRGXOGHVWDELOLUHD
ED]HLGHLPSR]LWDUHúLGHUHVSHFWDUHDOHJLVODLHLvQYLJRDUH
¾ unitLOHEDQFDUHvQVSHFLDOFXRFD]LDVROLFLWULLúLDFRUGULLGH
FUHGLWHúLXUPULUHDUDPEXUVULLORU
¾ ILUPHVSHFLDOL]DWHGHFRQVXOWDQODVROLFLWDUHDvQWUHSULQGHULLSHQWUX
VROXLRQDUHDXQRUSUREOHPHHIHFWXDUHDGHVWXGLLGHIH]DELOLWDWHGH
evaluare etc.

Ì175(%5,

1. 'HILQLLDQDOL]DHFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDUDvQWUHSULQGHULL

2. (QXPHUDLSULQFLSDOHOHWLSXULGHDQDOL]HFRQRPLFR-financiare.

3. &DUHHVWHGHRVHELUHDGLQWUHDQDOL]DFDQWLWDWLYúLFHDFDOLWDWLY?

4. 'HILQLLSURFHVXOGHDQaliz economico-ILQDQFLDUúLHQXPHUDLHWDSHOH
acesteia.

5. 'DLH[HPSOHGHIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQDIHQRPHQHORUHFRQRPLFHGXS
diverse criterii de clasificare a acestora.

6. 3UH]HQWDLUHODLLGLQWUHUH]XOWDWúLIDFWRULúLLGHQWLILFDLFRQLQXWXO
acestora.

7. Care este rolul analizei în eYDOXDUHDúLUHJODUHDSHUIRUPDQHORU
economico-financiare ale întreprinderii?

8. (QXPHUDLSULQFLSDOHOHPHWRGHGHDQDOL]FDOLWDWLY

9. ÌQFHFRQVWFRPSDUDLDFDPHWRGGHDQDOL]FDOLWDWLY?

10. Care sunt cele mai utilizatHPHWRGHGHDQDOL]FDQWLWDWLY?

11. ExpliFDLVFRSXOXWLOL]ULLLQGLFLORUFDPHWRGGHDQDOL]FDQWLWDWLY
a fenomenelor economice.

12. ,QGLFDLFHOSXLQWUHLLQGLFDWRULGHHILFLHQHFRQRPLF

13. 'DLH[HPSOHGHUDWHXWLOL]DWHvQDQDOL]DHFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDUúL
SUH]HQWDLDYDQWDMXOXWLOL]ULLDFHVtora comparativ cu indicatorii
H[SULPDLvQPULPLDEVROXWH

14. Pentru FHVHXWLOL]HD]PHWRGDVFRULQJ"'DLH[HPSOHGHPRGHOHXWLOL]DWH
SHSODQQDLRQDOúLLQWHUQDLRQDO

15. ÌQFHFRQGLLLVHXWLOL]HD]PHWRGDVXEVWLWXLULORUvQODQ?

16. (QXPHUDLUHJXOLOHPHWRGei iterULLVXEVWLWXLULORUvQODQ

17. 6WDELOLLUHODLLOHGHFXDQWLILFDUHDLQIOXHQHORUIDFWRULORUasupra unui
UH]XOWDWHFRQRPLFH[SULPDWHvQPULPLDEVROXWHvQFD]XOXWLOL]ULL
PHWRGHLLWHUULL.

18. Care sunt limitelePHWRGHLLWHUULL?

19. Când se utilizeazPHWRGDEDODQLHU?

20. ([SOLFDLFRQLQXWXOúLXWLOLWDWHDSUDFWLFDPHWRGHL$%&3DUHWR

21. ÌQFHFRQVWJHQHUDOL]DUHDVDXHYDOXDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUFDPHWRGGH
DQDOL]DFDOLWDWLY?

22. (QXPHUDLSULQFLSDOHOHVXUVHGHLQIRUPDLLXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXHIHFWXDUHD
analizei economico-financiare.

23. &DUHVXQWSULQFLSDOHOHPRGDOLWLGHRUJDQL]DUHDDFWLYLWLLGHDQDOL]
economico-ILQDQFLDUvQWU-o întreprindere.