AComprehensiveGuide [606277]

Delhi
AComprehensiveGuide

Contents
1 Main article 1
1.1 Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Toponymy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4 Civicadministration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.5 Governmentandpolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.6 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.7 Utilityservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.8 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.9 Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.10 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.11 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.12 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.13 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.14 WorldHeritagestatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.15 Seealso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.16 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.17 Furtherreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.18 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 History 22
2.1 HistoryofDelhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.1 CitiesofDelhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.2 Earlyhistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.3 8thcenturyto16thcentury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.4 16thcenturyto19thcentury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.5 Furtherreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.6 Seealso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.8 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.9 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
i

ii CONTENTS
3 Geography 29
3.1 EnvironmentofDelhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Waterpollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.2 Lossoffloraandfauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.3 Airpollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.4 Proposedsolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 ClimateofDelhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.1 OverviewofSeasonalDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.2 Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.3 ClimateData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.4 Weathermonitoringstations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.5 Day-lengthvariation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 Transport 34
4.1 TransportinDelhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.3 Intra-cityTransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.4 Inter-statetransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.5 Futureprojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.6 DelhiTrafficPolicetransporthelpline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.7 Referencesandnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.8 Seealso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.1.9 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2 DelhiSuburbanRailway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.1 Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 Timetable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.3 DelhiRingRailway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.4 Futuredevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.5 Fleetgallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.7 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3 DelhiMetro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3.2 Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3.3 Finances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3.4 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3.5 Rollingstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.3.6 Signallingandtelecommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3.7 Environmentandaesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

CONTENTS iii
4.3.8 Seealso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.11 Furtherreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.3.12 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 DelhiMonorail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4.1 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4.2 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5 DelhiBRTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.2 Designandoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5.3 Usageandperformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5.4 Proposeddevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5.5 Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5.6 Roadsafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5.7 Seealso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5.9 Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5.10 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Education 60
5.1 EducationinDelhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.2 Highereducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.3 Primaryandsecondaryeducation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1.4 Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1.5 Seealso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.7 Furtherreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.8 Externallinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 63
6.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3 Contentlicense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Chapter 1
Main article
1.1 Delhi
“National Capital Territory” redirects here. For the
genericterm,see Capitaldistrictsandterritories .
This article is about the National Capital Territory of
Delhi in India. For other uses, see Delhi (disambigua-
tion).
Not to be confused with New Delhi , the municipality
andthecapitalcityofIndia,locatedentirelywithinDelhi.
Delhi(/ˈdɛli/,Hindustani pronunciation: [d̪ɪlliː] Dilli), of-
ficially the National Capital Territory of Delhi , is
thecapital territory ofIndia.[5]Delhi is historically and
culturally connected to both the Upper Doab[6]of the
Yamuna-Gangesriver system and the Punjab region .[7]
It is bordered by Haryanaon three sides and by Uttar
Pradeshto the east. It has a population of about 16.3
million, making it the second most populous city and
second most populous urban agglomeration in India and
3rdlargesturbanarea[8]intheworld.[9][10]Suchisthena-
ture of urban expansion in Delhi that its growth has ex-
panded beyond the NCT to incorporate towns in neigh-
bouringstatesandatitslargestextentcancountapopu-
lationofabout25millionresidentsasof2014.[11]
Delhihasbeencontinuouslyinhabitedsincethe6thcen-
turyBC.[12]Throughmostofitshistory,Delhihasserved
asacapitalofvariouskingdomsandempires. Ithasbeen
captured,ransackedandrebuiltseveraltimes,particularly
duringthemedievalperiod, andmodernDelhi isa clus-
ter of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan
region.
The NCT and its urban region have been given the spe-
cial status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the
Constitution of India 's 69th Amendment Act of 1991.
TheNCRincludestheneighbouringcitiesof Faridabad,
Gurgaon,Noida,Ghaziabad,Neharpar(Greater Farid-
abad),Greater Noida ,Bahadurgarh ,Sonepat,Panipat,
Karnal,Rohtak,Bhiwani,Rewari,Baghpat,Meerut,
Alwar,Bharatpur and other nearby towns. A union ter-
ritory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi
todaymorecloselyresemblesthatofa stateofIndia,with
its own legislature, high court and an executive council
of ministers headed by a Chief Minister . New Delhi is
jointly administered by the federal government of Indiaand the local government of Delhi , and is the capital of
theNCTofDelhi.
1.1.1 Toponymy
There are a number of legends associated with the ori-
gin of the name Delhi. One is that it is derived from
DhilluorDilu, a king who built a city at this location
in 50 BC and named it after himself.[13][14][15]Another
legend holds that the name of the city is based on the
Hindi/Prakritword dhili(loose) and that it was used by
theTomarasto refer to the city because the Iron Pillar
ofDelhihadaweakfoundationandhadtobemoved.[15]
ThecoinsincirculationintheregionundertheTomaras
werecalled dehliwal.[16]Accordingtothe BhavishyaPu-
rana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort
inthemodern-day PuranaQila areafortheconvenience
of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the con-
struction of a gateway to the fort and later named the
fortdehali.[17]Some historians believe that the name is
derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleezordehali—
both terms meaning 'threshold' or 'gateway'—and sym-
bolicofthecityasagatewaytothe GangeticPlain .[18][19]
Anothertheorysuggeststhatthecity’soriginalnamewas
Dhillika.[20]
The people of Delhi are referred to as DelhiitesorDilli-
walas.[21]Thecityisreferencedinvariousidiomsofthe
NorthernIndo-Aryanlanguages . Examplesinclude:
Abhi Dilli door hai or itsPersianversion, Hanouz
Dehli dour ast , literally meaning Delhi is still far
away,whichisgenericallysaidaboutataskorjour-
neystillfarfromcompletion.[22][23]
Dilli dilwalon ka shehr orDilli Dilwalon ki meaning
Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring .[24]
Aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse ,literallymeaning it
pours all around, while Delhi lies parched . Anallu-
siontothesometimessemi-aridclimateofDelhi,it
idiomaticallyreferstosituationsofdeprivationwhen
oneissurroundedbyplenty.[23]
1

2 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
1.1.2 History
Mainarticles: HistoryofDelhi andOldDelhi
The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before
The ancient Yogmaya Temple , claimed to be one of the five tem-
ples of the Mahabharata era in Delhi.
thesecondmillenniumBC,andthereisevidenceofcon-
tinuousinhabitationsinceatleastthe6thcenturyBC.[12]
The city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the
legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic
Mahabharata.[13]According to this epic this land was
initially a huge mass of forests called 'Khandavaprastha'
which was burnt down to build the city of Indraprastha.
The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya
period(c. 300BC);in1966, aninscriptionoftheMau-
ryanEmperor Ashoka (273–235 BC) was discovered
near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight major cities have
been discovered in Delhi. The first five cities were in
thesouthernpartofpresent-dayDelhi. Gurjara-pratihara
KingAnangPal oftheTomaradynasty foundedthecity
ofLalKotinAD736. The ChauhansconqueredLalKot
in1180andrenamedit QilaRaiPithora .
The kingPrithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by
Muhammad Ghori , aTajikinvader from Afghanistan ,
who made a concerted effort to conquer northern
India.[13]By1200,nativeHinduresistancehadbegunto
crumble,thedominanceofforeignTurkicMuslimdynas-
ties in north India was to last for the next five centuries.
On the death of Muhammad in 1206, the Turkic slave-
general,Qutb-ud-dinAibak ,brokeawayfromthe Ghurid
Dynastyand became the first Sultan of Delhi . He be-
ganconstructionofthe QutbMinar andQuwwat-al-Islam
(mightofIslam)mosque,theearliestextantmosqueinIn-
dia. Qutb-ud-dinfacedwidespreadHindurebellionsand
it was his successor, Iltutmish(1211–36), who consoli-
datedtheTurkicconquestofnorthernIndia.[13][27]
For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a
successionof TurkicandanAfghan,Lodhidynasty . They
built a number of forts and townships that are part of
theseven cities of Delhi .[29]Delhi was a major centre
ofSufismduring this period.[30]TheMamluk Sultanate
(Delhi)was overthrown in 1290 by the Khilji dynasty
(1290–1320). UnderthesecondKhiljiruler, Ala-ud-din
Theiron pillar of Delhi , is said to have been fashioned at the
time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413) of the Gupta
Empire .[25][26]
Khilji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of
theNarmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate
reacheditsgreatestextentduringthereignof Muhammad
bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the
whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his cap-
ital toDaulatabad, Maharashtra in central India, but by
movingawayfromDelhihelostcontrolofthenorthand
wasforcedtoreturntoDelhitorestoreorder. Thesouth-
ern provinces then broke away. In the years following
thereignof FirozShahTughlaq (1351–1388),the Delhi
sultanaterapidly began to lose its hold over its north-
ernprovinces. Delhiwascapturedandsackedby Timur
Lenkin1398.[31]NearDelhi,Timurmassacred100,000
captives.[32]Delhi’s decline continued under the Sayyid
dynasty(1414–1451), untilthesultanatewasreducedto
Delhianditshinterland. UndertheAfghan Lodhidynasty
(1451–1526),theDelhisultanaterecoveredcontrolofthe
PunjabandtheGangeticplaintoonceagainachievedom-
ination over northern India. However, the recovery was
short-lived and in 1526 the sultanate was destroyed by
Babur,founderofthe Mughaldynasty .
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan
and Timur, from the Fergana Valley in modern-day
Uzbekistan , invaded India, defeated the last Lodhi sul-
tanintheFirstBattleofPanipat andfoundedthe Mughal
Empirethat ruled from Delhi and Agra.[13]The Mughal
dynastyruledDelhiformorethanthreecenturies,witha
sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri
andHemufrom 1540 to 1556.[33]In 1553, the Hindu

1.1. DELHI 3
At 72.5 m (238 ft), A UNESCO World Heritage Site , theQutub
Minar is the world’s tallest free-standing brick minaret .[28]
king,HemuaccededtothethroneofDelhibydefeating
forcesofMughalEmperorHumayunatAgraandDelhi.
However,theMughalsre-establishedtheirruleafterAk-
bar’s army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of
Panipatin 1556.[34][35][36]Shah Jahan built the seventh
cityofDelhithatbearshisname Shahjahanabad ,which
served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638
andistodayknownasthe Old CityorOld Delhi.[37]
AUNESCO World Heritage Site ,Red fort is the location from
which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on
Independence Day
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Em-pire’s influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha
EmpirefromDeccan Plateau rose to prominence.[38]In
1737,MarathaforcessackedDelhifollowingtheirvictory
againsttheMughalsinthe FirstBattleofDelhi . In1739,
theMughalEmpirelostthehuge BattleofKarnal inless
than three hours against the numerically outnumbered
but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah
ofPersiaduring his invasionafter which he completely
sacked and looted Delhi , the Mughal capital, carrying
awayimmensewealthincludingthe PeacockThrone ,the
Daria-i-Noor , andKoh-i-Noor . The Mughals, severely
further weakened, could never overcome this crushing
defeat and humiliation which also left the way open
for more invaders to come, including eventually the
British.[39][40][41]Nadereventuallyagreedtoleavethecity
andIndiaafterforcingtheMughalemperor Muhammad
ShahItobeghimformercyandgrantinghimthekeysof
thecityandtheroyaltreasury.[42]Atreatysignedin1752
made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in
Delhi.[43]
AUNESCO World Heritage Site , built in 1560, Humayun’s Tomb
is the first example of Mughal tomb complexes .[44]
In1757,theAfghanruler, AhmadShahDurrani ,sacked
Delhi. HereturnedtoAfghanistanleavingaMughalpup-
pet ruler in nominal control. The Marathas again occu-
piedDelhiin1758,andwereincontroluntiltheirdefeat
in 1761 at the third battle of Panipat when the city was
capturedagainbyAhmadShah.[45]However,in1771,the
MarathasestablishedaprotectorateoverDelhiwhenthe
Maratharuler, MahadjiShinde ,recapturedDelhiandthe
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was installed as a pup-
petrulerin1772.[46]In1783,Sikhsunder BaghelSingh
capturedDelhiand RedFortbutduetothetreatysigned,
SikhswithdrewfromRedFortandagreedtorestore Shah
Alamastheemperor.In1803,duringthe SecondAnglo-
Maratha War , the forces of British East India Company
defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi .[47]
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Delhi fell to the
forcesofEastIndiaCompanyafterabloodyfightknown
as theSiege of Delhi . The city came under the direct
controlofthe BritishGovernment in1858. Itwasmade
a district province of the Punjab.[13]In 1911, it was an-
nounced that the capital of British held territories in In-
diawastobetransferredfrom CalcuttatoDelhi.[48]The

4 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
name“NewDelhi”wasgivenin1927, andthenewcap-
ital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi,
alsoknownas Lutyens’ Delhi ,[49]wasofficiallydeclaredas
thecapitalofthe UnionofIndia afterthecountrygained
independence on15August1947.[50]Duringthe partition
of India, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly
fromWestPunjab fledtoDelhi,whilemanyMuslimresi-
dentsofthecitymigratedtoPakistan. MigrationtoDelhi
from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contribut-
ing more to the rise of Delhi’s population than the birth
rate,whichisdeclining.[51]
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991
declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally
known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[52]
The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along
Civil lines, though with limited powers.[52]In Decem-
ber 2001, the Parliament of India building in New
Delhi was attackedby armed militants, killing six secu-
rity personnel.[53]India suspected Pakistan-based mili-
tant groups were behind the attack, which caused a ma-
jordiplomaticcrisis betweenthetwocountries.[54]There
were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in October 2005
andSeptember2008 ,resultinginatotalof103deaths.[55]
1.1.3 Ecology
Mainarticle: EnvironmentofDelhi
Delhiislocatedat 28°37′N77°14′E/28.61°N77.23°E ,
andliesinNorthernIndia . ItborderstheIndianstatesof
Haryanaonthenorth, westandsouthand UttarPradesh
(UP)totheeast. Twoprominentfeaturesofthegeogra-
phy of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi
ridge. TheYamunariver wasthehistoricalboundarybe-
tweenPunjabandUP,anditsfloodplainsprovidefertile
alluvialsoilsuitableforagriculturebutarepronetorecur-
rent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is
theonlymajorriverflowingthroughDelhi. The Hindon
RiverseparatesGhaziabadfromtheeasternpartofDelhi.
TheDelhiridgeoriginatesfromthe AravalliRange inthe
south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west
partsofthecity. Itreachesaheightof318m(1,043ft)
andisadominantfeatureoftheregion.[56]
The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area
of 1,484 km2(573 sq mi), of which 783 km2(302 sq
mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2(270 sq mi) urban
thereforemakingitthelargestcityintermsofareainthe
country. Ithasalengthof51.9km(32mi)andawidth
of48.48km(30mi).
DelhiisincludedinIndia’s seismiczone-IV ,indicatingits
vulnerabilitytomajorearthquakes,butearthquakeshave
notbeencommoninrecenthistory.[57]Climate
Seealso:ClimateofDelhi
Delhi features an atypical version of the humid subtrop-
icalclimate (Köppen Cwa). Thewarmseasonlastsfrom
9Aprilto8Julywithanaveragedailyhightemperature
above 36 °C (97 °F). The hottest day of the year is 22
May,withanaveragehighof38°C(100°F)andlowof
25°C(77°F).[58]Thecoldseasonlastsfrom11Decem-
berto11Februarywithanaveragedailyhightemperature
below18°C(64°F).Thecoldestdayoftheyearis4Jan-
uary,withanaveragelowof2°C(36°F)andhighof15
°C(59°F).[58]InearlyMarch,thewinddirectionchanges
fromnorth-westerlytosouth-westerly. FromApriltoOc-
tobertheweatherishot. Themonsoonarrivesattheend
ofJune,alongwithanincreaseinhumidity.[59]Thebrief,
mildwinterstartsinlateNovember,peaksinJanuaryand
heavyfogoftenoccurs.[60]
Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 5 to 40 °C
(41.0 to 104.0 °F), with the lowest and highest tem-
peratures ever recorded being −6.7 and 47.8 °C (19.9
and118.0°F)respectively.[61]Theannualmeantemper-
atureis25°C(77°F);monthlymeantemperaturesrange
from13to32°C(55to90°F).Thehighesttemperature
recordedinJulywas45°C(113°F)in1931.[62][63]The
average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1
in), most of which falls during the monsoon in July and
August.[13]The average date of the advent of monsoon
windsinDelhiis29June.[64]
Air pollution
Seealso:EnvironmentalissuesinDelhi
Delhi is the most polluted[67]city in the world and ac-
cording to one estimate, air pollution causes the death
of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.[68][69][70]
During 2013-14, peak levels of fine particulate matter
(PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due
to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction
work and crop burning in adjoining states.[68][71][72][73]
Delhihasthehighestleveloftheairborneparticulatemat-
ter,PM2.5considered most harmful to health, with 153
micrograms.[74]Risingairpollutionlevelhassignificantly
increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and
lung cancer) among Delhi’s children and women.[75][76]
ThedensesmoginDelhiduringwinterseasonresultsin
major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[77]Ac-
cording to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum
temperatureinDelhiduringwintershasdeclinednotably
since1998duetorisingairpollution.[78]
Environmentalists have criticised the Delhi government
for not doing enoughto curb air pollutionand to inform
people about air quality issues.[69]Most of Delhi’s res-
idents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution
in the city and the health risks associated with it;[72][73]

1.1. DELHI 5
Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the
city using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN Global
Compact Cities Programme
Dense smog blankets Connaught Place, Delhi.
however, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the
foreigndiplomaticcommunityandhigh-incomeIndians,
wasnoticeablyincreasing.[79]Sincethemid-1990s,Delhi
has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution –
Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among In-
diancities[80]andtheDelhiTransportCorporation oper-
ates the world’s largest fleet of environmentally friendly
compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.[81]In 1996, the
CentreforScienceandEnvironment (CSE)startedapub-
lic interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that
orderedtheconversionofDelhi’sfleetofbusesandtaxis
torunoncompressednaturalgas (CNG)andbannedthe
use ofleaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the
United States Department of Energy’s first 'Clean Cities
InternationalPartneroftheYear'awardforits“boldef-
forts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel
initiatives”.[81]The Delhi Metro has also been credited
forsignificantlyreducingairpollutantsinthecity.[82]
However, according to several authors, most of thesegains have been lost, especially due to stubble burning ,
a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a consider-
abledeclineinbusridership.[83][84]AccordingtoCSEand
SystemofAirQualityWeatherForecastingandResearch
(SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Pun-
jab, Haryanaand Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe
intensification of smog over Delhi.[85][86]The state gov-
ernment of Uttar Pradesh is considering imposing a ban
on crop burning to reduce pollution in Delhi NCR and
anenvironmentalpanelhasappealedtoIndia’sSupreme
Courttoimposea30%cessondieselcars.[87][88]
TheCircles of Sustainability assessment of Delhi gives
amarginallymorefavourableimpressionoftheecologi-
calsustainabilityofthecityonlybecauseitisbasedona
morecomprehensiveseriesofmeasuresthanonlyairpol-
lution. Part of the reason that the city remains assessed
atbasicsustainabilityisbecauseofthelowresource-use
andcarbonemissions ofitspoorerneighbourhoods.[89]
1.1.4 Civic administration
NORTH WEST
NORTH
NORTH EAST
EASTCENTRAL
NEW DELHIWEST
SOUTH WEST
SOUTH
Map showing the nine districts of Delhi
See also:Divisions of Delhi ,Districts of Delhi andList
oftownsinNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi
AsofJuly2007,theNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi
comprisesninedistricts,27 tehsils,59censustowns,300
villages,[90]andthreestatutorytowns,the MunicipalCor-
poration of Delhi (MCD) – 1,397.3 km2or 540 sq mi,
theNewDelhiMunicipalCouncil (NDMC)–42.7km2
or 16 sq mi and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) –
43 km2or 17 sq mi).[91][92]On 16 July 2012, the Delhi
Government decided to increase the number of districts
fromnineto11.[93]
TheDelhimetropolitanarealieswithintheNationalCap-
italTerritoryofDelhi(NCT),whichhasfivelocalmunic-
ipal corporations; North Delhi Municipal Corporation ,

6 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
South Delhi Municipal Corporation ,East Delhi Munic-
ipal Corporation , NDMC and DCB. The former MCD
wasdividedintothreesmallerMunicipalCorporations–
North Delhi, South Delhi and East Delhi.[94]According
tothe2011census,MCDisamongthelargestmunicipal
bodiesintheworld, providingcivicservicestoabout11
millionpeople.[95]
Delhi (civic administration) was ranked 5th out of 21
Cities for best governance & administrative practices in
India in 2014. It scored 3.6 on 10 compared to the na-
tionalaverageof3.3.[96]
DelhihousestheSupremeCourtofIndiaandtheregional
DelhiHighCourt alongwiththe SmallCausesCourt for
civil cases; the Magistrate Court and the Sessions Court
forcriminalcaseshasjurisdictionoverDelhi. Thecityis
administratively divided into eleven police-zones which
aresubdividedinto95localpolicestations.[97]
1.1.5 Government and politics
Supreme court is the apex court in the country.
Mainarticle: GovernmentofDelhi
The National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own
Legislative Assembly ,Lieutenant Governor , council of
ministersand ChiefMinister . Membersofthelegislative
assembly are directly elected from territorial constituen-
cies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished
in 1956, after which direct federal control was imple-
mented until it was re-established in 1993. The Munic-
ipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) handles civic admin-
istration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act.
TheGovernment of India and theGovernment of Na-
tional Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New
Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament
of India, theRashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace),
Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of India are
locatedinthemunicipaldistrictofNewDelhi. Thereare
70assemblyconstituenciesandseven LokSabha (Indian
parliament’slowerhouse)constituenciesinDelhi.[98][99]TheIndianNationalCongress (Congress)formedallthe
governmentsinDelhiuntilthe1990s,whenthe Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana , came
to power.[100]In 1998, the Congress returned to power
under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit , who was sub-
sequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in
2013,theCongresswasoustedfrompowerbythenewly
formedAam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejri-
walforming the government with outside support from
the Congress.[101]However, that government was short-
lived, collapsing only after 49 days.[102]Delhi was then
underPresident’srule tillFebruary2015.[103]OnFebru-
ary 10, 2015, the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power
after a landslide victory, winning 67 out of the 70 seats
intheDelhiLegislativeAssembly.[104]
1.1.6 Economy
Connaught Place in Delhi is an important economic hub of the
National Capital Region
DelhiisthelargestcommercialcentreinnorthernIndia;
in financial year 2009-10 it had a gross State Domes-
tic Product of₹2176 billion (US$32 billion).[105]As of
2013,thepercapitaincomeofDelhiwasRs. 210000,the
highestinIndia. TheGSDPofDelhiatthecurrentprices
for 2012-13 is estimated at Rs 3.66 trillion ( short scale)
againstRs3.11trillion( shortscale)in2011-12.[106]
As per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005–2006), the
tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi’s gross SDP
followedby secondaryandprimarysectorswith25.20%
and 3.85% contributions respectively.[107]Delhi’s work-
forceconstitutes32.82%ofthepopulation,andincreased
by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[108]Delhi’s unem-
ployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to
4.63% in 2003.[108]In December 2004, 636,000 people
were registered with various employment exchange pro-
grams in Delhi.[108]In 2001 the total workforce in na-
tional and state governments and the quasi-government
sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed
219,000.[108]Keyserviceindustriesareinformationtech-
nology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, mediaand
tourism.[109]Construction,power,healthandcommunity
services and real estate are also important to the city’s
economy. Delhi has one of India’s largest and fastest
growing retail industries.[110]Manufacturing also grew
considerably as consumer goods companies established
manufacturingunitsandheadquartersinthecity. Delhi’s
large consumer market and the availability of skilled

1.1. DELHI 7
labourhasalsoattractedforeigninvestment. In2001,the
manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and
thecityhad129,000industrialunits.[111]
1.1.7 Utility services
The headquarters of the New Delhi Municipal Corporation
(NDMC).
Delhi’s municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi
Jal Board(DJB). As of 2005–06, it supplied 650 mil-
liongallonsperday(MGD),whereastheestimatedcon-
sumption requirement is 963 MGD.[112]The shortfall is
met by private and public tube wells andhand pumps .
At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB’s largest wa-
ter source, followed by the Yamuna and Gangesrivers.
Delhi’sgroundwater levelisfallinganditspopulationden-
sityisincreasing,soresidentsoftenencounteracutewater
shortage.[112]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000
tonneswhich is dumped at three landfilllocations by
MCD.[113]Thedailydomesticwastewaterproductionis
470MGDandindustrialwastewateris70MGD.[114]A
large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Ya-
munariver.[114]
The city’s electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh
per capita but the actual demand is higher.[115]In Delhi
powerdistributionismanagedbyTataPowerDistribution
and BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Serviceruns43firestationsthatattendabout15,000fireandres-
cuecallsperyear.[116]Thestate-owned MahanagarTele-
phone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises
such asVodafone,Airtel,Idea Cellular ,Reliance Info-
comm,AircelandTata Docomo provide telephone and
cellphoneservicestothecity. Cellularcoverageisavail-
ableinGSM,CDMA,3Gand4G.
1.1.8 Transport
Mainarticle: TransportinDelhi
Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, it is the
busiest airport in South Asia.[117]Shown here is the
immigrationcounteratTerminal3oftheairport.
AnandViharTerminalrailwaystation,openedin2009
TheDelhiMetro
AviewofDelhiFaridabadSkyway

8 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
TheDelhi-GurgaonExpressway ,connectingDelhitothe
IndiraGandhiInternationalAirport
ADelhiundergroundmetrostation
Air
IndiraGandhiInternationalAirport ,situatedtothesouth-
west of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city’s do-
mestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012-
13, the airport was used by more than 35 million
passengers,[118][119]makingitoneofthebusiestairports
in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion
(US$1.4 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010,
handlesanadditional37millionpassengersannually.[120]
TheDelhi Flying Club , established in 1928 with two de
HavillandMoth aircraftnamed DelhiandRoshanara ,was
based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in
1929, when it was the Delhi’s only airport and the sec-
ondinIndia.[121]Theairportfunctioneduntil2001,how-
ever in January 2002 the government closed the airport
for flying activities because of security concerns follow-
ingtheNewYorkattacksinSeptember2001 . Sincethen,
theclubonlycarriesoutaircraftmaintenancecourses[121]
and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi Inter-
national Airport for VIP including the president and the
primeminister.[122]
A second airport open for commercial flights has been
suggestedeitherbyexpansionof MeerutAirport orcon-
structionofanewairportin GreaterNoida .[123]
Road
Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 sq.
kminIndia.
Busesarethemostpopularmeansofroadtransportcater-
ingtoabout60%ofDelhi’stotaldemand. Delhihasoneof India’s largest bus transport systems. Buses are op-
erated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation
(DTC), which owns largest fleet of compressed natural
gas(CNG)-fueled buses in the world. Personal vehicles
especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles ply-
ingonDelhiroads. Delhihasthehighestnumberofreg-
istered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in
India. Taxis,autorickshawsandcyclerickshawsalsoply
onDelhiroadsinlargenumbers.
Important Roads in Delhi
Someroadsandexpresswaysserveasimportantpillarsof
Delhi’sroadinfrastructure:
InnerRingRoad isoneofthemostimportant“state
highways”inDelhi. Itisa51kmlongcircularroad
which connects important areas in Delhi. Owing
tomorethan2dozengrade-separators/flyovers,the
roadisalmostsignal-free.
OuterRing Road is another major artery in Delhi
thatlinksfar-flungareasofDelhi.
The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway ( DND Flyway ) is
an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway
whichconnectsDelhito Noida(animportantsatel-
lite city of Uttar Pradesh ). The acronym DND
standsfor“Delhi-NoidaDirect”.
TheDelhiGurgaonExpressway isa28km(17mi)
expresswayconnectingDelhito Gurgaon,animpor-
tantsatellitecityof Haryana.
TheDelhiFaridabadSkyway iscontrolledtolledex-
presswaywhichconnectsDelhito Faridabad,anim-
portantsatellitecityof Haryana.
National Highways Passing Through Delhi
DelhiisconnectedbyRoadtovariouspartsofthecountry
throughseveralNationalHighways:
NationalHighway1(India) or(NH1)isaNational
Highway in Northern India that links the National
capitalNew Delhi to the town of Attari in Punjab
neartheIndo-Pakistanborder.
National Highway 2 (India) (NH 2) commonly re-
ferred as Delhi- KolkataRoad is a busy Indian Na-
tionalHighwaythatrunsthroughthestatesofDelhi,
Haryana,UttarPradesh ,Bihar,Jharkhand andWest
Bengal.
National Highway 8 (India) (NH 8) is a National
Highway in India that connects the Indian capital
cityofNewDelhiwiththeIndianFinancialcapital
cityofMumbai.
NationalHighway10(India) (NH10)isaNational
Highway in northern India that originates at Delhi
and ends at the town of Fazilka in Punjabnear the
Indo-Pakistanborder.

1.1. DELHI 9
NationalHighway24(India)(NH24)isaNational
HighwayinIndiathatconnectstheNationalcapital
Delhi toUttar Pradesh state capital Lucknow run-
ning438kilometersinlength.
Railway
Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network
andistheheadquartersofthe NorthernRailway . Thefive
mainrailwaystationsare NewDelhirailwaystation ,Old
Delhi,Nizamuddin Railway Station ,Anand Vihar Rail-
way Terminal andSarai Rohilla .[124]TheDelhi Metro ,
a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi
Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of
Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad,Gurgaon,
NoidaandGhaziabad.[125]AsofAugust2011,themetro
consistsofsixoperationallineswithatotallengthof189
km(117mi)and 146stations ,andseveralotherlinesare
under construction.[126]The Phase-I was built at a cost
of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost
an additional ₹216 billion (US$3.2 billion).[127]Phase-
II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by
2010.[128]Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation
on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers
everyday.[129]InadditiontotheDelhiMetro,asuburban
railway,the DelhiSuburbanRailway exists.[130]
Metro
TheDelhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi,
Faridabad,Gurgaon,NoidaandGhaziabad in the Na-
tionalCapitalRegionofIndia. DelhiMetroistheworld’s
13th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi
MetrowasIndia’sfirstmodernpublictransportationsys-
tem which has revolutionised travel by providing a fast,
reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The
networkconsistsofsixlineswithatotallengthof189.63
kilometres(117.83miles)with142stations,ofwhich35
areunderground,fiveareat-grade,andtheremainderare
elevated. Allstationshaveescalators, elevators, andtac-
tile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station en-
trances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-
grade,andundergroundlines,andusesbothbroadgauge
and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling
stockareused: Mitsubishi-ROTEMBroadgauge,Bom-
bardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge,
andCAFBeasainStandardgauge. ThePhase-IofDelhi
Metro was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the
Phase-IIwasexpectedtocostanadditional ₹216billion
(US$3.2 billion).[127]Phase-II has a total length of 128
km and was completed by 2010.[128]Delhi Metro com-
pleted 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It
carries millions of passengers every day.[129]In addition
totheDelhiMetro,asuburbanrailway,the DelhiSubur-
banRailway exists.[130]
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi
MetroRailCorporationLimited (DMRC),astate-ownedcompany with equal equity participation from Govern-
mentofIndiaandGovernmentofNationalCapitalTerri-
toryofDelhi. However,theorganisationisunderadmin-
istrativecontrolofMinistryofUrbanDevelopment,Gov-
ernmentofIndia. Besidesconstructionandoperationof
DelhiMetro,DMRCisalsoinvolvedintheplanningand
implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed
rail projects in India and providing consultancy services
to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad.
TheDelhiMetroprojectwasspearheadedby PadmaVib-
hushanE.Sreedharan ,theManagingDirectorofDMRC
andpopularlyknownasthe“MetroMan”ofIndia. Hefa-
mouslyresignedfromDMRCtakingmoralresponsibility
forametrobridgecollapsewhichtookfivelives. Sreed-
haranwasawardedwiththeprestigious LegionofHonour
by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi
Metro.
Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)
The08RRTSCorridorshavebeenproposedbyNational
CapitalRegionPlanningBoard(NCRPB)tofacilitatethe
peopletravellingfromnearbycitiesinNCRtoDelhi. The
threemaincorridorsinfirstphaseareasfollowswhichare
expectedtobecomeoperationalbefore2019:
1.Delhi – AlwarviaGurgaon
2.Delhi – PanipatviaSonepat
3.Delhi – MeerutviaGhaziabad
Remaining five corridors are also approved by National
CapitalRegionPlanningBoardbutareplannedinthesec-
ondphase.
To make the project operational NCRPB has formed a
separatebodynamedas" NationalCapitalRegionTrans-
port Corporation on the lines of DMRC to independently
formalise and monitor its progress.
Roads of 2006 and 2007
As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the to-
tal demand for transport.[124]Delhi has 1922.32 km of
road length per 100 km2, one of the highest road densi-
tiesinIndia.[124]ItisconnectedtootherpartsofIndiaby
fiveNationalHighways : NH1,2,8,10and24. Thecity’s
roadnetworkismaintainedbyMCD,NDMC,DelhiCan-
tonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and
Delhi Development Authority .[132]TheDelhi-Gurgaon
Expressway connects Delhi with Gurgaon and the inter-
national airport. “The Delhi-Faridabad Skyway” . con-
nects Delhi with the neighbouring industrial town of
Faridabad. The DND Flyway andNoida-Greater Noida
Expressway connectDelhiwiththesuburbsofNoidaand

10 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
The 32-lane toll gate at the Delhi-Gurgaon border is the largest
in South Asia and the second largest in Asia.[131]
GreaterNoida.[133][134]Delhi’srapidrateofeconomicde-
velopment and population growth has resulted in an in-
creasing demand for transport, creating excessive pres-
sure on the city’s transport infrastructure. As of 2008,
thenumberofvehiclesinthemetropolitanregion,Delhi
NCR, is 11.2 million (11.2 million).[135]In 2008, there
were85carsinDelhiforevery1,000ofitsresidents.[136]
Tomeetthetransportdemand,theStateandUniongov-
ernmentconstructedamassrapidtransitsystem,includ-
ingtheDelhiMetro.[124]In1998,theSupremeCourtof
India ordered that all public transport vehicles in Delhi
must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG).[137]
Buses are the most popular means of public transport,
cateringtoabout60%ofthetotaldemand.[124]Thestate-
ownedDelhiTransportCorporation (DTC)isamajorbus
serviceproviderwhichoperatestheworld’slargestfleetof
CNG-fuelledbuses.[138]DelhiBusRapidTransitSystem
runsbetween AmbedkarNagar andDelhiGate.
1.1.9 Demographics
Seealso:EthnicgroupsinDelhi
According to the 2011 census of India , the population
Swaminarayan Akshardham in Delhi is the largest Hindu tem-
ple complexes in the National Capital Territory. Hinduism is the
predominant faith in Delhi.
of Delhi is 16,787,941.[140]The corresponding popula-tion density was 11,297 persons per km2with a sex ra-
tio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of
86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant
mortalityrateper1000populationwere20.03,5.59and
13.08 respectively.[141]In 2001, the population of Delhi
increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by
215,000asaresultofnaturalpopulationgrowth[141]–this
madeDelhioneofthefastestgrowingcitiesintheworld.
By2015,Delhiisexpectedtobethethird-largestconur-
bationintheworldafterTokyoandMumbai.[142]Dwarka
SubCity,Asia’slargestplannedresidentialareaislocated
withintheNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi.[143]
Hinduism is Delhi’s predominant religious faith, with
81.68% of Delhi’s population, followed by Islam
(12.86%), Sikhism(3.41%),Jainism(1%), and others
(1.05%).[140]Otherminorityreligionsinclude Buddhism,
Zoroastrianism ,Christianity ,Baha'ismandJudaism.[145]
Hindiis the most widely spoken language in Delhi as
thenativelanguageofnearly81%ofthepopulation.[146]
Englishis the principal written language of the city and
the most commonly used language for the official pur-
poses. Native Punjabispeakers account for 7% of the
populationand Urdufor6%.[147]
According a 1999–2000 estimate, the total number of
people living below the poverty line , defined as living
on US$11 or less per month, in Delhi was 1,149,000,
or8.23%ofthetotalpopulation,comparedto27.5%of
India as a whole.[148]52% of Delhi residents who live
in slums[149]without basic services like water, electric-
ity,sanitation,sewagesystemorproperhousing.[150][151]
In 2005, Delhi accounted for the highest percentage
(16.2%) of the crimes reported in 35 Indian cities with
populations of one million or more.[152]The city has
the highest rate of kidnapping and abduction cases with
9.3%; the national rate is 2.2%.[153]Delhi accounts for
15.4%ofcrimeagainstwomeninIndiancities.[153]
Punjabisaccountfor35%andSikhsfor4%ofDelhi’sto-
tal population.[154][155]Findings from surveys conducted
by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
(CSDS)inDelhiestimateanaverageof40%ofthevot-
ers in Delhi belong to the upper castes. About 12%
areBrahmins, 7% areKhatri&AroraPunjabis, 7% are
Rajputs,6%belongtothe AgarwalandJaincommunities
and 8% are from other forward castes. Jat community,
roughly 5% of Delhi’s population and located mostly in
theruralpartsofouterDelhi. OBCcommunitiessuchas
theGujjars,Yadavsand the lower OBCs together form
about 18% of Delhi’s population. Dalitsconstitute 17%
ofDelhi’spopulation.[156]
1.1.10 Culture
Seealso:CultureofIndia
Delhi’sculturehasbeeninfluencedbyitslengthyhistory
and historic association as the capital of India. This is
exemplified by many significant monuments in the city.

1.1. DELHI 11
Traditional pottery on display in DilliHaat
Delhi is also identified as the location of Indraprastha ,
the ancient capital of the Pandavas. TheArchaeological
Survey of India recognises 1200 heritage buildings[157]
and175monumentsasnationalheritagesites.[158]Inthe
OldCity,theMughalsandtheTurkicrulersconstructed
several architecturally significant buildings, such as the
Jama Masjid – India’s largest mosque[159]built in 1656
[160]andtheRedFort. ThreeWorldHeritageSites –the
Red Fort,Qutab Minar andHumayun’s Tomb – are lo-
cated in Delhi.[161]Other monuments include the India
Gate, theJantar Mantar – an 18th-century astronomi-
cal observatory – and the Purana Qila – a 16th-century
fortress. The Laxminarayan temple ,Akshardham tem-
ple,theBahá'íLotustemple andtheISKCONtemple are
examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and asso-
ciatedmemorials housesmemorialsof MahatmaGandhi
andothernotablepersonalities. NewDelhihousesseveral
governmentbuildingsandofficialresidencesreminiscent
ofBritishcolonialarchitecture,includingtheRashtrapati
Bhavan,the Secretariat ,Rajpath, the Parliament of In-
diaandVijayChowk .Safdarjung’sTomb isanexample
oftheMughalgardens style. Someregal havelis(palatial
residences)areintheOldCity.[162]
Lotus Temple , is a Bahá'í House of Worship completed
in1986. Notableforitsflowerlikeshape,itservesasthe
Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has be-
comeaprominentattractioninthecity. TheLotusTem-
plehaswonnumerousarchitecturalawardsandbeenfea-
tured in hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles.
Like all other Bahá'í Houses of Worship , is open to all
regardless of religion, or any other distinction, as em-
phasisedin Bahá'ítexts . TheBahá'ílawsemphasisethat
thespiritoftheHouseofWorshipbe thatitisa gather-
ingplacewherepeopleofallreligionsmayworshipGod
withoutdenominationalrestrictions.[163]TheBahá'ílaws
also stipulate that only the holy scriptures of the Bahá'í
Faithand other religions can be read or chanted inside
inanylanguage;whilereadingsandprayerscanbesetto
music by choirs, no musical instruments can be played
inside. Furthermore, no sermonscan be delivered, and
therecanbenoritualisticceremoniespractised.[163]Chandni Chowk , a 17th-century market, is one of the
most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and
Zarisaris.[164]Delhi’sartsandcraftsinclude, Zardozi[165]
– an embroidery done with gold thread –[166]and
Meenakari[167]–theartofenamelling.
Festivals
Rashtrapati Bhavan been lit up for Republic Day of India.
Delhi’sassociationandgeographicproximitytothecapi-
tal,NewDelhi,hasamplifiedtheimportanceofnational
events and holidays like Republic Day ,Independence
Day(15August)and Gandhi Jayanti . OnIndependence
Day, thePrime Minister addresses the nation from the
Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying
kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[168]
TheRepublicDayParade isalargeculturalandmilitary
parade showcasing India’s cultural diversity and military
strength.[169][170]Over the centuries, Delhi has become
knownforitscompositeculture,andafestivalthatsym-
bolisesthisisthe Phool Walon Ki Sair ,whichtakesplace
in September. Flowers and pankhe– fans embroidered
with flowers – are offered to the shrine of 13th century
SufisaintKhwajaBakhtiyarKaki andtheYogmayatem-
ple,bothsituatedin Mehrauli.[171]
The Pragati Maidan in Delhi hosts the WorldBookFair bienni-
ally.
Religious festivals include Diwali(the festival of lights),
Mahavir Jayanti ,GuruNanak’sBirthday ,Raksha Band-
han,Durga Puja ,Holi,Lohri,Chauth,Krishna Janmas-
tami,Maha Shivratri ,Eidul-Fitr,Moharram andBuddha
Jayanti.[170]TheQutubFestival isaculturaleventduring

12 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
which performances of musicians and dancers from all
overIndiaareshowcasedatnight,withtheQutubMinar
asabackdrop.[172]OthereventssuchasKiteFlyingFes-
tival,InternationalMangoFestival andVasant Panchami
(the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The
AutoExpo ,Asia’slargestautoshow,[173]isheldinDelhi
biennially. The NewDelhiWorldBookFair ,heldbienni-
allyatthePragatiMaidan ,isthesecondlargestexhibition
ofbooksintheworld.[174]Delhiisoftenregardedasthe
“Book Capital” of India because of high readership.[175]
IndiaInternationalTradeFair(IITF) ,organisedby ITPO
is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which
takesplaceinNovembereachyearandisvisitedbymore
than15lakhpeople.[176]
Cuisine
Mainarticle: Indiancuisine
As India’s national capital and centuries old Mughal
Daulat Chaat is made using a complicated technique of condens-
ing milk foam on a cold night, this dish is only available during
winters.[177]
capital, Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents
andiswhere Mughlaicuisine originated. AlongwithIn-
dian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are pop-
ular among the residents.[178]The dearth of food habits
amongthecity’sresidentscreatedauniquestyleofcook-
ing which became popular throughout the world, with
dishessuchas Kebab,biryani,tandoori. Thecity’sclassic
dishes include Butter chicken ,Aloo Chaat ,chaat,dahi
vada,kachori,chole bhature , Chole kulche, jalebiand
lassi.[178][179]:40–50,189–196
ThefastlivinghabitsofDelhi’speoplehasmotivatedthe
growthofstreetfood outlets.[179]:41Atrendofdiningat
localdhabasispopularamongtheresidents. Highprofile
restaurantshavegainedpopularityinrecentyears,among
the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab
GrillandBukhara.[180]TheGali Paranthe Wali (thestreet
offriedbread)isastreetinChandniChowkparticularly
forfoodeateriessincethe1870s. Almosttheentirestreet
is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors . It has
nearly become a tradition that almost every prime min-
isterofIndiahasvisitedthestreettoeat parathaatleastonce. OtherIndiancuisinesarealsoavailableinthisarea
even though the street specializes in north Indian food
.[179]:40–50[181]
1.1.11 Education
Mainarticle: EducationinDelhi
Private schools in Delhi – which use either English or
All India Institute of Medical Sciences is a global leader in med-
ical research and treatment.[182]
Hindiasthelanguageofinstruction–areaffiliatedtoone
ofthreeadministeringbodies,the Council for the Indian
School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central
Board for Secondary Education (NCERT (CBSE))[183]
or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In
2004–05, approximately15.29 lakh(1.529million)stu-
dentswereenrolledinprimaryschools,8.22lakh(0.822
million)inmiddleschoolsand6.69lakh(0.669million)
in secondary schools across Delhi.[184]Female students
represented49%ofthetotalenrolment. Thesameyear,
the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95%
ofitsgrossstatedomesticproductoneducation.[184]
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is ranked as Asia’s fourth-
best institute in science and technology in the year 1999.[185]
Schoolsand higher educational institutions in Delhi are
administeredeitherbythe DirectorateofEducation , the

1.1. DELHI 13
NCTgovernmentorprivateorganisations. In2006,Delhi
had 165 colleges, five medical colleges and eight engi-
neering colleges,[184]seven major universities and nine
deemeduniversities .[184]
University of Delhi has been consistently ranked as India’s best
university.[186]
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology ,Delhi
Technological University ,Guru Gobind Singh In-
draprastha University andNational Law University are
the onlystate universities .[187]University of Delhi ,
JawaharlalNehruUniversity andJamiaMilliaIslamia are
thecentraluniversities ,andIndiraGandhiNationalOpen
University isfordistanceeducation .[188]
As of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed
atleastacollegegraduatedegree.[189]
1.1.12 Media
Seealso:MediaofIndia
AsthecapitalofIndia,Delhiisthefocusofpoliticalre-
portage,includingregulartelevisionbroadcastsofParlia-
ment sessions. Many national media agencies, including
thestate-owned PressTrustofIndia ,MediaTrustofIn-
diaandDoordarshan ,isbasedinthecity. Televisionpro-
grammingincludestwofreeterrestrialtelevisionchannels
offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English and
regional-language cablechannelsofferedby multisystem
operators.Satellitetelevision hasyettogainalargequan-
tityofsubscribersinthecity.[190]
Print journalism remains a popular news medium
in Delhi. The city’s Hindi newspapers include
Navbharat Times ,Hindustan Dainik ,Punjab Kesari ,Pavi-
tra Bharat,Dainik Jagran ,Dainik Bhaskar andDainik
Desbandhu .[191]Amongst the English language news-
papers, TheHindustan Times , with a daily circulation
of over a million copies, is the single largest daily.[192]
Other major English newspapers include Times of In-
dia,The Hindu ,Indian Express ,Business Standard ,The
PioneerandThe Asian Age 'Top Story (Daily). Re-
Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts programming to Delhi
gional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily
MalayalaManorama and the Tamil dailiesDinamalar and
Dinakaran .[191]
Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although
FMradio has gained popularity[193]since the inaugura-
tion of several new stations in 2006.[194]A number of
state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from
Delhi.[195][196]
1.1.13 Sports
Mainarticle: SportsinDelhi
Delhi has hosted many major international sporting
events, including the firstand also the ninthAsian
Games,[197]the2010 Hockey World Cup , the2010
Commonwealth Games and the2011 Cricket World
Cup. Delhi lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games ,[198]
and considered making a bid for the 2020 Summer
Olympics.[199]However, sports minister Manohar Singh
Gilllater stated that funding infrastructure would come
beforea2020bid.[200]Thereareindicationsofapossible
2028bid.
The2010CommonwealthGames ,whichranfrom3to14
October2010,wasoneofthelargestsportseventheldin
India.[201][202]Theopeningceremonyofthe2010Com-
monwealthGameswasheldatthe JawaharlalNehruSta-
dium,themainstadiumoftheevent,inNewDelhiat7:00
pmIndian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[203]The

14 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
Netball at CWG 2010, India vs Jamaica
ceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for
twoandahalfhours.[204]Itisestimatedthat ₹3.5billion
(US$52million)werespenttoproducetheceremony.[205]
Eventstookplaceat12competitionvenues. 20training
venues were used in the Games, including seven venues
withinDelhiUniversity .[206]TherugbystadiuminDelhi
UniversityNorthCampushostedrugbygamesforCom-
monwealthGames.[206][207]Themessleftbehindafterthe
Commonwealth Games prompted Prime Minister Man-
mohanSinghtoreplaceSportsandYouthAffairsminis-
ter Manohar Singh Gill with Ajay Maken in 19 January
2011Cabinetreshuffle.[208]
Cricketandfootballare the most popular sports in
Delhi.[209]Thereareseveralcricketgrounds,or maidans,
located across the city. The Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
(known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the old-
est cricket grounds in India and is a venue for inter-
national cricket matches. It is the home ground of
theDelhi cricket team , which represents the city in
theRanji Trophy , the premier Indian domestic first-
class cricket championship.[210]The Delhi cricket team
hasproducedseveralworld-classinternationalcricketers
suchasVirenderSehwag ,GautamGambhir ,ViratKohli ,
Madan Lal ,Chetan Chauhan andBishan Singh Bedi to
nameafew. The RailwaysandServicescricketteamsin
theRanjiTrophyalsoplaytheirhomematchesinDelhi,
intheKarnailSinghStadium andtheHarbaxSinghSta-diumrespectively. The city is also home to the Indian
Premier League teamDelhi Daredevils , who play their
homematchesattheKotla,andwasthehometothe Delhi
Giantsteam (previously Delhi Jets) of the now defunct
IndianCricketLeague .
Ambedkar Stadium , a football stadium in Delhi which
holds 21,000 people, was the venue for the Indian foot-
ball team’s World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July
2012.[211]Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007[212]and
2009, in both of which India defeated Syria1–0.[213]In
theElite Football League of India , Delhi’s first profes-
sionalAmerican football franchise, the Delhi Defenders
played its first season in Pune.[214]Buddh International
CircuitinGreaterNoida,asuburbofDelhi,hoststhean-
nualFormula1IndianGrandPrix .[215]TheIndiraGandhi
ArenaisalsoinDelhi.
Delhialsohasafootballteam DelhiDynamosFC ,which
playsinIndianSuperLeague .JawaharlalNehruStadium
isthehomestadiumfor DelhiDynamosFC .
Delhiisamemberofthe AsianNetworkofMajorCities
21.
1.1.14 World Heritage status
In February 2014, the Government of India approved
Delhi’s bid for World Heritage City status. The histori-
calcityofShahjahanabad andLutyens’BungalowZonein
NewDelhiwerecitedinthebid. Ateamfrom UNESCO
was scheduled to visit Delhi in September 2014 to vali-
date its claims. INTACHacted as the nodal agency for
thebid. Theannouncementofacceptedcitieswasto be
madeinJune2015.[216]However,theGovernmentofIn-
diawithdrewitsnominationon21May2015.[217]
1.1.15 See also
ListoftallestbuildingsinDelhi
ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinIndia
1.1.16 References
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Conference, Marathipressreleases, PIB features, Bharat

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[217]“Centre kills Delhi’s heritage city dream” .The Times of
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1.1.17 Further reading
Economic Survey of Delhi 2005–2006 . Planning
Department. Government of National Capital Ter-
ritoryofDelhi. Retrievedon12February2007
Dalrymple, W(2003). City of Djinns (1ed.). Pen-
guinBooks. ISBN978-0-14-200100-4 .
Dalrymple,W(2003). Vidhya Society, (2009). Vid-
hya Society (NGO) is a leading charitable organiza-
tion of Uttar Pradesh (India) established under soci-
ety registration act 21-1860 on the special occasion
of World Disable Year 2009. Director Mr. Pavan
Upadhyay www.vidhyasociety.com (1ed.). Penguin
Books.ISBN978-0-14-200100-4 .
Prager, D (2013). Delirious Delhi (1 ed.). Arcade
Publishing. ISBN978-1-61145-832-9 .
Brown, L (2011). Lonely Planet Rajasthan, Delhi
& Agra(5 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN
978-1-74179-460-1 .
Rowe, P; Coster, P (2004). Delhi (Great Cities of
the World). WorldAlmanacLibrary. ISBN978-0-
8368-5197-7 .
Four-part series on Delhi (30 May – 2 June 2012).
“Metrocity Journal: Delhi’s Changing Landscape” .
The Wall Street Journal .
1.1.18 External links
Officialwebsite
DelhiatDMOZ

Chapter 2
History
2.1 History of Delhi
Seealso:TimelineofDelhi
The Indian capital city of Delhihas a long history, and
hasbeenanimportantpoliticalcentreofIndiaasthecap-
ital of several empires. Much of Delhi’s ancient history
findsnorecordandthismayberegardedasalostperiod
of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi’s history be-
ginswiththeonsetofthe DelhiSultanate inthe12thcen-
tury. Sincethen,Delhihasbeenthecentreofasuccession
ofmightyempiresandpowerfulkingdoms,makingDelhi
oneofthelongestservingCapitalsandoneoftheoldest
inhabitedcitiesintheworld.[1][2]Itisconsideredtobea
citybuilt,destroyedandrebuiltseveraltimes,asoutsiders
whosuccessfullyinvadedthe IndianSubcontinent would
ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who
came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the
city’sstrategiclocationastomakeittheircapitalandre-
builditintheirownway.[3][4]ThecoreofDelhi’stangible
heritageisHindu,Islamic(spanningoversevencenturies
of Islamic rule over the city) with some British-era ar-
chitecture in Lutyens’ Delhi dating to the British rule in
India.
SignificantprehistoricsitesinDelhiincludeAnangpur(in
theBadarpurregion), as well as Harappanexcavations
nearNarelaandNandNagari.[5]
References to Delhi’s history in ancient literature are
basedonmythsandlegends. AccordingtotheHinduepic
Mahabharata ,acitycalled Indraprastha ,“City of the God
Indra”,wasthecapitalofthe Pandavas. Thereisastrong
belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient
Indraprastha. Northern Black Polished Ware (c700-200
BC)havebeenexcavatedatthesite,andpiecesof Painted
GreyWare werefoundonthesurface,suggestinganeven
oldersettlement,possiblygoingbacktoca. 1000B.C.[5]
In1966,aninscriptionoftheMauryanEmperor Ashoka
(273-236 BC) was discovered near Srinivaspur. Two
sandstonepillarsinscribedwiththeedictsofAshokawere
brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century.
The famous Iron pillar near theQutub Minar was com-
missionedbytheemperor KumaraGuptaI oftheGupta
dynasty(320-540) and transplanted to Delhi during the10thcentury.
2.1.1 Cities of Delhi
Historic map of Shahjahanabad (now known as Old Delhi ), in
1863
It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a to-
tal of seven different cities between 3000 B.C. and the
17th century A.D., although taking smaller towns and
strongholds into account, as many as 15 settlements can
beidentified. AlltheearlierlocationsofDelhifallwithin
anareacommonlycalledthe'DelhiTriangle,'boundedon
the south and the west by the Aravalli Range , known as
theDelhiRidge ,andtotheeastbythe YamunaRiver .[6][7]
Notablesettlementstohavebeenestablishedintheregion
include:[6][7]
1.Indraprastha ,supposedlybuiltbythe Pandavas.
2.Surajkund (Anangpur), Tomarcitydatingfromthe
9thor10thcentury,wherealargemasonrytankcan
befound.
3.Lalkot, built ca. 1052 A.D. by the Tomararuler,
Anangpal. Inca. 1180A.D. PrithvirajChauhan ex-
tended and fortified it as a defence against Muslim
invaders; the city then became known as Qila Rai
Pithora. Thisarea,nowcalledas Mehrauli,wasalso
theseatofthe Mamluk(Slave)dynasty .
22

2.1. HISTORY OF DELHI 23
4.Siri, first established as a camp for protection
against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khilji , and
fortifiedinaboutca. 1303A.D.
5.Tughluqabad ,builtbyGhiyasuddinTughluq inca.
1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabadwas built by
hissonMuhammadbinTughlaq inca. 1325A.D.
6.Jahanpanah ,Refuge of the World , name given
to the area enclosed by walling-in of the sub-
urbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri, built by
MuhammadbinTughluq inca. 1325A.D.
7.Ferozabad ,builtbyFiruzShahTughluq inca. 1354
A.D.;allthatremainsisthepalace,knownas Feroz
Shah Kotla . Feroz Shah’s building activity indi-
cates that the suburbs were still occupied; major
mosques were built inside Jahanpanah ( Khirkiand
Begumpur) andNizamuddin ; and the area around
Khiljireservoir HauzKhas wasdeveloped.
8.Dinpanah builtbyHumayunandShergarhbuiltby
SherShahSuri ,bothintheareanearthespeculated
siteofthelegendary Indraprastha (1538–1545).
9.Shahjahanabad ,thewalledcitybuiltbyShahJahan
from1638to1649,containingthe LalQilaandthe
Chandni Chowk . It was the capital of the Mughal
Empireduring Shah Jahan’s reign. It is presently
referredtoas" OldDelhi".
10.Lutyens’ Delhi orNew Delhi , the city built by the
British on the south-west, declared Capital on 12
December1911. On12December2011NewDelhi
celebrated 100 years of serving as India’s National
Capital.[8]
Early Political History of Delhi, 1060-1947
ModernDelhi,referredtoas' Dilli'locally,derivedfrom
itshistoricalname Dhili,isanamalgamalloftheabove.
Officially, however, only seven of the above-mentioned
settlementsarerecognized.[9]ashistoricalciteswithdis-
tinctidentitiesandindigenousheritage: QilaRaiPithora ,
Mehrauli,Siri,Tughlaqabad ,Ferozabad,Dinpanahand
Shahjahanabad .
TherestarenotofficiallyidentifiedasCitiesofDelhibe-
causeofsomespecificreasons.
Indraprastha , the legendary Ancient City is be-
lieved to have been established 5000 years ago(c. 2800 BC), as per the ancient Indian text- the
Mahabharata . Though very much a part of India’s
veryAncienthistory , itlacksanytangibleevidence
to say without doubt that it existed. Archaeologi-
cal evidence exists, but in such scarcity as be in-
conclusive. As acknowledged by British historian
Michael Wood in hisBBCdocumentary The Story
ofIndia,[10]theexcavatedceramicpotteryfromthe
site of today’s Purana Qila inDelhiand the exca-
vatedlayersoftheancientcityseemtomatchwhat
theversesofthe Mahabharata indicate. Morepossi-
bleevidenceinitsfavouristheexistenceofavillage
named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila
that was destroyed by the British during the con-
structionof Lutyens’Delhi .[11]
Jahanpanah isnotconsideredasaCityofDelhibe-
causeitisverymuchinruinsandtoodiffusednow
tobeconsideredadistinctcity. Moreover,sections
of the city still standing are now counted in Sirior
Mehrauli.
Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city be-
cause their architectures are too few to be counted
asawholecity. TheSayyidandLodhidynastiesthat
followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more con-
cernedwithrestoringstabilitythanpatronisationof
arts or architecture. Tombs erected in the honour
oftherulersaretheonlymonumentsofthesetimes
and these are scattered all over current Southand
CentralDelhis.[12]
NewDelhi ,theCapitalcityofmodernIndiaisalso
not counted as a City of Delhi because the struc-
tures of those times are still in use as government
buildings. Sothereseemsnosuchthingas“history”
aboutit.
2.1.2 Early history
The ancient Yogmaya Temple , claimed to be one of the five tem-
ples of Mahabharata days in Delhi.
According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of
the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha , capital of
thePandavasin the Indian epic Mahabharata , founded

24 CHAPTER 2. HISTORY
Theiron pillar of Delhi , is said to have been fashioned at the
time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413) of the Gupta
Empire .[13][14]
around 3500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthasor
`plains’, which included Sonepat,Panipat, Tilpat (near
Faridabad),and Baghpat.[15]16th-century,Persianhisto-
rian,Firishta,recordedatraditionthatDelhiorDilliwas
founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana(Greek) in-
vasions. However, itshouldbenotedthatthekingsthen
referredtotheinitial MusliminvadersasYavanas.[15]
HindutextsstatethatthecityofDelhiusedtobereferred
to inSanskritasHathinapur , which means “elephant-
city”. The name Delhi may be derived from the word
'Dhillika', though there are other theories. According to
SatyarthPrakash (1874)ofSwamiDayanand ,RajaDhilu
(KingDihlu)founded ancientDelhiin800BC,however
itisnotsupportedbyanyoldertexts[16]Itwasthename
of the first medievaltownship of Delhi, located on the
southwestern border of the present Delhi, in Mehrauli.
This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities.
ItisalsoknownasYoginipura,thatis,thefortressofthe
yoginis (female divinities). It gained importance during
thetimeofAnangaPalaTomar. Inthe12thcentury,the
citywasincludedinthe dominions ofPrithvirajChauhan .
PasanahaChariuof VibudhShridhar (VS1189-1230)an
Apabhramsha writer, provides the first reference to the
legendoftheoriginofthenameDhillifor Delhi.[17]
हरियाणएदेसेअसंखगाम,गामियणजणिअणवरथकाम|
परचक्कविहट्टणुसिरिसंघट्टणु,जोसुरवइणापरिगणियं|
रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि
भणियं|Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana
country. The villagers there work hard. They don't ac-
ceptdominationofothers,andareexpertsinmakingthe
blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this
country. ThecapitalofthiscountryisDhilli.
जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु, णरणाहु पसिद्धउ
अणंगवालु||
वलभरकम्पाविउणायरायु,माणिणियणमणसंजनीय||
Translation: The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay
hisenemieswithhissword. Theweight(oftheIronpillar)
causedtheNagarajtoshake.
AVS1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the
foundingofDelhibytheTomars:
देशोऽस्तिहरियानाख्योपॄथिव्यांस्वर्गसन्निभः|
ढिल्लिकाख्यापुरीतत्रतोमरैरस्तिनिर्मिता||
PrithvirajRaso alsoconfirmsthefoundingbytheTomars
andthelegendoftheloosenail:
हुंगड्डिगयौकिल्लीसज्जीवहल्लायकरीढिल्लीसईव
|
फिरिव्यासकहैसुनिअनंगराइभवितव्यबातमेटीनजाइ
||
2.1.3 8th century to 16th century
The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli , Delhi, built by Tomara,
a.k.a. Tanwar Rajput ruler, Anangpal in c. AD 736.
TheTomardynasty founded Lal Kotin 736. The
Prithviraj Raso namestheTomar Anangpalasthefounder
of Lal Kot, whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar

2.1. HISTORY OF DELHI 25
TheQutub Minar is the world’s tallest brick minaret at 72.5 me-
tres, built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak ofTurkic Slave dynasty in 1192.
of DelhiatQutb complex , ascribed to Chandra or
ChandraguptaII .[18]
TheChauhankingsofAjmerconqueredLalKotin1180
andrenameditQilaRaiPithora.
Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora, the
first city of Delhi, founded during the 10th century by Prithvi-
raj Chauhan
The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192
by theMuslim invader Muhammad Ghori .Anangpal
Tomar, who, according to historian Augustus Hoernle ,
was aRajput[19]ruler of Delhi, often described as the
founder of Delhi, built the citadel some 10 kilometres
fromSurajKund around731.
From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sul-tanateundertheSlaveDynasty . ThefirstSultanofDelhi,
Qutb-ud-dinAybak ,wasaformerslavewhorosethrough
the ranksto becomea general, a governorandthen Sul-
tan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of
the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to
commemoratehisvictorybutdiedbeforeitscompletion.
In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-
al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant
mosqueinIndia. Hewassaidtohavedestroyedtwenty-
seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex
and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building ma-
terial from their debris for this mosque, many of which
can still be seen.[20]After the end of the Slave dynasty,
asuccessionofTurkicCentralAsianandAfghandynas-
ties, theKhilji dynasty , theTughluq dynasty , theSayyid
dynastyandtheLodidynasty heldpowerinthelateme-
dievalperiodandbuiltasequenceoffortsandtownships
inDelhi.[21]
In 1398,Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that
the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their
Hindusubjects. After defeating the armies of Nasirud-
dinMahmudof Tughlaqdynasty ,on15December1398,
TimurenteredDelhion18December1398,andthecity
wassacked,destroyed,andleftinruins,andover100,000
warprisonerswerekilledaswell.[22][23]In1526,follow-
ingtheFirstBattleofPanipat ,Zahiruddin Babur,thefor-
merrulerof Fergana,defeatedthelastAfghanLodisultan
andfoundedthe MughaldynastywhichruledfromDelhi,
AgraandLahore.
2.1.4 16th century to 19th century
Inthemid-16thcenturytherewasaninterruptioninthe
MughalruleofIndiaas SherShahSuri defeatedBabur’s
sonHumayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher
Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the
oldfortknownas PuranaQila ,eventhoughthiscitywas
settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri’s
death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of
north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi
till1553whenHinduking HemChandraVikramaditya ,
alsocalled Hemu,becamethePrimeMinisterandChief
of Army of Adil Shah. Hem Chandra fought and won
22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar’s
army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After de-
featingAkbar’sarmyon7October1556atTughlakabad
fortarea,HemuaccededtoDelhithroneandestablished
HinduRajinNorthIndiaforabriefperiod,andwasbe-
stowedwiththetitle'Vikramaditya',athiscoronationin
PuranaQuila ,Delhi.
The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, moved
the capital to Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes
of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Em-
perorShah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that some-
timesbearshisname Shahjahanabad ,theseventhcityof
Delhithatismorecommonlyknownastheoldcityorold
Delhi. This city contains a number of significant archi-

26 CHAPTER 2. HISTORY
TheIndia Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who
died in the Afghan Wars andWorld War I .
Hemu , Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu emperor of North
India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century.
tectural features, including the Red Fort(Lal Qila) and
theJamaMasjid . Theoldcityservedasthecapitalofthe
laterMughalEmpirefrom1638onwards,whenShahJa-
Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan , 1656
han transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb
(1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in
1658atthe Shalimargarden ('Aizzabad-Bagh)withasec-
ond coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Em-
pire’s influence declined rapidly as the HinduMaratha
Empirerosetoprominence.[24]
In 1737,Marathaforces sacked Delhi, following their
victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi .
In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of
Karnalin less than three hours against the numerically
outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by
Nader Shah ofPersiaduring his invasionafter which
hecompletely sacked and looted Delhi , the Mughal
capital, carrying away immense wealth including the
PeacockThrone ,theDaria-i-Noor ,andKoh-i-Noor . The
Mughals, severely further weakened, would never over-
come this crushing defeat and humiliation which would
alsoletthewayopenformoreinvaderstocome,including
eventually the British.[25][26][27]Nader eventually agreed
to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal em-
perorMuhammadShahI tobeghimformercyandgrant-
inghimthekeysofthecityandtheroyaltreasury.[28]A
treatysignedin1752made Marathastheprotectorofthe
Mughal throne at Delhi.[29]In January 1757, Abdaliin-
vaded Delhi. He returned to Afghanistan in April 1757
givingthecontrolofDelhito Najib-ud-Daula . However,
MarathasoccupiedDelhiafterdefeatingNajibina siege
ofthecity. In1761,theMarathaslostDelhiasaconse-
quence of the third battle of Panipat , the city was again
raidedbyAbdali.
In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha
supremacy in north India in the Third Battle of Panipat,
MarathasunderMahadjiShinde recapturedDelhiandre-
storedtheMughalking ShahAlamII asatitularheadto
thethronein1772.
In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War , the
forces of British East India Company defeated the
Marathaforcesinthe BattleofDelhi ,endingtheMaratha
rule over the city.[30]As a result, Delhi came under the
control of British East India Company . Between 1836

2.1. HISTORY OF DELHI 27
and 1858, Delhi was a part of what then known as the
North-WesternProvinces .
Delhi passed into the direct control of British Govern-
mentin1857afterthe IndianRebellionof1857 . Thecity
received significant damage during the 1857 siege. Af-
terwards,thelasttitularMughalEmperor BahadurShah
ZafarIIwasexiledto RangoonandtheremainingMughal
territorieswereannexedasapartof BritishIndia .
Delhi today
TheRaj Ghat , where Mahatma Gandhi wascremated .
Calcuttawas declared the capital of British India but in
1911atthe DelhiDurbarof1911 ,heldatthe Coronation
Park,KingGeorgeV announcedtheshiftingofthecap-
italbacktoDelhi. Partsoftheoldcitywere NewDelhi ,
a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the
BritisharchitectEdwinLutyens tohousethegovernment
buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction
wasdelayedduetoWorldWarI.[31]NewDelhiwasoffi-
ciallydeclaredastheseatofthe GovernmentofIndia af-
terindependence in 1949. During the Partition of India
thousands of HinduandSikhrefugees from West Pun-
jabmigratedtoDelhi,andsubsequentlysettledinNorth
andWestDelhiareas, whileHindusfrom EastPakistan ,settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony (EPDP: East
PakistanDisplacedPersons)inSouthDelhi,laternamed
ChittaranjanPark inthe1980s.
2.1.5 Further reading
Hartcourt, A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi
(1873). The New guide to Delhi . Lahore, Victoria
Press.
Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi – Past and Present .
London,J.Murray.
Fraser, Lovat (1903). At Delhi (An account of the
Delhi Durbar, 1903) . Bombay : Times of India
PressandThacker.
Bardiar, Nilendra. Urban, Cultural, Economic and
Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947-
65). NewDelhi,RubyPress&Co.
Hearn, Gordon Risley (1906). The Seven Cities of
Delhi. W.Thacker&Co.,London.
2.1.6 See also
AgrasenkiBaoli
GatesofDelhi
MehrauliArchaeologicalPark
2.1.7 References
[1]
[2]Listofcitiesbytimeofcontinuoushabitation#Centraland
SouthAsia
[3]
[4]
[5]Singh,Upinder(2006). Delhi: Ancient History . Berghahn
Books.ISBN9788187358299 .
[6]Bosworth,CliffordEdmund(2007). Historic Cities of the
Islamic World . BRILL.ISBN9789004153882 .
[7]Pletcher, Kenneth. The Geography of India: Sacred and
Historic Places . 2010: The Rosen Publishing Group.
ISBN9781615301423 .
[8]NewDelhicelebrates100years
[9]SevenCitiesofDelhi
[10]Indraprastha did exist! The Mahabharata is a reality!-
BritishhistorianMichaelWood
[11]IndraprasthaVillage
[12]WhyLodiComplexisn'tcountedasadistinctcity?

28 CHAPTER 2. HISTORY
[13]Balasubramaniam,R.2002
[14]Arnold Silcock; Maxwell Ayrton (2003). Wrought iron
and its decorative use: with 241 illustrations (reprinted.).
Mineola,N.Y:Dover. p. 4. ISBN0-486-42326-3 .
[15]Gazetter,p. 233
[16]SatyarthPrakash-SwamiDayanandaSaraswati.
[17]AnEarlyAttestationoftheToponymḌhillī,byRichardJ.
Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989,
p. 513-519
[18]Ghosh, A. (1991). Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology .
BRILL.p. 251. ISBN90-04-09264-1 .
[19]http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/
Prithviraja-III
[20]Jāvīd,ʻAlī. “WorldHeritageMonumentsandRelatedEd-
ificesinIndia” .Pg.107. GoogleBooks. Retrieved2009-
05-27.
[21]Battuta’sTravels: Delhi,capitalofMuslimIndia
[22]The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The
TimuridEmpire)
[23]Hunter,SirWilliamWilson (1909). “TheIndianEmpire:
Timur’s invasion 1398”. The Imperial Gazetteer of India
2. p. 366.
[24]Thomas, Amelia. Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra . Lonely
Planet.ISBN978-1-74104-690-8 .
[25]Later Mughal . Retrieved2June2014.
[26]Territories and States of India . Retrieved2June2014.
[27]“Iran in the Age of the Raj” . Avalanchepress.com. Re-
trieved11March2011.
[28]Soul and Structure of Governance in India . Retrieved 2
June2014.
[29]Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2 .
Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN978-0-521-
26883-7.
[30]Mayaram, Shail. Against history, against state: coun-
terperspectives from the margins Cultures of history .
Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN978-0-231-
12731-8.
[31]A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors
behindthisconstructedaLittleMalice .
2.1.8 Bibliography
“History of Delhi District” .The Imperial Gazetteer
of India , Vol. 11. OxfordatClarendonPress. 1909.
p. 225.
Kapoor, Pramod; Malvika Singh; Rudrangshu
Mukherjee (2009). New Delhi: Making of a Cap-
ital. LustrePress. ISBN978-81-7436-574-3 .
Byron, Robert (1931). New Delhi.The Architec-
turalReview ,Westminster.2.1.9 External links
Delhi(1938),adocumentarybyBFIarchives
“Scenes from Delhi (Silent film, 18:16 – 23.27)" .
UniversityofPennsylvaniaMuseumofArchaeology
andAnthropologyFilms. c. 1930.
LandandAcquisitionActof1894,underwhichthe
newcityofDelhiwasacquired
TheagreementofconstructionofnewcityofDelhi
withoriginalsignaturesofHerbertBakerandEdwin
Luteyns

Chapter 3
Geography
3.1 Environment of Delhi
During the autumn and winter months, some 500 million tons
of crop residue are burnt, and winds blow from India’s north
and northwest towards east.[1][2][3]This aerial view shows In-
dia’s annual crop burning, resulting in smoke and air pollution
over Delhi and adjoining areas.
Environmental problems inDelhi,India, are a threat
to the well-being of the city’s and area’s inhabitants as
well as the flora and fauna. Delhi, the sixth-most popu-
lated metropolis in the world , is one of the most heav-
ily polluted cities in India,[4]having for instance one of
the country’s highest volumes of particulate matter pol-
lution.[5]In May 2014 the World Health Organisation
announced New Dehli as the most polluted city in the
world.[6]
Overpopulation and the ensuing overuse of scarce re-
sourcessuchaswaterputheavypressureontheenviron-
ment. Thecitysuffersfromairpollutioncausedbyroad
dustandindustry,[7]withcomparativelysmallercontribu-
tions from unclean engines in transportation, especially
diesel-powered city buses and trucks, and 2-wheelers
and 3-wheelers with two-stroke engines.[8]Noise pol-
lution comes mainly from motorcycle and automobile
traffic.[9]Waterpollutionandalackofsolidwastetreat-
ment facilities have caused serious damage to the river
on whose banks Delhi grew, the Yamuna. Besides hu-
man and environmental damage, pollution has caused
economicdamageaswell;Delhimayhavelostthecom-
petitiontohostthe 2014AsianGames becauseofitspoor
environment.[10]3.1.1 Water pollution
Yamuna river
Seealso:YamunaActionPlan
The river Yamuna, the reason for Delhi’s existence, has
suffered heavily from pollution. At its point of entry
intoDelhi,atWazirabad,its dissolvedoxygen (DO)con-
tent is 7.5 milligrammes per litre. At its point of exit
fromcitylimits,theDOlevelisonly1.3mg/l. Similarly,
coliformcountsjumpfrom8,500per100mlatentryto
329,312/100mlatexit(forDO5mg/litreisthenormand
forcoliforms500/100ml).[11]In2007,roughlyhalfofall
the city’s raw sewage went straight into the river. 55%
ofthecity’s15millionpeopleareconnectedtothecity’s
sewersystemanditstreatmentplants,butbecauseofcor-
rosionandclogginginthesystemmanyofthetreatment
plantsdonotrunatfullcapacity. Wastefrom1,500un-
plannedneighborhoodsrunsstraightintotheriver.[12]
TheSupremeCourtofIndia tookuptheissuein1994af-
terreportsinthepress,[12]andsince2001isactivelymon-
itoringtheriverandthecity’seffortstocleanit;in2011,
the national government announced a Rs 1,357 crore
drain interceptor plan (all waste water is to be cleaned
before it reaches the river) that would clean up the river
by2014.[13]
Water sources
Undergroundhydrologicalresourcesareasubstantialsup-
plemental source of water in Delhi, especially in the af-
fluent sections of the city. In the residential plots called
‘farmhouses’almosteveryhouseholddrawsfromthisre-
source. Though water-storing rocks, i.e. aquifers, are
renewed as surface rain-water percolates down, they are
notinexhaustible. Delhi’saquifersstandindangerofde-
pletion on account of excessive use. Furthermore, ram-
pant construction activity has contaminated them with
cement, paints, varnishes and other construction mate-
rials; leaky, poorly constructed and maintained sewage
lineshaveaddedtothecontamination. Thisisanirreme-
diable loss, as aquifers, once polluted, cannot be decon-
29

30 CHAPTER 3. GEOGRAPHY
taminated;theyhavenoexposuretoairandsunlightorto
micro-organisms which clear-up chemical or biological
pollutants.[14]
Contributing further to underground water degradation
are Delhi’s mushrooming landfill sites. Waste material
leeches underground, contaminating aquifers. Besides,
land-fill sites degrade land. Delhi has twenty-five land-
fillsites,andmoreareplanned.[15]
3.1.2 Loss of flora and fauna
There is significant dispute over the extent of the city’s
green cover. City authorities claimed in 2008 that the
green cover had increased from 26 km2to 300 km2;
moreover, the Delhi Forest Act stipulated that for every
felled tree ten saplings need to be planted. Critics point
outthatthedataaswellasthemeaningof“greencover”
areunclear. Theactualincreasemaybeonlyhalfofwhat
was claimed, and there are estimates that some 100,000
trees had been cut in Delhi, due in part to the construc-
tionofthe DelhiMetro andtheDelhiBusRapidTransit
System.[16]
3.1.3 Air pollution
Seealso:AirpollutioninIndia
Air pollution in Delhi is caused mainly by industry and
vehiculartraffic.[7]Asmanyas10,000peopleayearmay
die prematurely in Delhi as a result of air pollution.[17]
The1997WhitePaper sponsoredbytheMinistryofEn-
vironment and Forests already proposed various mea-
sures to bring down pollution caused by traffic, includ-
ingsmoothingtheflowoftrafficwithparkingregulations
and bringing down total traffic by mandatory limits on
driving.[18]City authorities claim to have had some suc-
cess in bringing down air pollution; for instance, during
thebiddingprocessforthe2014AsianGames,thecity’s
organizing committee had claimed that “pollution levels
had come down drastically in Delhi with the arrival of
Metrorailaswellasallpublictransportvehiclebeingrun
compulsorilyonCNG(CompressedNaturalGas).”[10]
Fortrafficrelatedsources,growthinvehiclenumbersand
mileage seems to outpace efforts to reduce emissions.
[19]Contrary to popular belief, most of the air pollution
in Delhi is not due to vehicular traffic. Main contribu-
torstoparticulatematter inthePM10range,asarecent
study shows, are road dust (50%) and industry (23%)–
vehicles accounted for only 7%. Among industrial con-
tributors, power plants within Delhi city limits were the
mainculprits.[7]3.1.4 Proposed solutions
TheDelhi Development Authority (DDA) is charged
with providing “lung spaces.” Of the city’s 44777
hectares,8422hectaresarereservedfor“theGreens”,of
which the DDA manages more than 5050 hectares.[20]
There is a policy for afforestation, atmospheric pol-
lution, bio- medical waste , domestic refuse, and water
and sewage treatment. Additionally, there are action
planstoencouragepublicparticipationinenvironmental
problems.[21]
Given the continued growth of the city and its popula-
tion, problems are tackled only with difficulty—for in-
stance,theYamunaclean-upprojectsspent$500million
between1993and2005,yettheriver’spollutionactually
doubledduringthissameperiod.[12]
3.1.5 References
Notes
[1]Badarinath,K.V.S.,KumarKharol,S.,&RaniSharma,
A. (2009), Long-range transport of aerosols from agri-
culture crop residue burning in Indo-Gangetic Plains—
a study using LIDAR, ground measurements and satel-
lite data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial
Physics,71(1),112-120
[2]Sharma, A. R., Kharol, S. K., Badarinath, K. V. S., &
Singh,D.(2010),Impactofagriculturecropresidueburn-
ing on atmospheric aerosol loading–a study over Punjab
State,India. AnnalesGeophysicae,28(2),pp367-379
[3]Tina Adler, RESPIRATORY HEALTH: Measuring the
HealthEffectsofCropBurning,EnvironHealthPerspect.
2010November;118(11),A475
[4]"‘Delhi most polluted among mega cities’" .The Hindu .
17September2007. Retrieved19January2011.
[5]“Kanpurtopsairpollutionchart” .Times of India . 19Jan-
uary2011. Retrieved19January2011.
[6]Madhok,Madhok(16October,2014). “HereiswhyIndia
hasnocluehowbaditsairpollutionproblemis” . Quartz
India. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Check date values
in: |date=( help)
[7]Chauhan, Chetan (17 January 2011). “Blame industry,
not cars, for pollution” .Hindustan Times . Retrieved 19
January2011.
[8]White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section2.
[9]White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section7.
[10]“Pollution,trafficmayhavecostDelhitheAsianGames” .
Times of India . 18 April 2007. Retrieved 19 January
2011.
[11]White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section4.1.
[12]Pepper,Daniel(4June2007). “India’sriversaredrowning
inpollution” .CNN.Retrieved19January2011.

3.2. CLIMATE OF DELHI 31
[13]“Yamuna pollution to be checked by 2014: Delhi govt” .
Times of India . 18 January 2011. Retrieved 19 January
2011.
[14]CJBarrow, Environment Management and Development ,
London: Routledge,2005. ISBN0-415-28083-4
[15]White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section5.
[16]Koshy, Jacob P. (26 November 2008). “Cong claim on
greencoverinDelhilookshighlyinflated” .Livemint. Re-
trieved19January2011.
[17]Faiz,A.;P.J.Sturm. “NewDirections: AirPollutionand
RoadTrafficinDevelopingCountries”. InJillAustin,Pe-
terBrimblecombe,WilliamSturges. Air pollution science
for the 21st century . Elsevier. pp. 241–44. ISBN978-0-
08-044119-1 .
[18]White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section10.
[19]R. Kumari, A.K. Attri, L. Int Panis, B.R. Gurjar (April
2013).“Emission estimates of Particulate Matter and
Heavy Metals from Mobile sources in Delhi (India)" .J.
Environ. Science & Engg. 55(2): 127–142.
[20]“Environment” .DelhiDevelopmentAuthority . Retrieved
19January2011.
[21]White Paper on Pollution in Delhi section9.
Bibliography
“White Paper on Pollution in Delhi with an Action
Plan”. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New
Delhi. Retrieved19January2011.
3.2 Climate of Delhi
Theclimate of Delhiismonsoon-influenced humidsub-
tropical(Köppen climate classification Cwa) bordering
semi-arid,withhighvariationbetweensummerandwin-
ter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi’s version of
a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from
many other humid subtropical cities such as Sao Paulo,
TokyoandBrisbanein that the city features dust storms
(somethingmorecommonlyseenina desertclimate ),has
relatively dry winters and has a prolonged spell of very
hot weather, causing it to be also classified as semi-arid
region.[1]
Summers start in early April and peak in May, with av-
erage temperatures near 32 °C (90 °F), although occa-
sionalheatwavescanresultinhighscloseto45°C(114
°F)onsomedaysandthereforehigher apparenttemper-
ature. The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until
mid-September, with about 797.3 mm (31.5 inches)[2]
ofrain. Theaveragetemperaturesarearound29°C(85
°F),althoughtheycanvaryfromaround25°C(78°F)on
rainydaysto32°C(90°F)duringdryspells. Themon-
soons recede in late September, and the post-monsoonseasoncontinuestilllateOctober,withaveragetempera-
turesslidingfrom29°C(85°F)to21°C(71°F).
Winter starts in November and peaks in January,
with average temperatures around 12–13 °C (54–55
°F).Although winters are generally mild, Delhi’s prox-
imity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to
lowerapparent temperature due towind chill. Delhi is
notoriousforitsheavyfogsduringthewinterseason. In
December,reducedvisibilityleadstodisruptionofroad,
airandrailtraffic.[3]TheyendinearlyFebruary,andare
followedbyashortspringuntiltheonsetofthesummer.
Extremetemperatureshaverangedfrom−2.2°Cto48.4
°C.[4]
3.2.1 Overview of Seasonal Distribution
Summer: April, May, June; Hot to very hot; Very
lowtomoderatehumidity;Lowprecipitation
Monsoon (Rainy): July, August, September; Hot,
Pleasant during rains; High to very high humidity;
Heavyprecipitation
Autumn: October, November; Warm days, Cool
nights,Pleasant;Lowhumidity;Lowprecipitation
Winter: December,January;CooltoCold;Moder-
atehumidity;Lowprecipitation
Spring: February,March; Warmdays,Coolnights,
Pleasant;Lowtomoderatehumidity;Moderatepre-
cipitation
3.2.2 Seasons
Delhiliesinthelandlocked NorthernPlains oftheIndian
Subcontinent . Itsclimateisgreatlyinfluencedbyitsprox-
imity to the Himalayas and theThar Desert , causing it
to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5 dis-
tinctseasons,viz. Summer,Rainy,Autumn,Winterand
Spring.[5]Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorch-
ingsummers-sub-dividedintosummerandmonsoonsea-
sons, short and cold winters, and two bouts of pleasant
transition seasons. Two important occurrences influenc-
ing Delhi’s climate are Western Disturbance andSouth-
WestWinds .
Summer
Summer begins in early April and continues till the end
ofJune,withtheheatpeakinginMay. Itischaracterized
byextremeheatduetonearlyoverheadsun,lowhumid-
ity, very hot winds and at times thunderstorms. Delhi’s
proximity to the Thar Desert results in hot, dry conti-
nentalwinds,called loo,attimesblowingallacrossfrom
the West Asian mainland, making the days feel hotter.
These winds, blowing over from vast land stretches, are

32 CHAPTER 3. GEOGRAPHY
veryhotanddry. Sincethe WesternDisturbance depres-
sion moves eastward (and is the reason for cyclonic oc-
currences in Eastern Coastal areas) by this time of the
year,thereisnomoisture-ladenwindtoincreasehumid-
ity. The air therefore remains dry or very dry during
day. For most of its summer season, Delhi has a semi-
aridclimate.[1]Coming from Spring, the city witnesses
a spurt in day temperature around early April, whereas
nights still remain pleasant. By the latter part of April
or during early May, maximum temperatures exceed 40
°Cwhiletheambienceremainsverydry. Nighttempera-
turescrossthe20°CmarktowardsthelatterpartofApril.
MayisDelhi’shottestmonthduringwhichtemperatures
may reach 45 °C or higher.[6]This month is character-
ized by frequent thunderstorms .[7]Dust storms are an-
other feature of Delhi’s summer,[8][9]but can be severe
and destructive when accompanied by strong winds.[10]
These are caused due to fine dust brought along by the
hot winds arriving from the desert. They make the sur-
roundingsappearpaleyellow,bringtemperaturesslightly
down and are usually followed by thunderstorms . Post
mid-June, temperatures start falling slowly, while hu-
midity shows a gradual rise. A visual characteristic of
summer in Delhi is the summer bloom, particularly the
bloomingBougainvillea ,Amaltas,Gulmohar,Shireesh
andJacarandatrees, which look spectacular when fully
floweringduringpeaksummerinMay.[11]
Monsoon
MonsoonwindsarriveinDelhibyeithertheendofJune
orthefirstweekofJuly.[5]Thearrivalofmoistureladen
South-Western winds, traveling from the Arabian Sea
marks the onset of Rainy season in Delhi. This sea-
son is marked by high levels of humidity and high heat.
Daytemperaturesdropbelow40°Cashumiditysuddenly
soars.[12]July is marked by high heat and relatively less
precipitation. This transition from scorching to swelter-
ingheatbetweenJuneandJulymakesthelatterfeelvery
uncomfortable. August is Delhi’s wettest month. The
heat is considerably reduced and it is relatively cooler
for most part of the month. There is dense cloud for-
mation in the sky and at least a week of distinct, very
heavy rainfall.[13]By September, the amount and fre-
quency of precipitation drops, though humidity remains
high.[14]Towards the end of September, moisture con-
tent in the air begins to fall and monsoon ends by early
October.
Autumn
The end of monsoon marks the arrival of a transition
season. Autumn arrives by early or mid October, and
is marked by very dry ambiance, warm days and pleas-
antnights. Maximumtemperaturesdropbelow30°Cby
late October and there is a gradual fall in average tem-
perature. Minimum temperature drops below 20 °C.[15]DuringAutumn,thewinddirectionbeginschangingfrom
South-WesterlytoNorth-Westerly. Aroundlateautumn/
early winter, the variation between morning and after-
noon temperatures in a day becomes considerable, and
can often be more than 20 °C, with minimum dropping
tounder10°Candmaximumstillhoveringslightlyunder
30°C.ThisseasonendsbyearlyDecember.
Winter
Winter arrives in Delhi in late November or early De-
cember. Minimum temperatures gradually enter single
digits by this time of the year, while days are pleasant.
Thoughusuallynotcoldinitially,Decembersuddenlybe-
comescoldinthelatterhalf,aschillynorth-westernwinds
fromtheHimalayas beginsweepingthe NorthernPlains .
These cold waves are caused by a depression created by
WesternDisturbance ,whichbringcloudcoverandocca-
sionalwinterrainstothe Plains,andaddtosnowfallinthe
North-Western Indian Subcontinent . By early January,
when winterpeaksinDelhi, the minimumtemperatures
plunge to the vicinity of 0 °C,[16]though very rarely en-
tering the negative scale. Maximum temperatures, too
may drop down into single digits[17]and always stay un-
der20°C.Whentheminimumtemperatureventuresvery
closetothe0°Cmark,Delhiwitnesses frost.[18]Snowisa
practicalimpossibilityforDelhi(andtherestof Northern
Plains)duetoverydrynatureofitswinterwhichiscaused
becauseofsome SiberianAnticyclone -likephenomenon.
Delhi’s winter is marked by very dense fog, which dra-
matically reduces visibility[19]and makes days colder by
cutting off sunlight. In the opposite scenario, very cold
north-westerly winds from upper reaches of Himalayas
blowing across the city makes the days feel colder, de-
spiteanysunshineandthenightsverycold.[20]Postmid-
January, average temperatures begin to rise very grad-
ually, though the rise is almost contained by the cold
north-westernwindswhichresultduetoveryheavysnow-
fall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the
month.[21]ItmayraintowardstheendofJanuaryandthe
precipitationisusuallyaccompaniedbyhail,[22]resulting
inslightincreaseinminimumtemperaturesduetocloud
cover. Maximum temperatures again cross 20 °C and
days become pleasant. By mid-February or somewhat
beyond, minimum temperature crosses the 10 °C mark
anddaysstartgettingwarmergradually,markingtheend
ofwinter. Delhicansometimeshaveprolongedseasonof
chill, extending into March; like it had last happened in
2012,whentherewaschillduringMarch[23]andSpring-
likeconditionswereprevailingduringthesummermonth
ofApril.[24]
Spring
AroundthemiddleofFebruary,Delhi’sclimateseesan-
other transition, this time from Winter to Summer. The
transition weather is known as Spring and is character-

3.2. CLIMATE OF DELHI 33
ized by warm days, cool nights, dry ambiance and lively
natural surroundings.[25]It is pleasant all time and there
isbrilliantsunshineduringtheday. Februaryrains[26]are
a characteristic of this season. These rains may be ac-
companied by hail and can be heavy. Average tempera-
turesshowaslow,gradualriseasthewinddirectionshift
fromNorth-WesttoSouth-West,therebygettingwarmer.
Aroundlatespring/earlysummer,thevariationbetween
morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes
considerable, and can often be more than 20 °C, with
maximumrisingtomid30’s°Candminimuminthemid
10’s °C. Spring ends by the latter half of March and the
day temperatures exceed 30 °C by then,[27]marking the
onsetofthenextsummer!
3.2.3 Climate Data
TemperaturerecordsforDelhiexistforaperiodofalit-
tleover100years. Thelowestevertemperaturereading
during this period is 2.2 °C, recorded on January 11,
1967atMetDelhiPalam. And,thehighestevertemper-
aturereadingduringthesameperiodis48.4°Crecorded
onMay26,1998,againat MetDelhiPalam.[4][28]
3.2.4 Weather monitoring stations
Delhihastwoweatheringmonitoringstations,oneatSaf-
darjunginsidethemaincityandotheratPalamonitsout-
skirts near the Airport. The readings at Safdarjung sta-
tionaretakenasthoseforthecity,whereasthereadings
atPalamstationaretakenasthoseforthe Airport.
3.2.5 Day-length variation
Locatedat28°36′36″N latitude,Delhiliesinthetemper-
ateregion,afewlatitudesnorthofthe TropicofCancer .
As such the rotation of earth has its effect on the city’s
day-length, whichshortensduringwintersandlengthens
duringsummers. Betweenthetwo solstices,Delhi’sday-
lengthchangesbyabout4hours,offsetbysome2hours
eachatsunriseandsunset.[32][33]
3.2.6 References
[1]“DelhiClimate” . WeatherSpark.
[2]“Climatological Table” . Indian Meteorological Depart-
ment. Retrieved2009-05-13.
[3]“Fogcontinuestodisruptflights, trains” . Chennai,India:
TheHindu. 2006-01-07. Retrieved2006-05-16.
[4]“EverRecordedHighestMaximumTemperature,Lowest
Minimum Temperature and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall
upto2010” (PDF).IndianMetDepartment,Pune.
[5][6]“WeatherinMayinDelhi” .
[7]“NDTVnewsonDelhi’sthunderstorm” .
[8]“AnewsmentioningDustStorminDelhi” .
[9]“TheTribune’snewsfeaturingDelhi’sDustStorm” .
[10]“StrongduststorminDelhionMay30,2014” .
[11]“AmaltasbloominDelhiduringMay” .
[12]“WeatherinJulyinDelhi” .
[13]“WeatherinAugustinDelhi” .
[14]“WeatherinSeptemberinDelhi” .
[15]“WeatherinDelhiinNovember” .
[16]“Delhishiversat1.9degreesCelsius” .The Hindu (Chen-
nai,India). 2013-01-07.
[17]
[18]“When Delhi woke up to 'snow' – The Times of India” .
The Times Of India . 2006-01-09.
[19]“AninstanceofdensefoginDelhi” .
[20]“ColdwaveforcesschoolsshutinDelhi” .
[21]“Cold wave, slight rise in temperature on January 20,
2011”.
[22]“HailstorminDelhi” .
[23]“CoolMarchweathersurprisesDelhi” .The Hindu (Chen-
nai,India). 2012-03-10.
[24]“ColdestAprilin30years” .
[25]“WeatherinDelhiinFebruary” .
[26]“2013hadheaviestFebruaryrainsin70years” .
[27]“WeatherinDelhiinMarch” .
[28]“Extremes for Delhi” (PDF). Indian Meteorological De-
partment. RetrievedJanuary21,2015.
[29]“New Delhi (SFD) 1971-1990” . National Oceanic and
AtmosphericAdministration. RetrievedJune6,2015.
[30]“EverrecordedMaximumandminimumtemperaturesup
to2010”(PDF).IndianMeteorologicalDepartment. Re-
trievedJune6,2015.
[31]“Delhi Climatological Table 1956–2000” (PDF). Indian
MeteorologicalDepartment. RetrievedJanuary14,2015.
[32]“Delhi Day length around Summer Solstice” . timeand-
date.com.
[33]“Delhi Day length around Winter Solstice” . timeand-
date.com.

Chapter 4
Transport
4.1 Transport in Delhi
DTC New TATA Non AC buses
DTC TATA AC Buses
Delhihas significant reliance on its transport infrastruc-
ture. The city has developed a highly efficient pub-
lic transport system with the introduction of the Delhi
Metro,[1]whichisundergoingarapidmodernizationand
expansion.[2]There are 16.6 million registered vehicles
inthecityasof30June2014,whichisthehighestinthe
world among all cities most of which do not follow any
pollutionemissionnorm(withinmunicipallimits),while
theDelhimetropolitanregion( NCRDelhi )has11.2mil-
lion vehicles. Delhi and NCR lose nearly 42 crore (420million) man-hours every month while commuting be-
tween home and office through public transport, due to
thetrafficcongestion.[3]Thereforeseriousefforts,includ-
inganumberoftransportinfrastructureprojects,areun-
der way to encourage usage of public transport in the
city.[4]
4.1.1 History
Prior to independence in the 1930s, public transport in
thecitywasinprivatehands,withpeoplerelyingmainly
on tongas and the bus service of the ‘Gwalior Transport
Company’ and ‘Northern India Transport Company’.[5]
Butwiththegrowingcity,itsoonprovedinadequate,thus
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) bus system was es-
tablishedinMay1948. Thenextbigleapincitytransport
wastheopeningof DelhiMetro ,arapidtransitsystemin
2002.
4.1.2 Overview
Public transport in the metropolis includes the Delhi
Metro, theDelhi Transport Corporation (DTC) bus
system,auto-rickshaws ,cycle-rickshaws , e-rickshaws,
GrameenSevaandtaxis. WiththeintroductionofDelhi
Metro, arail-basedmassrapidtransitsystem, rail-based
transitsystemshavegainedground. Othermeansoftran-
sitincludesuburbanrailways,inter-statebusservicesand
private taxis which can be rented for various purposes.
However, buses continue to be the most popular means
of transportation for intra-city travel, catering to about
60%ofthetotalcommutingrequirements.[6]
Privatevehiclesaccountfor30%ofthetotaldemandfor
transport, whiletherestofthedemandismetlargelyby
auto-rickshaws,taxis,rapidtransitsystemandrailways.
IndiraGandhiInternationalAirport (IGI)servesDelhifor
both domestic and international air connections, and is
situatedinthesouth-westerncornerofthecity. In2009-
2010,IGIrecordedatrafficofmorethan25.01[7]million
passengers,bothDomesticandInternational.[8]Heavyair
traffic has emphasised the need for a secondary airport,
which is expected to be Taj International Airport near
GreaterNoida ,alongsidetheDelhi- Agrahighway.
34

4.1. TRANSPORT IN DELHI 35
The Delhi government is planning to have 413 km of
metro,292kmofBRT,and50kmeachof monorailand
lightrailby2020.[9]
Currently, the only international rail service to Delhiis
theSamjhauta Express toLahore, while it is possible to
change trains to board rail services to Bangladesh and
Nepalwhich commence in other cities of India. For
the future, a high-speed rail link is being considered
that would link New Delhi withKunming,Chinavia
Myanmar[10]
4.1.3 Intra-city Transport
Road transport
Transportationisdependentuponroadsandrailways,in-
cluding rapid transit systems like Delhi Metro. Roads
in Delhi are maintained by Municipal Corporation of
Delhi(MCD),New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC),
Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB),Public Works Depart-
ment(PWD)and DelhiDevelopmentAuthority (DDA).
At 1749 km of road length per 100 km², Delhi has one
ofthehighestroaddensitiesinIndia. Majorroadwaysin-
cludetheRingRoadandtheOuterRingRoad,whichhad
atrafficdensityof110,000vehiclesperdayin2001. To-
talroadlengthofDelhiwas28,508kmincluding388km
of National Highways. Major road-based public trans-
portfacilitiesinDelhiareprovidedbyDTCbuses, auto-
rickshaws,taxisandcycle-rickshaws.
BusesDelhi Transport Corporation (DTC) operates
the world’s largest fleet of CNG-powered buses. After
Pune,DelhiwasthesecondcityinIndiatohaveanoper-
ationalBusrapidtransit(BRT) system.[11]
Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System
Delhi has one of India’s largest bus transport systems.
Buses are the most popular means of transport catering
to about 60% of Delhi’s total demand.[12]Buses are op-
erated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation
(DTC), which owns largest fleet of Compressed Natu-ral Gas(CNG)-fueled buses in the world, private Blue-
line bus operators and several chartered bus operators.
It is mandatory for all private bus operators to acquire a
permit from the State Transport Authority. The buses
traverse various well-defined intra-city routes. Other
thanregularroutes, busesalsotravelonRailwaySpecial
routes; Metro Feeder routes. Mudrika (Ring) and Bahri
Mudrika(OuterRing)routesalongRingandOuter-Ring
road respectively are amongst the longest intra-city bus
routes in the world.With the introduction of Bus Rapid
Transit(BRT) and the development of dedicated corri-
dors for the service, bus service is set to improve. The
DTC has started introducing air-conditioned buses and
brandnewlow-floorbuses(withfloorheightof400mm
and even higher on one third area as against 230 mm
available internationally.) on city streets to replace the
conventional buses. A revamp plan is underway to im-
prove bus-shelters in the city and to integrate GPSsys-
temsinDTCbusesandbusstopssoastoprovidereliable
informationaboutbusarrivals. In2007,afterpublicup-
roarconcerningthelargenumberofaccidentscausedby
privately owned Blueline buses, the Delhi government,
under pressure from the Delhi High Court decided that
all Blueline Buses shall be phased out and be eventually
replaced by low floor buses of the state-owned DTC.[13]
TheDelhiGovernmenthasdecidedtoexpeditethispro-
cessandwillprocure6,600lowfloorbusesfortheDTC
bycommonwealthgamesnextyear.[14]Atpresent(which
year?),thefleetsizeofbusesinDelhiisasfollows:
DTC-5000
DIMTS-1157
METROFEEDER-117
TOTAL-6274
Auto-rickshaws Theauto-rickshaws(popularlyknown
asAuto) are an important and popular means of public
transportation in Delhi, as they are cheaper than taxis.
Hiring an AutoinDelhi isverytricky, as very fewauto-
drivers agree to standard meter charges. The typical
methodisto haggleforanagreeablerate.
TaxisThougheasilyavailable,taxisarenotanintegral
partofDelhipublictransport. TheIndianTourismMin-
istryandvariousprivateownersoperatemosttaxis. The
TourismMinistrygrantsprivatecompaniespermitstoop-
erate taxis. Recently, Radio Taxis have started to gain
groundinDelhi. Somecompaniesprovideanon-callra-
dio taxi service, which is slightly more expensive than
conventionalBlackandYellowtaxis.
Cycle-rickshaws Cycle-rickshaws are a popular mode
oftravelforshortdistancetransitsinthecity. Thepedal-
poweredrickshawsareeasilyavailablethroughoutthecity

36 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
Radio taxi powered by CNG
Radio Taxi near airport
and reckoned for being cheap and environment friendly.
Often,touristsandcitizensusethemforjoyrides,too. Of
late,theyhavebeenphasedoutfromthecongestedareas
ofChandniChowk becauseoftheirslowpace,whichof-
tenleadstotrafficsnarlsonthestreetsof OldDelhi. Still,
theyarethegreatsourceofpublictransportinDelhi.
Major Arteries Main article: Highways passing from
Delhi
Inner Ring Road InnerRingRoad isoneofthemost
important “state highways” in Delhi. It is a 51 km long
circular road, which connects important areas in Delhi.
The 32 lane toll gate at National Highway 8 is the largest in Asia
and third largest in the world
Expressway also connects both cities with the airport.
The DND Flyway
Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers,
the road is almost signal-free. The road is generally 8-
laned with a few bottlenecks at certain stretches, which
are being removed. The road has already achieved its
carrying capacity of110000 vehicles perday and would
require an addition of more lanes to fulfill needs of in-
creasingtrafficby2011.

4.1. TRANSPORT IN DELHI 37
Outer Ring Road Outer Ring Road is another major
arteryinDelhi. Theroadwhichwasalmostneglectedtill
the early 2000s is now an important highway that links
far-flung areas of Delhi. The road is 6-8 lane and has
grade-separatorsandalargenumberareunderconstruc-
tion as a part of project to make the artery signal free.
Theroadalongwiththeringroadformsaringwhichin-
tersectsalltheNationalHighwayspassingthroughDelhi.
Expressways and highways DelhiisconnectedbyNH
1, 2, 8, and 24. It also has three expressways (six- and
eight-lane) that connect it with its suburbs. Four more
expressways are also planned and are supposed to be
finished by 2010. Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects
Delhiwithoneofitsfinancialhubs, Gurgaon.DNDFly-
wayconnectsDelhiwithitsotherfinancialhub, Noida.
Noida-Greater Noida Highway connects Noida with
GreaterNoida,whichisanupcomingfinancialandcom-
mercialhubandisalsotohaveanewinternationalairport.
The construction work for 135.6-km long Delhi West-
ern Peripheral Expressway, also known as the Kundli-
Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) , is going on at full
swing.[1] Kundli–Manesar–Palwal (KMP) expressway
expectedtobecomeoperationalbyJune2009,Delhiwill
be relieved of the congestion of heavy night traffic. It
will act as a bypass for the night vehicles. Ghazibad –
Faridabad-GurgaonExpressway isabypasscorridorfor
trafficcomingfromSouthWestandgoingtowardsEast.
It is currently under construction. Faridabad Road is a
four-lanehighwayroadwhichconnects Faridabad,major
suburbtoDelhi. Upgradestoexpresswayareunderway.
GhaziabadRoadisafour-lanehighwayroadwhichcon-
nectsGhaziabad toDelhi. AstheCommonwealthVillage
islocatedclosebyYamunabridgeonthishighway,under-
passes and flyover being built will help facilitate traffic
between the eastern areas of Delhi/Western UP and the
rest of the city. If the underpass, flyovers, and bridges
areconstructedintime,theymightbeextendedtoGhazi-
abad.
Rail transport
Rail based transport in the city has started to gain pop-
ularity with the introduction of Delhi Metro. Ring-
Railway, whichrunsparalleltotheRing-Roadsystemis
anotherrail-basedintra-citytransportfacilityinDelhi.
MetroMainarticle: DelhiMetro
RouteMapDelhiMetroRailhttp://www.delhimetrorail.
com/commuters/route_map.html
Rapidincreaseofpopulationcoupledwithlarge-scaleim-
migration due to high economic growth has resulted in
ever increasing demand for better transport, putting ex-
cessivepressureonthecity’sexistenttransportinfrastruc-
ture. Likemanyothercitiesinthedevelopingworld,the
Delhi Metro – Phase 2 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Picture
Gallery
River Yamuna
Tuglakabad
FaridabadOkhlaSahibabad
Delhi Cantonment
Palam
Gurgaon
Rewari
MathuraGhaziabadSaharanpur Panipat
Rohtak
Sarai
RohillaAzadpurNaya AzadpurNarela
Nangloi Mundka
Shastri
Park WelcomeGTB
Hospital
JhilmilDilshad
Garden
SeelampurCivil
Lines
Jor Bagh
AIIMSBara –
khamba
Road
Indra-
prasthaAkshardhamKarkardooma Kaushambi
VaishaliAnand Vihar
Mayur ViharLaxmi
NagarNirman
ViharPreet Vihar
Mayur Vihar Extension
Noida Sector 15
Noida Sector 18
Golf CourseNoida City CentreNoida Sector 16New Ashok Nagar
Botanical GardenMandi
HousePatel
Chowk
Udyog
Bhawan
Race Course
INAShivaji
Stadium
Dhaula
Kuan
Hauz Khas
Malviya Nagar
Saket
Qutab Minar
GhitorniChhatarpur
HUDA City
CentreIFFCO
ChowkMG
RoadSikandarpur Guru
DronacharyaArjan GarhGreen Park
Sarvpriya ViharYamuna
BankVishwa
VidyalayaModel T own
Tis
Hazari
Jhandewalan
Rajendra
PlacePatel Nagar
ShadipurShastri
Nagar
Ashok
ParkPunjabi
Bagh
Shivaji
ParkMadi
Pur
Paschim
Vihar East Paschim
Vihar West
Peera
GarhiUdyog
Nagar
Surajmal
StadiumNangloi
Nangloi
StationRajdhani
Park
Mundka Pul
BangashAdarsh Nagar
Kanhaiya NagarNetaji Subhas
PlacePitam PuraRohini WestRithala
Vidhan
Sabha
Chawri
BazaarGTB NagarAzadpur
Keshav PuramKohat Enclave
Moti
NagarSubhas
Nagar
Nawada
Dwarka
Dwarka Sector 14
Dwarka Sector 12
Dwarka Sector 10Dwarka Sector 13
Dwarka Sector 11
Dwarka Sector 9
Dwarka Sector 8
Dwarka Sector 21Janak Puri East
Uttam Nagar East
Uttam Nagar WestJanak Puri WestRajouri
GardenT agore
GardenRamesh
Nagar
Tilak Nagar
Dwarka MorRohini EastJahangirpuri
Naraina Vihar
Inderpuri
Brar Square
Sardar Patel Marg
Chanakyapuri
SafdarjungTilak
BridgeShivaji
BridgeSadar BazarDayabasti
Sarojini
NagarIndira Gandhi
AirportLodhi
Colony Khan
Market
JL Nehru
StadiumLodhi
Colony
Sewa
Nagar
Lajpat Nagar
Kailash ColonyMoolchand
Nehru Place
Okhla Jasola
Sarita Vihar
Mohan Estate
Tuglakabad
BadarpurKalkajiLajpat
NagarKashmere
GateDelhiDelhi
Shahdara
New Delhi
Rajiv
Chowk
Central
SecretariatChandni
Chowk
Pragati
MaidanKirti
NagarSatguru Ramsingh MargPratap
Nagar
Hazrat
NizamuddinKishanganjSubzi
Mandi
Inder Lok
Airport
Metro2Metro3Metro1Metro2
Metro1
Metro3
Delhi Metro Rail Network
As of 29th June 2014
Metro Rail Suburban EMU Service
Delhi Ring Railway Red Line
Interchange stationYellow Line
Blue Line
Green LineIndian RailwaysRK Ashram Marg Karol
Bagh
AerocityPatel NagarMetro5
Metro4
Airport Express
Violet LineRapid MetroRail Gurgaon
Sikandarpur Rapid MetroPhase 2BelvedereT owersCyber CityMoulsari Avenue
Phase 3Janpath
Delhi Metro network, as planned for 2010
city faces acute transport management problems leading
to air pollution, congestion and resultant loss of produc-
tivity. In order to meet the transportation demand in
Delhi, the State and Union government started the con-
structionofaMassRapidTransitsystem,knownas Delhi
Metro in 1998. The project started commercial opera-
tionsonDecember24,2002. Ithassetperformanceand
efficiency standards and is continuously expanding. As
of2010,themetrooperates5lineswithatotallengthof
190km[15]and132stationswhileseveralotherlinesare
underconstruction.
DescriptionofthreeDelhiMetrolinesthatcurrentlyop-
erateasofApril,2014:
Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) will be com-
pleted by 2015 and 2020 respectively, with the network
totalling413.8km,makingitlongerthanthe LondonUn-
derground. Withfurtherdevelopmentofthecity,thenet-
workwillbefurtherexpandedbyaddingnewlines,thus
crossing500kmby2020.
Ring Railway Seealso:DelhiSuburbanRailway
Ring railway is a circular rail network in Delhi, which
runs parallel to the Ring Road and was conceived dur-
ing theAsianGamesof1982.[23]Themajorreasons for
failure of this system are a lack of proper connectivity

38 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
Delhi Suburban Railway trains
and less population density in the areas it reaches. The
network is now utilized as a freight corridor and limited
passengertrainservicesareavailableduringpeakhours.
4.1.4 Inter-state transport
Railway connectivity
Delhiisconnectedtowholeofthenationthrough Indian
Railwaysvastnetwork. NewDelhiRailwayStation which
isoneofthemostbusieststationsinIndianRailwaysys-
temservesasheadquartersof NorthernRailways . Alarge
load of inter-state transport is borne by railways. Major
railway stations in the city include New Delhi Railway
Station,Old Delhi Railway Station ,Hazrat Nizamuddin
RailwayStation ,SaraiRohilla andAnandViharRailway
Terminal. Alargenumberoflocalpassengertrainscon-
nectDelhitoitssub-urbanareasandthusprovideconve-
nient travel for daily commuters. Railways also share a
largeamountof freighttrafficinDelhi.
Road
Highways Mainarticle: HighwayspassingfromDelhi
Thecityisbelievedtohavethehighestroaddensityinthe
countryandiswellconnectedtorestofthenationthrough
fivemajornationalhighways,namelyNH1,NH2,NH8,
NH10 andNH 24. Thehighwaysaroundcityarebeing
upgradedintoexpresswayswithultra-modernfacilities.
Bus services Regular bus services are available from
inter-statebusterminalsinthecity. Theservicesareex-
tendedtoallthenorthernstatesandtheneighbouringar-
easofDelhi. Servicesareprovidedbystatetransportcor-
porations and several private operators. The inter-state
terminalsincityare:
KashmiriGate ISBTinNorthernDelhiAnandVihar ISBTinTrans-Yamunaarea
SaraiKaleKhan ISBTinSouthDelhi
Airports
IndiraGandhiInternationalAirport(IGI)servesDelhifor
both domestic and international connections, and is sit-
uated in the southwestern corner of the city, alongside
Delhi-GurgaonExpressway. Intheyear2006-2007,IGI
recorded a traffic of 20.44 million passengers. It is cur-
rentlythebusiestairportinSouthAsia.[24]Itoperatestwo
terminals—Terminal1fordomesticandTerminal2for
internationalairtravel.
Theairportiswitnessingmassiveexpansionandmoderni-
sationbyaconsortiumledbyGMR.ThenewterminalT3
was inaugurated in 2010 and Delhi is today India’s only
citytohaveanairportofthissize. Terminals4, 5and6
will be built in a phased manner. By 2024, airport will
havefourrunwaysandwillhandlemorethan100million
passengersperyear,whichismorethanwhat Atlantaair-
port(world’sbusiestairport)handlesnow.[25]
Apart from the expanded IGI airport, Delhi might also
receiveasecondairportby2012-2013. Theairport,be-
ingnamedas TajInternationalAviationHub ,isproposed
to be located in Jewarin Greater Noida. It would be 75
kmfromIGIairport.
4.1.5 Future projects
There are many transport infrastructure projects under-
wayinDelhi. Mosthavetheirdeadlinessetinlate2009
and early 2010, just before the 2010 Commonwealth
Games. Theyarelistedbelow-
Rail
UpgradingofNewDelhiandOldDelhirailwaysta-
tionsofNorthernRailways.
Expansionofexisting DelhiMetro network,includ-
ing a super-fast Delhi Airport Express Line having
maximumspeedof135km/hlinetoconnecttoIGI
Airport.
Introduction of Monorail(45 km) and Light Rail
Transithasbeenabortedtill2010.
Reintroducing Tramsin the Chandni Chowk and
RedFortareasofthecity.[26][27]
Anand Vihar Railway Terminal (about to be com-
pleted) to reduce the train loads over Old Delhi
Station and New Delhi Railway Station. Besides
thatthestationwillalsoservethedenselypopulated
Eastern part of Delhi, along with the neighbouring
suburbsofGhaziabadandNoida.

4.1. TRANSPORT IN DELHI 39
A high-speed rail link that would link New Delhi
withKunming,ChinaviaMyanmar[10]
Road
Two upcoming bridges over Yamunawill con-
nectFaridabad toNoidaandGreater Noida . One
of the bridges would connect Faridabad-Noida-
Ghaziabad (FNG) expressway from Noida’s Sec-
tor 150 to National Highway 2 in Faridabad. The
other bridge is proposed to link Noida’s Sector
168 with Faridabad’s Badoli village (Near Bypass
Road)[28]Government has already approved con-
struction of the road connecting Faridabad and
Greater Noida that will improve the connectivity
with clearances received from both Haryanaand
Uttar Pradesh Governments[29]The much-awaited
FNG (Faridabad-Noida-Ghaziabad Expressway) is
finallycomingontrackandwillprovidefastconnec-
tivitytodailycommutersoftheareaoncecomplete;
apart from this, it is also emerging as an excellent
stretch for real estate development. FNG Express-
way is around 56 km long with 19.9 km in Noida-
Greater Noida region, 8 km in Ghaziabad, while
the rest 28.1 km is in the Faridabad region, espe-
ciallythedevelopingsectorsof NeharparFaridabad
or Greater Faridabad. According to the plan, FNG
fromNoidasidewillbecomeoperationalinthenext
14 months while it would take three years for the
whole stretch to become fully operational[30]The
completedexpresswaydesignedbyIIT-Roorkeewill
offercommutersdirectconnectivitybetween Noida
and Greater Faridabad and put an end to massive
trafficjams[31]
Kalindi Kunj Bypass Project has been approved
whichwillconnect DNDFlyway atMaharaniBagh,
DelhitoFaridabadBypassRoadnearBadarpurBor-
der. According to PWD officials, the bypass will
connect the DND Flyway , cutting across the Agra
Canal along the Yamuna, which runs perpendicu-
lar toSarita Vihar and ends near Badarpurbor-
der, which further connects to Faridabad. “Com-
muters heading from east Delhi, South Delhi and
Noidato Faridabad will be able to avoid the road
toAshram Chowk completely and that will help
decongest the area for local users. The estimated
cost of the project is Rupees 200 Crores and will
be competed in two phases. In the first phase the
stretch from Maharani Bagh (at DND Flyway ) to
KalindiKunj willbecompleted. Inthesecondphase
thestretchfrom KalindiKunj toFaridabadwillsee
completion[32]The bypass will dramatically reduce
travel time between Delhiand Faridabad as it will
serve as an alternative to Mathura Road . Unified
Traffic and Transportation Infrastructure (Planning
andEngineering)Centre(UTTIPEC)gavethePub-
lic Works Department (PWD) its consent to moveahead after Lieutenant-Governor Najeeb Jung gave
theapprovaltotheproject.
Air
Revamp of IGI Airport is underway to improve its
infrastructure,passengercapacityandefficiency.
A secondary airport is in planning stages and was
to come up in Greater Noida, the project has been
shelvedasofnow.
4.1.6 Delhi Traffic Police transport
helpline
Owingtoalargeamountofcomplaintsfromconsumers,
the Delhi Government in association with Delhi Traf-
fic Police runs a manned transport helpline which can
be reached at 011-23010101 while dialing from within
the city. Citizens can make traffic related complaints
and suggestions. One can also report traffic violations
observed and misbehavior/refusal/overcharging by au-
torickshaws,busesandtaxis.[33]
4.1.7 References and notes
[1]“DelhiMetroamongworld’stopmasstransitsystems” .
[2]“ExpansiontoGurgaon,Noida&Faridabadplanned” .In-
ternational Railway Journal . 2006-02-01.
[3]Traffic snarl snaps 42 Cr man-hour from Delhi, NCR
workers
[4]http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/
Delhi-roads-Indias-most-dangerous/articleshow/
37107932.cms
[5]“Capital story: Managing a New Delhi” .Hindustan
Times. September1,2011.
[6]“Delhi Transport” (PDF). Delhi Govt. Retrieved 2006-
05-14.
[7]http://www.newdelhiairport.in/fact-sheet.aspx
[8]“Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI Air-
port) information” . Essential Travel Ltd., UK. Retrieved
2006-04-29.
[9]Can’tmissthebus
[10]“Railway eyes rail link to China” .The Times Of India .
2011-03-10.
[11]“news.outlookindia.com” . Outlookindia.com. Retrieved
2011-02-17.
[12]“Chapter 12: Transport” (PDF). Economic Survey of
Delhi, 2005–2006 . PlanningDepartment,Governmentof
National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 130–146. Re-
trieved2006-12-21.

40 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
[13]DelhitophaseoutBluelinebuses
[14]“Blueline buses to fade out soon” .The Times Of India .
2009-12-10.
[15]“ListofMetrosystemsinworld” . Mic-ro.com. Retrieved
2011-02-17.
[16]AnubhutiVishnoi(2005-06-09). “Catchtheyellowlineto
CP,redtoRohini,bluetoDwarka” . TheIndianExpress.
Retrieved2010-03-25.
[17]“Metro Station Information” . DMRC. Retrieved 2009-
03-29.
[18]AtulMathur(2009-09-17). “Aswankier,smarterMetro” .
HindustanTimes . Retrieved2009-11-12.
[19]“Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of
people”.Daily News and Analysis . 2009-11-12. Re-
trieved2009-01-12.
[20]“DelhiMetrointroducesadditionaltrainonDwarkaline” .
TheTimesofIndia. 2010-01-25. Retrieved2010-02-02.
[21]Ghosh,Dwaipayan(2009-12-20). “Delhigetsitsfirstrail
terminal”. TheTimesofIndia. Retrieved2009-12-19.
[22]“Delhi Metro crosses a new horizon” . Hindustan Times.
2010-04-03. Retrieved2010-04-04.
[23]“Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant” .
IndianExpress . Feb22,2011.
[24]“Delhi–IndiraGandhiInternationalAirport(DEL)" . In-
dianexpress.com. 2009-08-16. Retrieved2011-02-17.
[25]Thursday, Jan 10, 2008 at 0000 hrs IST (2008-01-10).
“2nd airport won’t hit IGI, says govt” . Financialex-
press.com. Retrieved2011-02-17.
[26]“Trams to ply on streets of Delhi again” .The Economic
Times. Mar4,2014.
[27]“Delhi to bring back a slice of history — trams” .The
Indian Express . March5,2014.
[28]http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/
Two-bridges-across-Yamuna-to-link-Noida-and-Haryana/
articleshow/23362941.cms
[29]http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/
Nod-for-road-joining-Greater-Noida-Faridabad/
articleshow/40205603.cms
[30]http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/
ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=
TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2014/04/12&PageLabel=
57&EntityId=Ar05700&ViewMode=HTML
[31]http://www.gurgaonscoop.com/
new-e-way-to-link-noida-with-f-613156441.html
[32]http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/
kalindi-kunj-bypass-najeeb-jung-badarpur-vorder-dnd-noida-faridabad/
1/357787.html
[33]“Delhi Traffic Police transport helpline number” . Delhi-
trafficpolice.nic.in. Retrieved2011-02-17.4.1.8 See also
TransportinIndia
Busrapidtransit (BRT)
Cleandevelopmentmechanism
DelhiMetro
DelhiTransportCorporation
HighwayspassingfromDelhi
4.1.9 External links
DelhiMetroRailCorporationLtd. (DMRC)
Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System Ltd.
(DIMTS)
DelhiPublicTransportvolvobusservice
TaxiservicesandListofTaxis
4.2 Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi Suburban Railway isasuburbanrail serviceop-
eratedbyNorthernRailway fortheNationalCapitalRe-
gion. This railway service covers Delhi, along with the
adjoiningdistrictsof Faridabad,Ghaziabad andotherad-
joiningplacesin HaryanaandUttarPradesh . Theseser-
vicesaremostlyrunusing EMUandMEMUrakes. This
also includes passenger trains and DMUservices up to
Rewariin Haryana, which is also considered part of the
NationalCapitalRegion. ItnotonlyrunsthroughDelhi,
but also offers its services to pars of Haryana and Ut-
tarPradeshlikeRewari,Faridabad,Ghaziabadandmany
others. PassengerandDMUservicesnotonlyoperatein
Delhi,butitextendsuptoRewaridistrictinHaryana.
4.2.1 Facilities
Delhi Suburban Railway uses the same tracks that are
also used for long distance trains. In 2009 Ladies Spe-
cial trains were introduced between New Delhi and Pal-
walandfromNewDelhitoGhaziabadand Panipat.[1]
4.2.2 Timetable
The services are currently available on the following
routes.
Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi Faridabad Palwal
KosikalanEMU
Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi Faridabad Palwal
EMU

4.2. DELHI SUBURBAN RAILWAY 41
Ghaziabad Old Delhi New Delhi Faridabad Palwal
KosikalanMathur
GhaziabadOldDelhiNewDelhiEMU
GhaziabadAnandViharNewDelhiFaridabadPal-
walEMU
HNizamuddinFaridabadPalwalKosiKalanEMU
NewDelhiPalwalEMU
NewDelhiShakurbastiEMU
ShakurbastiOldDelhiGhaziabadDankaurEMU
Shakurbasti Old Delhi New Delhi H Nizamuddin
FaridabadPalwalEMU
Shakurbasti New Delhi Ghaziabad Khurza Aligarh
EMU
ShakurbastiNewDelhiFardabadBallabgarhEMU
Shakurbasti Old Delhi New Delhi H Nizamuddin
FaridabadPalwalMathuraEMU
Passenger and DMU services
OldDelhi-Gurgaon-RewariDMU
OldDelhiMuzaffarnagarDMU
OldDelhiShamliDMU
OldDelhiRohtakMEMU
Atpresent,EMUsinDelhirunwith12coaches,ofwhich
tenaregeneralcompartmentsandtwoareladiescompart-
ment. As per the Northern Railway estimates, there are
more than 110 suburban trains, which ply on important
sections,oftencrowdedbeyondlimitduringpeakhours.
4.2.3 Delhi Ring Railway
Delhi Ring Railway is part of the Delhi Suburban Rail-
wayservices.TheRingRailwayisacircularrailnetwork
inDelhi, which runs parallel to the Ring Road and was
conceivedduringthe 1982AsianGames . Startedin1975
to service goods, it later upgraded for the Games, when
24 additional services were started. Its circular route is
35 km long, which the train takes 90–120 minutes to
complete,bothclockwiseandanti-clockwise,via Hazrat
NizamuddinRailwayStation ,from8am-7pm. Withare-
turnticketfortheentirejourneycosting₹12,compared
towithDelhiMetro,whichisaround₹60,itispreferred
bypoorandmiddle-classfamilies.[2]Itrunssevenclock-
wiseandsixanti-clockwisetrainsatapeakfrequencyof
60-90min.,duringthemorningandeveningrushhours.
HoweverinthecomingdecadesDelhispreadfarbeyond
Ring Road, making the ring railway largely redundant.Nevertheless, prior to the 2010 Commonwealth Games,
7 stations near the sports venues, namely Chanakyapuri,
Sarojini Nagar, Inderpuri Halt, Lajpat Nagar, Sewa Na-
gar, Lodhi Colony and Safdarjung, received a facelift at
thecostof₹3crores.[3][4]
Delhi Ring Rail
Thering-railwayservicewasintroducedonatracklaidin
the1975sothatthelargenumberofgoodstrainsoriginat-
ing,terminating,orpassingthroughthecity,couldbypass
themainpassengerstationsatNewDelhi,OldDelhiand
Hazrat Nizamuddin.[4]The track was called the 'Delhi
AvoidingLine'. Today,however,theNorthernRailway’s
serviceforpassengerswithinthecityhasbecomesome-
thingwhichDelhiitesareavoiding. Thereare12electric
trains on the ring rail. Only three of the twelve EMUs
runtofullcapacity. Theresthavejust1-2%occupancy.
Theringrailwaystartsandendsatthe HazratNizamud-
dinRailwayStationwithtrainsrunninginbothclockwise
andanti-clockwisedirectionsaroundthecity.
Popularity with commuters
Thesystemisnotpopularamongindividualtravelersand
hasbeenatotalfailureasfaraspublictransportisconsid-
ered. DelhiRingRailwayisconsideredasanexampleof
failedmasstransitsystem. Themajorreasonsforfailure
of the system are lack of workable connections to other
methodsoftransportationaswellasalow-densitypopu-
lation in the areas of reach. Making matters worse, the
station exits usually open into narrow, dirty alleyways –
oftenmorethanakilometerawayfromthemainroad.
Thenetworkisnowutilizedasafreightcorridor,though
limitedpassengerEMUtrainservicesareavailableduring
peakhours.
4.2.4 Future development
WithDelhi Metro growing at a rapid pace, there has
been very little focus to improve the condition of the
Delhi Suburban Railway. There have been reports of
strengthening the services so that more commuters can
avail themselves of the facility. Feasibility studies have

42 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
also been done, and in deference to the commuter de-
mand, there were also plans to start EMU services from
Gurgaon. An integrated rail-bus transit (IRBT) system
to connect Delhi with the satellite towns of Gurgaon,
Ghaziabad, andSahibabad is being promoted by the
government.[5]Afeasibilitystudyhasalreadybeencom-
pleted, and a steering committee has been appointed to
monitor the project. The IRBT will have two dedicated
tracks.
4.2.5 Fleet gallery












4.2.6 References
[1]“Delhiites can ride a new train to Bengal this puja” . 31
August2009. Retrieved1September2014.
[2]“The road around progress” .Mint (newspaper) . Feb 17,
2012.
[3]“Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant” .
IndianExpress . Feb22,2011.
[4]“Ring Rail service chugs into oblivion” .Deccan Herald .
Feb4,2012.
[5]“IRBT system to connect the Indian capital, Delhi” .In-
ternational Railway Journal . 2004.
4.2.7 External links
DedicatedtrackstorunEMU
Delhiringrailwaytimetable4.3 Delhi Metro
Coordinates :28°36′53″N 77°12′43″E / 28.61472°N
77.21194°E
TheDelhi Metro is ametrosystem serving New Delhi
and its satellite cities of Faridabad,Gurgaon,Noidaand
Ghaziabad inNationalCapitalRegion inIndia.[10]Delhi
Metro is the world’s 12th largest metro system in terms
of both length and number of stations.[11]A member
of Nova Group of Metros,[12]the network consists of
fivecolour-codedregularlinesandthefaster AirportEx-
pressline, with a total length of 213 kilometres (132
mi)[1]serving160 stations (including 6 on Airport Ex-
press line).[1]The system has a mix of underground, at-
grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and
standard-gauge.[13]Themetrohasanaveragedailyrider-
ship of 2.4 million passengers, and, as of August 2010,
hadalreadycarriedover1.25billionpassengerssinceits
inception.[14]
DelhiMetroRailCorporation Limited(DMRC),a state-
ownedcompany with equal equity participation from
Government of India and Government of Delhi, built
and operates the Delhi Metro. The Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as
the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to
get “carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emis-
sions” and helping in reducing pollution levels in the
city by 630,000 tonnes every year.[15]DMRC operates
around 2000 trips daily between 05:30 till 00:00 run-
ningwitha headwayvaryingbetween1–2minutesand4–
10minutes.[16][17]Thetrainsareusuallyoffour,sixand
eight-coach. Thepoweroutputissuppliedby25-kilo volt,
50-hertzalternatingcurrent throughoverheadcatenary .
Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi
DevelopmentAuthority andtheUrbanArtsCommission
came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal
transportsystemforthecity. DelhiMetroRailCorpora-
tion (DMRC) was incorporated in May 1995, construc-
tionstartedin1998,andthefirstsection,onthe RedLine,
opened in 2002. The development of network was di-
vided into phases, Phase I containing 3 lines was com-
pletedby2006,andPhaseIIin2011. PhaseIIIissched-
uledforcompletionby2016.
RapidMetroRailGurgaon whichopenedin2013,whilst
linked to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate
metro system (with a different owner/operator than the
DelhiMetro),althoughtokensfromtheDelhiMetrocan
beusedinitsnetwork.
4.3.1 History
Background
The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first
emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study

4.3. DELHI METRO 43
Evolution of the Delhi Metro
whichwascarriedoutinthecityin1969.[18]Overthenext
several years, many official committees by a variety of
governmentdepartmentswerecommissionedtoexamine
issuesrelatedtotechnology,routealignment,andgovern-
mental jurisdiction.[19]In 1984, the Delhi Development
AuthorityandtheUrbanArtsCommissioncameupwith
aproposalfordevelopingamulti-modaltransportsystem,
which would consist of constructing three underground
massrapidtransitcorridorsaswellaugmentingthecity’s
existingsuburbanrailway androadtransportnetworks.[20]
While extensive technical studies and the raising of fi-
nancefortheprojectwereinprogress,thecityexpanded
significantlyresultinginatwofoldriseinpopulationand
a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981
and1998.[20]Consequently,trafficcongestionandpollu-
tionsoared,asanincreasingnumberofcommuterstook
to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable
to bear the load.[18]An attempt at privatising the bus
transport system in 1992 merely compounded the prob-
lem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly main-
tained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, re-
sultinginlongwaitingtimes,unreliableservice,extreme
overcrowding,unqualifieddrivers,speedingandreckless
driving.[21]To rectify the situation, the Government of
IndiaandtheGovernmentofDelhijointlysetupacom-
pany called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
on 3 May 1995, with E. Sreedharan as the managing
director.[22]
Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as MD,
DMRCtoMr. ManguSinghon31December2011.
Construction
PhysicalconstructionworkontheDelhiMetrostartedon
1October1998.[23]Afterthepreviousproblemsexperi-
encedbythe KolkataMetro ,whichwasbadlydelayedand
12timesoverbudgetdueto“politicalmeddling, techni-cal problems and bureaucratic delays”, DMRC is a spe-
cialpurposeorganisationvestedwithgreatautonomyand
powers to execute this gigantic project involving many
technical complexities, under a difficult urban environ-
mentandwithinaverylimitedtimeframe. DMRCwas
given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and
control funds.[24]The DMRC then consulted the Hong
Kong MTRC on rapid transit operation and construc-
tion techniques.[25]As a result, construction proceeded
smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000,
wheretheMinistryofRailwaysforcedthesystemtouse
broadgauge despitetheDMRC’spreferencefor standard
gauge.[26]
ThefirstlineoftheDelhiMetrowasinauguratedby Atal
BihariVajpayee ,thePrimeMinisterofIndia ,on24De-
cember 2002,[27]and thus, it became the second under-
groundrapid transit system in India , after the Kolkata
Metro. The first phase of the project was completed
in 2006,[28]on budget and almost three years ahead of
schedule,anachievementdescribedby BusinessWeek as
“nothingshortofamiracle”.[29]
Construction accidents
On 19 October 2008, a girder launcher and a part of
the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in
Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing
vehiclesunderneath. Workerswereusingacranetolifta
400-tonneconcretespanofthebridgewhenthelauncher
collapsedalongwitha34-metre(112ft)longspanofthe
bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a
labourer.[30]
On 12 July 2009, a section of bridge collapsed while it
was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash,
ontheCentralSecretariat–Badarpurcorridor. Sixpeo-
plediedand15wereinjured.[31]Thefollowingday,on13
July2009,acranethatwasremovingthedebriscollapsed,
andwithabowlingpineffectcollapsedtwoothernearby
cranes,injuringsix.[32]On22July2009,workeratAshok
Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on
him.[33]Over a hundred people, including 93 workers,
havediedsinceworkonthemetrobeganin1998.[34]
4.3.2 Network
Mainarticle: ListofDelhiMetrostations
The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I
completed 58 stations and 65.0 km (40.4 mi) of route
length,[35]ofwhich13.0km(8.1mi)isundergroundand
52.1 km (32.4 mi) surface or elevated. The inaugura-
tion of the Dwarka–Barakhamba Road corridor of the
Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on Octo-
ber 2006.[28]Phase II of the network comprises 124.6
km (77.4 mi) of route length and 85 stations,[35]and is
fully completed, with the first section opened in June

44 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
River Yamuna
Tuglakabad
FaridabadOkhlaSahibabad
Delhi Cantonment
Palam
Gurgaon
Rewari
MathuraGhaziabadSaharanpur Panipat
Rohtak
Sarai
RohillaAzadpurNaya AzadpurNarela
Nangloi Mundka
Shastri
Park WelcomeGTB
Hospital
JhilmilDilshad
Garden
SeelampurCivil
Lines
Jor Bagh
AIIMSBara –
khamba
Road
Indra-
prasthaAkshardhamKarkardooma Kaushambi
VaishaliAnand Vihar
Mayur ViharLaxmi
NagarNirman
ViharPreet Vihar
Mayur Vihar Extension
Noida Sector 15
Noida Sector 18
Golf CourseNoida City CentreNoida Sector 16New Ashok Nagar
Botanical GardenMandi
HousePatel
Chowk
Udyog
Bhawan
Race Course
INAShivaji
Stadium
Dhaula
Kuan
Hauz Khas
Malviya Nagar
Saket
Qutab Minar
GhitorniChhatarpur
HUDA City
CentreIFFCO
ChowkMG
RoadSikandarpur Guru
DronacharyaArjan GarhGreen Park
Sarvpriya ViharYamuna
BankVishwa
VidyalayaModel T own
Tis
Hazari
Jhandewalan
Rajendra
PlacePatel Nagar
ShadipurShastri
Nagar
Ashok
ParkPunjabi
Bagh
Shivaji
ParkMadi
Pur
Paschim
Vihar East Paschim
Vihar West
Peera
GarhiUdyog
Nagar
Surajmal
StadiumNangloi
Nangloi
StationRajdhani
Park
Mundka Pul
BangashAdarsh Nagar
Kanhaiya NagarNetaji Subhas
PlacePitam PuraRohini WestRithala
Vidhan
Sabha
Chawri
BazaarGTB NagarAzadpur
Keshav PuramKohat Enclave
Moti
NagarSubhas
Nagar
Nawada
Dwarka
Dwarka Sector 14
Dwarka Sector 12
Dwarka Sector 10Dwarka Sector 13
Dwarka Sector 11
Dwarka Sector 9
Dwarka Sector 8
Dwarka Sector 21Janak Puri East
Uttam Nagar East
Uttam Nagar WestJanak Puri WestRajouri
GardenT agore
GardenRamesh
Nagar
Tilak Nagar
Dwarka MorRohini EastJahangirpuri
Naraina Vihar
Inderpuri
Brar Square
Sardar Patel Marg
Chanakyapuri
SafdarjungTilak
BridgeShivaji
BridgeSadar BazarDayabasti
Sarojini
NagarIndira Gandhi
AirportLodhi
Colony Khan
Market
JL Nehru
StadiumLodhi
Colony
Sewa
Nagar
Lajpat Nagar
Kailash ColonyMoolchand
Nehru Place
Okhla Jasola
Sarita Vihar
Mohan Estate
Tuglakabad
BadarpurKalkajiLajpat
NagarKashmere
GateDelhiDelhi
Shahdara
New Delhi
Rajiv
Chowk
Central
SecretariatChandni
Chowk
Pragati
MaidanKirti
NagarSatguru Ramsingh MargPratap
Nagar
Hazrat
NizamuddinKishanganjSubzi
Mandi
Inder Lok
Airport
Metro2Metro3Metro1Metro2
Metro1
Metro3
Delhi Metro Rail Network
As of 29th June 2014
Metro Rail Suburban EMU Service
Delhi Ring Railway Red Line
Interchange stationYellow Line
Blue Line
Green LineIndian RailwaysRK Ashram Marg Karol
Bagh
AerocityPatel NagarMetro5
Metro4
Airport Express
Violet LineRapid MetroRail Gurgaon
Sikandarpur Rapid MetroPhase 2BelvedereT owersCyber CityMoulsari Avenue
Phase 3Janpath
Network map
2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.[36]Phase
III (103 km, 69 stations)[5]and Phase IV (113.2 km)[5]
areplannedtobecompletedby2016[5]and2021respec-
tively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by
then.
Current routes
As of November 2015, with the completion of Phase I,
Phase II and the beginning of operations on Phase III,
the Delhi Metro network comprises five coloured lines
(plustheAirportExpressline),serving154metrostations
(with 6 more stations on the Airport Express line, for a
total of 160),[1][37]and operating on a total route length
of213kilometres(132mi).[38][1]
Red Line
Red Line Mainarticle: RedLine
TheRedLinewasfirstlineoftheMetrotobeopenedand
connectsRithalainthewestto DilshadGarden intheeast,
covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[40]
It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the
YamunaRiver betweenKashmereGate andShastriPark
stations.[43]TheinaugurationofthefirststretchbetweenShahdaraandTis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused
the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being
crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to
havearide.[44][45]Subsequentsectionswereinaugurated
fromTisHazari–Trinagar(laterrenamed Inderlok)on4
October2003,[46]Inderlok–Rithalaon31March2004,
andShahdara–DilshadGardenon4June2008.[47]The
red line has two interchange stations, the first Kashmere
Gate with the yellow line and the second Inderlokwith
thegreenline.Startingfrom24November2013sixcoach
trainswillbeinductedinaphasedmannerinredline.[48]
Yellow Line
Inside a Delhi Metro on the yellow line
Yellow Line Mainarticle: YellowLine
The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and
wasthefirstundergroundlinetobeopened.[49]Itrunsfor
49 kilometres (30 mi) from north to south and connects
Samaypur Badli with HUDA City Centre inGurgaon.
Thenorthernandsouthernpartsofthelineareelevated,
while the central section passes through some of the
most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first
section between Vishwa Vidyalaya andKashmere Gate
opened on 20 December 2004, and the subsequent sec-
tionsofKashmereGate– CentralSecretariat openedon

4.3. DELHI METRO 45
3 July 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on
4 February 2009.[47]This line also possesses the coun-
try’sdeepestMetrostation (theseconddeepestmetrosta-
tion in the world)[50]atChawri Bazaar , situated 30 me-
tres (98 ft) below ground level.[51][52]On 21 June 2010,
an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City
Centre was opened, initially operating separately from
the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line
opened on 26 August 2010. Due to delay in acquiring
the land for constructing the station, it was constructed
using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine
months and is the only station in the Delhi metro net-
work to be made completely of steel.[53][54]The con-
necting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Mi-
naropenedon3September2010.[55]reOn10November
2015,thelinewasfurtherextendedbetweenJahangirpuri
andSamaypurBadli inOuterDelhi.[38]Interchangesare
availablewiththe RedLineandKashmereGateISBT at
Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Sta-
tion, Violet Line at Central Secretariat, Airport Express
(Orange) Line at New Delhi, Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon
at Sikandarpur and with the Indian Railways network at
Chandnichowk DelhiJunctionRailwaystation andNew
DelhiNewDelhirailwaystations .[56][57]Yellowlineisthe
first line of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four
coachtrainswithsixandeightcoachconfiguration. The
Metro Museum at Patel Chowk Metro station is a col-
lection of display panels, historical photographs and ex-
hibits, tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro. The mu-
seumwasopenedon1January2009.[50]
Blue Line
Blue Line Mainarticle: BlueLine
The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be
opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[58]
Mainly elevated and partly underground,[59]it connects
Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of
Noidain the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilome-
tres (29.5 mi).[58]The first section of this line between
DwarkaandBarakhamba Road was inaugurated on 31
December 2005, and subsequent sections opened be-
tween Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006,
BarakhambaRoad– Indraprastha on11November2006,
Indraprastha– YamunaBank on10May2009,YamunaBank –Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009, and
Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October
2010.[47]This line crosses the Yamuna River between
Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[43]and has In-
dia’ssecond extradosedbridge acrosstheNorthernRail-
waysmainlinesnear PragatiMaidan .[60]Abranchofthe
Blueline,inauguratedon8January2010,takesofffrom
YamunaBankstationandrunsfor6.25kilometres(3.88
mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[61]It was fur-
ther extended up to Vaishaliwhich was opened to pub-
lic on 14 July 2011.[62][63]A small stretch of 2.76 kilo-
metres(1.71mi)from DwarkaSector9 toDwarkaSec-
tor 21was inaugurated on 30 October 2010.[64][65]In-
terchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv
Chowkstation,[59]GreenlineatKirtiNagar,Violetlineat
Mandi House, Airport Express (Orange) line at Dwarka
Sector 21 and with the Indian Railways network and In-
terstateBusStation(ISBT)atAnandViharstation,which
connectswith AnandViharRailwayTerminal andAnand
ViharISBT .[66]
Green Line Mainarticle: GreenLine
Openedin2010, GreenLine(Line5)isthefifthlineof
the Delhi Metro network and the first line on standard
gauge, asopposedtopreviousbroadgaugelines. Itruns
betweenInderlok(stationontheRedLine)andMundka
withabranchlineconnectingtheline’sAshokParkMain
station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line. The
completely elevated line, built as part of the Phase-II of
Delhi Metro runs mostly along the busy NH 10 route in
West Delhi. The line consists of 17 stations including
an interchange station covering a total length of 18.46
km.This line also has the country’s first standard-gauge
maintenance depot at Mundka.[67]The line was opened
intwostages,withthe15.1kmInderlok–Mundkasec-
tionopeningon3April2010[1]andthe3.5kmKirtiNa-
gar – Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011.
On6August2012,inastepthatwillimprovecommuting
in National Capital Region, the Union government has
approvedextensionofDelhiMetrofromMundkatoBa-
hadurgarh in Haryana. The 11.18 km metro stretch will
have seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area, Ghevra,
TikriKalan,TikriBorder,ModernIndustrialEstate,Ba-
hadurgarhBusStandandCityParkbetweenMundkaand
Bahadurgarh.
Violet Line Mainarticle: VioletLine
The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to
beopened,andthesecondstandard-gaugecorridorafter
the Green Line. The 37 km (23 mi) long line connects
EscortsMujesar inFaridabadtoITO,with22.8km(14.2
mi)beingoverheadandtherestunderground.[42]Thefirst
sectionbetweenCentralSecretariatand SaritaVihar was
inauguratedon3October2010,justhoursbeforethein-

46 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
Violet Line
augural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games ,
and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , which was
thevenuefortheopeningandclosingceremoniesofthe
event.[68]Completedinjust41months,itincludesa100
m(330ft)longbridgeovertheIndianRailwaysmainlines
anda167.5m(550ft)longcable-stayedbridgeacrossan
operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals,
tourist attractions, and a major industrial estate along its
route.[42]Services are provided at intervals of 5 min.[68]
AninterchangewiththeYellowLineisavailableatCen-
tral Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[42]On
14January2011,theremainingportionfromSaritaVihar
to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding
threenewstationstothenetworkandmarkingthecom-
pletionoftheline.[69]ThesectionbetweenMandiHouse
and Central Secretariat, was opened on 26 June 2014.
After that a 971-metre section between ITO and Mandi
House was opened on 8 June 2015. The latest addition
to the line, an 14 km (8.7 mi) extension southwards till
EscortsMujesarin FaridabadwasinauguratedbyPrime
MinisterNarendraModi on6September2015.[70]Allthe
nine Metro stations of the Badarpur – Escorts Mujesar
(Faridabad)sectionofDelhiMetro’sPhase3,havebeen
awardedthehighestpossiblerating(platinum)foradher-
encetogreenbuildingnorms,bytheIndianGreenBuild-
ing Council (IGBC), which has devised a rating mecha-
nismforMetrostationsandbuildingsona scaleofplat-
inum, gold, silver etc for following the green building
specifications. The awards for these stations were given
toDMRC’sManagingDirector,Dr. ManguSingh byDr.
PCJain,Chairperson,IGBCinthepresenceofDMRC’s
directors and senior officials on 10 September 2015.[71]
Currently the Faridabad corridor of Delhi Metro Violet
Line is the longest metro corridor in the national capital
region(NCR)consistingof9stationsandthetotallength
ofcorridorbeing14km.[72]
Airport Express Main article: Delhi Airport Metro
Express
The interior of a Delhi Metro Airport Express train
TheAirportExpresslinerunsfor22.7km(14.1mi)from
New Delhi Railway Station toDwarka Sector 21 , link-
ing theIndira Gandhi International Airport . The line
was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Lim-
ited (DAMEL) , a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure ,
theconcessionaire ofthelinetill30June2013andisnow
beingoperatedbyDMRC.[73]Thelinewasconstructedat
acostof₹57billion(US$850million),ofwhichReliance
Infrastructure invested ₹28.85 billion (US$430 million)
and will pay fees on a revenue-share model.[74]The line
has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity be-
cameoperationalon15August2011),withsomefeatur-
ingcheck-in facilities , parking, and eateries.[75]Rolling
stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals
of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135
km/h (84 mph).[75]Originally scheduled to open before
the2010 Commonwealth Games , the line failed to ob-
tain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on
24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months.
After 16 months of commencement of operations, the
line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July
2012.[76][77]The line reopened on 22 January 2013.[78]
On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimated
DMRCthattheyareunabletooperatethelinebeyond30
June 2013. Following this DMRC took over operations
ofAirportExpresslinefrom1July2013withanOpera-
tionsandMaintenanceteamof100officialstohandlethe
line.[79]InJan2015,DMRCreportedthatAirportMetro
hasrecordedabout30percentriseinitsridershipfollow-
ingthefarereductionofupto40percentinJulylastyear
[80]On14September2015DMRCannouncedtoreduce
faresevenfurthertoimprovetheridershipoftheline,the
newfarestructurewillhavemaximumfareofRs60and
minimumofRs10insteadofRs100andRs20charged
earlier, a reduction of about 40%.[81]DMRC has stated
thatthiswasdonetoreducethecrowdingonBlueline,di-
vertingsomeoftheDwarka-boundpassengerstoAirport
ExpressLine,whichisunderutilisedandfastercompared
totheBlueLine.

4.3. DELHI METRO 47
Planned extensions
Delhi Metro Route Map
with Phase 3 routes
Elevated
Underground
Planned/under construction (grey)Jahangir-
puri
Adarsh
Nagar
AZADPUR
Model T own
Vishwa Vidyalay
Vidhan Sabha
Civil
LinesGTB Nagar
Chandni
Chowk
Chawri
Bazaar
NEW DELHI
STATION
RAJIV
CHOWK
Patel Chowk
CENTRAL
SECTT
Udyog Bhawan
Race Course
Jor Bagh
INA
MARKET
AIIMS
Green Park
HAUZ
KHAS
Malviya Nagar
Saket
Qutab Minar
Chattarpur
Sultanpur Ghitorni
Arjan GarhGuru
Dronacharya
SikanderpurMG Road
IIFCO
Chowk
HUDA City
CenterRithala
Rohini West
Rohini East
Pitampura
Kohat EnclaveSUBHASH
PLACE
Keshav Puram
Kanhaiya Nagar
INDERLOK
Shastri
NagarPratap
Nagar
Pul
BangashTis
HazariShastri
ParkSeelampurWELCOME
ShahdaraMansarovar
Park
JhilmilDilshad
Garden
KASHMIRI
GATEMundkaRajdhani
Park
Nangloi
StnNangloi
Surajmal
StadiumUdyog
Nagar
Peera
GarhiPaschim
Vihar W
Paschim
Vihar EMadipur
Shivaji
ParkPunjabi
Bagh E
SRS MargASHOK
PARK
KIRTI NAGAR
DWARKA
SEC 21Dhaula KuanShivaji Stadium
Delhi
AerocityIGI
AirportKhan Market
JLN
Stadium
Jangpura
LAJPAT
NAGAR
Moolchand
Kailash
ColonyNehru
Place
KALKAJI
MANDIR
Govindpuri
Okhla
Jasola/Apollo
Sarita Vihar
Mohan Nagar
Tughlaqabad
BadarpurDwarka Sec 8Dwarka Sec 9Dwarka Sec 10Dwarka Sec 11Dwarka Sec 12Dwarka Sec 13Dwarka Sec 14DWARKADwarka
Mor
NawadaUttam
Nagar W
Uttam
Nagar EJanakpuri EJANAKPURI WTilak
NagarSubhash
Nagar
T agore
GardenRAJOURI
GARDENRamesh
NagarMoti
Nagar
Shadipur
Patel
NagarRajendra
Place
Karol
BaghJhande-
walan
RK Ashram
Marg Bara-
khamba
MANDI
HOUSEPragati
Maidan
IndraprasthYAMUNA
BANKLakshmi
NagarNirman
ViharPreet
ViharKARKAR-
DUMAANAND
VIHAR
KaushambiVaishali
Akshardham
MAYUR
VIHAR
Mayur
Vihar Extn
New Ashok
NagarNOIDA Sec 15
NOIDA Sec 16
NOIDA Sec 18
BOTANICAL
GARDENGolf CourseNOIDA City
CenterMajlis
Park
Shakurpur
ESI HospitalPunjabi
Bagh W
Mayapuri
Naraina
Vihar
Delhi Cantt
Moti Bagh
Bhikaji
Cama PlaceSarojni
Nagar
South
Ext
SrinivaspuriAshramHazrat
NizamuddinMayur
Vihar Ph 1TrilokpuriVinod NagarIP ExtensionKrishna
NagarEast Azad
NagarJafferabadMaujpurGokulpuri
JanpathITODelhi
GateJama
MasjidRed
Fort
Sarai
NHPC
Chowk
Mewala
Maharajpur
Sector 27A
Badkal
Morh
Faridabad
Old T own
Ajronda
Faridabad
New T own
YMCA ChowkDabri
Mor
Dashrath
Puri
Palam
Sadar
Bazaar
Airport
T erminal 1DShankar
ViharVasant
Vihar Munirka
RK Puram IIT
Panchsheel
ParkChirag
Dilli
Greater
Kailash IINehru
EnclaveOkhla
Ph-IIIIshwar
NagarJamia
Nagar
Okhla
Vihar
Jasola
ViharAMITY
ChowkBadli
Rohini
Sec 18
Shalimar
Place
Shalimar
Bagh
Mundka
Industrial
Area
GhevraTikri
Kalan
Tikri
BorderModern
Industrial
Estate
Bahadurgarh
Bus StandBahadurgarh
City Park
Najafgarh
Depot
Municipal
CorporationShiv
Vihar
Johri
Enclave
Satya
Niketan
Delhi Metro map with Phase I, phase II & proposed phase III
routes
Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread
over around 20 years as with each phase having a tar-
get of five years and end of one phase marking the be-
ginning of another. Phase I (65 km) and Phase II (125
km)werecompletedin2006and2011,respectively,and
Phase III and Phase IV are scheduled for completion in
2016 and 2021, respectively. Work on Phase III started
in2011whileplanningforPhaseIVhasbegun. Ex-chief
ofDMRChintedthatbythetimePhaseIViscompleted,
thecitywillneedPhaseVtocopewithrisingpopulation
andtransportneeds.[82]
Phase III The deadline for completion of Phase 3 is
2016.[83]Outof2newlinesand11routeextensionspro-
posedforPhaseIII,cabinetapprovalshavebeenobtained
for 2 new lines and 10 route extensions totalling 167.27
km, with an estimated cost of ₹350 billion (US$5.2
billion).[84]Construction has already begun on many of
these. In April 2014 the Delhi Lt. Governor gave ap-
proval for two further extensions.[85]All the approved
linesare:.[86]
Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41
km.[88]More than 20 tunnel boring machines are ex-
pected to be simultaneously used during construction of
Phase III.[89]Delhi Metro is expecting a ridership of 4
millionaftercompletionofPhaseIII.DMRChasdecided
tousecommunicationbasedtraincontrol(CBTC)forsig-
nalling which will allow trains to run at a short headway
of 90 seconds.[90]Keeping this in mind and other con-
straints, DMRC changed its decision to build 9 car long
stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter sta-
tionswhichcanaccommodate6cartrains.
ForthefirsttimeDelhiMetrowillconstructringlinesin
PhaseIII.TillPhaseII,DelhiMetrofocusedonexpand-ing the reach of metro and thus built long radial lines.
However,inPhaseIII,DelhiMetroisaimingtointercon-
nect existing lines by ring lines to improve connectivity.
Thiswillnotonlyhelpinreducingdistancesbutwillalso
relieveradiallinesofsomecongestion.
Phase IV Phase IV has a 2021 deadline, and tenta-
tivelyincludesfurtherextensionstoSoniaVihar,Burari,
Mukundpur, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh,Narela,
Ghazipur, Noida sector 62, extensions of Violet line,
Green line, Line 8, having a total length of over 100
km.[35][91][92]There might be some changes in plan be-
foreactualconstructionstartsontheselines.
Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have
been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sec-
tor62toGreaterNoidawhichwillintersectIndraprastha
–NoidaSector32line.[93]TheGhaziabadDevelopment
AuthorityisplanningtoextendDelhiMetrolinesdeeper
intoGhaziabad throughextensionoftheBlueLinefrom
VaishalitoMehraulivia Indirapuram . Theindependently
operatedGurgaonMetro ,openedinNovember2013,will
alsointerchangewiththeDelhiMetroat Sikandarpur sta-
tiononYellowline.[94]Fortheyear2012–13,Noidade-
velopmentAuthorityhasallocatedRs5billionforMetro
extension,withCityCenterMetrolinebeingextendedtill
thecrossingofSector71and72.[95]
4.3.3 Finances
Summary Financials
The table below is based on the 2013–14 Annual
Report.[96]
EBITDAstandsfor“EarningsbeforeInterestTaxes
Depreciation&Amortization”
EBTstandsfor“EarningsBeforeTax”
Of note, Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss on
an EBT basis for the past few years. EBITDA margin
declinedfrom73%inFiscal2007to33%inFiscal2014.
Thatsaid,DebttoEquityimprovedfrom1.43inFY07to
1.16inFY14.
Funding and Capitalisation
DMRCisownedequallybytheDelhigovernmentandthe
GovernmentofIndia.
As of March 2014, total debt stood at ₹219 billion
(US$3.3 billion), while equity capital was ₹188 billion
(US$2.8billion).
Costofthedebtis0% forGovtofIndiaandDelhigov-
ernment loans, and between 0.01% and 2.3% for Japan
International Cooperation Agency loans. Of the equity

48 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
capital,₹152 billion (US$2.3 billion) is paid-up capital
andrestisreservesandsurplus.[96]
4.3.4 Operations
Inside the New Delhi metro station.
HUDA City Centre metro station
Train at HUDA City Centre metro station
Trainsoperateatafrequencyofonetotwominutestofive
totenminutesbetween05:00and00:00,dependingupon
thepeakandoff-peakhours. Trainsoperatingwithinthenetworktypicallytravelatspeedupto50km/h(31mph),
andstopforabout20secondsateachstation. Automated
stationannouncementsarerecordedinHindiandEnglish.
Manystationshaveservicessuchas ATMs,foodoutlets ,
cafés,convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating,
drinking,smokingandchewingofgumareprohibitedin
theentiresystem. TheMetroalsohasasophisticated fire
alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and
fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the
premises of stations.[97]Navigation information is avail-
ableonGoogleTransit .[98]SinceOctober2010,thefirst
coachofeverytrainisreservedforwomen. However,last
coaches are also reserved when the train changes tracks
at the terminal stations in the Red, Green and Violet
Lines.[99][100]Tomaketravellingbymetroasmootherex-
perience, Delhi Metro has launched its own official app
forsmartphoneusers,( iPhoneandAndroid)thatwillpro-
vide information on various facilities like nearest metro
station,fare,parkingavailability,touristspotsnearmetro
stations,securityandemergencyhelplinenumbers.[101]
Security
Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central
Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guard-
ing the system ever since they took over from the Delhi
Policein 2007.[102]Closed-circuit cameras are used to
monitortrainsandstations, andfeedfromtheseismon-
itored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at
theirrespectivecontrolrooms.[103]Over3500CISFper-
sonnelhavebeendeployedtodealwithlawandorderis-
sues in the system, in addition to metal detectors ,X-ray
baggage inspection systems, and dog squads which are
usedtosecurethesystem. About5,200CCTVcameras
havebeeninstalled,whichcovereverynookandcornerof
eachMetrostation. Eachoftheundergroundstationshas
about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated sta-
tionshaveabout16to20cameraseach. Themonitoring
ofthesecamerasisdonebytheCISF,whichisincharge
ofsecurityoftheMetro,aswellastheDelhiMetroRail
Corporation.[104]Intercomsareprovidedineachtraincar
for emergency communication between the passengers
andthetrainoperator.[105]Periodicsecuritydrills arecar-
ried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness
ofsecurityagenciesinemergencysituations.[106]DMRC
isalsolookingatraisingthestationwallsandrailingsfor
thesafetyofpassengers.[107]
Ticketing & Recharge
For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro com-
mutershavethreechoicesforticketpurchase. The RFID
tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of
purchaseandthevaluedependsonthedistancetravelled,
with fares for a single journey ranging from ₹8 (12¢
US) to₹30 (45¢ US). Fares arecalculated based on the
origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[108]A

4.3. DELHI METRO 49
common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on
DelhiTransportCorporation(DTC)busesandtheMetro
was introduced in 2011.[109]Travel cards are available
for longer durations and are most convenient for fre-
quent commuters. They are valid for one year from the
date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are
availableindenominationsof ₹200(US$3.00)to ₹1,000
(US$14.90). A10%discountisgivenonalltravelmade
onit.[110]Adepositof ₹50(75¢US)needstobemadeto
buy a new card which is refundable on the return of the
card any time before its expiry if the card is not physi-
callydamaged.[108]Touristcardscanbe used forunlim-
itedtravelontheDelhiMetronetworkovershortperiods
oftime. Therearetwokindsoftouristcardsvalidforone
and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card
is₹150(US$2.20)andthatofa three-daycardis ₹300
(US$4.50),besidesarefundabledepositof ₹50(75¢US)
thatmustbepaidatthetimeofpurchasingthecard.[108]
Problems
Metro station and train entering.
Asthenetworkhasexpanded,highridershipinnewtrains
haveledtoincreasinginstancesofovercrowdingandde-
laysontheDelhiMetro.[111][112]Toalleviatetheproblem,
8 coach trains have been introduced in Yellow line and
Blue line and an increase in the frequency of trains has
been proposed.[111]Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic
feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby locali-
tieshavealsobeenreportedasanareaofconcern.[113][114]Ridership
DelhiMetrohasbeenregisteringacontinuousincreasein
ridership since its inception. When Metro services were
introducedin2002,theaverageridershipwas80,000pas-
sengersperday. Asof2015,dailyridershiphasrisento
2.6million,withthelatestridershiprecordseton28Au-
gust2015.
On4August2014dailyridershipcrossedthe2.7million
figure. Since then the highest ridership has kept on sur-
passing the previous best, compelling metro authorities
to keep increasing the services on busy routes. Most re-
centDelhiMetrodailyridershiprecordof3.175million
passengers was reached on the eve of the Rakshaband-
han(28August2015),whencommuterspouredinlarge
numbersthroughouttheday.[2][115]
On 25 December 2014, it was reported that the rider-
ship of the Airport Express had almost doubled in the
past year to almost 600,000 passengers per month now,
as compared to just above 300,000 at the beginning of
thecalendaryear.[116]
Currently, Delhi Metro has about 220 trains of four, six
and eight coaches totalling 1,290 coaches.It is further
planning to add 421 more coaches on the existing route
before the completion of phase 3. During the financial
year2015,DMRConanaveragepressed1,083coaches
in an hour (during peak hour), in 2012–13, the num-
berwas819. Onan averagetrainsmake2,880 tripsper
day.[117]
4.3.5 Rolling stock
A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem –
BEML .[119]
The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges.
PhaseIlinesuse1,676mm(5.499ft) broadgauge rolling
stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm (4.708
ft)standard gauge rolling stock.[120]Trains are main-
tained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur
for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Na-
jafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri

50 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier .
One of the six coach trains. Most trains of Blue & Yellow Lines
have been upgraded from 4 to 6 & 8 coaches to increase capacity.
Park for the Red Line, and Sarita Vihar for the Violet
Line.[42][121][122][123][124]
Maglevtrainswereinitiallyconsideredforsomelinesof
Phase 3, but DMRC decided to continue with conven-
tionalrailinAugust2012.[125]
Broad gauge
The rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppli-
ers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by
aconsortiumofcompaniescomprising HyundaiRotem ,
Mitsubishi Corporation , andMELCO.The coaches have
a very similar look to MTR Rotem EMU , except with
only 4 doors and use sliding doors. The coaches were
initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[122]then
in Bangalore by BEMLthrough a technology trans-
ferarrangement.[126]These trains consist of four 3.2-
metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches
with vestibules permitting movement throughout their
lengthandcancarryupto1500passengers,[127]with50
seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[128]The
coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with auto-
matic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and sec-
ondary air suspension,[129]and are capable of maintain-
ing an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a dis-
tance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[128]The system is extensible
up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed
accordingly.[127]
The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by
Bombardier Transportation , which has received an or-
derfor614carsworthapproximatelyUS$1.1billion.[130]
While initial trains were made in Görlitz, Germany and
Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier’s
factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[131]These trains are amix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accom-
modating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respec-
tively. Thecoachespossessseveralimprovedfeatureslike
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-
hour backup for added security, charging points in all
coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air con-
ditioningtoprovideatemperatureof25degreesCelsius
eveninpackedconditionsandheatersforwinter.[132]
Standard gauge
The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by
BEMLatitsfactoryinBangalore. Thetrainsarefour-car
consistswithacapacityof1506commuterspertrain,[133]
accommodating50seatedand292standingpassengersin
eachcoach.[128]ThesetrainswillhaveCCTVcamerasin
andoutsidethecoaches,powersupplyconnectionsinside
coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity
control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[134]and
will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34
km/h(21mph)overadistanceof1.1km(0.68mi).[128]
Airport Express
Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were im-
ported from Spain.[135]CAF held 5% equity in the
DAME project, and Reliance Infrastructure held the re-
maining 95%[136]before DMRC took over the opera-
tions. The trains on this line are of a premium standard
compared to the existing metro trains and have in-built
noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches
areequippedwithLCDscreensforentertainmentofthe
passengersandalsoprovideflightinformationforconve-
nienceofairtravellers. Thetrainsarefittedwithanevent
recorderwhichcanwithstandhighlevelsoftemperature
andimpactandthewheelshaveflangelubricationsystem
forlessnoiseandbetterridingcomfort.[99]
4.3.6 Signalling and telecommunication
Inside a Hyundai Rotem coach.

4.3. DELHI METRO 51
European signalling system on the Delhi Metro
The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a cen-
tralisedautomatic train control system consisting of
automatic train operation ,Automatic Train Protection
and automatic train signalling modules.[137]A 380 MHz
digital trunked TETRA radio communication system
fromMotorolais used on all lines to carry both voice
anddatainformation.[138]ForBlueLine SiemensTrans-
portationSystems hassuppliedtheelectronicinterlocking
Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and
the automation control system LZB 700 M.[139]An in-
tegrated system comprising optical fibre cable , on-train
radio,CCTV,andacentralisedclockand publicaddress
systemis used for telecommunication during train op-
erations as well as emergencies.[140]For Red and Yel-
low lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and
forlineGreenandVoiletBombardierTransportationhas
suppliedCITYFLO350signallingsystem.
TheAirport Express line has introduced WiFi services
at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012.[141]
Connectivityinsidemetrotrainstravellingontherouteis
expectedin thefuture. TheWiFi service isprovided by
YOUBroadband&CableIndiaLimited .[142]
Afullyautomated,operatorlesstrainsystemhasbeenof-
fered to Delhi Metro by the French defence and civilian
technologiesmajor Thales.[143]
4.3.7 Environment and aesthetics
The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally
friendlypracticesfromorganisationsincludingthe UnitedNations,[144]RINA,[145]and theInternational Organi-
zation for Standardization ,[145]becoming the second
metro in the world, after the New York City Subway ,
to beISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly
construction.[146]MostoftheMetrostationsonthe Blue
Lineconductrainwater harvesting as an environmental
protectionmeasure.[147]Itisalsothefirstrailwayproject
intheworldtoearn carboncredits afterbeingregistered
with the United Nations under the Clean Development
Mechanism ,[148]and has so far earned 400,000 carbon
credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative
brakingsystems on its trains.[149]To reduce its depen-
dence on non-renewable sources of energy, DMRCis
looking forward to harness solar energy and install so-
larpanelsatthe Karkardooma , NoidaSector-21, Anand
Vihar and Pragati Maidan Metro stations and DMRC’s
residentialcomplexatPushpVihar.[150][151]
The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of
community infrastructure, and community artwork de-
picting the local way of life has been put on display
at stations.[152]Students of local art colleges have also
designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[153]while
pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have
been decorated with mosaic murals created by local
schoolchildren.[154]TheMetrostationat INAColony has
agalleryshowcasingartworkandhandicraftsfromacross
India,[155]while all stations on the Central Secretariat
– Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have pan-
elsinstalledonthemonumentalarchitecturalheritageof
Delhi.[156]The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk
has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India:
Rabindranath Tagore ,CV Raman ,Hargobind Khorana ,
MotherTeresa ,SubrahmanyanChandrasekhar ,Amartya
SenandVenkatramanRamakrishnan andprovidedetails
about their contribution to society and a panel each on
AlfredNobelandtheNobelPrizes.
4.3.8 See also
TempleNearMetroStation
TransportinDelhi
DelhiSuburbanRailway
NationalCapitalRegionTransportCorporation
RapidtransitinIndia
Listofrapidtransitsystems
Listofmetrosystems
4.3.9 Notes
[1]“DelhiMetroAboutUsIntroduction” .DMRC.Retrieved
25June2015.
[2]

52 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
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[83]deadlineforcompletionofPhase3

54 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
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Retrieved26September2009.
[122]“Delhi Metro, India” .Railway-Technology.com . Re-
trieved12May2014.
[123]“Metro gets first standard gauge depot” .The Hindu . 23
February2010. Retrieved28July2010.
[124]“Delhi Metro constructs Asia’s highest train washing
plant”.The Economic Times . 25 April 2010. Retrieved
28July2010.

4.3. DELHI METRO 55
[125]“DelhiMetrosaysnotoMaglevtechnology” .Indian Ex-
press. 8August2012. Retrieved31March2013.
[126]P.Manoj(25August2005). “BEMLtorakeinbigmoney
fromproposedmetroprojects” .The Hindu. Retrieved26
September2009.
[127]“SecondMetrorailarrivesinDelhi” .The Times of India .
15October2002. Retrieved26September2009.
[128]“RollingStock: EnsuringPassengerComfort,Safetyand
Reliability” (jpg).DMRC.Retrieved27September2010.
[129]“Metro Rail gets first train” .The Hindu . 27 July 2002.
Retrieved26September2009.
[130]“Bombardier to Deliver Further 76 MOVIA Metro Cars
to Delhi Metro from Savli India Site” .Press Release .
Bombardier. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 3 November
2011.
[131]“Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro” .pro-
jectsmonitor.com .
[132]“Metrotogetswankier,biggercoaches” .The Times of In-
dia. 17September2009. Retrieved26September2009.
[133]“BEML delivers India’s 1st standard gauge metro car” .
The Economic Times . 11 September 2009. Retrieved 26
September2009.
[134]SmritiKakRamachandran(30July2009). “Trialrunbe-
ginsonfirststandardgaugeMetroline” .The Hindu. Re-
trieved26July2009.
[135]“Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra” .Indian Ex-
press. 20May2010. Retrieved5June2010.
[136]“Delhi Airport line contracts finalised” (PDF).
ConstruccionesyAuxiliardeFerrocarriles .
[137]“Technical Notes: Signalling” .DMRC. Archived from
the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 23 November
2009.
[138]“Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India” (PDF). Mo-
torolaElectronics. Retrieved3January2010.
[139]“Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India” . Siemens AG. Re-
trieved6July2008.
[140]“Technical Notes: Telecommunication” .DMRC.
Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Re-
trieved23November2009.
[141]“Delhi Airport Metro Express” .Delhi metro times . Re-
trieved4August2012.
[142]“Reliance Metro Airport Express,WiFi-enabled,EVS
Chakravarthy, CEO YOU Broadband” .Business Wire
India. Retrieved4August2012.
[143]“Delhi Metro offered fully-automated, driverless train
system”. Retrieved25May2012.
[144]“Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon
emission”.The Times of India . 22 February 2009. Re-
trieved10September2009.[145]“Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001” .DMRC. Archived
fromtheoriginal on7June2008. Retrieved10September
2009.
[146]“Press Release: Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For
Eco-friendlySystems” .USAID.24December2002. Re-
trieved27September2010.
[147]“DelhiMetroshowsthewaywithwaterharvestingunits” .
The Times of India . 26 September 2005. Retrieved 27
September2010.
[148]“Delhi Metro is first rail project to earn carbon credits” .
The Economic Times . 5January2008. Retrieved2Febru-
ary2010.
[149]NehaSinha(20December2009). “DelhiMetroontrack
toearncarboncredits” .The Indian Express . Retrieved2
February2010.
[150]“Metro mulls solar panels at stations to go green” .The
Times of India . 5June2012.
[151]“Delhi Metro to install three new solar power plants” .
IANS.news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved3July2014.
[152]Siemiatycki2006 ,p. 284
[153]Anuradha Mukherjee (13 December 2002). “Vibrant
murals bring cheer” .The Times of India . Retrieved 30
November2009.
[154]Preeti Jha (10 October 2007). “Murals by Salwan Pub-
licSchoolstudentsdecorateMetropillarsonPusaRoad” .
The Indian Express . Retrieved2February2010.
[155]“AtINAMetrostation,agalleryfortraditionalart,crafts” .
Indian Express . 2September2010. Retrieved21Septem-
ber2010.
[156]Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2 September 2010). “Delhi
metro gets a handicrafts gallery” .The Hindu. Retrieved
21September2010.
4.3.10 References
Siemiatycki, Matti (June 2006). “Message in a
Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Im-
age in Delhi, India” (PDF). International Journal
of Urban and Regional Research 30(2): 259–277.
Archivedfrom theoriginal (PDF)on13May2014.
Retrieved17September2009.
4.3.11 Further reading
RashmiSadana(30May–2June2012). “Metrocity
Journal: Up, Up and Away” .The Wall Street Jour-
nal.
Rashmi Sadana (13 November 2010). “On the
Delhi Metro: An Ethnographic View”. Economic
and Political Weekly 45(46): 77–83.

56 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
G. S. Dhillon (29 January 2004). “Trenchless tun-
nelling”.The Tribune .
“A dream revisited: an archival journey into the
making of the Delhi Metro Rail”. DMRC. 2003.
OCLC54073649.
“A journey to remember”. DMRC. 2008. p. 94.
OCLC300027063 .
4.3.12 External links
DelhiMetroRailCorporationLtd. (Officialsite)
RapidMetroRailGurgaon(Officialsite)
4.4 Delhi Monorail
TheDelhi Monorail is a proposed monorailsystem for
thecityofDelhithatwilloperateas DelhiMetro raillines.
4.4.1 Lines
The first proposed line in which work has been planned
tostartinmid-2013willbe
FromShastri Park to Trilokpuri via Nirman Vi-
har.Lengthofthislinewillbe11km
It is planned to complete by 2017 and wiil cost govern-
ment Rs.2235 crores.It is expected to connect densely
popualated Delhi areas where Metro could not reach.It
will connect 3 Metro Lines : Red line (Dilshad Garden
to Rithala) at Shastri Park .Blue Line (Anand Vihar to
Dwarka Line) at Nirman Vihar and proposed Mukund-
purtoYamunaViharatTriLokPuri. ItwillstartinEast
NewDelhibyendof2017.
[1][2]There are three lines proposed in phase I are as
follows:[3]
FromRohiniSector21to RedFortviaWazirPur-
ShaktiNagar-AnandParbat- AjmeriGate -Delhi
Gate(Delhi) Lengthofthislinewouldbe28.5km
From Kalyanpuri to Pul Mithai via Scope Minar –
Geeta Colony – Shanti Van -Red Fort-Old Delhi
Railway Station . Length of this line would be 15.5
km
FromGulabi Bagh toDelhi University via Shakti
Nagar -Kamla Nagar – Guru Teg Bahadur Road.
Lengthofthislinewouldbe3.8km
Total length of Phase I would be 47.8 km.Other Lines
OtherlineswhicharebeingproposedinadditiontoPhase
Iare:[4]
FromBadarpurtoMehrauli.
FromQutabMinar toDwarkaviaVasantKunj -IGI
airport.
FromSakettoIGStadium viaSiriFort-SouthEx-
tension-JLNStadium -NewDelhiRailwayStation .
4.4.2 Status
OnlytheFeasibilitystudyhasbeencompletedforPhase-
Icorridor(s)tilldateandtheprojecthascometohaltfor
now.
4.4.3 References
[1]“The Economic Times :Delhi’s first monorail project put
on track”. economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2013-01-17.
Retrieved2013-01-17.
[2]“TheEconomicTimes:Workonmonorailprojecttostart
next month” . economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2013-01-
16. Retrieved2013-01-17.
[3]Sujay Mehdudia (2010-01-21). “The Hindu : Cities /
Delhi: Delhilikelytogetmonorail” . Beta.thehindu.com.
Retrieved2010-08-11.
[4]Megha Suri, TNN, 21 February 2008, 07:56pm IST
(2008-02-21). “Monorail to hit Delhi streets by
2010 – Delhi – City – The Times of India” . Time-
sofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved2010-08-11.
4.5 Delhi BRTS
The Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System is abus rapid
transitinDelhi. The first route opened in 2008 ahead
of the2010 Commonwealth Games which were held in
thecity. Theprojectiswellusedbuthasbeencriticized
forthedifficultyofaccesstothebusplatforms,whichare
inthemiddleoftheroad,forlackofenforcementandfor
theeffectithashadonothermotortraffic. Alegalchal-
lengewasdefeatedin2012.
TheAam Aadmi Party Government has announced the
scrappingofbusrapidtransitsystem.[2]
4.5.1 History
Context
The number of vehicles on Delhi’s road increased from
3.3millionin2000–01to7millionin2010–11;however,

4.5. DELHI BRTS 57
Tata Non-AC Bus
lessthan10%peopleinDelhiuseprivatecars,with33%
travelingbybusand30%walkingtowork.
The length of roads in Delhi has increased by 17% be-
tween1991and2008withnow flyoversandunderpasses
havebeenbuilttoimprovetrafficflow;theRingRoadhas
been made completely signal-free with the construction
of 15 flyovers. The Delhi Metro opened its first section
in2002andnowcarries2.06millionpassengerseachday
(asof2011).[3]
Pedestriansbecamemarginalizedandjourneytimesand
airpollution bothincreased. In2002,SupremeCourtis-
sued an order to convert all diesel buses to compressed
naturalgas (CNG)toreduce airpollution ;however,aver-
agetotalsuspendedparticulate(TSP)levelisstillconsid-
erably higher than World Health Organization ’s (WHO)
recommendations.[4]There is little opportunity to build
new roads or widen existing roads, which already make
up21%ofthelandarea.
Planning and construction
The Delhi BRT system was inspired by a similar sys-
temsinCuritiba,Brazilwhichhadbeenintroducedasys-
temin1975,[5]withsimilarsystemsbeingintroducedin
Bogotá, Colombia ( TransMilenio ),Guayaquil, Ecuador
(Metrovia) and theEugene, Oregon ( Emerald Express
(EmX)).[6]
GNCTD appointed RITES and the Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) to design and implement
asystemforthecityin2004. TRIPPIITDelhiwereap-
pointedastechnicalandconceptualadvisors.
GNCTDcreatetheDelhiIntegratedMulti-ModalTransit
System(DIMTS)in2006tooverseetheestablishmentof
publictransportsystemsinDelhiandoperateitonaday-
to-daybasis.
Atrialruntookplaceon21April2008.[1]Operation
Thefirstroute,fromDr. AmbedkarNagartothesouthto
DelhiGateinthecentreofthecity,passesthroughsome
of the prime 'colonies’ (urban districts) in South Delhi
andisalsoonthemainroadfromDelhitothelargecom-
mercialdevelopmentsinGurgaon. Atrialsectionofthe
first route started in operation 20 April 2008 from Dr.
Ambedkar Nagar to Moolchand. Construction work for
thefulllengthstartedinOctober2008.
Legal challenge and 'mixed-use'
The city delayed implementation of a further 14 fast-
trackbuscorridorsinresponsetothelevelofcontroversy
createdbythefirstscheme.[7]
The legality of the system was challenged in 2012.
During the nine-month-long legal challenge the Delhi
High Court initially ruled that private vehicles should
be allowed the use the bus lanes on a temporarily ba-
sis and ordered the government to review the feasibil-
ity of the project.[7]The Delhi government appealed to
theSupreme Court of India against the ruling in July
2012, but was unsuccessful.[8]The high court subse-
quentlyruledinfavouroftheschemeconcludingthat“a
developedcountryisnotonewherethepoorowncars. It
isonewheretherichusepublictransport”.[7]
4.5.2 Design and operation
The 14.5 km long corridor from Ambedkar Nagar to
DelhiGaterunsalonga rightofway whichvaryingfrom
28 meters to 51.5 meters wide. Buses use a bus laneis
in the middle of the road which is 3.3 meters wide with
generalpurpose motorvehicle laneswithawidthof6.75
meterstoeachside. Separatelanesarealsoprovidedfor
non-motorizedvehicles,includingpedestrians,cyclesand
rickshawsetc. Busesrunatthesamelevelasnormaltraf-
ficandsharethesametrafficsignals.
Bus passengers need to access the bus platforms in the
middleoftheroadbycrossingthebusygeneralpurpose
traffic lanes. Electronic Passenger information system
displaysareavailableinall busshelters withthenew low-
floorbusesonfourroutes–419,423,521and522being
fittedwithGPStracking.
Thefirstroutecrosses6keyintersections,includingChi-
rag Delhi, which is one of the busiest in Delhi and also
the congested Moolchand instersection. More than 1.35
millionvehiclesofalltypescrossthejunctioninatypical
16-hourday. Approximately200-250buseswhichcross
the junction each peak hour carry some 11,000-12,000
passengers (which is 55-60% of the total people move-
ments). A further some 15-20% of people use private
vehiclesincludingcars,twowheelersandautorickshaws
and make up 90% of the traffic. Cars/Jeeps constitute
around35-40%oftotalmotorizedvehicles.

58 CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT
180roadmarshalsaredeployedonthecorridortoguide
buspassengers,helpchildrenandoldpeopletocrossthe
road,managetraffic,instructpeopletofollowtrafficrules
and perform other corridor management activities. The
companyemploys securityguards atthebusplatformson
a24-hourbasis.
The Operational Control Centre (OCC) at Kashmere
GateandacampofficeatDTCKhanPurDepotmonitor
the daily progress. A crane is available to remove dis-
abledvehiclesfromthecorridor. Onaveragethereare3
vehicles break down on the corridor each day. Disabled
vehicles including buses are typically removed in about
10minutes.
4.5.3 Usage and performance
Morethan60%ofcommutersuseBRTCorridormainly
for work. Most of the respondents showed their discon-
tent with the previous public transportation system. Re-
spondents preferred to use their private vehicles due to
inflexibility and unreliability of the bus system (accord-
ingtoaDIMTScommissionedsocio-economicsurveyat
BRT Corridor). More than 50% of respondents desired
timeliness of bus service ,clean bus and well behaved staff
andcertainty of bus service . 85%oftherespondents,who
werecurrentlynotusingpublictransportsystem,showed
theirwillingnesstousenewBRTsystemifitisgood.
In 2012 it was reported that 70% of users were mov-
ing faster and there has been a 32% increase in bus
ridership.[7]
4.5.4 Proposed development
A total 26 BRT corridors are planned, covering a total
length of 310 km by the year 2020. This will be in ad-
dition to more than 400 km of metro train coverage by
2020andfurthercoveragebyMonorailandLightRail.
4.5.5 Criticism
Lack of enforcement
Frustratedvehicleownerschoosetoviolateruleswithim-
punity by using the bus lane, defeating the very purpose
of BRT. With negligible prosecution, the entire concept
of a BRT falls flat. " BRT as a concept is good, but the
success of the corridor depends on how it is implemented.
In its present form, it is congested and a large number of
violations occur on the stretch that are not punished. This
compromises the sanctity of the corridor. People have to be
prosecuted on the spot to discourage violations. We have
received complaints of pile-ups on the non-BRT lane and
the long signal cycle adds to the delay in smooth crossover
on the stretch, "saysjointcommissionerofpolice(traffic)
SatyendraGarg.Difficulty accessing bus platforms
Notonlytheprivatecarownersbutthebususerstoocom-
plainaboutbadplanning. DespitetheclaimsofDIMTS,
the agency in-charge of the stretch, bus users say they
areforcedtoscamperacrossthestretchtocrossbetween
the bus stands and the pavement. Without proper un-
derpassesfromthecentralmedian,wherepassengersget
down or board the bus, a passenger does not know how
to reach the bus stop as it’s in the middle of the road.
Notonlyaretherenoproperpedestriancrossingsforroad
users on the BRT, the maintenance of the stretch is so
poor that most of the safety markers, like bollards and
speedbreakers, arebrokenandinastateofseveredisre-
pair.
Explains KK Kapila, Chairman of International Road
Federation (IRF), a Geneva-based global body for road
safety: " At present the buses run in the middle of the road
with cars and motorised traffic on narrow left lanes. Since
the bus stands are in middle of the road, the scurrying pas-
sengers have to board or get off the bus in the middle of
the road and have to scuttle to safety towards pavements
through the regular traffic lane. This is not the full-scale
BRT system followed abroad. "
Longer traffic signal cycle times
At regular traffic intersections, commuters have to wait
fortransitoftrafficalongthethreeotherarmsofthein-
tersectionbeforegettingagreensignal. OnBRT,thesig-
nal cycle is far more convoluted and, as a result, much
longer.
"As opposed to normal traffic intersections, there are six
different movements of vehicles along the arms of the in-
tersection. The two extra movements are that of the buses
on the BRT lane, which means that all commuters using the
BRT or even passing through have to wait much longer. As
the waiting time increases, the traffic tail lengthens much
more than it normally would and there is a corresponding
ripple effect on traffic, " points out a senior traffic police
officer.
This means that commuters are unable to cross the in-
tersection in one signal cycle. “It takes me at least three
greenlightstocrosseachsignaloftheBRT.Evenduring
non-peakhours,Iamstuckinanever-endingjam. Some-
times,Ifeellikebangingmycarinfrustration. Icanwalk
fasterinthiscorridor,”saysamuchhassledRatikaDang,
aninteriordesigner.
TheBRThascreatedfurtherchokepointscreatingalmost
halfkmlongbackupssince2008.
4.5.6 Road safety
Increasing vehicle population is co-related with road ac-
cidents: every year road accidents cost India about 3%

4.5. DELHI BRTS 59
of its gross domestic product, which was more than $1
trillionin2007.[9]
4.5.7 See also
DelhiMonorail
DelhiLightRailTransit
IndoreBRTS
Listofbusrapidtransitsystems
AhmedabadBRTS
JaipurBRTS
PuneBusRapidTransit
4.5.8 References
[1]http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/
brt-corridor-to-be-opened-to-public-on-may-1/
297272/BRTcorridortobeopenedtopubliconMay1
[2]http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/
Delhi-government-scraps-BRT-corridor-system/
articleshow/48161316.cms
[3]“DMRCopens Sarita Vihar–Badarpursection” . Hindus-
tanTimes. 2011-01-14. Retrieved2011-01-14.
[4]Source: CentralPollutionControlBoard
[5]“Delhirowoverbuslanerevealsclassdivide” .BBC News.
2012-10-15.
[6]“BBC mentions transit system as landmark of Brazil’s
south”. BBC.Retrieved18October2011.
[7]“Delhibuscorridorstays,forcommonman’ssake” . 2010-
10-18. TheDelhihighcourtonThursdaydismissedaplea
seeking scrapping of the 5.8-km bus rapid transit stretch
betweenAmbedkarNagarandMoolchandinsouthDelhi,
sayingitwas“notanirrationaldecision”buttakenwithan
eyeonthefuture
[8]“Supreme Court rejects govt’s plea on BRT” .The Times
Of India.
[9]WorldBankreport(August2008)
4.5.9 Source
DIMTS-Busrapidtransit
PrivatevehiclesmayplyonBRTbuslanes
Road rage: Rogue bikers beat up judge, driver on
BusRapidTransitcorridor
SupremeCourtrejectsgovt’spleaonBRT
Petitionerdemolishesdividersonthebusrapidtran-
sitcorridorTrafficjamsbackonBRT
TheBig,BadBRT
Shornofitshalo,BRTworksbetterforcars
DelhiHCordersreopeningofBRTcorridorforall
vehicles
4.5.10 External links
DIMTS

Chapter 5
Education
5.1 Education in Delhi
Education is based on three-tier model which includes
primaryschools, followedbysecondaryschoolsandter-
tiaryeducationatuniversitiesorotherinstitutesofsame
level. EducationDepartmentofthe GovernmentofDelhi
isapremierbodywhichlooksintotheeducationalaffairs.
TertiaryeducationisadministratedbytheDirectorateof
HigherEducation.[1]
Delhihastoitscreditsomeofthepremierinstitutionsin
Indialikethe IndianInstituteofTechnology , theSchool
of Planning and Architecture, the Netaji Subhas Insti-
tute of Technology , theDelhi Technological University ,
theAllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences ,Universityof
Delhi,Jawaharlal Nehru University , theNational Insti-
tuteofFashionTechnology ,AJK,MassCommunication
Research Centre underJamia Millia Islamia University,
indianstatisticalinstitute andtheIndianInstituteofMass
Communication .
Asperthe2011census ,Delhihasa literacyrate of86.3%
with91.0%ofmalesand80.9%offemales.
5.1.1 History
In1860-61,the North-WesternProvinces educationsys-
tem was abolished in Delhi, and Punjabeducation sys-
tem was introduced with opening of schools at Narela,
Najafgarh,Mehrauliandtheirsuburbs.[2]
5.1.2 Higher education
There are about 500,000 university students in Delhi
NCR attending around more than 165 universities and
colleges.
Delhihasninemajoruniversities:[3]
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,Pusa,New
Delhi,Premierinstituteforagriculturalresearchand
educationinIndia, http://www.iari.res.in/
UniversityofDelhi : Centraluniversity
Jamia Millia Islamia , a Central University in Delhi
Jamia Millia Islamia : Central university (Ranked
No. 1)[4]
DelhiTechnologicalUniversity : Stateuniversity
JawaharlalNehruUniversity : Centraluniversity
AmbedkarUniversityDelhi : Stateuniversity
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University : State
university
NationalLawUniversity : Statelawuniversity
Indira Gandhi National Open University : World’s
largestnationaluniversity .[5]
JamiaHamdard : Deemeduniversity
indianstatisticalinstitute : Deemeduniversity
Technical education
Seealso:ListofengineeringcollegesinDelhi
Delhi boasts of being home to some of the top
engineering colleges in India — IIT Delhi,NIT Delhi,
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology ,NSIT
andDelhi Technological University (formerly DCE).
Delhi also boasts several private and few government
engineering institutions like Ambedkar Institute of Ad-
vancedCommunicationTechnologiesandResearch and
G. B. Pant Engineering College, New Delhi , which are
usuallyaffiliatedtothe GuruGobindSinghIndraprastha
60

5.1. EDUCATION IN DELHI 61
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi was ranked as Asia’s
fourth-best institute in science and technology in 1999.[6]
UniversityandaFacultyofEngineeringunder JamiaMil-
liaIslamia University(aCentralUniv).
Industrial training institutes and centres Industrial
training institute (ITI) and industrial training centres,
constituted under the Ministry of Labour and Employ-
ment,providediplomaintechnicalfields. Therearesev-
eral ITIs in Delhi NCR.[7]Normally a person who has
passed10standard( SSLC)iseligibleforadmissiontoan
ITI.TheobjectiveofopeningofITIisprovide“technical
manpowertoindustries”.
Architectural and Planning education
SchoolofPlanningandArchitecture,Delhi
Medical education
All India Institute of Medical Sciences is consistently ranked as
India’s top medical college[8]
Seealso:Category: MedicalcollegesinNewDelhiAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is con-
sideredamongstthebestmedicalresearchandtreatment
centresinIndia.[9]Delhihaseightmedicalinstitutes,out
ofwhichsixprovidebothundergraduateandpostgradu-
ateeducationinmedicinewhileothertwoareresearched
based. Thesemedicalinstitutesareeitheraffiliatedtothe
University of Delhi or GGSIPU, only AIIMS is central
based. Faculty of Dentistry ( Jamia Millia Islamia Uni-
versity) and Maulana Azad Dental College ( Delhi Uni-
versity)aresomeofthe dentalschools .
5.1.3 Primary and secondary education
Schools in Delhi are run either by government or pri-
vate sector. They are affiliated to one of three educa-
tion boards: the Council for the Indian School Certifi-
cate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Sec-
ondary Education (CBSE) and the National Institute of
Open Schooling (NIOS). As per the survey conducted
in2001,Delhihadsome2416primary,715middleand
1576secondaryschools.[10]
In2004–05,approximately1.5millionstudentswereen-
rolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools
and 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi. Fe-
male students represented 49% of the total enrolment.
The same year, the Delhi government spent between
1.58%and1.95%ofitsgrossstatedomesticproducton
education.[11]
5.1.4 Libraries
There are several libraries in Delhi, which are either
maintained by the government bodies or private organ-
isations. SomeofthemajorlibrariesinDelhiregionare:
AmericanCentreLibrary
BritishCouncilLibrary
DelhiPublicLibrary
DelhiUniversityLibrary
RamakrishnaMissionLibrary
IARILibrary(Pusa)
IndianCouncilofHistoricalResearch
IndianCouncilofSocialScienceResearch
MaharajaFatehsinhraoGaekwadLibraryandDoc-
umentationCentre
MaxMuellerBhavan
NationalArchivesofIndia
NationalScienceLibrary

62 CHAPTER 5. EDUCATION
RussianCentre
ShastriIndo-CanadianInstitute
ZakirHussain CentralLibrary, JamiaMilliaIslamia
University
5.1.5 See also
Industrialtraininginstitute
ListofeducationalinstitutionsinDelhi
ListofcollegesunderDelhiUniversity
5.1.6 References
[1]“Directorate of Higher Education – About us” . Govern-
mentofDelhi. Retrieved30March2013.
[2]Sharma,p. 18
[3]“Directorate of Higher Education” . Delhi.gov.in. Re-
trieved5June2011.
[4]“Central University Ranking” . careerindia.com. Re-
trieved19April2013.
[5]“Update 245: Indian University Honors WIPO Director
General”. Listbox.wipo.int. Retrieved5June2011.
[6]“Asiaweek.com | Asia’s Best Universities 2000 | Overall
Ranking”. Cgi.cnn.com. Retrieved3November2008.
[7]Gasskov, Vladimir; Ashwani Aggarwal, Anil Grover,
Aswani Kumar and Q.L. Juneja (2003). INDUSTRIAL
TRAINING INSTITUTES OF INDIA: THE EFFICIENCY
STUDY REPORT (PDF). Geneva: InFocus Programme
onSkills, Knowledge, andEmployability(IFP/SKILLS),
ILO. Retrieved 21 April 2010. Cite uses deprecated pa-
rameter|coauthors=( help)
[8]Malini Bhupta. “India Today – India’s most widely
read magazine” . Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved 3
November2008.
[9]“Medical Meccas: An Oasis for India’s Poorest
| Newsweek Health for Life | Newsweek.com” .
Newsweek.com. Retrieved3November2008.
[10]“Delhi Education Guide, Education in Delhi, Schools,
Colleges and Universities in Delhi” . Delhicapital.com.
Retrieved5June2011.
[11]“Chapter 15: Education” (PDF). Economic Survey of
Delhi, 2005–06 . Planning Department, Government of
National Capital Territory of Delhi. pp. 173–187. Re-
trieved21December2006.
5.1.7 Further reading
Ajay Kumar Sharma. A History of Educational In-
stitutions in Delhi . Sanbun Publishers. ISBN93-
8021-314-X .5.1.8 External links
DelhiGovernment
DelhiDirectorateofEducation
EducationinDelhi
Top10EngineeringCollegeofDelhi

Chapter 6
Text and image sources, contributors, and
licenses
6.1 Text
Delhi Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi?oldid=696875464 Contributors: AxelBoldt,NathanBeach,TheCunctator,Mav,Jeron-
imo, BlckKnght, Sjc, Andre Engels, Rgamble, Arvindn, William Avery, SimonP, Hirzel, Edward, Llywrch, Fred Bauder, Ixfd64, Paddu,
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6.1. TEXT 65
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photographers(seeabove);Photoshoppedby Nikkul(talk)01:10,3October2008(UTC)
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File:Delhi_metro_1.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Delhi_metro_1.jpg License:CC BY-SA 3.0
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metro_rail_network.svg' class='internal' title='Delhi metro rail network.svg'> This Image </a>was created by User:PlaneMad .
File:Delhi_metro_six_coach_train_panoramic_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Delhi_
metro_six_coach_train_panoramic_view.jpg License:CCBY-SA3.0 Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Prabhatkaushik
File:Delhi_ring_rail.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Delhi_ring_rail.jpg License:FALContributors:
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File:Delhi_underground_metro_station.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Delhi_underground_
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File:Delhimap.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Delhimap.jpg License:Copyrightedfreeuse Contrib-
utors:?Original artist: ?
File:Delhiuni.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Delhiuni.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:
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Original artist:
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main Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
ofArgentina
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License:Publicdomain Con-
tributors:?Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License:Public
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File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License:PDContributors: ?Origi-
nal artist:?
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License:PDContributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License:Publicdo-
mainContributors: DrawnbyUser:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License:CC0Contributors:
FromtheOpenClipArt website. Original artist: OpenClipArt

6.2. IMAGES 69
File:Flag_of_England.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg License:Public domain Con-
tributors:?Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License:PDContributors: ?Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License:Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: TaoHo
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License:Publicdomain Contributors:
?Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License:Public do-
main Contributors: Law:s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf )Original artist: DrawnbyUser:SKopp ,rewrittenby User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License:Publicdomain Contrib-
utors:URLhttp://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: The source code of this SVGis <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FFlag_of_
Jamaica.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License:PDContributors: ?Origi-
nal artist:?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: CreatebasedontheMalaysianGovernmentWebsite (archiveversion )
Original artist: SKopp,Zscout370 andRankingUpdate
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License:Public domain
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File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
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File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License:Public domain
Contributors: ?Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License:Public do-
mainContributors: Thedrawingandthecolorswerebasedfrom flagspot.net .Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License:Public domain Con-
tributors:PeruOriginal artist: DavidBenbennick
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License:PDContributors: ?Origi-
nal artist:?
File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg License:Public do-
mainContributors: http://kbolino.freeshell.org/svg/scotland.svg Original artist: noneknown
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 – National flag Original artist: Flag de-
signbyFrederickBrownell ,imagebyWikimediaCommonsusers
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines(Russian/English) ←Thissiteisnotexistnow.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License:Public do-
mainContributors: Ownwork Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License:Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text(in Turkish) at the website of the
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File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License:Public do-
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File:Flag_of_Wales_2.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Wales_2.svg License:Public do-
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VectorgraphicsbyTobiasJakobs
File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_
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File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: DrawnbyUser:SKopp ,redrawnby User:Denelson83 andUser:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Li-
cense:Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist:User:Achim1999

70 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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China.svg License:Publicdomain Contributors: [1]Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-
cense:PDContributors: ?Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PDContributors: ?Original artist: ?
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sa-3.0 Contributors: ?Original artist: ?
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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Gand.jpg Original artist: en:User:Harshfreewill
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photostream/ Original artist: varunshiv
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Center_station_%28Delhi_Metro%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr:http://www.flickr.com/photos/varunshiv/
8086459689/sizes/l/in/photostream/ Original artist: varunshiv
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.jpgLicense:CCBY-SA2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/breic/2136781863/sizes/o/ Original artist: bybreic
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utors:http://www.flickr.com/photos/12394349@N06/2303598321/sizes/l/ Original artist: BrynPinzgauer
File:India_Gate_600x400.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/India_Gate_600x400.jpg License:CC
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File:Indiagatedelhi.JPG Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Indiagatedelhi.JPG License:CCBY-SA2.0de
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CCBY-SA3.0 Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Aze0098
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File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_CWG_opening_ceremony.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/
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File:Maharaja_Hemu_Bhargava_-_Victor_of_Twenty_Two_Pitched_Battles,_1910s.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/
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mainContributors:
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(Bazaarart)
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Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Mustafahasan
File:Mudras_at_Indira_Gandhi_Delhi_1007.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Mudras_at_Indira_
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File:Mumbai_Metro_Line_1_logo.png Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Mumbai_Metro_Line_1_logo.png Li-
cense:PDContributors:
http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/ Original artist:
Reliance
File:Mumbai_MonoRail_Logo.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/Mumbai_MonoRail_Logo.svg License:
PDContributors:
Ownwork
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Soham
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Contributors:
http://www.navimumbaimetrorail.com/introduction.html Original artist:
CIDCO

6.2. IMAGES 71
File:Netball_at_CWG_2010,_India_vs_Jamaica.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Netball_at_
CWG_2010%2C_India_vs_Jamaica.jpg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia ; transferred to Commons
byUser:Kafuffle usingCommonsHelper .
Original artist: Baldie(talk). Originaluploaderwas Baldieaten.wikipedia
File:New_Delhi_Met_Office,_India_03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/New_Delhi_Met_
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File:New_Delhi_Metro.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/New_Delhi_Metro.jpg License:CCBY-SA
2.0Contributors: ?Original artist: ?
File:New_Delhi_NDMC_building.jpg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/New_Delhi_NDMC_building.
jpgLicense:CCBY2.0 Contributors: originallypostedto FlickrasJantarMantarAstronomicalObservatoryinNewDelhiintheforeground
Original artist: CTSnow
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w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FNuvola_apps_bookcase.
svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>. Original artist: PeterKemp
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tors:Thisandmyself. Original artist: ChrisDown/Tangoproject
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Delhi.jpg License:CCBY-SA3.0 Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: DeepakBhardwaj
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[1]
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72 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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