Acea Pocket Guide 2018 2019 [603548]

W W W.ACEA.BE2018
2019

THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
3 POCKET GUIDE 2018  /  2019
Foreword
The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) publishes this Pocket
Guide annually in order to provide you with an extensive overview of one of Europe’s key industries. We have been doing this since 2008, and after 10 editions, I am pleased to say that the Automobile Industry Pocket Guide has become the point of reference for all those interested in automotive issues and related EU policies.
Today, the automotive sector provides direct and indirect jobs to 13.3 million
Europeans, representing 6.1% of total EU employment. Car registrations grew by 3.4% in 2017, passing the symbolic mark of 15 million units for the first time since 2007.
In parallel, more than 2.6 million trucks, buses, coaches and vans were built in the EU in 2017, an increase of 1.8%. But even as we are coming close to pre-crisis figures,
the situation of the European auto industry remains fragile.
It is crucial that we maintain this trajectory of recovery within Europe, as well
as safeguarding our industry’s competitiveness on the global level. EU auto manufacturers exported 5.9 million motor vehicles in 2017, generating a trade surplus of €90.3 billion for the European Union. Compared with the EU’s total trade balance in manufactured goods, worth some €290 billion, automobile exports make a vital contribution to the overall trade position of the EU.
Not only do we generate jobs and economic growth, automobiles are also a vital
source of government revenue. Taxation on motor vehicles, for instance, is worth €413 billion annually in the EU-15 alone – that is almost three times the total budget
of the European Union!
At the same time, ACEA’s members remain committed to addressing tomorrow’s
challenges. Although car production has been on the rise again since 2013, manufacturers have been able to decouple their environmental footprint from production growth. For example, total CO2 emissions from car production fell by 23.7% over the past decade, while the water consumption per car produced has been reduced by a staggering 31% since 2008.
The same ambition level applies to our objective of making mobility cleaner, smarter
and safer in the future. To that end, EU automakers and suppliers invest €53.8 billion
in innovation each year. This not only makes the automotive sector the EU’s number one investor in R&D, responsible for 27% of total spending, but also marks an increase of 7.4% compared to last year.
Erik Jonnaert
ACEA Secretary General
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5 ABOUT ACEA
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ACEA represents Europe’s
car, van, truck and bus makers
Members and partners
The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) is the advocate for
the automobile industry in Europe, representing the 15 major manufacturers of passenger cars, vans, trucks and buses with production sites in the EU.
ACEA’s members are: BMW Group, DAF Trucks, Daimler, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles,
Ford of Europe, Honda Motor Europe, Hyundai Motor Europe, Iveco, Jaguar Land Rover,
PSA Group, Renault Group, Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen Group, Volvo Cars
and Volvo Group.
ACEA has permanent cooperation with the European Council for Automotive
R&D (EUCAR), which is the industry body for collaborative research and development. ACEA works closely with the 29 national automobile manufacturers’ associations in
Europe, and maintains a dialogue on international issues with automobile associations around the world.

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ACEA’s mission and priority areas
ACEA’s mission
– Define and advocate the common interests, policies and positions of the European
automobile industry.
– Engage in dialogue with the European institutions and other stakeholders in order to advance understanding of industry issues, and to contribute to effective policy and legislation at both European and global levels.
– Act as a portal for expert knowledge on vehicle-related regulation.
– Communicate the role and importance of the industry, using reliable data and information.
– Monitor activities that affect the automobile industry, cooperating with the other stakeholders involved.
– Undertake strategic reflection on the increasingly global challenges of mobility, sustainability and competitiveness.
Priority fields
Through its member companies, ACEA taps into a wealth of technical, regulatory and
practical expertise in the following priority fields:
– Connected and Automated Driving
– Competitiveness, Market and Economy
– Environment and Sustainability
– International Trade
– Research and Innovation
– Safety
– Transport Policy

7 ABOUT ACEA
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How ACEA works
The ACEA Board of Directors is composed of the CEOs and Presidents of its member
companies. Additionally, a Commercial Vehicle Board of Directors addresses the specific issues that face the commercial vehicle manufacturers that ACEA represents: DAF Trucks, Daimler Trucks, Iveco, MAN Truck & Bus, Scania, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles and Volvo Group.
The day-to-day work of the ACEA secretariat is overseen by the Secretary General,
who ensures that the Board of Directors’ priorities are addressed. Technical expertise and advisory input comes from working groups on topics as diverse as emissions, road and vehicle safety, general transport policy, and regulatory compliance. These specialist working groups are made up of experts from the member companies.

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The European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR)
is the collaborative research organisation of the major automobile manufacturers in Europe, with
the mission of strengthening industry competitiveness through strategic collaborative research and innovation.
EUCAR is committed to helping deliver safer, cleaner, smarter and more efficient
transport solutions to society. Together with its members, EUCAR drives the strategy and assessment of collaborative automotive research and innovation, and establishes common work with the European Commission, member states and other key stakeholders.
EUCAR’s collaborative research and innovation activities cover both passenger cars
and commercial vehicles, focused on the following strategic pillars:
Smart and safe vehicles
for all purposes, integrated into a secure and intelligent transport system, progressing towards seamless mobilityfor all, maximum efficiency and ever-fewer accidentsCollaborative automotive R&I towards propulsion systems which are clean and energy efficient over the full life-cycle, with cost-effective technologies, while maintaining customer prioritiesNew sustainable approach to developing and producing affordable and competitive vehicles in Europe
COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
An integrated approach for reliable, clean, safe and efficient freight transport and passenger mobility, through dedicated vehicle concepts and effective logisticsSAFE & INTEGRATED
MOBILITYSUSTAINABLEPROPULSIONAFFORDABILITY & COMPETITIVENESS

9 ABOUT ACEA
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EUCAR’s members participate in high-quality projects with industry-relevant results.
Projects are mainly financed through the European Union Framework Programmes for research and innovation, matched with industry funding.
The EUCAR project book contains an overview of all the current research and
innovation projects, it can be found on www.eucar.be.
The European passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturers within EUCAR
are technology and business leaders and are crucial for the European economy.
EUCAR’s members are: BMW Group, DAF Trucks, Daimler, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles,
Ford of Europe, Hyundai Motor Europe, Iveco, Jaguar Land Rover, PSA Group, Renault Group, Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen Group, Volvo Cars, and Volvo Group.
EUCAR is governed by its Council, composed of the heads of the research
and advanced development divisions of the member companies.
The EUCAR Chairman is nominated annually from the Council on a rotating basis.

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EMPLOYMENT
Manufacture of motor vehicles (EU28) 2.5 million people = 8.3% of EU employment in manufacturing 2016
Total (EU28 manufacturing,
services and construction)13.3 million people = 6.1% of total EU employment 2016
PRODUCTION
Motor vehicles (world) 98.9 million units 2017
Motor vehicles (EU28) 19.6 million units = 20% of global motor vehicle production 2017
Passenger cars (world) 80.2 million units 2017
Passenger cars (EU28) 17.0 million units = 21% of global passenger car production 2017
REGISTRATIONS
Motor vehicles (world) 97.9 million units 2017
Motor vehicles (EU27) 17.5 million units = 18% of global motor vehicle registrations/sales 2017
Passenger cars (world) 79.8 million units 2017
Passenger cars (EU27) 15.1 million units = 19% of global passenger car registrations/sales 2017
Petrol (EU15) 49.4% 2017
Diesel (EU15) 44.8% 2017
Electric (EU15) 1.5% 2017
VEHICLES IN USE
Motor vehicles (EU28) 298.9 million units 2016
Passenger cars (EU28) 259.7 million units 2016
Motorisation rate (EU28) 587 units per 1,000 inhabitants 2016
Average age (EU25) 11 years 2016
TRADE
Exports (extra-EU28) €138.6 billion 2017
Imports (extra-EU28) €48.3 billion 2017
Trade balance €90.3 billion 2017
ENVIRONMENT
Average CO2 emissions (EU28) 118.5 g CO2/km 2017
INNOVATION
Automobiles and parts sector €53.8 billion 2016
TAXATION
Fiscal income from motor vehicles (EU15) €413 billion 2016/2017Key figures

EmploymentTHE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
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13 EMPLOYMENT
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Automotive sector:
direct and indirect employment in the EU IN THOUSANDS / 20161
DIRECT MANUFACTURING 2,502
Motor vehicles 1,095
Bodies (coachwork), trailers and semi-trailers 160
Parts and accessories 1,246
INDIRECT MANUFACTURING 921
Rubber tyres and tubes, retreading
and rebuilding of ru bber tyres 119
Computers and peripheral equipment 69
Electric motors, generators and transformers 265
Bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements 222
Cooling and ventilation equipment 246
AUTOMOBILE USE 4,411
Sale of motor vehicles 1,514
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 1,543
Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories 720
Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialised stores 452
Renting and leasing of motor vehicles 181
TRANSPORT 4,762
Other passenger land transport 2,090
Freight transport by road 2,672
CONSTRUCTION 673
Roads and motorways 630
Bridges and tunnels 43
The automotive industry provides indirect
and direct jobs for 13.3 million EuropeansSOURCE: EUROSTAT 1. Provisional figures

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EU automotive employment 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016% change
16/15
Manufacturing direct 2,290,859 2,291,594 2,372,434 2,451,219 2,501,787 2.1
Manufacturing indirect 833,531 811,344 818,755 891,906 921,031 3.3
Automobile use 4,299,615 4,261,539 4,260,784 4,300,879 4,410,637 2.6
Transport 4,320,068 4,335,551 4,444,942 4,703,520 4,762,392 1.3
Construction 622,808 591,233 614,245 646,932 673,100 4.0
TOTAL 12,366,881 12,291,260 12,511,159 12,994,456 13,268,947 2.1
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
The automotive sector
accounts for 6.1% of all EU jobs2468101214 Manufacturing direct Manufacturing indirect Automobile use Transport Construction
2012 2013 2014 2016 20150EU automotive employment IN MILLION UNITS  / 2012 – 2016
+ 1.8% -0.6%+ 3.9%+ 2.1%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

15 EMPLOYMENT
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EU manufacturing employment % SHARE / 2016
Direct automotive employment (manufacturing)2.5m people
= 8.3% of EU employment in manufacturing
Direct & indirect automotive
manufacturing employment3.4m people
= 11.3% of EU employment in manufacturing
Total automotive employment (manufacturing, services and construction) 13.3m people
= 6.1% of total EU employment
EU economically-active population (labour force) 239.1m people
EU total employment 218.4m people
EU employment in the manufacturing sector30.3m people
= 13.9% of total EU employment
SOURCE: EUROSTATDirect automotive
manufacturingemployment
Indirect automotive
manufacturing employment
Non-automotive
manufacturing
employment
11.3% of EU manufacturing employment
is in the automotive sector
7.6 %
2.3 m
7.6 %
2.3 m
Automotive
manufacturing employment8.3%
2.5 m
11.3%
3.4 m
88.7%
26.9 m3.0%
0.9 m
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

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Direct automotive manufacturing employment BY COUNTRY / 2016
Austria 32,058 France 216,000 Poland 187,334
Belgium 29,115 Germany 857,336 Portugal 33,501
Bulgaria 21,782 Greece 1,755 Romania 174,321
Croatia 2,489 Hungary 92,816 Slovakia 71,240
Cyprus 77 Ireland 2,321 Slovenia 12,118
Czech Republic 168,408 Italy 165,676 Spain 152,010
Denmark 1,575 Latvia 1,899 Sweden 73,686
Estonia 2,271 Lithuania 5,009 United Kingdom 169,000
Finland 6,930 Netherlands 21,060
European Union 2,501,787
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
The EU automotive sector directly employs
2.5 million people in manufacturing0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0CZECH REPUBLIC
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
HUNGARY
ROMANIA
SWEDEN
SLOVENIA
EUROPEAN UNION
FRANCE
AUSTRIA
BULGARIA
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
ITA LYPOLAND
BELGIUM
UNITED KINGDOM
LITHUANIA
ESTONIA
FINLAND
NETHERLANDS
LATVIA
CROATIA
IRELAND
DENMARK
GREECE
CYPRUSDirect automotive manufacturing employment: 
active population ratio % SHARE, BY COUNTRY / 2016
3.22%
2.60%
2.04%
2.04%
2.00%
1.44%
1.23%
1.10%
1.05%
0.74%
0.73%
0.68%
0.68%
0.67%
0.66%
0.59%
0.53%
0.35%0.35%
0.27%
0.24%
0.20%
0.14%
0.10%
0.05%
0.04%
0.02%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

ProductionTHE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
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19 PRODUCTION
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98.9 million motor vehicles
were produced globally in 2017 W W W.ACEA.BEWorld motor vehicle production IN 1,000 UNITS / 2017
2017 2016% change
17/16 % share 2017
Europe 1 23,066 22,480 2.6 23.3
Greater China 2 29,512 28,505 3.5 29.8
Japan/Korea 13,588 13,244 2.6 13.7
Middle East/Africa 2,562 2,294 11.7 2.6
North America 17,599 18,254 -3.6 17.8
South America 3,395 2,833 19.9 3.4
South Asia 9,207 8,940 3.0 9.3
WORLD 98,930 96,549 2.5 100.0
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT 1. Includes Turkey and CIS countries
2. Includes Hong Kong and Taiwan2002 2007 2012 2017World motor vehicle production IN MILLION UNITS, % SHARE / 2002 – 2017
051015202530
6% Greater China Europe North America Japan/Korea South Asia South America Middle East/Africa
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT33%
28%
22%
5%
3%
1%13%31%
21% 21%
7%
5%
2%23% 23%
19%
17%
10%
5%
2%30%
23%
18%
14%
9%
3%
3%

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24% of all passenger cars produced
worldwide are made in Europe
Middle East/Africa
South AmericaSouth Asia
Japan/Korea
3%
3%9%
15%Greater China
Europe
North America30%
24%
16%102030405060708090
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170World passenger car production IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE  / 2006 – 2017
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT Greater China Europe North America Japan/Korea South Asia South America Middle East/Africa
+ 5.7%+ 24.0%+ 3.7%+ 6.5%+ 4.4%+ 4.0%+ 2.2%+ 6.3%+ 2.5%
-3.5%
-12.7%
% SHARE  / 2017

21 PRODUCTION
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North America24%
Greater China30%Middle East/Africa
South AmericaJapan/Korea
South AsiaEurope
2%
4%9%
13%
18%
18% of all commercial vehicles made worldwide
are manufactured in Europe2468101214161820
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170World commercial vehicle production IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE  / 2006 – 2017
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT
% SHARE  / 2017+ 5.7%+ 31.6%+ 2.6%+ 1.0%+ 3.0% +2.5%
+1.1%
-6.6%
-11.6%-2.2%-0.9% Greater China Europe North America Japan/Korea South Asia South America Middle East/Africa

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Medium commercial vehicles
Heavy commercial vehiclesLight commercial vehiclesPassenger cars
0.5%
2.1%
10.8%86.6%
19.6 million motor vehicles were
manufactured in the EU in 2017Motor vehicle production in the EU BY COUNTRY / 2017
PC 1LCV 2MCV 3HCV 4TOTAL
Austria 81,637 – 9,326 7,281 98,244
Belgium 318,333 – – 42,654 360,987
Czech Republic 1,413,881 – – 6,112 1,419,993
Finland 91,598 – – 120 91,718
France 1,674,717 556,847 14,386 44,776 2,290,726
Germany 5,645,581 378,651 23,009 126,607 6,173,848
Hungary 472,107 – – – 472,107
Italy 742,642 307,577 35,224 5,941 1,091,384
Lithuania – – 26 26
Netherlands 155,000 – – 81,577 236,577
Poland 514,700 161,055 – 13,974 689,729
Portugal 126,426 42,816 6,302 – 175,544
Romania 364,654 – – 50 364,704
Slovakia 949,365 – – – 949,365
Slovenia 189,852 – – – 189,852
Spain 2,291,492 608,233 8,803 27,341 2,935,869
Sweden 254,079 – – 44,772 298,851
United Kingdom 1,671,166 59,795 4,733 13,691 1,749,385
European Union 16,957,230 2,114,974 101,783 414,922 19,588,909
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT
1. Passenger cars
2. Light commercial vehicles up to 3.5t
3. Medium commercial vehicles from 3.5t to 15t
4. Heavy commercial vehicles over 15t (incl. buses)EU motor vehicle production by type % SHARE / 2017

23 PRODUCTION
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17 million cars were made in the EU in 201724681012141618
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170Passenger car production in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2006 – 2017
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT+ 4.7%
+ 9.4%+ 2.0%+ 0.2%
4.7%
+ 0.7%
-12.2%-7.8%
-5.5%+ 7.2%+ 5.6%

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2.6 million commercial vehicles
were produced in the EU in 20170.511.522.53
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170Commercial vehicle production in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2006 – 2017
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT LCV 1 MCV 2 HCV 3
+8.6%
+34.8%+18.2%
+1.4%+8.7%+9.0%+5.1%+1.8%-3.1%
-46.3%-10.8%
1. Light commercial vehicles up to 3.5t
2. Medium commercial vehicles from 3.5t to 15t
3. Heavy commercial vehicles over 15t (incl. buses)

25 PRODUCTION
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The EU auto industry produces
an average of 7.8 vehicles per worker annually5 10 15 20 25Motor vehicle production
per direct automotive manufacturing employee BY COUNTRY / 2016 *
BULGARIALITHUANIAROMANIAAUSTRIASWEDENPOLANDPORTUGALNETHERLANDS
HUNGARYITA LYFINLANDGERMANYEUROPEAN UNIONCZECH REPUBLICFRANCEUNITED KINGDOMSLOVENIABELGIUMSLOVAKIASPAIN
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT, EUROSTAT0.01
0.01
*Based on most recent direct automotive manufacturing employment data available. 2.12.83.33.64.35.76.46.87.47.88.09.910.711.013.714.619.8
7.8

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3571093
24FRANCEBELGIUMNETHERLANDSSWEDENFINLAND
ITA LY
There are 227 automobile assembly
and production plants in the EU
304 191 227EUROPE
27EUROPE
21EU
19EU
16
ALL MANUFACTURERS ACEA MEMBERS
16733 UNITED KINGDOM
13
6SPAIN
PORTUGAL43
8GERMANY
CZECH REPUBLIC
4 SERBIA157
SLOVENIAAUSTRIAKAZAKHSTAN36
2
7RUSSIA
BELARUS
UKRAINE
181
TURKEYMACEDONIA2 UZBEKISTAN
1 BULGARIA3 2 ROMANIA CROATIA4
516
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARYPOLAND EU
Non-EU
SOURCE: ACEAAutomobile assembly and engine production plants in Europe 2017

RegistrationsTHE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
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29 REGISTRATIONS
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Europe
America21.5%
26.4%Asia
Middle East/Africa47.1%
5.0%
Europe accounts for one fifth of the
world’s motor vehicle registrationsWorld new motor vehicle registrations MARKET SHARES / 2017
Motor vehicles In 1,000 units 2017 2016 % change 17/16 % share 2017
EUROPE 21,060 20,282 3.8 21.5
EU 117,543 16,969 3.4 17.9
EFTA 577 571 1.1 0.6
Russia 1,669 1,480 12.8 1.7
Turkey 982 1,012 -3.0 1.0
Ukraine 90 70 27.5 0.1
Others: Europe 2199 180 10.5 0.2
AMERICA 25,838 25,598 0.9 26.4
North America 21,280 21,555 -1.3 21.7
of which the US 17,636 17,949 -1.7 18.0
South America 4,558 4,043 12.7 4.7
of which Brazil 2,234 2,046 9.2 2.3
ASIA 46,100 44,465 3.7 47.1
China 29,547 28,720 2.9 30.2
Japan 5,233 4,945 5.8 5.3
India 4,035 3,747 7.7 4.1
South Korea 1,794 1,828 -1.9 1.8
Others: Asia 35,492 5,224 5.1 5.6
MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA 4,857 4,813 0.9 5.0
WORLD 97,855 95,158 2.8 100.0
SOURCE: ACEA, IHS MARKIT 1. Data for Malta n.a.
2. Includes Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Serbia and Uzbekistan
3. Includes Hong Kong, Taiwan and all the other South Asian countries excluding India

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AmericaEurope
25.5%22.6%
Asia
Middle East/
Africa46.7%
5.2%
79.8 million passenger cars
were registered worldwide in 2017New passenger car registrations MARKET SHARES / 2017
Passenger cars In 1,000 units 2017 2016 % change 17/16 % share 2017
EUROPE 18,067 17,410 3.8 22.6
EU 115,138 14,641 3.4 19.0
EFTA 494 490 0.7 0.6
Russia 1,475 1,313 12.3 1.8
Turkey 723 757 -4.5 0.9
Ukraine 79 63 24.7 0.1
Others: Europe 2159 144 9.9 0.2
AMERICA 20,359 20,389 -0.1 25.5
North America 316,842 17,275 -2.5 21.1
of which the US 13,958 14,395 -3.0 17.5
South America 3,518 3,114 13.0 4.4
of which Brazil 1,855 1,687 10.0 2.3
ASIA 37,243 35,578 4.7 46.7
China 24,050 23,057 4.3 30.1
Japan 4,385 4,123 6.4 5.5
India 3,300 3,020 9.3 4.1
South Korea 1,474 1,527 -3.5 1.8
Others: Asia 44,033 3,850 4.7 5.1
MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA 4,162 4,025 3.4 5.2
WORLD 79,831 77,403 3.1 100.0
SOURCE: ACEA, IHS MARKIT 1. Data for Malta n.a.
2. Includes Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Serbia and Uzbekistan
3. Based on production type
4. Includes Hong Kong, Taiwan and all the other South Asian countries excluding India

31 REGISTRATIONS
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AmericaEurope
30.4%16.6%Asia
Middle East/
Africa49.1%
3.9%
18 million vans, trucks and buses
were registered globally in 2017New commercial vehicle registrations MARKET SHARES / 2017
Commercial vehicles 1 in 1,000 units 2017 2016 % change 17/16 % share 2017
EUROPE 2,993 2,873 4.2 16.6
EU 22,405 2,328 3.3 13.3
EFTA 83 80 3.1 0.5
Russia 195 167 16.6 1.1
Turkey 259 255 1.6 1.4
Ukraine 10 7 53.3 0.1
Others: Europe 40 36 13.0 0.2
AMERICA 5,479 5,208 5.2 30.4
North America34,438 4,280 3.7 24.6
of which the US 3,678 3,554 3.5 20.4
South America 1,040 929 12.0 5.8
of which Brazil 380 360 5.6 2.1
ASIA 8,857 8,887 -0.3 49.1
China 5,497 5,663 -2.9 30.5
Japan 847 822 3.1 4.7
India 735 727 1.1 4.1
South Korea 319 301 5.9 1.8
Others: Asia 1,459 1,374 6.2 8.1
MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA 695 788 -11.8 3.9
WORLD 18,023 17,756 1.5 100.0
SOURCE: ACEA, IHS MARKIT 1. Includes light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, and buses and coaches
2. Data for Malta n.a.
3. Based on production type

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The EU represents a market
of 17.5 million vehiclesMotor vehicle registrations in the EU1 BY COUNTRY / 2017
PC 2LCV 3CV 4BC 5 TOTAL
AUSTRIA 353,320 40,174 8,186 1,244 402,924
BELGIUM 546,558 76,397 9,818 869 633,642
BULGARIA 31,244 5,973 – – 37,217
CROATIA 50,412 8,408 1,344 204 60,368
CYPRUS 13,080 2,029 104 – 15,213
CZECH REPUBLIC 271,595 19,398 10,008 804 301,805
DENMARK 221,818 35,892 5,027 856 263,593
ESTONIA 25,020 4,229 1,037 212 30,498
FINLAND 118,581 15,524 3,473 514 138,092
FRANCE 2,110,748 437,415 51,308 6,329 2,605,800
GERMANY 3,441,262 270,694 91,755 6,697 3,810,408
GREECE 88,083 6,627 445 190 95,345
HUNGARY 116,265 19,942 5,854 642 142,703
IRELAND 131,355 24,216 2,263 339 158,173
ITA LY 1,970,497 193,533 24,373 3,357 2,191,760
LATVIA 16,692 2,242 1,561 245 20,740
LITHUANIA 25,865 3,202 6,996 392 36,455
LUXEMBOURG 52,775 4,754 1,138 239 58,906
NETHERLANDS 417,075 73,478 14,641 888 506,082
POLAND 486,352 60,990 27,658 2,293 577,293
PORTUGAL 222,134 38,523 5,372 361 266,390
ROMANIA 105,083 15,829 5,949 1,011 127,872
SLOVAKIA 96,085 7,581 4,210 403 108,279
SLOVENIA 70,892 12,107 2,346 178 85,523
SPAIN 1,234,931 199,101 24,675 3,527 1,462,234
SWEDEN 379,393 55,390 6,752 1,301 442,836
UNITED KINGDOM 2,540,617 362,149 52,120 7,666 2,962,552
European Union 15,137,732 1,995,797 368,413 40,761 17,542,703
ICELAND 21,277 2,025 391 156 23,849
NORWAY 158,650 35,838 6,244 1,190 201,922
SWITZERLAND 314,028 31,829 4,586 712 351,155
EFTA 493,955 69,692 11,221 2,058 576,926
EU + EFTA 15,631,687 2,065,489 379,634 42,819 18,119,629
SOURCE: ACEA 1. Data for Malta n.a.
2. Passenger cars
3. Light commercial vehicles up to 3.5t
4. Commercial vehicles (trucks) over 3.5t
5. Buses and coaches over 3.5t

33 REGISTRATIONS
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Vehicle sales mirror economic growth9
1.210
1.411
1.612
1.813
2.014
2.215
2.416
2.617
2.8
EU new commercial vehicle registrations (million units) EU GDP growth (annual % change) EU new passager car registrations (million units) EU GDP growth (annual % change)
2006
20062007
20072008
20082009
20092010
20102011
20112012
20122013
20132014
20142015
20152016
20162017
20172018
20182019
20198
1.0- 4 %
- 4 %- 3 %
- 3 %- 2 %
- 2 %- 1 %
- 1 %0 %
0 %1 %
1 %2 %
2 %3 %
3 %4 %
4 %
New passenger car registrations
and annual GDP growth in the EU 2006 – 2019
New commercial vehicle registrations and annual GDP growth in the EU
2006 – 2019SOURCE: ACEA, DG ECFIN, IHS MARKIT
SOURCE: ACEA, DG ECFIN, IHS MARKIT

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15.1 million cars were registered in the EU in 201724681012141618
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170New passenger car registrations in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2006 – 2017
-7.9%-1.2%
-5.6%-1.6%
-8.2%-1.4%+0.9%
+5.7%+9.3%+6.8%+3.4%
SOURCE: ACEA

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2.4 million commercial vehicles
were registered in the EU in 20170.511.522.53
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170New commercial vehicle registrations in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2006 – 2017
-33.0%-7.3%
-12.4%+7.5%
+12.7%+11.7%+3.3%
+7.7%
+1.3%+9.8%
+7.3%
SOURCE: ACEA New light commercial vehicles 1 New commercial vehicles 2 
1. Up to 3.5t
2. Trucks, buses and coaches over 3.5t

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30 new cars were registered per
1,000 inhabitants in the EU in 201710 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100New passenger car registrations per 1,000 inhabitants BY COUNTRY, IN UNITS / 2017
BULGARIAROMANIAGREECELATVIALITHUANIAHUNGARYCROATIAPOLANDCYPRUSSLOVAKIAESTONIA PORTUGALFINLANDNETHERLANDSCZECH REPUBLICSPAINIRELANDEUROPEAN UNIONFRANCEITA LYSLOVENIASWEDENDENMARKUNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIAGERMANYBELGIUMLUXEMBOURG
SOURCE: ACEA, EUROSTAT89
48
42
40
39
39
38
34
33
32
30
27
27
26
24
22
22
19
18
15
13
12
12
9
9
8
5
4

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214
12
10
8
6
4
Small and medium cars
make up 50% of total EU car sales16
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170New passenger cars sold in the EU BY SEGMENT , IN MILLION UNITS, % SHARE / 2007 – 2017
SOURCE: IHS MARKIT Small (A+B) Lower medium (C) Upper medium (D) Luxury (E+F) MPV 1 SUV 2
10%
3%
8%
21%
29%
1. Multi-purpose vehicles
2. Sport utility vehicles29%

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Petrol cars are the most sold fuel type
in the European Union (49.4%)New passenger cars in the EU15 by fuel type % SHARE / 2014 – 2017
2015
2016 2017
SOURCE: ACEA, AAA Petrol Diesel
Total alternatively-powered vehicles Electrically-chargeable vehicles 1 Hybrid electric vehicles 2 Other than electric 3
1.6 %
52.1 %
49.9% 44.8%43.5 %
45.9 % 49.4 %
2014
0.6 %1.5 %
53.6 %
42.3 %1.2 %1.7 %
1. Includes battery electric vehicles (BEV), extended-range electric vehicles (EREV),
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV)
2. Includes full and mild hybrids
3. Includes natural gas vehicles (NGV), LPG-fueled vehicles and ethanol (E85) vehicles1.2% 1.4%
1.1 % 1.5 %1.9 % 2.9 %2.0 %
4.1% 4.5%
4.2% 5.8%

Vehicles in useTHE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
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41 VEHICLES IN USE
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100 200 300 400 500 600 700LUXEMBOURG
FINLAND
CYPRUS
M A LTA
ITA LY
POLAND
AUSTRIA
ESTONIA
SPAIN
GERMANY
GREECE
FRANCE
EUROPEAN UNION
SLOVENIA
BELGIUM
CZECH REPUBLIC
UNITED KINGDOM
NETHERLANDS
SWEDEN
IRELAND
BULGARIA
DENMARK
LITHUANIA
PORTUGAL
SLOVAKIA
CROATIA
HUNGARY
LATVIA
ROMANIAMotorisation rates in the EU PER 1,000 INHABITANTS / 2016
The EU counts 587 cars per 1,000 inhabitantsSOURCE: EUROSTAT740
732
726
725
707
672
665
620
611
610
605
590
587
587
585
570
544
543
542
525
516
508
501
479
455
416
394
387
329

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Cars make up 87% of the EU vehicle fleet120140160180200220240260280300
100EU vehicle fleet: size and distribution IN MILLION UNITS / 2007 – 2016
SOURCE: OICA, IHS MARKIT 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Passenger cars Commercial vehicles
35.736.436.536.837.337.337.437.638.139.1
232.4237.0238.7241.6244.5246.6249.1251.4256.1259.7

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Average age of the EU vehicle fleet BY COUNTRY, IN YEARS / 2016
8.4 AUSTRIA 8.1 9.0
10.0 SLOVENIA 9.0 11.3
SOURCE: IHS MARKIT11.7 FINLAND 11.7 11.2
8.9 SWEDEN 8.1 9.9
12.8 PORTUGAL 14.2 13.711.9 SPAIN 12.5 12.8
18.8 GREECE 17.1 14.114.1 ITA LY 12.3 11.27.6 FRANCE 8.6 9.29.7 BELGIUM 8.2 7.88.0 NETHERLANDS 8.9 9.8
14.3 CROATIA 12.1 14.38.8 IRELAND 9.0 10.48.7 UNITED KINGDOM 8.6 9.07.7 DENMARK 8.6 8.4
16.2 ROMANIA 14.6 15.016.9 LITHUANIA 12.1 12.116.0 LATVIA 12.7 13.915.3 ESTONIA 12.8 16.2
6.6 LUXEMBOURG 6.3 6.3
14.9 HUNGARY 13.6 12.717.3 POLAND 16.2 16.6
14.7 CZECH REPUBLIC 12.5 13.9
13.5 SLOVAKIA 11.9 12.59.1 GERMANY 7.4 8.1
Cars in the EU are on average 11 years old Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles Heavy commercial vehicles EU
Non-EU
* Data for Bulgaria, Cyprus and Malta not available

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The EU vehicle fleet is getting older year-on-year9.510.010.511.011.512.0
012345Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles Heavy commercial vehicles
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016SOURCE: IHS MARKIT
SOURCE: EEAAverage age of the EU fleet BY VEHICLE TYPE, IN YEARS  / 2013 –  2016
Share of alternatively-powered vehicles per segment * %SHARE / 2007 –  2016
*Includes LPG, natural gas and electric vehicles5.1%
2.1%
1.5% Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles Buses

10.410.411.7
10.6 10.611.9
10.8 10.811.9
11.010.912.0

TradeTHE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
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47 TRADE
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EU exports of motor vehicles VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2017
The EU’s biggest export market is Asia / OceaniaSOURCE: EUROSTAT
NORTH
AMERICA
CENTRAL AND
SOUTH AMERICA
AFRICA
MIDDLE
EAST
EFTA +
EASTERN
EUROPE
ASIA
OCEANIA

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EU motor vehicle trade BY TYPE, IN MILLION € / 2017
Trade in value PC 1LCV 2CV & BC 3TOTAL
2017
Imports 40,390 6,056 1,807 48,253
Exports 127,744 4,144 6,685 138,573
Trade balance 87,354 -1,913 4,879 90,319
2016Imports 38,237 5,921 1,831 45,988
Exports 124,793 4,090 6,275 135,158
Trade balance 86,556 -1,830 4,444 89,170
% change 17/16Imports 5.6% 2.3% -1.3% 4.9%
Exports 2.4% 1.3% 6.5% 2.5%
Trade balance 0.9% 4.5% 9.8% 1.3%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
EU motor vehicle trade BY TYPE, IN UNITS / 2017
Trade in volume PC 1LCV 2CV & BC 3TOTAL
2017Imports 3,078,917 454,610 129,098 3,662,625
Exports 5,373,630 322,548 178,882 5,875,060
2016Imports 2,862,389 446,589 99,437 3,408,415
Exports 5,425,745 339,158 489,788 6,254,691
% change 17/16Imports 7.6% 1.8% 29.8% 7.5%
Exports -1.0% -4.9% -63.5% -6.1%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
The automotive industry generates
a trade surplus of €90.3 billion for the EU1. Passenger cars
2. Commercial vehicles up to 5t
3. Commercial vehicles over 5t, including buses and coaches

49 TRADE
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Main countries of origin of EU motor vehicle imports IN UNITS / 2017
2012   2013   2014   2015  2016 2017% change
17/16% share
2017
WORLD 2,462,253 2,442,309 2,629,379 3,034,640 3,408,415 3,662,625 7.5 100.0
Turkey 585,392 584,693 708,776 842,209 988,411 1,050,319 6.3 28.7
Japan 406,982 384,694 439,680 481,314 580,205 552,995 -4.7 15.1
South Korea 408,266 406,376 348,815 376,181 404,055 461,866 14.3 12.6
Morocco 64,625 99,503 168,995 188,370 217,969 264,607 21.4 7.2
United States 243,926 222,920 243,263 251,578 263,976 250,810 -5.0 6.8
Mexico 179,622 107,429 76,118 122,005 138,512 237,368 71.4 6.5
China 197,908 184,349 191,290 214,546 148,319 187,627 26.5 5.1
South Africa 67,702 59,515 87,083 141,633 192,405 184,658 -4.0 5.0
India 162,652 175,464 107,775 98,501 129,387 118,924 -8.1 3.2
Thailand 25,270 41,066 68,184 94,917 106,597 106,308 -0.3 2.9
SOURCE: EUROSTAT100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000TURKEY
JAPAN
SOUTH KOREA
MOROCCO
UNITED STATES
MEXICO
CHINA
SOUTH AFRICA
INDIA
THAILANDMain countries of origin of EU motor vehicle imports IN THOUSAND UNITS / 2017
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
3.7 million motor vehicles
were imported to the EU in 2017

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Main destinations for EU motor vehicle exports IN UNITS / 2017
2012   2013   2014   2015  2016 2017% change
17 /16% share
2017
WORLD 6,466,867 6,696,077 6,048,329 6,084,787 6,254,691 5,875,060 -6.1 100.0
United States 890,655 963,281 1,010,196 1,271,613 1,201,022 1,163,873 -3.1 19.8
China 534,965 596,703 613,632 472,699 535,008 572,082 6.9 9.7
Turkey 395,544 533,957 416,496 592,114 585,266 524,283 -10.4 8.9
Switzerland 334,158 303,551 299,572 331,910 315,325 298,559 -5.3 5.1
Japan 208,865 246,658 237,675 250,839 279,789 279,987 0.1 4.8
Australia 190,833 188,738 183,085 227,920 206,825 209,796 1.4 3.6
South Korea 96,325 118,431 177,485 230,811 182,735 190,217 4.1 3.2
Canada 113,532 109,723 129,698 139,350 153,509 160,400 4.5 2.7
Russia 623,328 491,889 327,876 191,708 145,353 158,683 9.2 2.7
Israel 109,292 116,667 108,660 147,998 177,416 158,360 -10.7 2.7
SOURCE: EUROSTAT0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2UNITED STATES
CHINA
TURKEY
SWITZERLAND
JAPAN
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH KOREA
CANADA
RUSSIA
ISRAELMain destinations for EU motor vehicle exports IN MILLION UNITS / 2017
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
The EU exported 5.9 million vehicles in 2017

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Countries of origin of EU passenger car imports BY VALUE, IN MILLION € / 2017
2012   2013   2014  2015  2016 2017% change
17/ 16% share
2017
WORLD 24,724 23,785 26,214 32,528 38,237 40,390 5.6 100.0
Japan 6,262 5,894 6,685 7,718 9,142 7,731 -15.4 19.1
Turkey 3,162 3,523 4,373 5,056 6,414 7,442 16.0 18.4
United States 5,520 4,320 4,911 6,961 7,227 6,160 -14.8 15.3
South Korea 3,916 4,091 4,009 4,330 4,812 5,579 16.0 13.8
Mexico 2,500 1,605 1,068 1,642 2,213 4,715 113.1 11.7
South Africa 548 586 1,208 2,400 3,198 3,189 -0.3 7.9
Morocco 608 763 1,225 1,369 1,548 1,907 23.2 4.7
Serbia 277 1,081 1,149 1,035 999 844 -15.6 2.1
India 1,059 1,077 722 765 1,027 820 -20.2 2.0
Thailand 38 146 218 442 472 457 -3.0 1.1
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
Japan accounts for the highest import value of carsCountries of origin of EU passenger car imports VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2017
Thailand
IndiaSerbiaRest of the worldMoroccoSouth Africa
Mexico1.1%
2.0%
2.1%
3.8%4.7%7.9%
11.7%
Japan
Turkey
United States South Korea18.4%19.1%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT15.3% 13.8%

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Countries of origin of EU passenger car imports IN UNITS / 2017
2012   2013   2014   2015  2016 2017% change
17 / 16% share
2017
WORLD 2,037,725 2,064,854 2,223,058 2,463,622 2,862,389 3,078,917 7.6 100.0
Turkey 322,399 363,006 473,984 526,500 646,120 729,738 12.9 23.7
Japan 405,094 379,238 438,640 479,785 577,723 551,010 -4.6 17.9
South Korea 406,699 405,179 347,845 374,765 402,935 460,904 14.4 15.0
Morocco 62,386 83,956 152,588 169,823 196,739 240,907 22.5 7.8
Mexico 179,598 107,154 75,515 121,075 137,241 235,321 71.5 7.6
United States 236,360 215,437 235,008 243,101 254,776 234,065 -8.1 7.6
South Africa 43,946 42,483 68,078 122,143 166,027 152,763 -8.0 5.0
India 162,077 175,034 107,306 93,941 126,814 100,735 -20.6 3.3
China 125,267 112,769 117,948 86,540 71,144 95,733 34.6 3.1
Serbia 21,676 84,639 92,031 83,770 80,321 70,602 -12.1 2.3
SOURCE: EUROSTAT100 200 300 400 500 600 700TURKEY
JAPAN
SOUTH KOREA
MOROCCO
MEXICO
UNITED STATES
SOUTH AFRICA
INDIA
CHINA
SERBIAMain countries of origin of EU passenger car imports IN THOUSAND UNITS / 2017
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
The EU imported 3 million cars in 2017

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Main destinations for EU passenger car exports BY VALUE, IN MILLION € / 2017
2012   2013   2014   2015  2016 2017% change
17 / 16% share
2017
WORLD 107,967 111,594 114,993 129,049 124,793 127,744 2.4 100.0
United States 25,002 27,854 29,779 40,466 37,721 37,406 -0.8 29.3
China 19,298 19,672 23,492 17,948 19,741 21,907 11.0 17.1
Japan 6,310 6,404 5,996 6,465 7,340 8,046 9.6 6.3
Switzerland 6,859 6,193 6,375 7,619 7,333 7,257 -1.0 5.7
Turkey 4,885 5,999 5,133 7,454 7,772 6,520 -16.1 5.1
South Korea 2,497 3,127 4,693 6,910 5,791 6,308 8.9 4.9
Australia 3,498 3,633 3,482 4,593 4,603 4,634 0.7 3.6
Canada 2,997 2,849 3,014 3,640 3,904 4,216 8.0 3.3
Russia 8,744 7,049 5,198 3,667 2,926 3,116 6.5 2.4
Norway 3,262 3,214 3,179 3,375 3,325 2,284 -31.3 1.8
SOURCE: EUROSTATSOURCE: EUROSTAT
EU car exports are worth €127.7 billionDestinations for EU passenger car exports VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2017
United States
Rest of the world29.3%
20.4%Russia
CanadaAustraliaSouth KoreaTurkeySwitzerland
Japan
ChinaNorway
2.4%
3.3%
3.6%
4.9%
5.1%
5.7%
6.3%
17.1%1.8%

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Main destinations for EU passenger car exports IN UNITS / 2017
2012   2013   2014   2015  2016 2017% change
17 /16% share
2017
WORLD 5,819,250 5,970,535 5,513,757 5,563,023 5,425,745 5,373,630 -1.0 100.0
United States 880,698 952,634 998,504 1,223,020 1,170,639 1,149,919 -1.8 21.4
China 527,098 592,053 608,912 469,762 531,339 566,716 6.7 10.5
Turkey 357,256 488,138 372,753 531,720 534,180 465,808 -12.8 8.7
Japan 208,265 246,550 236,833 247,832 279,198 279,694 0.2 5.2
Switzerland 305,492 275,536 270,741 303,105 282,451 269,901 -4.4 5.0
Australia 150,960 166,768 162,756 206,701 188,599 189,361 0.4 3.5
South Korea 94,674 116,458 174,496 227,065 176,710 184,368 4.3 3.4
Canada 110,068 106,098 123,210 131,183 145,365 149,707 3.0 2.8
Israel 102,222 105,065 99,865 133,621 163,271 146,462 -10.3 2.7
Russia 566,094 439,755 301,107 181,458 134,420 144,911 7.8 2.7
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
5.4 million cars were exported by the EU in 2017UNITED STATES
CHINA
TURKEY
JAPAN
SWITZERLAND
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH KOREA
CANADA
ISRAEL
RUSSIAMain destinations for EU passenger car exports IN MILLION UNITS / 2017
SOURCE: EUROSTAT 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

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Environment

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57 ENVIRONMENT
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2017 average
emissions
(g CO2/km)% change
2017 — 2016
Austria 120.7 0.2
Belgium 115.9 0.0
Bulgaria 126.1 0.2
Croatia 113.1 1.3
Cyprus 122.2 -1.1
Czech Republic 124.4 2.7
Denmark 107.1 0.9
Estonia 132.8 -0.8
Finland 118.2 -1.5
France 110.4 0.5
Germany 127.1 0.1
Greece 108.8 2.4
Hungary 125.6 -0.2
Ireland 111.6 -0.4
Italy 113.4 -0.1
Latvia 128.8 -0.1
Lithuania 127.4 1.0
Luxembourg 127.0 0.7
Malta 110.4 -1.2
Netherlands 108.3 2.3
Poland 127.7 1.4
Portugal 104.6 -0.1
Romania 120.6 -1.1
Slovakia 126.1 1.0
Slovenia 119.6 0.5
Spain 115.0 0.5
Sweden 122.3 -0.6
United Kingdom 121.1 0.8
EU average 118.5 0.3
SOURCE: EEA
The average new car emits 118.5g CO2/kmAverage CO2 emissions of new passenger cars
by country in g CO2/km in 2017
100 140Average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars by country IN G CO2/KM / 2017

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6810
24
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 120160New passenger cars in the EU
by emissions classes IN MILLION UNITS, % SHARE / 2010 –  2017
SOURCE: EEA > 130g CO2/km 96–130g CO2/km ≤ 95g CO2/km
1. Provisional data1%57%
52%
45%
36%
31%
26%
22%24%42%46%51%57%61%63%66%66%
2%3%6%9%12%11% 11%
Market demand for fuel-efficient cars
was stable in 2017

59 ENVIRONMENT
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43
42
41
403938
37
36 Energy total (million MWh/year) Car production trend Energy per unit produced (MWh/car)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20171.52.72.9
2.5
2.32.11.9
1.7
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERSEnergy consumption during production  2008 – 2017
-15.7%
-8.0%
As cars have become equipped with ever more features to make them safer, cleaner and smarter, the complexity
of vehicle production has increased. This increase in complexity affects energy demand. Nevertheless, manufacturers have been working continuously to improve the energy efficiency of production. As a result, the energy consumption per car produced has decreased by 15.7% over the last decade.
14.0
13.012.011.010.09.08.0 CO2 emissions total (million t/year) Car production trend CO2 emissions per unit produced (t/car)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20171.000.900.800.700.600.500.40
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERSCO2 emissions from production  2008 – 2017
The CO2 emissions per car produced dropped by 30.1% between 2008 and 2017, while the overall figure went
down by 23.7% over the same period, reflecting the industry’s efforts to reduce CO2 emissions from production. Even though car production has been on the rise again since 2013, manufacturers have been able to decouple
CO2 emissions from production growth by increasingly sourcing energy from renewable and/or low-carbon
sources. As the chart shows, total CO2 emissions have remained stable despite a substantial increase in production volume.-23.7%-30.1%
CO2 emissions per car produced
dropped by 30.1% over the last decade

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The waste generated per unit produced by the manufacturing of passenger cars went down by 13.6% over
ten years. Waste fluctuations, both in absolute and per unit terms can be explained by the occurrence
of singular events, such as a fall in total production during the economic crisis.0.81.01.21.41.6 Waste total (million t/year) Car production trend Waste per unit produced (kg/car)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20175060708090100
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERSWaste from production* 2008 – 2017
-13.6%
-5.7%80
7570656055 Water total (million m³/year) Car production trend Water per unit produced (m³/car)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017505.55.04.54.03.53.0
2.5
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERSWater used in production 2008 – 2017
-30.8%
-24.5%
Long-term strategies for reducing water consumption have made it possible to reduce water use per car
produced by 30.8% between 2008 and 2017. This includes the increased application of recirculation technologies
for the reuse of water.
Water consumption per car produced
has been reduced by 30.8% since 2008
* excluding scrap metal and demolition waste

61 ENVIRONMENT
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3436384042444648 VOC emissions total (thousand tonnes) Car production trend VOC emissions per unit produced (kg/car)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017323.1
2.92.72.52.32.11.91.71.5
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERSVOC emissions from production  2008 – 2017
-20.9%
-16.3%
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are organic solvents mainly emitted from paint shops. The graph shows
VOC emissions per car produced and the absolute emissions of all car manufacturers combined. With new
technologies, such as the replacement of solvent-based paints with solvent-free, water-based equivalents, manufactures have been able to reduce unit emissions by 21% over the last ten years.
European manufacturers have significantly
reduced the environmental impact
of car production over the last decade

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Innovation

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65 INNOVATION
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160R&D investment by industry and main region IN BILLION € / 2016
EU Japan US China Rest of the world
SOURCE: THE 2017 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, JRC/DG RTDPHARMACEUTICALS &
BIOTECHNOLOGYAUTOMOBILES & PARTS
ELECTRONIC &
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
GENERAL INDUSTRIALS
HEAL TH CARE
EQUIPMENT & SERVICES
OTHER INDUSTRIES
The EU is by far the world’s largest
investor in automotive R&DAEROSPACE & DEFENCE
CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE &
COMPUTER SERVICES
TECHNOLOGY
HARDWARE & EQUIPMENT

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10
02030405060R&D growth in the automotive sector:
by world region IN BILLION € / % CHANGE
SOURCE: THE 2017 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, JRC/DG RTD 2015 2016
EU automotive investment in R&D has
increased to €53.8 billion annually-4.2%+7.4%
+1.1%
+10.8%
+18.9%
EU Japan USA China Rest of the world

67 INNOVATION
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Automobiles & parts
Pharmaceuticals
& biotechnology
Other industriesHealth care
equipment & services
Banks
Aerospace
& defenseChemicals
Software &
computer services
Industrial
engineering
Electronic
& electrical equipment
Technology
hardware& equipment
3%
4%
4%3%
4%
5%
5%
8%27%
20%
17%R&D shares of sectors in the EU %SHARE / 2016
SOURCE: THE 2017 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION
The automotive sector is the EU’s number one investor
in R&D, responsible for 27% of total spendingEU R&D investment in the top 10 industrial sectors IN BILLION € / 2016
R&D 2016
Automobiles & parts 53.8
Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology 39.6
Other industries 33.0
Technology hardware & equipment 16.0
Electronic & electrical equipment 9.4
Industrial engineering 8.9
Aerospace & defense 8.9
Software & computer services 8.4
Banks 8.0
Chemicals 5.4
Health care equipment & services 5.0
SOURCE: THE 2017 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, JRC/DG RTD

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Rest of the worldChina3
United KingdomAustria
SwedenItaly
3%2%
2%1%
4%4%
Other EPO
member states2JapanGermany
United StatesFrance6%27%29%
12%9%Patents granted in the automotive sector 1 % SHARE / 2017
SOURCE: EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE (EPO)
Over 8,700 patents were granted
to the automotive sector in 20171. Includes categories B60, B62, F02 and F16
B60: Vehicles in general
B62: Land vehicles for travelling otherwise than on rail
F02: Combustion engines; hot-gas or combustion-product
engine plants
F16: Engineering elements or units; general measures
for producing and maintaining effective functioning of
machines or installations; thermal insulation in general
2. Includes Liechtenstein, Monaco, Turkey
and the other EU+EFTA countries
3. Includes TaiwanAutomotive patents BY COUNTRY / 2017
Germany 2,556
Japan 2,382
United States 1,016
France 803
Other EPO member states 2483
Sweden 343
Italy 309
Rest of the world 243
United Kingdom 200
China3156
Switzerland 128
Austria 113
Total 8,732
SOURCE: EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE (EPO)Switzerland
1%

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Taxation

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71 TAXATION
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20 EU member states apply CO2 taxationCO2-based motor vehicle taxes in the EU in 2018
COUNTRY CO2 / FUEL CONSUMPTION TAXES
Austria Fuel consumption/pollution tax and company car tax CO2-based.
Belgium CO2-based company car tax (all regions).
Registration tax calculation CO2-based (Flanders and Walloon Region).Environmental correction on the annual circulation tax based on CO2 emissions (Flanders).
Croatia Registration tax based on CO2 emissions and fuel consumption.
Cyprus Registration tax and annual road tax CO2-based.
Denmark Annual circulation tax based on fuel consumption (CO2-based).
Finland Registration tax, annual circulation tax and excise duties for road traffic fuels CO2-based.
France CO2-based bonus-malus system.Scrapping scheme for diesel cars (CO2-based).Annual tax and company car tax based on CO2 emissions.
Germany CO2-based annual circulation tax.
Greece Registration tax and annual circulation tax based on CO2 emissions.
Ireland VAT deductibility, registration tax and annual circulation tax CO2-based.
Latvia CO2-based registration tax.
Luxembourg CO2-based annual circulation tax.
Malta Registration tax based on CO2 emissions, price and vehicle length.Annual circulation tax based on CO2 emissions and vehicle age.
Netherlands Registration tax, road tax and company car tax CO2-based.
Portugal Registration tax and annual circulation tax CO2-based.
Romania Scrappage programme and incentive bonuses CO2-based.
Slovenia CO2-based registration tax.
Spain Special tax on first registration CO2-based.Reduction on company car tax CO2-based.
Sweden Bonus-malus system for incentives CO2-based.Annual circulation tax based on CO2 emissions.
United Kingdom Annual circulation tax and company car tax based on CO2 emissions.
SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2018

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Overview of purchase and tax incentives for electric vehicles in the EU
COUNTRY EV INCENTIVES
Austria EVs are exempt from fuel consumption/pollution tax, ownership tax and company car tax.
Deductible VAT for zero-emission cars.
Belgium Exemption from registration tax for EVs and PHEVs, purchase subsidies for BEVs and FCEVs (Flanders).EVs pay the lowest rate of annual circulation tax (all three regions).120% deduction from company car tax for zero-emission vehicles.
Bulgaria EVs are exempt from ownership tax.
Cyprus Vehicles emitting less than 120g CO2/km are exempt from registration tax and pay the lowest rate
of annual road tax.
Czech Republic EVs, HEVs and other APVs are exempt from road tax.
Denmark BEVs pay only 40% of the registration tax. Hydrogen and fuel cell-powered vehicles are exempt.
Finland BEVs pay the minimum rate of the CO2-based registration tax.
France EVs are exempt from company car tax; local exemption from registration tax for APVs.
Bonus granted for EVs and HEVs (CO2-based), and to switch an old diesel vehicle with a new BEV or PHEV .
Germany EVs exempt from circulation tax for 10 years. Bonus granted for BEVs, FCEVs, PHEVs and EREVs.
Greece Electric and hybrid vehicles exempt from registration tax, luxury tax and luxury living taxElectric and hybrid cars exempt from annual circulation tax (based on cc).
Hungary EVs and PHEVs are exempt from registration tax, annual circulation tax and company car tax.
Ireland EVs, PHEVs qualify for VRT (purchase tax) reliefs; EVs pay minimum rate of road tax Grant support for buying EVs and PHEVs.
Italy EVs exempt from annual circulation tax for five years (75% reduction for following years).
Latvia BEVs pay the lowest fee for technical inspections and the lowest amount for company car tax.
Luxembourg EVs and FCEVs benefit from tax allowances on registration fees (EVs also pay min rate of annual
circulation tax). Pure electric and hydrogen cars pay the lowest rate of the company car tax.
Malta For pure electric vehicles the emission tax is zero.
Netherlands Zero-emission cars are exempt from registration and motor vehicle tax, and pay the lowest rate
of company car tax.
Portugal Deductible VAT for EVs and PHEVs. BEVs are exempt from registration tax (75% reduction for PHEVs).
Romania EVs are exempt from ownership tax. Incentive scheme grants bonus for buying BEVs and hybrids.
Slovakia BEVs pay the lowest rate for registration tax and are exempt from motor vehicle tax.
Slovenia Financial incentives are granted for the purchase of zero-emission vehicles.BEVs pay the lowest rate of tax on motor vehicle.
Spain Local reductions on ownership tax for fuel-efficient vehicles.Reductions on company car taxation for APVs.
Sweden Bonus available to purchase new vehicles with CO2 emissions of max 60g/km.Five years exemption from annual circulation tax for electric and plug-in hybrid cars.
United Kingdom Cars emitting less than 50g/km are exempt from first year allowances (FYAs).Zero-emission vehicles attract a zero rate of vehicle excise duty (VED).Reduction on company car tax rates for ultra-low emissions and electric vehicles.
SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2018
APV Alternatively-powered vehicle FCEV Fuel-cell electric vehicle CNG Compressed natural gas
BEV Battery electric vehicle HEV Hybrid electric vehicle PHEV Plug-in hybrid eletric vehicle
EREV Extended range electric vehicle LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
Incentives for electric vehicles
are available in 24 EU countries

73 TAXATION
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Fiscal income from motor vehicles in the EU151
AUSTRIA BELGIUM DENMARK FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE
€ bn
2015€ bn
2016DKK bn
2016€ bn
2016€ bn
2016€ bn
2016€ bn
2016
Purchase or transfer
1. VAT on vehicle sales
servicing/repair, parts, tyres 2.742 7.100 – 1.610 15.606 29.747 –
2. Fuels & lubricants 5.200 7.415 17.191 3.989 36.412 42.152 3.663
3. Sales & registration taxes 0.395 0.430 19.514 0.964 2.188 – 0.188
Annual ownership taxes 2.232 1.614 10.609 1.083 0.859 8.952 1.113
Driving license fees – 0.017 – – – 0.168 –
Insurance taxes 0.331 0.960 1.534 0.384 4.739 4.300 –
Tolls 1.890 0.648 0.433 – 11.796 4.600 –
Customs duties – – – – – 0.600 –
Other taxes 0.322 0.649 – – 1.858 – 0.125
TOTAL (national currencies) 13.112 18.833 49.281 8.030 73.458 90.519 5.089
TOTAL (EURO) 13.1 18.8 6.6 8.0 73.5 90.5 5.1
IRELAND ITA LYNETHER –
LANDS PORTUGAL SPAIN SWEDENUNITED
KINGDOM
€ bn
2015€ bn
2016€ bn
2016€ bn
2016€ bn
2016SEK bn
2016£ bn
2017/20182
Purchase or transfer1. VAT on vehicle sales
servicing/repair, parts, tyres 0.601 17.350 1.321 3.446 – 24.500 12.500
2. Fuels & lubricants 3.028 35.820 9.664 3.259 18.758 48.200 28.100
3. Sales & registration taxes 0.684 1.690 1.551 0.672 4.364 – –
Annual ownership taxes 1.124 6.610 4.058 0.554 2.718 14.300 6.000
Driving license fees – – 0.256 – 0.064 – –
Insurance taxes – 3.880 0.979 – – 2.800 –
Tolls – 2.030 – 0.320 – 1.800 –
Customs duties – – – 0.050 – – –
Other taxes – 5.620 1.663 0.200 0.708 4.500 1.500
TOTAL (national currencies) 5.437 73.000 19.492 8.501 26.612 96.100 48.100
TOTAL (EURO) 5.4 73.0 19.5 8.5 26.6 9.6 54.8
Motor vehicles account for
€413 billion in taxes in the EU15SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2018 1. Latest available data; only country for which sourced data is available are listed
2. 2012 estimates for income from VAT and other taxesGRAND TOTAL = € 413 bn

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Excise duties on fuels
in €/1,000 litres
UNLEADED
PETROL DIESEL
Austria 515 425
Belgium 615 560
Bulgaria 363 330
Croatia 519 411
Cyprus 479 450
Czech Republic 505 431
Denmark 566 364
Estonia 563 493
Finland 703 530
France 659 547
Germany 655 470
Greece 700 410
Hungary 391 360
Ireland 588 479
Italy 728 617
Latvia 476 372
Lithuania 434 347
Luxembourg 465 338
Malta 549 472
Netherlands 778 490
Poland 395 346
Portugal 659 471
Romania 424 394
Slovakia 514 368
Slovenia 508 426
Spain 461 367
Sweden 670 591
United Kingdom 661 661
EU minimum rates 359 330
SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2018Share of VAT in net price of cars
27%
25%24%
23%
22%
21%
20%
19%
18%17%Hungary
Denmark
Croatia
Sweden
Finland
Greece
Ireland
Poland
Portugal
Italy
Slovenia
Belgium
Czech Republic
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Spain
Austria
Bulgaria
Estonia
France
Slovakia
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Germany
Romania
Malta
Luxembourg
SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2018
Automobile taxation provides a vital
source of governement revenue

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