ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2. [600692]

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
http://www.abah.bioflux.com.ro
188 ABAH BIOFLUX
Animal Biology & Animal Husbandry
International Journal of the Bioflux Society

The effect of replacement of soybean meal with
rape meal free of erucic acid and glucosides on
growth per formance and fatty acids profile of
meat in turkeys
Daniel Mierli ță

Department of Animal Science, University of Oradea , Oradea, Romania . Corresponding
author: D. Mierli ță, [anonimizat]

Abstract . Research we have conducted were conceived designed to check to wh at extent soybean meals
in broiler turkey can be partially replaced with rapeseed meal free of free of erucic acid and gluco sides
(canola rapeseed type "00"), while monitoring the effect of this important alternative protein sourc e on
the production perfor mance, carcass quality and fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat. The experiment
was conducted as a completely randomized experimental design consisting of four treatments, which
involved a control diet consisting of corn – soybean meal (LC) and three ex perimental diets (E 1, E2 and
E3, respectively) in which proteins from soybean meal were replaced by rape meal free of erucic acid and
glucosides . Rapeseed meal obtained after oil extraction by cold pressing from rapeseed, i.e. Helga variety
grown in the cl imatic conditions of the western Romania region was included in the structure of combined
fodder at a rate of 10% (in the case of group E 1), 15 % (if the case of group E 2), and 20% (in the case of
E3, respectively). Placing rapeseed meal variety "00" at a rate of up to 15% (% by weight) in the
structure of combined fodder has no negative effect on weight gain, degree of food recovery,
slaughterhouse indices and carcass quality. Increasing the share of rapeseed meals in food to 20% (i n
the case of E 3) has si gnificantly reduced (p<0.01) the final weight of broilers and feed intake too, and
increased specific consumption of fodder for one kilo weight gain. The presence of rapeseed meal in the
diet of turkey broiler at a rate of 15% in comparison with the contro l group caused a decrease in the
share of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the structure of fat in
the breast muscles and an increase in the share of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially of
those belonging to n-3 series (the α-linolenic acid, C18:3 n -3 being the best represented), which equates
to an improvement in the nutritional quality of turkey meat as analyzed in terms of impact on human
consumer health .
Key Words : Canola rapeseed "00" , polyunsaturated fatty acids, C18: 3 n-3.

Introduction . In the context of banning animal origin flours in the poultry diets and the
high price of soy products and by -products, the rape free of free of erucic acid and
glucosides may represent a promising alternative for ensuring from domes tic production
the vegetable protein in poultry diet in our country.
Common rapeseeds can not be used in large amounts in poultry feed, due to their
high content in erucic acid and glucosides which could lead to hypothyroidism, thyroid
function disorders, cardiac disorders, inactivation of some liver enzymes, feet bone
ossificati on disorders (Karunajewa et al 1990).
Successes in improving rape, after the discovery of Stefansson et al (1961) of the
free erucic acid mutant, led to the creation after of some f all and spring varieties free of
erucic acid and glucosides (00) commonly c alled canola "00" (Marcu et al 2002). The
farming and especially use of canola rapeseed type "00" in the poultry diet in our country
is not promoted as in other countries, though, i t could be a reliable alternative to soy
meals from import, both of in terms of bio -productive terms and from economic point of
view. The interest to use rape meal in the diet of turkey broiler is justified primarily by its
high protein content (35.3% CP).
Compared to soybean meal, rape meal from canola variety "00" provided similar results
in experiments car ried out on young swine (Baidoo et al 1987) on fattening pigs (Noll et

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
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189 al 2002; Farahat et al 2013 ), on chicken broilers and laying hens (M arcu 2005), on
turkeys (Salmon 1982; Rost 2005), thus resulting in the possibility of substituting
soybean meal with rape meal at a rate of 25 -50-75% in the fodder structure in swine and
adult poultry. Placing in the structure of fodder recipes of canola rapeseed "00" at a rate
of 5% for starter to 15% for growing and finishing phase had as effect of increasing the
body weight by 4.75% and reducing specific consumption by 3.1% compared to the
control group (Ciurescu et al 2003). Marcu (2005) determined that rape meal
administered at a rate of up to 20% in the fodder structure does not affect growth
performance in the case of broiler chickens.
Research conducted by Ciurescu et al (2003) highlighted the possibility of using
rape meal at a rate of 5 -10% and rapeseed at a r ate of 10 -15% in the structure of
combined fodder recipes for chicken broilers, depending on the their growth phase
without affecting growth performance, slaughter yield and carcass quality . Research
made by Waibel et al (1992) showed that canola type rape seed meal can be used in diets
for growing and finishing of turkeys broiler at a rate of 20%, without influencing the final
weight of broilers and feed recovery, respectively.
Using canola -type rapeseed meal in chicken and turkeys broiler diet is limited by
its low caloric value compared to other protein sources ( Mierli ță 2014). Thus, in order to
ensure high specific energy level in broilers it is necessary to use large amounts of fodder
specific fat which implies additional costs for the farmers.
Research conducted were designed to verify to what extent soybean meal in
turkey broiler chickens can be partially replaced with rapeseed meals free of erucic acid
and glucosides (canola rapeseed type "00"), watching the effect of this important
alternative protein source on production performance, carcass quality and fatty acid
profile of intramuscular fat.

Material and Method . The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized
experimental design consisting of four treatments, which involve a control diet consisting
of corn – soy meals (LC) and three experimental diets (E 1, E2 and E 3, respectively) to
which the proteins from the soy meals were replaced with rapeseed meal free of erucic
acid and glucosides. This alternative source of protein in the diet of turkey broilers was
included in the structure of combined fodder at a rate of 10% (in the case of group E 1),
15% (in the case of group E 2) and 20% (in the case of E 3), respectively (Table 1).
Soybean meal proteins were substituted by rape meals as follows: up to 37% (stage 0 -3
weeks), 40% (stage 3 -9 weeks), 46% (stage 9 -12 weeks), 58% (stage 12 -15 weeks)
and 74% (after 15 weeks to slaughter).

Table 1
Experimental desing

Group Treatment Targets
LC Soybean meal
E1 Rape meal – 10%
E2 Rape meal – 15%
E3 Rape meal – 20%  Effect of rape meal on the main indices of
production and consumption (weight gain, feed
use);
 Effect of r ape me al on the main slaughter indices
and carcass quality (yield at slaughter , the share
of main parts cut out of the carcass);
 Effect of rape meal on the structure of
intramuscular fat into fatty acids.

In our experiment we used rapeseed meals, resulted after oil extraction from variety
Helga rapeseed by cold pressing, improved in Germany and farmed in the specific
climatic conditions of western Romania. All diets were formulated to contain simila r levels
of metabolizable energy, raw protein and limiting amino acids (lysine and methionine +
cystine), thus providing specific nutritional requirements of the hybrid.

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
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190 A total of 36 broiler turkeys (Grade Maker hybrid, imported from Austria), male,
aged one day were divided randomly into four lots. The dynamics of body weight was
based on individual weighing of (one day) broilers from each lot when populating and
during growth period, i.e. at age 3, 6, 12 and 18 weeks, respectively, when the
experiments f or productive purposes would haven been concluded. Fodder was given ad
libitum ; the amount of feed consumed was determined by means of weighting for each of
the broilers group and for each growth period (0 -3, 3-6, 6-12, and 12 -18 weeks
respectively).
At 18 weeks and in order to assess the quantitative and qualitative indicators of
meat production, seven broilers from each lot were sacrificed, eliminating minus lot
variants. At the time of such slaughter for control purposes we determined the carcass
weight, internal organ mass, slaughter yield, the weight of the main parts chopped out
from the carcass, the weight of trans -abdominal fat carcass structure specific fat.
Given the weight but especially the place and role of fats in preserving the human
consumer health, we determined the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat in the breast
(n = 4/ group ), as a comparison between the control group and the lot that achieved the
best bio -performance amongst the three experimental groups. The lipids of the tissue
samp les were extracted by means of a chloroform/methanol mixture (2:1, vol./vol.).
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were obtained using the procedure described by Watkins
et al (1997). FAME were analyzed using a HP 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped
with a DB23 column (30 m, 0.53 mm i.d., 0.5 µm film thickness). The identification of
fatty acids as methyl esters was done by comparison of their retention times with
standards and with FAME obtained from fish oil.
Testing the significance of the differences between groups was made by applying
ANOVA testing (Pall ant 2007). Differences were declared as being significant at p<0.05.

Results and Discussion . From the analysis of data on the evolution of body mass of
turkeys broilers as shown in Table 2, one may as sess that substituting soy meal protein
with rapeseed meal does not have a significant impact on the amount and dynamics of
turkeys broiler body weight, provided that the share of rapeseed meals in combined
fodder structure does not exceed 15% (in the case s of groups E 1 and E 2). Increasing the
share of rapeseed meals in fodder structure above 15% (% by weight of the feed) has a
negative impact on weight gain, reducing significantly (p<0.05) the average body weight
of the turkey broilers at slaughter age (in the case of group E 3).

Table 2
The effect of partial substitution of soybean grits with rape meal on turkey broiler weight
gain

Group
Age LC
X ± sx E1
X ± sx E2
X ± sx E3
X ± sx
a) Evolution of body weight
1 day (g) 50.7  0.02 50.4  0.02 51.2  0.01 50.8  0.03
3 week (g) 691.8  0.31 676.4  0.37 645.6  0.51 604.4  0.57*
6 week (kg) 2.70  0.11 2.62  0.05 2.57  0.07 2.54  0.11*
12 week (kg) 9.27  0.20 9.15  0.19 8.97  0.16 8.80  0.17**
18 week (kg) 19.87  0.28 19.17  0.54 18.75  0.39 18.21  0.45**
b) Average daily gain (g/day)
0-3 week 30.52 29.81 28.28 26.33
3-6 week 95.79 92.62 91.91 92.38
6-12 week 156.43 155.40 152.31 149.05
12-18 week 252.29 238.62 232.81 223.95
Average 157.29 151.78 148.41 144.12
LC – Control; E 1 – 10% rape meal; E 2 – 15% rape meal; E 3 – 20% rape meal.
* p<0.05; ** p<0.01.

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
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191 Similar aspects are found from the data collected on the average body weight
daily gain. Throughout the growth period, compared to the control group which had an
average gain of 15 7.29 g/day, experimental groups achieved slightly lower weight
increases, with values ranging between 151.78 g/day in group E 1 and 144.12 g/day in
group E 3. Placing rapeseed meals in large proportions in turkey broilers diet (20% – in the
case of group E 3) had a negative influence on both feed intake and on the degree of food
recovery (Table 3, Figure 1). Thus, the daily feed intake in relation to the whole
experimental period, decreased by up to 3.7% in lots where rapeseed meals was inserted
in food comp ared to LC group. Moreover the average consumption of fodder for achieving
a kilo in weight based on the entire growth period (0 -18 weeks) was almost equal to that
registered in the control group in the cases of the experimental groups E 1 and E 2 where
the rapeseed meals represented more than 15% of mixed food structure and increased
by 4.58% when rapeseed meals accounted for 20% of the structure of combined fodder
(in the case of group E 3).

Table 3
The effect of partial substitution of soybean grits with rape meal on feed consumption

g feed/day/bird Group 0-3 week 3-6 week 6-12 week 12-18 week Average
(0-18 week)
LC 46.1 162.3 364.0 788.7 419.0
E1 45.7 159.5 368.0 768.8 413.1
E2 45.3 159.8 364.9 763.4 410.3
E3 43.1 162.4 361.7 739.9 401.5
LC – Control; E 1 – 10% rape meal; E 2 – 15% rape meal; E 3 – 20% rape meal.

Placing rapeseed meals type "00" in the structure of combined fodder for phased diet of
turkey broilers, at a rate of up to 15% (% by weight of the feed) is recommended
without negative eff ects on weight gain, the consumption and degree of food recovery.
Increasing the share of rapeseed in food to 20% (in the case of group E 3) has
significantly reduced (p<0.01) the final weight of broilers and feed intake, and increased
consumption of combin ed fodder for one kilo gain in weight.

2.664
2.722
2.765
2.786
2.6002.6502.7002.7502.800
LC E1 E2 E3

Figure 1. The effects of rape meal on the feed conversion ratio .

Most studies published in the international literature mention that placing rapeseed meals
in broilers diet in the amou nt of up to 150 g/kg does not affect growth performance and
feed recovery if the diet is balanced in terms o f amino acids content (Teixeira & Dos
1995; Olver & Jonker 1997; Roth -Maier & Paulicks 2003; Faraha t et al 2013 ), considering
that the amount of lys ine and sulphur amino acids in rapeseed meals is only 70 -80% of
that found in soybean meals (Waldroup et al 1998; Rost 2005). Placing rapeseed meals
in the diet of chicken broilers in shares >25% reduces their production performance (Noll
et al 2002; Roth -Maier & Paulicks 2003; Steenfeld t et al 2003; Rost 2005; Meng et al

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
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192 2006), the negative influence is caused by the large amount of NSPs (nonstarch
polysaccharides), amino acid imbalance in protein and low energy value.
The outcomes of control slaughter car ried out at the end of the growing period are
shown in Table 4. The data for analyzed indicator show generally only statistically
generated differences in broilers from the group E 3, in which food it was introduced the
highest share of rapeseed meals. The highest values of the slaughter indices analyzed
are recorded in control group (LC). These results lead to the conclusion that rapeseed
meal can be placed in the structure of compound fodder for turkey broilers phased diet
purposes at rate of up to 15% while the higher shares have a negative influence on
carcass characteristics. Thus, considering the LC group, carcass yield was lower by 1.11
percentage points (72.47% vs. 71.36%) in broilers of E 3, the differences being generated
statistically (p<0.05).

Table 4
The impa ct of partial substitution of soybean grits with rape meal on main indices of
slaughter and carcass quality of turkeys broiler (n = 7)

Group
Parameter LC
X ± sx E1
X ± sx E2
X ± sx E3
X ± sx
a) Evolution of the main indicators of slaughterhouse
The we ight (kg) 19.38  0.34 19.07  0.61 18.81  0.54 18.17  0.74*
Carcass weight (kg) 14.05  0.21 13.81  0.43 13.53  0.76 12.96  0.61*
The yield of the casing
(%) 72.47  0.57 72.44  0.67 71.97  0.81 71.36  0.69*
Edible offal (heart ,
gizzard , liver) (%)1 1.91  0.11 1.88  0.09 1.91  0.14 1.84  0.11*
Commercial yield (%) 74.38  0.62 74.32  0.59 73.88  0.47 73.20  0.71
b) Share the trans main housing (% of carcass weight)
Chest (%) 37.08  2.05 35.68  0.9* 35.60  1.17* 33.74  0.78**
Chick en drumsticks (%) 17.59  0.67 17.11  0.4* 17.77  0.82* 16.14  1.07*
Thighs (%) 12.70  0.39 12.30  0.48 12.21  0.91 11.94  0.83
Wings (%) 10.93  0.27 10.76  0.60 10.64  0.37 10.51  0.49
Fat deposit2 2.24  0.11 2.59  0.14 2.72  0.22 3.18  0.23*
LC – Control; E 1 – 10% rape meal; E 2 – 15% rape meal; E 3 – 20% rape meal.
* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; 1 % of live weight ; 2 – intraabdominal fat and fat adherence gizzard .

Placing rapeseed meals in turkey broilers diet had a negative impact on carcass q uality,
resulted in reducing the share of parts with high economic value in the carcass structure.
Thus, compared with the control group, in the turkeys from experimental groups there
was a linear decrease directly proportional to the share of rapeseed mea ls in broilers diet
of the breast and drumsticks shell in the carcass structure with values of up to 3.34
(p<0.01) and 1.45 respectively (p<0.05) percentage points. Breast meat, in most
countries, is the most valuable part of the carcass obtained after slaughtering turkey
broilers, providing approx. 60 -70% of income from carcass selling. Theref ore, both
increasing the weight of the breast in the carcass structure and improving its quality,
mainly by increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fat structure
represent research priorit ies in this area (Kocher et al 2000; Steen feldt et al 2003;
Farahat et al 2013; Mierli ță & Popovici 2013). In this context it is surprising that despite
the economic importance of breast meat, most research tends to focus on maximizing
fodder conversion rate. The proportion of fat deposited in the carcass (intra -abdominal
fat and gizzard fa t) was significantly higher in turkeys receiving the highest proportion of
rapeseed meals (20% rapeseed meals), and correlated negatively with growth rate which
shows a slight imbalance of food nutrients. This suggests that lower bioavailability and
biolog ical value of the proteins in experimental compound fodder did not allow a proper
protein synthesis in body according to the genetic potential, which would have been
reflected in a high share of the breast in the carcass structure. Thus a surplus of energy
emerged and that energy was stored in the body as fat (Rost 2005; Mierli ță 2014).

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
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193 The findings of our study are consistent with th e findings reported by Egoro v et al
(2001) and Marcu (2005), which showed that the best results were obtained when
rapeseed m ales were within 15% of the diet structure for chicken broilers. Similar studies
reaching to the same conclusions we re carried out by Roth -Maier & Paulicks (2003) and
Suchý at al (2010). Such ý et al (2010) reported that by replacing soybean nitrogen at a
rate of up to two thirds does not affect the breast and thigh muscles content in terms of
protein and fat, but the content of crude ash increases only in the breast.
For economic purposes, the quality of sanogenous fat in breast and the fatty acid
profile w ere determined only for comparison purposes between the control group and the
experimental group where the best production performance was achieved ( i.e. group E 2 –
15% rapeseed meal in food structure). The analysis was focus only on intramuscular fat
in the breast. Placing rapeseed meals in turkey broilers resulted in a decrease in the
proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p <0.05) and monounsaturated fatty acids
(MUFA) in the structure of breast muscles fat and an increase in the share of
polyunsatura ted fatty acids ( PUFA) (p <0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5
Effect of rape meal on the structure of int ramuscular fat into fatty acids

Group
Parameters LC E2
(15% rape meal)
Crude f at (%) 2.85 3.29
Lauric, C12:0
Miristic, C14:0
Pentadecanoic, C15:0
Palmitic, C16:0
Stearic, C18:0
Total SFA 0.620
0.721
0.199
36.534
9.094
47.168 0.969*
0.732
0.178
34.562*
9.032
45.473*
Palmitoleic, C16:1
Oleic C18:1 n -9
Trans -vaccenic C18:1 t -11
Eicosenoic, C20:1 n -9
Total MUFA 8.037
19.019
0.375
0.446
27.877 7.573
18.224
0.337
0.523
26.627
Linoleic, C18:2 n -6
Arachidonic, C20:4 n -6
Total PUFA n -6 6.322
8.588
14.910 7.886*
9.037
16.923*
Linolenic, C18:3 n -3
Eicosadienoic, C20:5
Eicosatrienoic, C22:5
Docosapentaenoic, C22:6
Total PUFA n -3 2.789
1.071
1.953
1.726
7.539 3.072*
1.205
2.336*
1.818
8.431*
Total PUFA (n -3 + n -6) 22.449 25.354*
Unidentified fatty acids 2.506 2.516
PUFA n -6/n-3 1.978 2.007
SFA = Saturated fatty acids; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acids; PUF A = polyunsaturated fatty acids;
LC –Control; E 2 – 15% rape meal. * p<0.05;

Among the SFA, the sharpest decrease was found for palmitic acid, and in the case
MUFA, the largest decrease was found for palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, which are the
most important fatty acids in this group.
In PUFA, the mos t important and analyzed acid in terms of impact on consumer
health is the α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n -3). Placing rapeseed meals in turkey broilers diet
caused an increase in the share of both fatty acids n -6 series and n -3 series in the breast
intramuscular fat structure, which equates to an improvement in their nutritional qual ity.
Rapeseed meals are characterized by a high content of protein, yet they have a
high fat content of high quality and, and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids,

ABAH Bioflux, 2015, Volume 7 , Issue 2.
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194 especially linoleic and α -linolenic acids (Mierli ță 2014). The high content of fatt y acids
from n -3 series and the favourable n -3/n-6 fatty acids ratio allow the use of rapeseed
meals in the diet of animals for strengthening eco -sanogenous quality of food of animal
origin.
Increasing the share of n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast meat, following
the introduction of rapeseed meals in turkey broilers is particularly beneficial for the
human consumer health, and the nutritional qualities of turkey meat are improved.
Supplementing the turkey broilers diet with rapeseed meals resulted in a decreased
weight of saturated fatty acids with high atherogenic potential (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0) in
the breast intramuscular fat and an increased weight of n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
(α-linolenic acid in particular), thus enhancing the nutritional quality of turkey meat,
analyzed in terms of impact on human health. Marcu (2005) showed that the placing
rapeseed cake in the chicken broilers diet resulted in an increased concentration of oleic
and α -linolenic acids in chicken fat.

Conclusions . Substi tuting soy protein in the meals of turkey broilers by placing rapeseed
meals free of free of erucic acid and glucosides in the structure of compound fodder at a
rate of up to 15% (% by weight) has no negative effect on both the weight gain and food
recover y degree, but it lowers the quality of carcass by reducing the breast share in
carcass overall structure. A significant decrease (p<0.05) of production performance was
shown in the case of the broilers from the lot E 3 where rapeseed meals were placed in th e
structure of combined fodder at a rate of 20%. This presence of rapeseed meals in turkey
broilers diet caused a decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and
monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the structure of breast muscles fat and an
increase in the share of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and in particular those of
Omega 3 series, which equates to an improvement in the nutritional quality of turkey
meat analyzed in terms of impact on human consumer health.

Acknowledgements . This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National
Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI – UEFISCDI, project number PN -II-IN-CI-2013-1-
0080.

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Received: 19 October 2015. Accepted: 23 Novem ber 2015. Published online: 24 November 2015.
Author:
Daniel Mierli ță, University of Oradea, Department of Animal Science, Romania , Oradea, 410087 , Universită ții
Street 1, e-mail: dadi.mierlita@yahoo.com
This is an open -access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source
are credited.
How to cite this article:
Mierli ță D., 2015 The effect of replacement of soybean meal with rape meal free of erucic acid and glucosides
on growth performance and fatty acids profile of meat in turkeys . ABAH Bioflux 7(2): 188-195.