AAnnaalleellee UUnniivveerrssiittăățțiiii ddiinn OOrraaddeeaa,, SSeerriiaa GGeeooggrraaffiiee XXXXVVIIIIII, no. 222001188, pp. 115566–116633 [617056]

AAnnaalleellee UUnniivveerrssiittăățțiiii ddiinn OOrraaddeeaa,, SSeerriiaa GGeeooggrraaffiiee XXXXVVIIIIII, no. 2//22001188, pp. 115566–116633
ISSN 11222211–11227733, E-ISSN 22006655–33440099 Article no. 228822110022–777711

http://istgeorelint.uoradea.ro/Reviste/Anale/anale.htm

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SSaakkeerr AADDEELL
Doctorant, Laboratory LRNAT, University of Batna, 02, Algeria,
e-mail: [anonimizat]

DDrriiddii HHAADDDDAA
Pr. Laboratory LRNAT, University of Batna, 02, Algeria,
e-mail: [anonimizat]

KKaallllaa MMAAHHDDII
Pr. Laboratory LRNAT, University of Batna, 02 , Algeria,
e-mail: [anonimizat] .

Abstract: Biskra city, the administrative center of the Biskra region (wilaya), has poor
potential in terms of urban space development; and this is strongly linked to the unfa vorable
characteristics of the soil with specific geographical features (soil collapse) which prohibits
the vertical extension and imposes an urban development horizontal. The incoherence
between the urban planning of Saharan cities with a proactive urbani sm and the spatial
dynamics that obeys other socio -economic factors and financial stakes, due in part to the
absence of a prospective vision that It is based on the real needs of an urbanizable space over
time, and on the other hand with a reliable spatial analysis allowing an objective diagnosis of
the urban space. In view of the large number of variables and their spatiotemporal
combination, it is necessary to use geomatics techniques for accurate spatial analysis and
sustainable planning. This research w ork integrates with the results obtained by the geomatic
approach compared to conventional land use planning and development master plans
(P.D.A.U) which are always outdated even before their approval.

Key words: Biskra, spatio -temporal plan, Geomatics ap proach, P.D.A.U, soil collapse,

* * * * * *

INTRODUCTION
The growth of Saharan cities is a recent and rapid phenomenon, both from a demographic and a
spatial point of view; this does not go without creating enormous difficulties and planning constraints
for managers of urban agglomerations as part of a strong social demand in terms of housing, public
facilities, infrastructure and diversified jobs. The objective of this study is based on a proposal for
geomatics planning by the P.D.A.U to illustrate the deficiencies of traditional development plans to
better detect non -compliance with strategic orientations, particularly in studies of management tools.

 Corresponding Author

Geomatics Approach for Urban Extension Management …
157

Figure 1 . Study area
(Source: Saker Adel)

The study area corresponds to the territorial space of the municipality of Biskra which
constitutes a boundary between the Tell zone to the north and the Sahara to the south. It is also a
real obligatory passage towards the big Saharan spaces with specified geographical ones such as
the geotehnic constraints (soil collapse). The commune of Biskra extends over an area of 127.70
km², 400 km south -east of the capital, Algiers, is administratively limited by the commune of
Branis and Djemorah to the north, to the East by the commune of Chetma and Sidi -okba, to the
West by the municipality of Elhadjeb, to the south by the commune of Oumache (figure 1) .

STRATEGIC PLANNING TOOL
The P.D.A.U. is an instrument of spatial planning and urban management setting the basic
orientations of the spatial planning of the municipality (s) concerned.
This essential instrument for the development of the local community plays an important
role in the rationalization of the land use (urbanized and non -urbanized) and their prediction for
the satisfaction of present and future needs in terms of sustainable development ( Loi nș , 1990) .
“The imprecisions in the representation of territorial boundaries affected by urban planning
are not acceptable under any circumstances, and can only lead to unwanted conflicts that slow
down the implementation of plans” ( Gomis and Turon , 2017 , p. 75).
The strategic directions of the Biskra PDAU are based on the following premises:
– transferring the railway line from the city center to outside the city ;
– creation of modern public transport means (tramway) ;
– extension of the green city on the west side ;
– protection of oases on the South side ;
– tracking of public facilities and housing in all its forms ;
– rehabilitating the old urban fabric.

Saker ADEL, Dridi HADDA, Kalla MAHDI
158
The complexity of the data and its distribution across different sec tors makes coordination
difficult between them and constitutes an obstacle to urban development operations because of the
bureaucratic burden of information exchange. This situation of lack of fluidity of spatial
information amplifies the problems of terri torial control, knowing that the revision of the (PDAU)
which is carried out every decade (1998 -2008) is not sufficient for the follow -up and the
evaluation of the proposed strategy (Akakba et al. , 2014) (figure 2).

Figure 2 . Land cover Municipality of Biskra
(Source: Master Plan of Planning and Urban Planning 2008)

The alteration of the terrain, the population needs and the evolution of the industry will
inevitably lead to the formation of an urban conurbation because all these changes mean an
unavoida ble extension (Chetma, Elhadjeb). ”Suburban areas are exposed to a particularly strong

Geomatics Approach for Urban Extension Management …
159
investment pressure due to the growth of cities and their expansion beyond urban limits. Such
municipalities face the challenge of imposing spatial order on areas experie ncing intensive
development. On the other hand, lying in the proximity of a city is an important growth stimulant
for suburban communes ” (Wolny et al., 2017, p. 113; Wolny et al., 2014 ; Herman, 2009 ).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used for ”this study three Landsat satellite images of 30 x 30 m resolution; the first
dating 6 May 1987; the second dated 15 April 2001 and the third dated 24 May 2016. We opted
for a color composite channel 432 for images TM 1987 and 2001, instead of 543 for the image
LDCM ”, 2016, ”which allows us to cleanly ident ify the different units of Land Use compared to
other colored compositions. Based on the visual interpretations and especially the knowledge of
the reality of the field, we defined three classes of land cover (Buildings, Palmary and bare soils).
This choic e is made in a way to allow better identification of the city, and its extension in
reference space -time” (Bouhata et al., 2016, p. 161 ). The overlaying of the results of the SVM with
the P.D.A.U plans allows us to determine in real time the difference between the proposed strategy
and t he reality on the ground (figure 3 ).

Figure 3 . Organization chart of the different stages of management plans evaluation
(Source: Saker Adel)

Pan-Sharpening
”Pansharpening is a process of merging high -resolution panchromatic and lower resolution
multisp ectral imagery to create a single high -resolution color image. Google Maps and nearly
every map creating company use this technique to increase image quality. Pansharpening produces
a high -resolution color image from three, four or more low -resolution mult ispectral satellite bands
plus a corresponding high -resolution panchromatic band ” 1: Low-res color bands + High -res
grayscale band = Hi -res color image, for example Landsat 7, which includes six 30 m resolution
multispectral bands, a 60 m thermal infrared ban d plus a 15 m resolution panchromatic band. 2

1 http://www.geocarto.com.hk/edu/PJ -PANSHARP/main_PNSP.html
2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansharpened_image

Saker ADEL, Dridi HADDA, Kalla MAHDI
160
”Generally, the Pan -sharpening is defined as a combination of two or more different images
to form using an algorithm a new image ” (Bouhata et al., 2016, p. 161 ; Ehlers et al., 2010).
”The aim of image fusionis to integrate complementary data in order to obtain more and
better information about an object or a study area than can be derived from single sensor data
alone (Sarup and Singhai , 2011) . In our work the pan – sharpening is to merge a panchromatic
image (band 8) at high spatial resolution (1 5 m) obtained by the LDCM sensor with a multispectral
image of medium spatial resolution (30 m) also obtained by the same sensor and the result
produced a multi – spectral image with the same resolution as the panchromatic image. A
supervised classification based on the method of maximum likelihood, was used on the previous
two colored composition images using the image processing software (ENVI 4.5). This method is
considered as a powerful technique for classification. The rule of the decision of this metho d is
based on the probability of a pixel belonging to a given category ” (Bouhata et al., 2016, p. 161 ;
Fojstng, 1999 ; Murtaza and Romshoo, 2014). The average performance of classifications is
98.23% for the classification of TM 1987, 98.69% for the classification of TM 2001 and 98. 79%
for the classification of 2016 LDCM.
According to (Rupali and Karbhari , 2015), when 0, 81 < Kc < 0,99, it means that our results
are statistically perfect (table 1).

Table 1 . Validation the results of classification by good values of GP and KC
Matrix of Confusion Global Precision (GP) Kappa Coefficient (KC)
Confusion Matrix 1987 98.23 0.9713
Confusion Matrix 2001 98.69 0.9609
Confusion Matrix 2016 98.79 0.9753

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Comparing the classification of the images makes it possible to locate and identify changes
in land use. The visual examination of the satellite images acquired in 1987, 2001 and 2016 shows
that the changes in land use have been largely identified in the city of Biskra, the images help to
understand at a glance the lan dscape changes of different parts of the study area. This landscape
represents the increase of the urbanization perimeter and the reduction of the bare grounds and the
surfaces of the palm groves.
The visual comparison of the changes limits their real appr eciation and encourages errors of
judgment. This is why, in addition to the visual method, we checked the relevance of the changes
using another statistical approach in 1987, 2001 and 2016. This approach was carried out under
ENVI 4.5 using the instrument (statistical classes) which makes it possible to measure and
calculate the surface area of the different classes (figure s 4, 5 and 6).
The following table summarizes the distribution of the area of the units of land occupation.

Table 2 . Areas of unit of land occupation
Land use unit Area in
1987
(km2) Area in
1987
(%) Area in
2001
(km2) Area in
2001
(%) Area in
2016
(km2) Area in
2016
(%)
Palm grove 17.97 12.51 12.20 8.46 7.47 5.18
Bare ground and
rocky terrain 101.207 53.658 91.857 48.701 84.572 44.83 9
Urban fabric 14.751 7.821 17.311 9.178 24.066 12.760

Geomatics Approach for Urban Extension Management …
161

Figure 4. Thematic map of land occupancy in Biskra city in 1987
(Source: Saker Adel)

Figure 5 . Thematic map of land occupancy in Biskra city in 2001
(Source: Saker Adel)

Saker ADEL, Dridi HADDA, Kalla MAHDI
162

Figure 6 . Thematic map of land occupancy in Biskra city in 2016
(Source: Saker Adel)

Figure 7 . Diachronic evolution of the municipality of Biskra (1987 -2001 -2016)
(Source: Saker Adel)

Geomatics Approach for Urban Extension Management …
163
Based on a comparison between 2016 and mid -term 2021 short -term extension areas of the
P.D.A.U with the 2016 SVM results, it was found that:
– in view of the deficits recorded on the P.D.A.U, it is more than necessary to adopt a
geomatics approach as a complementary mechanism for digitizing the urban plan;
– the actual five -year extension areas (2011 -2016) exceeded the medium term. Therefore the
extension areas proposed by the P.D.A.U are insufficient by contribution to high investment rates;
– projected railway (in progress). The problem has not been solved between the period of
study and realiz ation;
– extension at the expense of the palm groves ( figure 7 ).

CONCLUSION
The use of remote sensing techniques has allowed us to evaluate many abuses that prove
the futility of the rehabilitation approach in the region, which can be summarized as follow s:
– to manage the territory, the P.D.A.U must be updated each year through geomatics approaches ;
– it is necessary to direct the expansion towards the inside of the city through renovation
actions in order to reduce the expansion outside the city ;
– shifting housing projects towards neighboring municipalities.
In order to implement an urban planning strategy, new digital tools are necessary for
evaluation and monitoring.
Urban planning is mainly determined by the division of land into zones which, with
different degrees of concretion, are assigned to a certain purpose. As a result of this planning, each
point of the territory belongs to a particular category, to a particular use of the land.

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Submitted: Revised: Accepted and publishe d online
April 13 , 201 8 June 06 , 201 8 July 20, 2018