A new approach method of CH 4 emission estimation from landfills municipal solid waste (msw) [607152]

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A new approach method of CH 4 emission estimation from landfills municipal solid waste (msw)
DANILA VIERU
Expert on environmental issues – with more than 20 years experience
[anonimizat]
ABSTRACT
The CH 4 is one of the six Greenhouse Effect Gases (GEG) is mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol.
The GEG is generated by the anthropic activities which are conducive to climate changes if their
management is not conducted in a proper way. The main purpose of the environment policy is th e
reduction of the GEG emission. It is well-known that the CH 4 gas emission from municipal solid waste
MSW landfills is responsible for 4÷5% of the total Greenhouse Effect.
It is necessary to have a practical method to calculate the quantitative CH 4 gas emission, in order to apply
an efficient management of the CH 4 gas emission from MSW landfills, conforming or non-conforming.
This method has to be transparent, credible, coherent, and applicable both for conforming and non-
conforming MSW deposits. This paper proposes a new estimation calculation method of the CH 4 gas
emission from all MSW deposits in Romania. The IPCC group of experts has made recommendations
related to the estimation of CH 4 but the European Union (EU) admits that the environmental conditions
are not the same in every Member State. The annual evolution of CO 2 for the CH 4 gas e mission at every
MSW location is valuable information for the Environment Authority with a view to realistic
environmental planning and for an efficient policy to be applied in order to reduce the greenhouse effec t
of MSW landfills.
Keywords : ecological condition, GEG, landfill, MSW, urban area

INTRODUCTION

In May 2013, the United Nations (UN ) adopted the KYOTO Pro tocol [1] relating to the pollution
emission agents and the transfer registers, (based on the so called PRTR Protocol or Kiev Protocol ) [2]
together with the UN Convention on climate changes.
This Convention is referring, among others, to the landfills having a daily activity of more than 10
tons/day MSW which amounts to more than ͶͷͲ ,ͲͲͲ tons/year. For these 𝐌܁𝐖 landfills, starting
with ʹͲͲ͹ , the individual CH 4 emission rate [3,4] has to be calculated and the results have to be
communicated to the public. EU has adopted the European Emission Register in order to be in conformity
with the PRTR Protocol. This Register provides some criteria to be fulfilled: transparency, coheren ce, the
possibility to compare results. These criteria are a condition for the calculated results to be accepted into a
national data base [5]. Romania has adopted the UN PRTR Protocol and for the MSW landfills with more

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than 10,000 tons/day, the CH 4 emission will be included in a register. The Member State governments
have to report all aspects related to the Climate Changes [6] . to an inter-governmental group.
It is very clear that a method to estimate the CH 4 methane gas emission from MSW landfills is absolutely
necessary [6].
This method has to cover the calculation of the CH 4 emission from both conforming and non-conforming
MSW Romanian landfills [5, 6]. This method was applied for the CH 4 emission calculation of 13 MSW
landfills-conforming and non-conforming. In this paper the calculated values for CH 4 emission [5,6, 7]
and the equivalent CO 2 for 1 non-conforming and for 2 conforming landfill are presented.
Analyzed landfills are located in Satu Mare, Ilfov and Bucharest municipality, Romania. The proposed
method has a high degree of efficiency.
The CH 4 emission calculus for those 13 Municipal landfills (msw) and the drawing up adjacent
graphics related to the equivalent of CO 2 demonstrate that the GEG is present. The Romanian
Environmental Authorities have to act on this matter and to acknowledge about the GEG intensity
and its duration [8], in the same time.
The Proposed method allows us the quantitative evaluation of CH 4 emission to be used as a natural
energy source. Within the actual management of wastes only the sort of wastes having economical
energy value is applied, according to the Europe Council provisions. It is to be mentioned also that
only 20 % of the generated wastes is sorted. In the deposit body are not included: me tallic wastes,
plastics, tires, recyclable wood or with energetic value, paper wastes and recyclable cartoon. It is to
be mentioned also that, from information delivered by the local source, within the landfill body are
not included: inert wastes (construction and demolition), plastics, soils and stones, asbestos; the
total contents of these wastes are not considered to be more than 10 %.
I have to make a remark: the drawing up graphics were obtained by manual calculation rat her
than using specific software.

PRESENT SITUATION

All types of wastes were deposited together [5], in special ly designated MSW deposit areas, those coming
from the anthropic activities as well as those generated by the agriculture and live-stock farm activities,
e.g. animal and bird dejections. The bio-degradable wastes (rubbish) generated by intensive agricultur e
have to be taken into consideration as well.
The problem of the global warming and the obligation to apply the Kyoto Convention requirements
involve the fulfillment [7] of the rules regarding the limitation of the MSW gas emission [8] and the
prohibition to have MSW landfill s which do not comply with the rules of environmental protection [2].

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Since 1999 Romania has started to have MSW landfills, in ecological condition, in accordance with the
European regulation in the field, and, from 2007, when Romania adhered to the European Union (EU), all
the MSW landfill s have to respect, strictly, the EU legislation, as provided with in the 75/442/CE
Directives provisions.
This Directive was adapted [5] to the Romanian legislation by Government Decision [5] order no.
349/2005.

ESTIMATIVE METHODS FOR CH 4 GAS EMISSION CALCULATION

The quantity of the CH 4 gas emission from MSW landfill s can be estimated, by calculus applying two
methods, as follows:
METHOD No. 1

IPCC 2006 Method-Default Method ( DM).
This method supposes that a non-dangerous MSW deposit will generate [4,9], within a year, a certain
quantity of CH 4 and, in the next year, it will be a new amount of CH 4. This method will not take into
consideration the hypothesis that an MSW deposit is a conglomerate mixed wastes one (see the Table 1).
Another factor to be taken into consideration is the time-the basic factor for GES emission [9]. Different
MSW components are gradually, deteriorated in time, so CH 4 and CO 2 as well as the non-methane gases,
and are generated.
In order to illustrate results due to the method 1 use, the conform MSW calculus equations regarding CH 4
emission [9,10,11] will be indicated, as follows.
These calculus equations are:
CH 4 (Gg/year) = [(MSW f *MSW F * L0)-R]*[(1-0X)] where:
 L0– CH 4 generated potential (GgC/G gMSW) which depends by the MSW morphological composition
it will calculated by using the following relation;
 R – CH 4 recovered at the inventory year of ( GgC/G gMSW ), the recommended value , supposing that
CH 4 is burned and not collected; if not, the recovered quantity of CH 4 calculated by using this method
will be reduced from the CH 4 generated quantity.
 0X – oxide factor having a fractionary values -0 for non-conforming deposits and 0.1 for the well
arrangements (conforming) deposits.
L0 (GgC/GgMSW) = [MCF *DOC f *F *16/12] , CH 4 generated potential, where:
 MCF- CH 4 correction factor, whose values are dependent by the location and the management of MSW;

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 DOC f – the DOC dissimilated fraction- 0.55 having values within the interval 0.5÷0.6;
 F- CH 4 fraction part-from deposit gas (LFG) [6], given value is 0.5;
 16/12 – the C conversion coefficient within CH 4 ;
The Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) is determined [10, 11, 12], by using the relation:
DOC (GgC/GgMSW) = (0.4*A)+(0.17*B)+(0.15(C)+(0.3*D), where:
 A – the MSW fraction represented by paper and non-reciclable textiles [6].
 B – the MSW fraction represented by garden and parks wastes, and other bio-degradable organic
wastes, excepted food wastes [5].
 C – the MSW fraction represented by food wastes and other bio-degradable wastes;
 D – the MSW fraction represented by woods or straw wastes, [IPCC];
This method has the following difficulty :
– Don’t take into consideation that in the last 6 months deposited MSW are not degradable
– The CH 4 emission quantity is very high (inadmissible)
It is supposed that a MSW landfill will generate, within a year, a certain amount of CH 4 gas emission
which can be estimated [9] . This method doesn’t take into consideration the hypothesis that a MSW
landfill is a mixed conglomerate of wastes (rubbish).
Another factor to be considered is the time which is the basic factor for CH 4 gas emission [9]. Different
components of the MSW landfill are, gradually, degraded in time, and CH 4, other gases are produced [7].

METHOD No. 2

I developed a new calculation method for the methane gas emission estimation, from the Romanian waste
landfills [5,8,11] , method called :”DANILA VIERU METHOD FOR A CONFORMING AND NON-
CONFORMING MSW LANDFILL S CH 4 GAS EMISSION ESTIMATION IN ROMANIA, BY
CALCULUS”.
According to the above- mentioned method, it is assumed that the waste (rubbish) from MSW landfills
will be gradually degraded [11] based on the following factors [9,12]:
 Structure of the wastes (rubbish) composition;
 Environmental factors existing in that area;
 The thickness of the waste (rubbish) layer;

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 The compacting grade (level);
 The depth of the place where the MSW is located;
 Time passed from the first deposition of wastes (rubbish ).
Due to the time factor, this method was called :”DANILA VIERU METHOD FOR CONFORMING
AND NON-CONFORMING MSW LANDFILLS CH 4GAS EMISSION ESTIMATION IN ROMANIA,
BY CALCULUS ”.
The IPCC -International Experts Group on Climate Change makes recommendation [4] related to the use
of some coefficients concerning the estimation of CH 4 gas emission from MSW landfills but no to the use
a specific calculus formula.
In the case of a MSW conglomerate landfill, having a broad range of types and amounts of wastes
(rubbish), Romania did not possess an adequate (proper) formula for the MSW CH 4 gas emission
estimation up to the year of 2012. The statistics of the wastes (rubbish), under the rule of the
Regulations no. 2150/2002 on waste statistics do not solve the problem of the composition of the waste
(rubbish) from MSW. The use of waste statistics assumes that the waste (rubbish) should be analyzed by
means of a representative sample of economic operators and human agglomeration [12].
Taking into consideration that every district of Romania has approx. 200 economic operators and urban
agglomeration we shall have approximately 8,400 economic operators, in total [4].
Approximately 500,000 economic operators are assumed to be in the country which means that statistics
representation will cover only 1.6% of the total country economic operators. This fact is quite
unacceptable.
DESCRIPTION OF”DANILA VIERU METHOD FOR CONFORMING AND NON-CONFORMING
ࡿࡹ𝑾 LANDFILLS ࡴ࡯ ૝ GAS EMISSION ESTIMATION IN ROMANIA, BY CALCULUS ”
The method: “Danila Vieru method for conform ing and non-conforming MSW landfills CH 4 gas
emission estimation, in Romania, by calculus”, makes use of the following formula:
CH 4 ሺܩ𝑔/𝑦𝑒𝑎ݎሻ T = Q mswdegrad.T * %TDOC dissolved.T * DOC f * 16/12 * F * F r , (1)
This formula (equation) has some advantages, e.g.:
1. The hierarchy [7] of degraded MSW , IN TIME , under the environmental factors [atmospheric
precipitations, annual average temperature, alternating periods of rain and drought, freezin g and
non-freezing periods, the degree of 𝐌܁𝐖 compression, the thickness of waste (rubbish) layers,
etc., [13];
2. The use of time periods for the degradation of MSW ;
3. The use of IPCC recommendation related to the application of the methodology calculation
formula of CH 4 gas emission from MSW landfills;
4. Taking into consideration the specific environmental conditions of every district of Romania;

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5. The specific economic conditions of every district, such as: industrial development, hand-made
production, various branches of agriculture , etc. are taken into consideration;
It is well-known that CH 4 methane is a specific gas, and its contribution (percentage) to global warming
is about 4÷5 % so that the need for the quantification of CH 4 gas emission is imperative. In the meantime,
measures to reduce the contribution of the CH 4 gas emission from MSW landfills have to be taken into
account.
In July 16, 2009, due to the presence of non- conforming MSW landfills [6] in Romania, some of them are
closed while others will be in transition periods, in the case of MSW landfills, the emission of CH 4
methane gas will continue even after the closing period of non-conforming MSW landfills until
approximately the year 2017. Before wastes (rubbish) are deposited within the body of MSW and a
rational sorting have to be are done.
After the closure of MSW landfills, the quantity of th e CH 4 gas emission will decrease but still will
continues to exist [15]. Following the legal conditions for opening a new MSW landfill it is absolutely
necessary to know the evolution of CO 2 (in equivalent), the location of the new MSW landfill and the
potential impact over the environment. As it is known, in approximately ͳͲ years, the warming effect will
be intensified due to the collection of the gas MSW landfill.
In my opinion, the above mentioned remarks should be taken into consideration when a CH 4 methane gas
emission calculus formula is applied, for the entirel y territory of Romania.

EXAMPLE OF CALCULUS, METHODOLOGY-THE ASSESSMENT.
BASIC CONSIDERATION:

a) The percentage composition of MSW landfill body is in accordance with the data provisions given in
Table ͳ .
b) The wastes (rubbish) from the MSW landfill body are gradually degraded in accordance with the
environment conditions;
c) To calculate the quantity of CH 4 gas emission from degraded MSW , at the year of calculation, the
IPCC recommended values [6] have been taken into consideration.
d) The MSW degraded quantity has the same percentage composition as the MSW landfill body;
e) The MSW degraded quantity generates DOC -Dissolved Organic Carbon, and, as a consequence, the
CH 4 gas emission is produced.
f) The MSW degraded quantity calculated, in the year T, is given by the expression: Qmswdegrad.T

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Table1. The percentage ሺ%ሻ composition of the MSW landfills
Description of the composition of MSW landfills Percentage [%]
Bio from kitchen, cantina’s + animal manures ,
bio-wastes + market wastes + street wastes ͷͳ,ʹ÷ 60
Rubbish from gardens and parks ͳ͸ ÷13
Paper + cartoon non-recyclable ͳͶ,ʹ ÷12,2
Non-recyclables woods and straws ͵ ÷4,1
Non recyclable-textiles ʹ,͸ ÷1,3
Sludge ͳ÷3
Industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) +
sterilized medical wastes ͳʹ ÷6,4

Within the Table 1 the waste composition, as % from total, was established following information
delivered by:
 Local Environmental Authorities, in accordance with the Regalement of the Council of Europe
no. 2150/2002 and the European Parliament information with referring to the waste statistics
(November 25/2002). For example, for the Region 8 Bucharest Ilfov-landfill Chiajna, the
information delivered (see the Figure 1, also) are: "Methane Vol.- 54.4 %, Carbon Dioxide Vol. –
38.1 %, Oxygen Vol. – 1.3%, Nitrogen Vol. – 6.1 %, etc. As an important remark, within the year
2011 about 7.5 million cubic meters of Methane gas has been extracted."
 Direct observation done at the MSW landfills location with referring to the wastes composition;
 Direct information delivered by local authorities regarding annually collected wastes quantities
and the way of the management;
 Information delivered by the MSW landfills administrators related to the collection area,
quantities and type of wastes included in MSW.
Table no. 2 present the composition of the MSW landfills wastes, located within 3 environmenta l
regions areas-region 8 Bucharest Ilfov, Satu Mare County and Bihor county. It is to be mentioned
that the Waste composition, as a conglomerate landfill, is subjected to the environment factors, and
as a consequence, the LFG gas (mainly, CH 4) is generated, covering the total lifetime of the deposit.

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Table 2
Environmental
region types of wastes
Bio from kitchen,
cantina’s +
animal manures,
bio-wastes +
market wastes +
street wastes Rubbish
from
gardens and
parks Paper +
cartoon non-
recyclable +
Non
recyclable-
textiles Non-
recyclables
woods and
straws Sludge Industrial
wastes
(similar to
home wastes)
+ sterilized
medical
wastes
All composition % according to the information provided by the Local Environmental
Authorities and direct observations from storage place
Region 8
Environmental
Bucharest-Ilfov 51,20 16,00 16,80 3,00 1,00 12,00
Satu Mare
county 58,00 13,00 10,30 6,00 1,50 11,20
Bihor county 60,00 11,12 10,88 6,50 2,00 9,50

THE EVALUATION OF Q mswdegrad.T IN THE T YEAR OF CALCULATION

To determine the MSW degraded quantity, in the first year of emission, the following formula has been
used:
Qmswdegrad.T = [(Q msw.T + Q msw.T-1 )]∗[(1-exp(-Kt)] [Gg], (2)
After the first year, the calculation formula became:
Qmswdegrad.T = [(Q msw.T + Q mswundegra.T-1 )]∗(1-exp(-Kt)] [Gg], (3)
Where:
 Qmsw.T − MSW, the amount deposited in the account, [Gg];
 QmswT- 1) – MSW deposited one year ago; [Gg];
 QmswundergradT-1 -the remaining amount of MSW degraded after year calculation [ Gg];
 K- is the degradation rate of MSW . This factor depends on waste composition and site conditions, and
describes the degradation process rate. The IPCC Guidelines [6] give, for K, a very wide range of values
between 0.005 and 0.4
 t- time of degradation
 t – time of wastes degradation within deposit body; during calculation process, t is replaced with
relation (13-m)/12 or ( 25-m)/12, where m represent the no. of months when msw wastes were
degraded within deposit body, at the calculation year. m –within the interval 7 ≤ ࢓ ≤ 12, m- within
the interval 7 ≤ ࢓ ≤ 18, represents no. of months when 45 % of the wastes is degraded in the
proportion of 45 %. The m values are established in accordance with the deposit nomograme,

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based on the deposit equation- 3 x +7 = 13 – x. The deposit equation has an unique solution, but in
every year has another expression i.e. in the year 2-11x+7=25-x, in the year 3-19x +7=37-x, etc. How
to drawing up the Nomograme of the msw deposit will be explained in an other paper.
 T- represent the year of calculation not the current calendar year.
A certain MSW deposited quantity remains undegraded every year [12,16]. This quantity will be taken
into consideration in the next year as the Qmsw undegrad.T .
This quantity can be estimated by using the formula:
Qmswundegrad.T = (Q msw.T + Q mswT-1 ) – Q mswdegrad.T [Gg], (4)
The calculation of the total Dissolved Organic Carbon – (TDOC dissolved.T )-quantity from MSW degraded,
at the year T, Qmswdegrad.T has been done by means of the following formula
TDOC dissolved.T = ∑ [A +B+C+D+E+G] [Gg], (5)
Where:
A = DOC generated by Q mswdegrad.T which contains % MSW biodegrad stated;
A = Q mswdegrad.T ∗ %Q mswbiodehrad.T ∗ k0, [Gg], (6)
k0 – in accordance with [6] , DOC generation ratio by % MSW biodegrad.degrad.T , deposited;
B = DOC generated by Q msw(G+P)degrad.T which contains %MSW (G+P) , stated ;
B = Q mswdegrad.T ∗%Q msw(G+P)degrad.T ∗ k1 [ Gg], (7)
k1 – in accordance with [6], DOC generated ratio by %MSW (G+P)degrad.T , deposited ;
C = DOC generated by Q mswdegrad.T which contains %MSW H+C+text. ,stated;
C = Q mswdegrad.T ∗ %Q msw(H+C+ text.)degrad.T ∗ k2, [Gg], (8)
k2 – in accordance with [6], DOC generated ratio by % MSW (H+C + text.)degrad.T , deposited;
D = DOC generated by Q mswdegrad.T which contains %MSW (wood+straw) , stated
D = Q mswdegrad.T ∗ %MSW (wood+straw)degrad.T ∗ k3 , [Gg], (9)
k3 – in accordance with [6], DOC generated ratio by % MSW (wood+strawdegrad.)T , deposited;
E = DOC generated by Q msw degrade.T which containd % MSW sludge , stated;
E = Q mswdegrad.T ∗ %MSW sludg.degrad.T ∗ kn , [Gg], (10)
kn – in accordance with [6], DOC generated ratio by % MSW sludg.degrad.T , deposited;
G = DOC generated by Q mswdegrad.T which contains % MSW industry, stated;
G = Q mswdegrad.T *%Q mswind.degrad.T * k 4 , [Gg], (11)
k4 − in accordance with [6], DOC generated ratio by %MSW ind.degrad.T , deposited.
The total composition of MSW wastes within the body can be changed annually, at two years, at
three years or five years depending on the best environment information detained .

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% TDOC dissolved.T is the ratio (TDOC dissolved.T )/(Qmsw taken into consid.T ) because DOC is distributed within
total wastes deposited but it is considered to be generated only by Qmswdegrad.T and it is determined by
using the following formula:
% TDOC dissolved.T = (TDOC dissolved.T )/(Qmsw taken into consid.T ) [%] (12)
Where Qmsw taken into consid.T is calculated by using the relation:
Q msw taken into consid.T = Q msw.T + Q msw undergrad.T-1 , [Gg] (13)
 DOC f = fraction [%] of DOC dissolved under anaerobic conditions (taking into consideration the
environmental condition from landfill) which generated CH 4.
The calculus can be done in this way :
 Empirical [10] by using the formula : 0.014 T +0.28, where T–is the annual average temperature, in C0,
in the district where MSW is located.
By using IPCC recommended values for the temperate-continental zones, in Eastern and Central Europe,
[4, 6] we found the following percentage values: 50%, 55%, 60% and 77%.
If we take into consideration the Romanian districts climate zone conditions the recommended values (as
percentage) are to be: 43%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 60%.
 1.3333(16/12) is the conversion factor of the carbon from CH 4 emission.
 F-MSW landfill CH 4 gas emission correction factor and depends on the management of landfill; this
factor assumes the compacting level of the solid municipal waste (rubbish) MSW landfill body and its
values are:
a) 0.4÷ 0.5- if ܯ𝑆ܹ landfill is not compacted ;
b) 0.6÷0.7- if the ܯ𝑆ܹ landfill is compacted by means of a compactor and a bulldozer;
c) 0.8÷0.9- if ܯ𝑆ܹ landfill is compacted with two bulldozers and two compactors. It is to be observed
that there is not value ͳ because there are no perfect ways of ܯ𝑆ܹ management.
 Fr – is a correction factor of CH 4 gas emission fraction from gas deposit [Landfill Gas- ܩܨܮ], according
to the IPPC recommended values; these values of F r are within interval 40÷60%6,
Taking into consideration the above formula and using adequate input data, the graphical representa tions
for the evolution of the equivalent CO 2 of MSW landfills [4,5,13] –Landfill Rudeni-Chitila-Iridex,
Landfill Vidra-Ecosud are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2,
The evolution of the equivalent CO 2 for a non-conforming MSW landfill is presented in Figure 3. It is to
be observed that the CH 4 gas emission continues, after the closing date –the year 2010, as shown.

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evolution of equivalent CO2 and CH4 emissions from MSW landfill according to Rudeni-Chtila-
Iridex, Region 8 Bucharest-Ilfov Environment, perio d 2000-2011
0
0.8716623.20504843.00743462.50618861.78459971.65343410.94167520.70480350.54002370.23824240.10658260
18.3049022.238235
5.0030912
11.3404993
14.8008751
19.7751953
34.7221164
37.4765943
52.6299614
63.1560366
67.3060180 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
reference yearsamounts of CH4 emitted [Gg], amounts of CO2
equivalent [Gg]
CH4
emissions
[Gg}CO2
equivalent
[Gg]
Figure 1. The Evolution of 2CO (equivalent) and 4CH emission from the landfill Rudeni-Chitila-
Iridex, Environmental Reg. 8, Bucharest, Ilfov District, in the period: 2000÷2011

Wastes deposited quantities (msw) within deposit body are shown in Table 3. These quantities, due to
“m” values, according to the Nomograme, generated CH 4 quantities as presented within the Figure 1,
with the following significance [4,13,14]: in the year 2011 there were collected 7.5 million cubic meters
of CH 4 which have been used for green energy production.
Table 3 present the MSW wastes deposited within the body, for the period 2000÷2011.
Table 3
Landfill (MSW) Chitila – Iridex, environmental Region 8 Bucharest-Ilfov
year of storage
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
quantities of wastes (MSW) stored [Gg]
43,536 361,15 361,65 309,42 349,46 384,45 367,98 245,49 448,69 434,85 425,52 361,00

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For the period 2000 to 2011, the percentage (%) of MSW composition has been considered, as shown in
the Table 1. Plastic wastes, inert waste, construction and demolition have not to be taken into
consideration because they will not affect the CH 4 gas emission [15,16].
The data were confirmed by collection data.

A CASE STUDY

Within 2000÷2011 period (see Figure 1) quantities belonging to the interval 250÷400 Gg, there were
deposited, annually. The GEG Effect has been intensified has been intensified, so that in the year of 2011
and a quantity of 7,5 million cubic meters of CH 4 has been used for electric energy production. As a
direct consequence the GEG Effect decreased considerably, see Figure 1.
For the period 2000 to 2011, the CH 4 calculated values of gas emissions are presented in Figure 1, by
using formula (1):
CH 4(Gg/zear) T = Q mswdegrad.T * %TDOC dissolved.T * DOC f * 16/12 * F * F r , (1)
Using some indicators related to the MSW landfills CH 4 gas emission, a calculation model is presented
below. These indicators are those recommended by IPCC group of experts, group for the Central and
Eastern Europe, [4, 6, 9] as follows:
ࡽ࢙࢝࢓૛૙૙૙ = Ͷ͵,ͷ͵͸ [Gg] MSW landfill deposited at the Year 2000;
ࡽ࢙࢝࢓૛૙૙૚ = ͵͸ͳ ,ͳͷ͹ [ܩ𝑔] MSW landfill deposited at the Year 2001;
Qmswdegrad.T = [(Q msw.T + Q msw.T-1 )]*[(1-exp(-Kt)] [Gg], (2)
At the starting year of ࡴ࡯ ૝ emission within the Eq. (2) can be used the expression:
[(1-exp (-K(13-m/12)] [3] where ࢓ represents the number of months in which maximum 45% of
deposited ܯ𝑆ܹ are degradeted, ͹ ≤ ࢓ ≤ ૚૛ [૜].
After the emission starting the expression [ሺ૚ − ܘܠ܍ ሺ−𝐊ሺ ૛૞− ܕሻ/ ૚૛], [૚] , 7 ≤ m ≤ 18 [1] can be
used.
࢓-the number of months is allocated to the ܯ𝑆ܹ Nomograme [1].
Qmswdegrad.2001 = [(Q msw2000 +Q msw2001 )] ∗ [(1-exp (-K(13-m)/12)], [Gg]
ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ is degraded quantity, Eq. (2) Which generated ۱۽۲ (Organic Carbon Dissolved), and,
finally, ۶۱ ૝ , at the year 2001.
𝑲 = ૙, ૝ , =࢓ ૢ , ૠ ≤ ࢓ ≤ ૚૛ [3], no. of months for the period 2000÷2001, when MSW are
degradeted, according to the MSW landfill nomograme [14].
ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ = ሺ૝૜.૞૜૟ + ૜૟૚ .૚૞ૠ ሻ ∗ ሺ૚ − ૙. ૡૠૡ૚ ሻ; [Gg]
ۿ܍܌ܟܛܕ𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ,૜૜૛ [۵𝐠], calculated by using the .ࢗࡱ ሺ૛ሻ
By using .ݍܧ ሺͶሻ the ۿ ܟܛܕ𝐮܍܌ܖ𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ is calculated.

13
ۿ ܟܛܕ𝐮܍܌ܖ𝐠ܚ𝐚܂.܌ = ሺۿ܂ ܟܛܕۿ + ܂ ܟܛܕ−૚ ሻ− ۿ܍܌ ܟܛܕ 𝐠ܚ𝐚܂.܌ , [ Gg] ሺ૝ሻ
ۿ ܟܛܕ𝐮܍܌ܖ𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ = ሺ૜૟૚ .૚૞ૠ +૝૜.૞૜૟ ሻ−૝ૢ.૜૜૛, [Gg], calculated by using the .ࢗࡱ ሺ૝ሻ
ۿܟܛܕ𝐮܍܌ܖ𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ = 355.361 [ Gg], 𝐌܁𝐖 quantity remained un-degraded in the end of 2001.
By using formula shown below , the percentage of % TDOC has been determined:
% TDOC dissolved.T = (TDOC dissolved.T )/(Qmsw taken into consid.T ) [%] (12)
࡯ࡻࡰࢀࢀࢊࢋࢉ࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ − Total Organic Dissolved Carbon ሺ࡯ࡻࡰሻ , [ࢍࡳ] was determined , such as:
࡯ࡻࡰࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ ૛૙૙૚ = ∑ [ࡳ+ ࡱ+ࡰ+ ࡯+ ࡮+ ࡭ ], [ Gg], (5)
The terms A, B, C, D, E, G are calculated at the year 2001, by using adequate equations
A = Q mswdegrad.T ∗ %Q mswbiodehrad.T ∗ k0, [Gg], (6)
࡭૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ %ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢕࢏࢈ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑૙, [ Gg]
࢑૙ = 0,185, the bio-degradable wastes DOC generation ratio, is in accordance with IPCC, 2006 ,
Chapter V, wastes;
ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ [ࢍࡳ];
% ࡿࡹ𝑾 ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢕࢏࢈= 51.2 ;
ۯ૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ × ૙. ૞૚૛ × ૙. ૚ૡ૞ = ૝. ૟ૠ૜ , [۵𝐠]
܍܌ܟܛܕۿ = ۰ 𝐠ܚ𝐚܂.܌ ∗ %ܟܛܕۿ ሺ۾+۵ ሻ܍܌𝐠ܚ𝐚܂.܌ ∗ ܓ૚ , [ Gg], (7)
࡮૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ %ࡽ ࢙࢝࢓ ሺࡼ+ࡳሻ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑૚ , [Gg]
࢑૚ = 0.1, the park and garden wastes DOC generation ratio, in accordance with IPCC, 2006, Chapter ܸ
wastes;
% ࡽ ࡼ+ࡳ ࢙࢝࢓ = ૚૟ ;
࡮૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ ∗ ૙. ૚૟ ∗ ૙. ૚ = ૙. ૠૡૢ , [Gg]
= ࡯ ࡽ ࢀ,ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.࢚࢞ࢋ࢚+࡯+ࡴ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ ࢑૛, [Gg] ሺૡሻ
࡯૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ %ࡽ ࢙࢝࢓ ሺ.࢚࢞ࢋ࢚+࡯+ࡴሻ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑૛, [Gg]
࢑૛ = 0.06, the papers + cartoon + textiles wastes DOC generation ratio, in accordance with IPCC,
2006, Chapter V, wastes;
% ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.࢚࢞ࢋ࢚+࡯+ࡴ ૛૙૙૚ =૚૟. ૡ
࡯૛૙૙૚ = 49.332 × 0.168 × 0.06 = 0.497 (Gg)
ࡰ = ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡿࡹ𝑾 ሺ𝑾 ࢝ࢇ࢚࢙࢘ + ࢊ࢕࢕ሻࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ∗ ࢑૜, [Gg] ሺૢሻ
ࡰ૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ %ࡿࡹ𝑾 ሺ࢝ࢇ࢚࢙࢘+ࢊ࢕࢕࢝ ሻ .ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑૜, [Gg]
࢑૜ = 0.03, the wood + straw wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with IPCC, 2006, Chapter
V, wastes;
% ࡿࡹ𝑾 .࢝ࢇ࢚࢙࢘+ࢊ࢕࢕࢝ ૛૙૙૚ = ૜
ࡰ૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ ∗ ૙. ૙૜ ∗ ૙. ૙૜ = ૙. ૙૝૝ , [Gg]

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ࡽ =ࡱ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡿࡹ𝑾 ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.ࢍࢊ࢛࢒࢙ ∗ ࢑࢔ ,[Gg] ሺ૚૙ሻ
ࡱ૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ % ࡿࡹ𝑾 .ࢍࢊ࢛࢒࢙ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑࢔ ,[Gg]
࢑࢔= ૙,૚ૡ૞ , the containing sludge wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [IPCC, 2006] ,
Chapter V, wastes;
%𝐌܁𝐖 ܔܛ𝐮܌𝐠.܍܌𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ = ૚
۳૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ ∗ ૙, ૙૚ ∗ ૙. ૚ૡ૞ = ૙. ૙ૢ૚ , [Gg]
ࡽ =ࡳ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.ࢊ࢔࢏ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ ࢑૝, [Gg] ሺ૚૚ሻ
ࡳ૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ % ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.ࢊ࢔࢏ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑૝, [ Gg]
࢑૝ = 0.09, the industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) DOC generation ratio, in accordance with
[IPCC, 2006], Chapter V, wastes;
% ۿ ܟܛܕ 𝐢܍܌.܌ܖ𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ = 12
ࡳ૛૙૙૚ = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ ∗ ૙.૚૛ ∗ 0.09 = ૙.૞૜૜, (ࢍࡳሻ
࡯ࡻࡰࢀࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ = ∑ [ࡳ+ ࡱ+ࡰ+ ࡯+ ࡮+ ࡭ ], [Gg] ሺ૞ሻ
࡯ࡻࡰࢀࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ =4.673 + 0.789 + 0.497 + 0.044 + 0.094 + ૙.૞૜૜ = ૟.૚૜૜ [Gg]
% TDOC dissolved.T = (TDOC dissolved.T )/(Qmsw taken into consid.T ) [%] (12)
%TDOC dissolved.2001 = (TDOC dissolved.2001 /(Q msw taken into consid.2001 ) [%]
ࡽࢀ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ࡽ = ࢀ ࢙࢝࢓ࡽ+ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛ ࢙࢝࢓−૚ [Gg] ሺ૚૜ሻ
ࡽ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ = ࡽ࢙࢝࢓૛૙૙૚ + ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ [Gg]
ࡽ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૙૚ = ૜૟૚ .૚૞ૠ +૝૜.૞૜૟ =૝૙૝ .૟ૢ૜ , [Gg]
% ࡯ࡻࡰࢀ ૛૙૙૚ = 6.133/404.693 = ૙. ૙૚૞૚૞ ; ૚.૞૛ % ;࢟࢒ࢋ࢜࢏࢚ࢉࢋ࢖࢙ࢋ࢘
The ࡴ࡯ ૝ gas emission quantity at the year ʹͲͲͳ is calculated by applying the .ࢗࡱ ሺ૚ሻ, as follows:
CH 4 emission/2001 = ૝ૢ.૜૜૛ ∗ ૙. ૙૚૞૛ ∗ ૚. ૜૜૜૜ ∗ ૙. ૞ ∗ ૙. ૟ ∗ ૙. ૞ = ૙. ૚૝ૢૢૠ [۵𝐠]
Where:
૝ૢ.૜૜૛ [Gg] is MSW degraded quantity at the year 2001 which generated DOC and, later on, CH 4
methane gas [6, 8, 9];
 1.52 % is the percentage % TDOC within landfill body;
 0.5 represent DOC f taking into consideration the existing condition from the analyzed emission;
 1.3333 (16/12) represent C from CH 4;
 Ͳ.͸ represents the management level of the analyzed MSW landfill, at the year ʹͲͲͳ ;
 0.5 represents the % content of CH 4 Methane gas within Landfill Gas (LFG).
It is to be observed that the CH 4 gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance with
the environmental condition of the landfill location [7]. A certain wastes (rubbish) quantity of ܯ𝑆ܹ

15
landfill will remain un-degraded and will be taken into consideration in the next year, so the process of
MSW degraded will generate again DOC , and, as a consequence, CH 4 Methane gas:
ࡻ࡯ ૛࢚࢔ࢋ࢒ࢇ࢜࢏࢛ࢗࢋ૛૙૙૚ = ࡴ࡯ ૝ࢊࢋ࢚࢚࢏࢓ࢋ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ૛૚ = ૙. ૚૝ૢૢૠ = ૜.૚૝ૢ૜ૠ [Gg]
At the year 2011, for the same MSW landfill-Chitila-Rudeni-Iridex, the quantity of 4CH emission will be
[12, 14, 16];
ࡽ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ૜૟૚ .૙૙૙ [ࢍࡳ] MSW, deposited
ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૙ = 496.989 [Gg] , the quantity of ܯ𝑆ܹ landfill un-degraded, remained from the
year 2010;
ࡽࢀ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ࡽ = ࢀ ࢙࢝࢓ࡽ+ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛ ࢙࢝࢓−૚ [ ࢍࡳ] ሺ૚૜ሻ
ࡽ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ૜૟૚ .૙૙૙ + ૝ૢ૟ .ૢૡૢ = ૡ૞ૠ .ૢૡૢ , [Gg], MSW landfill deposited taken
into consideration for the calculus of ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚:
By using the formula ሺʹሻ:
Qmswdegrad.T = [(Q msw.T + Q mswundegrad.T-1 )]∗[(1-exp(-Kt)] [Gg], (3)
𝑲 = ૙, ૝; = ࢓ ૠ in accordance with MSW deposit nomograme [3, 13, 17].
ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ [Gg],
the non-degraded quantity of MSW remained in the end of the year 2011; the .ݍܧ ሺͶሻ is used:
ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛࢙࢝࢓ = ሺࡽࢀ࢙࢝࢓ࡽ+ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛࢙࢝࢓−૚ ሻ − ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ,[Gg] ሺ૝ሻ
ࡽ.ࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ૡ૞ૠ .ૢૡૢ – ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ = ૝ૠ૙ .ૡ૟૝, [ ࢍࡳ]
By using the .ࢗࡱ ሺ૚૛ሻ, the percentage % ࡯ࡻࡰࢀࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ has been calculated, as follows:
% TDOC dissolved.T = (TDOC dissolved.T )/(Qmsw taken into consid.T ) [%] (12)
࡯ࡻࡰࢀ ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ ૛૙૚૚, [ࢍࡳ] was calculated by using the .ࢗࡱ ሺ૞ሻ:
࡯ࡻࡰࢀࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ = ∑ [ࡳ+ ࡱ+ࡰ+ ࡯+ ࡮+ ࡭ ], [ࢍࡳ] ሺ૞ሻ
The parameters-A, B, C, D, E, F, G, are determined at the year 2011, by using corresponding equations.
= ࡭ ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢕࢏࢈ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ ࢑૙ , [Gg] ሺ૟ሻ
࡭૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ %ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢕࢏࢈ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ ࢑૙ , [Gg]
࢑૙ = 0.185 the biodegradable DOC generation ratio, in accordance with IPCC, 2006 , Chapter V, wastes.
ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .ૡૠૢ [ࢍࡳ];
% ࡿࡹ𝑾 ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢕࢏࢈= 51,2 ;
࡭૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ ∗ ૙. ૞૚૛ ∗ ૙. ૚ૡ૞ = ૜૟.૟ૡ૞ , [ࢍࡳ]
࡮ = ࡽ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡽ࢙࢝࢓ ሺ ࡼ+ࡳሻࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ∗ ࢑૚ , [Gg] ሺૠሻ
࡮૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ % ࡽ ࢙࢝࢓ ሺࡼ+ࡳሻ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ ࢑ ૚, [Gg]

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࢑૚ = 0.1, parks and garden wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with IPCC, 2006, Chapter V,
wastes [4, 8, 9].
%ࡽ ࢙࢝࢓ ሺࡼ+ࡳሻ = ૚૟ ;
࡮૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ ∗ ૙. ૚૟ ∗ ૙. ૚ = ૟. ૚ૢ૝ [ ࢍࡳ]
= ࡯ ࡽ ࢀ,ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ %ࡽ ࢙࢝࢓ ሺ࢚࢞ࢋ࢚+࡯+ࡴሻ.ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ∗ ࢑૛, [Gg] ሺૡሻ
࡯૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ %ࡽ࢙࢝࢓ ሺ .࢚࢞ࢋ࢚+࡯+ࡴሻ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ ࢑૛, [Gg]
࢑૛ = 0. 06, the papers+cartoon+textiles wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with IPCC,
2006, Chapter V, wastes.
% ࡽ ሺ.࢚࢞ࢋ࢚+࡯+ࡴሻ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૙૚ =૚૟. ૡ
࡯૛૙૚૚ = 387.125 ∗0.168 ∗0.06 = ૜.ૢ૙૛ [Gg]
ࡰ = ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡿࡹ𝑾 ሺ𝑾࢝ࢇ࢚࢙࢘ + ࢊ࢕࢕ሻ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ∗ ࢑૜, [Gg] ሺૢሻ
ࡰ૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ %ࡿࡹ𝑾 ሺ࢝ࢇ࢚࢙࢘+ࢊ࢕࢕࢝ ሻ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ ࢑૜, [Gg]
࢑૜ = 0.03, the wood + straw wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with IPCC, 2006, Chapter
V, wastes.
% ࡿࡹ𝑾 .࢝ࢇ࢚࢙࢘+ࢊ࢕࢕࢝ ૛૙૙૚ = ૜
ࡰ૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ ∗ ૙. ૙૜ ∗ ૙. ૙૜ = ૙. ૜ૡ૝ [Gg]
ࡽ =ࡱ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ × % ࡿࡹ𝑾 ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.ࢍࢊ࢛࢒࢙ × ࢑࢔ , [Gg] ሺ૚૙ሻ
ࡱ૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ % ࡿࡹ𝑾 .ࢍࢊ࢛࢒࢙ ૛૙૙૚ ∗ ࢑࢔ , [Gg]
࢑࢔= ૙.૚ૡ૞ , wastes (containing sludge) DOC generation ratio in accordance with IPCC, 2006, Chapter
V, wastes [4, 9, 17].
% 𝐌܁𝐖 ܔܛ𝐮܌𝐠.܍܌𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૙૚ = ૚
۳૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ ∗ ૙. ૙૚ ∗ ૙. ૚ૡ૞ = ૙, ૠ૚૟ , [۵𝐠]
ࡽ =ࡳ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ % ࡽࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.ࢊ࢔࢏ ࢙࢝࢓ ∗ ࢑૝, [Gg] ሺ૚૚ሻ
ࡳ૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ %ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ.ࢊ࢔࢏ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ ∗ ࢑૝, [Gg]
࢑૝ = 0.09, MSW landfill containing industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) DOC generation ratio, in
accordance with IPCC, 2006, Chapter V wastes,
% ۿ ܟܛܕ 𝐢܍܌.܌ܖ𝐠ܚ𝐚.܌ ૛૙૚૚ = 12
ࡳ૛૙૚૚ = ૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ ∗ ૙.૚૛ ∗ 0.09 = ૝.૚ૡ૚, [Gg]
࡯ࡻࡰࢀࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ = ∑ [ࡳ+ ࡱ+ࡰ+ ࡯+ ࡮+ ࡭ ], [Gg] ሺ૞ሻ
࡯ࡻࡰࢀ.ࢊࢋ࢜࢒࢕࢙࢙࢏ࢊ ૛૙૚૚ = 36.685 + 6.194 + 3.902 + 0.384 + 0.716 + ૝.૚ૡ૚ = ૞૛.૙૟૛ , [ࢍࡳ]
% TDOC dissolved.T = (TDOC dissolved.T )/(Qmsw taken into consid.T ) [%] (12)
%TDOC dissolved.2011 = (TDOC dissolved.2011 /(Q msw taken into consid.2011 ) [%]
ࡽࢀ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ࡽ = ࢀ ࢙࢝࢓ࡽ+ ࢀ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛ ࢙࢝࢓−૚ , [Gg] ሺ૚૜ሻ

17
ࡽ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ࡽ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ + ࡽ.ࢊࢇ࢘ࢍࢋࢊ࢔࢛ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૙ [Gg]
ࡽ.ࢊ࢏࢙࢔࢕ࢉ ࢕࢚ ࢔࢏ ࢔ࢋ࢑ࢇ࢚ ࢙࢝࢓ ૛૙૚૚ = ૜૟૚ .૙૙૙ +૝ૢ૟ .ૢૡૢ =ૡ૞ૠ .ૢૡૢ [۵𝐠]
%࡯ࡻࡰࢀ ૛૙૙૚ = 52.062/857.989 ૙.૙૟૙ૠ ; ૟.૙ૠ % , respectively.
The quantity of ۶۱ ૝ in the year 2011 gas emission is calculated by applying the formula ሺͳሻ, as follows:
CH 4emission /2011 =૜ૡૠ .૚૛૞ ∗ ૙. ૙૟૙ૠ ∗ ૚. ૜૜૜૜ ∗ ૙. ૞ ∗ ૙. ૢ ∗ ૙. ૞ = 7.0494, [ ۵𝐠]
Where:
 ͵ͺ͹ .ͳʹͷ [Gg] is MSW degraded quantity of in 2011 which generated DOC and, later on, CH 4
 Methane gas;
૟.૙ૠ %, is the percentage % TDOC within landfill body;
 Ͳ.ͷ represen DOC f taking into consideration existing condition from the analyzed emission;
 ͳ.͵͵͵͵ (16/12) represent C from CH 4;
 Ͳ.ͻ represents the management level of the analyzed MSW landfill, in the year 2001;
 Ͳ.ͷ The content [%] of CH 4 methane gas within Landfill Gas (LFG).
It is to be observed that the CH 4 gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance
with the environmental condition of the landfill location [7]. A certain waste (rubbish) quantity of MSW
landfill will remain un-degraded and will be taken into consideration in the next year, so the process of
𝐌܁𝐖 degraded will generate again DOC , and, as a consequence, CH 4 Methane gas:
ࡻ࡯ ૛࢚࢔ࢋ࢒ࢇ࢜࢏࢛ࢗࢋ૛૙૚૚ = ࡴ࡯ ૝ࢊࢋ࢚࢚࢏࢓ࢋ૛૙૚૚ ∗ ૛૚ =૚૝ૡ .૙૜ૠ [ࢍࡳ]
It is to be observed that the CH 4 gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance with
the environmental condition of the landfill location [5, 7]. A certain waste (rubbish) quantity of MSW
landfill will remain un-degraded and will be taken into consideration in the next year, so the process of
MSW degraded will generate again DOC .

18
Evolution of CO2 equivalent on deposit as otter – CH4 emiss ion Ecosud;
period 2000-2011, Ilfov county0
00
0
201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000
8.51343257.37768666.48500735.62412095.10608421.96141611.11370330.69016570.31085490.1188472
178.7820825154.912003136.1851544118.1065404107.227769741.189738923.387770314.49348046.52795412.49579169
19001950200020502100215022002250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
reference yearsamounts of CH4 emitted [Gg],
amounts of CO2 equivalent [Gg]
year CH4
emissions
[Gg]CO2,
equivalent
[Gg]
Figure 2. Evolution of CO 2 (equivalent) and CH 4 Methane gas emission from the landfills
Vidra-Ecosud, Ilfov District, in the period: 2000 ÷ 2011

19
evolution of CO2 equivalent of CH4 emissions from landfil l
noncompliance Satu Mare, period 1970-20121970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
20140
0.000726132
0.011435642
0.0256992
0.0385337
0.0509806
0.0698608
0.0875435
0.1002692
0.123127
0.2039718
0.1144395
0.1159378
0.1173161
0.1174386
0.119568
0.1204679
0.12112992
0.1224449
0.1237463
0.127547
0.3743053
0.1177912
0.1527193
0.1968225
0.1934626
0.1902906
0.121019
0.1252963
0.2279237
0.3088602
0.2906542
0.5416739
0.5085322
0.1731092
0.1801655
0.1902207
0.5910937
0.17390793
0.18912003
0.21614204
0.48342331
0.11108465
0.0879434
0.0696531760
0.015248768
0.2401484
0.5396683
0.8105448
1.0705926
1.4670768
1.8384135
2.1056532
2.58541
4.2834078
2.4032295
2.4346938
2.466381
2.4662106
2.510928
2.5298259
2.5471782
2.5713429
2.5986723
2.678487
7.8604113
2.4736152
3.2071053
4.1332725
4.0627146
3.9961026
2.541399
2.6312223
4.7863977
6.4860642
6.1037382
11.375151
10.6791773
3.6352941
3.7834755
3.9946359
12.412968
3.6520666
3.9715208
4.53898289
10.151889
2.3327777
1.8468118
1.4627167
1940195019601970198019902000201020202030
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Reference yearsCH4 emitted [Gg], CO2 equivalent [Gg]
years CH4
emissions
[Gg]CO2
equivalent
[Gg]
Figure 3 . The MSW landfill disposal time period: 1970÷2015 lasting for CH 4 gas emission, after disposal was completed
The percentage composition of MSW may be changed, year by year.
The sludge from MSW can be taken into consideration, separately or may be incorporated within bio-degraded waste (rubbish).

20
The sludge from MSW can be taken into consideration, separately or may be incorporated within
bio-degraded waste (rubbish).

CONCLUSIONS
This article doesn’t comment on the present calculation model but rather draws the attention to a
more adapted to the real conditions estimation, by calculus, of the CH 4 gas emission from the actual
MSW landfills in Romania, which have to be estimated by the end of 2017. Even if deposited
MSW quantities were up to 30 ( Gg), in the beginning of 1979 and reached 90 ( Gg) in 2010, the
evolution of CO 2 exists and has to be known by the Romanian authorities.
It is considered that this estimation has to be determined up to the life-end of the considered landfill.
As an example, at the existing MSW landfill, in the Satu Mare County, the evolution of the
equivalen t CO 2 for a period of 42 years up to 2010 when it was closed is presented. The authorities
have to inform the public about the evolution of the equivalent CO 2 for existing MSW landfill and
also for the location of the new MSW landfills.
On the other hand, for the non-hazardou s MSW landfills having a capacity between ͵ͷͲ ÷ͶͷͲ
[Gg] it was observed that the top management of this MSW landfills issued estimated quantities of
CH 4 gas at unrealistic values, sometimes more than two times lower with respect to the real one,
estimated by usual calculation models.
To reduce the greenhouse effect [7], the evolution of the equivalent CO 2 for the existing MSW
landfills in Romania has to be estimated in such a way as to be useful for an applicable
environmental planning in accordance with the government ’s and the European policy in the field
of environment al protection. Other gas emissions such as: NON -METHANE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS, ࡻࡺ ૛, ࡻࡺ࢞ ,࢙࢔࢕࢈࢘ࢇࢉ࢕࢘ࢊ࢟ࢎ ࢉ࢏࢚ࢇ࢓࢕࢘ࢇ ࢉ࢏࢒ࢉ࢟ࢉ࢟࢒࢕ࡼ , ࡯ࡲࡴ , ࡯ࡲࡼ have not been
taken into consideration.
The real estimation of the CH 4 emission quantity from MSW landfills, in Romania, will contribute
to a better environmental planning and a better understanding of the contribution that different gases
have on the general warming effect and climate changes –greenhouse effect.
Finally, i t is to be noted that the calculation of the CH 4 emission quantity, by using the Danila
Vieru ’s Method, ሺܕܚܗ۴𝐮ܔ𝐚 ૚ሻ , will help Romanian environmental authorities to implement the
legal and right decisions regarding the adequate moment when the collected 4CH emission can be
burned, and thus be used in an economical manner.

21
The proposed method could be applied for the CH 4 emission calculation at MSW landfills
quantities between 100÷200 (Gg/y) e.g. the Satu Mare non-conforming MSW landfill, (s ee Figure
3).
This method which was verified for Romanian landfills could be easy adapted for other countries
too, paving the way for a real estimation of the methane gas emission, as real as possible.
The proposed method can be applied either to the MSW landfills which respects legal providing and
those (MSW) which not respects such provisions. The quantitative CH 4 estimation is beneficial for
the Environmental Authorities but also for the potential investors interested in the CH 4
management. It is to be noted that potential investors have to know the emission quantity ans its
duration. After MSW depositing is over, it is absolutely necessary to the time-duration when the
emission is stopped. In the same time, after the CH 4 emission is over, the resulted compost should
be of interest for the farmers.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to express thanks for their support and understandings to the staff
members of th e Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and to the local and regional
subsidiaries of ETA’s for their help and suggestion s.
The author would like to express deeply thanks and gratitude, including for the moral support, to
Prof. Dr. Eng. Vladimir Rojanski for his advices in order to complete my work in order to
estimate the CH 4 gas emission, by a calculus formula, both for conforming and non conforming
MSW solid landfills.

REFERENCES

[1]. KYOTO Protocol, Kyoto, Japan, December 1997 , Convention on Climate Change , entered
into Force on February, (2005);
[2]. Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers-UNECE, October (2009);
[3]. Richard Pelt, C. White et al., (1998 ), User’s Manual Landfill Gas Emission Model , EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency) Washington, DC 20460;
[4]. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories , (2006), User's Manual
Landfill Gas Emissions Model, Volume 5 Waste , Version 2.0. Geneva, Switzerland;
[5]. Romania Government Decision (order) no.349/2005 for the landfills;
[6]. Council Directive 99/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste entered into force on

22
16.07.1999. , Bruxelles, Belgium
[7]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) , Emissions Calculation Fact Sheet , US,
Michigan Environmental Science and Services Division (800), (2006), MUNICIPAL SOLID
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[13]. CAI Bo-Feng1, LIU Jian-Guo2, GAO Qing-Xian3, et al., Estimation of Methane Emissions
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[14]. Small mathematics encyclopedia (with a forward by Academician Gheorghe Mihoc) –
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COUNCIL of 25 November 2002 on waste statistics.

About the Author
Danila Vieru is a MSc. graduated on Chemistry Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Jassy,
Romania, and is a Ph.D. candidate on Environment al science. He has been working for more than
23 years in the field of Environmental Protection .
Please, address the correspondence to Danila Vieru at: e-mail: danila.vieru@gmail.com , Cell phone:
+ 40 748 128 438