A – General Economics and Teaching 1 B – History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches 2 C – Mathematical and Quantitative… [602573]

J O U R N A L
OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE
A – General Economics and Teaching 1
B – History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches 2
C – Mathematical and Quantitative Methods 3
D – Microeconomics 4
E – Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics 6
F – International Economics 7
G – Financial Economics 8
H – Public Economics 9
I – Health, Education, and Welfare 10
J – Labor and Demographic Economics 11
K – Law and Economics 12
L – Industrial Organization 13
M – Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting 14
N – Economic History 15
O – Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth 17
P – Economic Systems 18
Q – Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics 19
R – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics 20
Y – Miscellaneous Categories 21
Z – Other Special Topics 21
A – GENERAL ECONOMICS AND TEACHING
A1 – General Economics
A10 – General
A11 – Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
A12 – Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
A13 – Relation of Economics to Social Values
A14 – Sociology of Economics
A19 – Other
A2 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
A20 – General
A21 – Pre-college
A22 – Undergraduate
A23 – Graduate
A29 – Other
A3 – Collective Works
A30 – General
A31 – Collected Writings of Individuals
A32 – Volumes
A33 – Handbooks
A39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 1

B – HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT, METHODOLOGY, AND HETERODOX APPROACHES
(UPDATED!)
B0 – General
B1 – History of Economic Thought through 1925
B10 – General
B11 – Preclassical
B12 – Classical
B13 – Neoclassical through 1925
B14 – Socialist; Marxist
B15 – Historical; Institutional
B16 – History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B19 – Other
B2 – History of Economic Thought since 1925
B20 – General
B21 – Microeconomics
B22 – Macroeconomics
B23 – History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
B24 – Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
B25 – Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
B29 – Other
B3 – History of Thought: Individuals
B30 – General
B31 – Individuals
B32 – Obituaries
B4 – Economic Methodology
B40 – General
B41 – Economic Methodology
B49 – Other
B5 – Current Heterodox Approaches
B50 – General
B51 – Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
B52 – Institutional; Evolutionary
B53 – Austrian
B54 – Feminist Economics
B59 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 2

C – MATHEMATICAL AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS
C0 – General
C00 – General
C01 – Econometrics
C02 – Mathematical Methods
C1 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
C10 – General
C11 – Bayesian Analysis
C12 – Hypothesis Testing
C13 – Estimation
C14 – Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
C15 – Simulation Methods
C16 – Specific Distributions
C19 – Other
C2 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables
C20 – General
C21 – Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
(Updated!)
C22 – Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions (Updated!)
C23 – Models with Panel Data
C24 – Truncated and Censored Models
C25 – Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors (Updated!)
C29 – Other
C3 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models
C30 – General
C31 – Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
(Updated!)
C32 – Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions (Updated!)
C33 – Models with Panel Data
C34 – Truncated and Censored Models
C35 – Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors (Updated!)
C39 – Other
C4 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
C40 – General
C41 – Duration Analysis
C42 – Classificaton Discontinued 2008. See C83.
C43 – Index Numbers and Aggregation
C44 – Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research
C45 – Neural Networks and Related Topics
C46 – Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics (Updated!)
C49 – Other
C5 – Econometric Modeling
C50 – General
C51 – Model Construction and Estimation
C52 – Model Evaluation and Selection
C53 – Forecasting and Other Model Applications
C59 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 3

C6 – Mathematical Methods and Programming
C60 – General
C61 – Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
C62 – Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
C63 – Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling (Updated!)
C65 – Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
C67 – Input–Output Models
C68 – Computable General Equilibrium Models
C69 – Other
C7 – Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
C70 – General
C71 – Cooperative Games
C72 – Noncooperative Games
C73 – Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
C78 – Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
C79 – Other
C8 – Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
C80 – General
C81 – Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
C82 – Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
C83 – Survey Methods; Sampling Methods (Updated!)
C87 – Econometric Software
C88 – Other Computer Software
C89 – Other
C9 – Design of Experiments
C90 – General
C91 – Laboratory, Individual Behavior
C92 – Laboratory, Group Behavior
C93 – Field Experiments
C99 – Other
D – MICROECONOMICS
D0 – General
D00 – General
D01 – Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
D02 – Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
D03 – Behavioral Economics; Underlying Principles (Updated!)
D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics
D10 – General
D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory
D12 – Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D13 – Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D14 – Personal Finance
D18 – Consumer Protection
D19 – Other
D2 – Production and Organizations
D20 – General
D21 – Firm Behavior
D23 – Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
Journal for Economic Literature 4

D24 – Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
D29 – Other
D3 – Distribution
D30 – General
D31 – Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D33 – Factor Income Distribution
D39 – Other
D4 – Market Structure and Pricing
D40 – General
D41 – Perfect Competition
D42 – Monopoly
D43 – Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
D44 – Auctions
D45 – Rationing; Licensing
D46 – Value Theory
D49 – Other
D5 – General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
D50 – General
D51 – Exchange and Production Economies
D52 – Incomplete Markets
D53 – Financial Markets
D57 – Input–Output Tables and Analysis
D58 – Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D59 – Other
D6 – Welfare Economics
D60 – General
D61 – Allocative Efficiency; Cost–Benefit Analysis
D62 – Externalities
D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D64 – Altruism
D69 – Other
D7 – Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
D70 – General
D71 – Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
D72 – Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D73 – Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
D74 – Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
D78 – Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
D79 – Other
D8 – Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
D80 – General
D81 – Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D82 – Asymmetric and Private Information
D83 – Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
D84 – Expectations; Speculations
D85 – Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
D86 – Economics of Contract: Theory
D87 – Neuroeconomics
D89 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 5

D9 – Intertemporal Choice and Growth
D90 – General
D91 – Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D92 – Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
D99 – Other
E – MACROECONOMICS AND MONETARY ECONOMICS
E0 – General
E00 – General
E01 – Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
E02 – Institutions and the Macroeconomy (Updated!)
E1 – General Aggregative Models
E10 – General
E11 – Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
E12 – Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E13 – Neoclassical
E17 – Forecasting and Simulation
E19 – Other
E2 – Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
E20 – General
E21 – Consumption; Saving; Wealth
E22 – Capital; Investment; Capacity
E23 – Production
E24 – Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human
Capital (Updated!)
E25 – Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E26 – Informal Economy; Underground Economy
E27 – Forecasting and Simulation
E29 – Other
E3 – Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
E30 – General
E31 – Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 – Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E37 – Forecasting and Simulation
E39 – Other
E4 – Money and Interest Rates
E40 – General
E41 – Demand for Money
E42 – Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment
Systems (Updated!)
E43 – Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
E44 – Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E47 – Forecasting and Simulation
E49 – Other
E5 – Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
E50 – General
E51 – Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E52 – Monetary Policy
Journal for Economic Literature 6

E58 – Central Banks and Their Policies
E59 – Other
E6 – Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
E60 – General
E61 – Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E62 – Fiscal Policy
E63 – Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization
E64 – Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E65 – Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E66 – General Outlook and Conditions
E69 – Other
F – INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
F0 – General
F00 – General
F01 – Global Outlook
F02 – International Economic Order
F1 – Trade
F10 – General
F11 – Neoclassical Models of Trade
F12 – Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F13 – Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
F14 – Country and Industry Studies of Trade
F15 – Economic Integration
F16 – Trade and Labor Market Interactions
F17 – Trade Forecasting and Simulation
F18 – Trade and Environment
F19 – Other
F2 – International Factor Movements and International Business
F20 – General
F21 – International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
F22 – International Migration
F23 – Multinational Firms; International Business
F24 – Remittances
F29 – Other
F3 – International Finance
F30 – General
F31 – Foreign Exchange
F32 – Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
F33 – International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F34 – International Lending and Debt Problems
F35 – Foreign Aid
F36 – Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F37 – International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
F39 – Other
F4 – Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
F40 – General
F41 – Open Economy Macroeconomics
F42 – International Policy Coordination and Transmission
Journal for Economic Literature 7

F43 – Economic Growth of Open Economies
F47 – Forecasting and Simulation
F49 – Other
F5 – International Relations and International Political Economy
F50 – General
F51 – International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
F52 – National Security; Economic Nationalism
F53 – International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
F54 – Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
F55 – International Institutional Arrangements
F59 – International Relations and International Political Economy: Other
G – FINANCIAL ECONOMICS
G0 – General
G00 – General
G01 – Financial Crises (Updated!)
G1 – General Financial Markets
G10 – General
G11 – Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
G12 – Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
G13 – Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
G14 – Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
G15 – International Financial Markets
G17 – Financial Forecasting (Updated!)
G18 – Government Policy and Regulation
G19 – Other
G2 – Financial Institutions and Services
G20 – General
G21 – Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
G22 – Insurance; Insurance Companies
G23 – Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions
G24 – Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies (Updated!)
G28 – Government Policy and Regulation
G29 – Other
G3 – Corporate Finance and Governance
G30 – General
G31 – Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
G32 – Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
G33 – Bankruptcy; Liquidation
G34 – Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
G35 – Payout Policy
G38 – Government Policy and Regulation
G39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 8

H – PUBLIC ECONOMICS
H0 – General
H00 – General
H1 – Structure and Scope of Government
H10 – General
H11 – Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H19 – Other
H2 – Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H20 – General
H21 – Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
H22 – Incidence
H23 – Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H24 – Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
H25 – Business Taxes and Subsidies
H26 – Tax Evasion
H27 – Other Sources of Revenue
H29 – Other
H3 – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
H30 – General
H31 – Household
H32 – Firm
H39 – Other
H4 – Publicly Provided Goods
H40 – General
H41 – Public Goods
H42 – Publicly Provided Private Goods
H43 – Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
H44 – Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
H49 – Other
H5 – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
H50 – General
H51 – Government Expenditures and Health
H52 – Government Expenditures and Education
H53 – Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H54 – Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
H55 – Social Security and Public Pensions
H56 – National Security and War
H57 – Procurement
H59 – Other
H6 – National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
H60 – General
H61 – Budget; Budget Systems
H62 – Deficit; Surplus
H63 – Debt; Debt Management
H68 – Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
H69 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 9

H7 – State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
H70 – General
H71 – State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H72 – State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H73 – Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
H74 – State and Local Borrowing
H75 – State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
H76 – State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
H77 – Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
H79 – Other
H8 – Miscellaneous Issues
H80 – General
H81 – Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants
H82 – Governmental Property
H83 – Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits (Updated!)
H87 – International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
H89 – Other
I – HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
I0 – General
I00 – General
I1 – Health
I10 – General
I11 – Analysis of Health Care Markets
I12 – Health Production
I18 – Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
I19 – Other
I2 – Education and Research Insititutions
I20 – General (Updated!)
I21 – Analysis of Education
I22 – Educational Finance
I23 – Higher Education Research Institutions (Updated!)
I28 – Government Policy
I29 – Other
I3 – Welfare and Poverty
I30 – General
I31 – General Welfare
I32 – Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
I38 – Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 10

J – LABOR AND DEMOGRAPHIC ECONOMICS
J0 – General
J01 – Labor Economics: General
J08 – Labor Economics Policies
J1 – Demographic Economics
J10 – General
J11 – Demographic Trends and Forecasts
J12 – Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
J13 – Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
J14 – Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
J15 – Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
J16 – Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J17 – Value of Life; Forgone Income
J18 – Public Policy
J19 – Other
J2 – Demand and Supply of Labor
J20 – General
J21 – Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J22 – Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J23 – Labor Demand
J24 – Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
J26 – Retirement; Retirement Policies
J28 – Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
J29 – Other
J3 – Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
J30 – General
J31 – Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J32 – Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
J33 – Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J38 – Public Policy
J39 – Other
J4 – Particular Labor Markets
J40 – General
J41 – Labor Contracts
J42 – Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J43 – Agricultural Labor Markets
J44 – Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing (Updated!)
J45 – Public Sector Labor Markets
J48 – Public Policy
J49 – Other
J5 – Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
J50 – General
J51 – Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
J52 – Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
J53 – Labor–Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
J54 – Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership (Updated!)
J58 – Public Policy
J59 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 11

J6 – Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies
J60 – General
J61 – Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J62 – Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
J63 – Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
J64 – Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
J65 – Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
J68 – Public Policy
J69 – Other
J7 – Labor Discrimination
J70 – General
J71 – Discrimination
J78 – Public Policy
J79 – Other
J8 – Labor Standards: National and International
J80 – General
J81 – Working Conditions
J82 – Labor Force Composition
J83 – Workers' Rights
J88 – Public Policy
J89 – Other
K – LAW AND ECONOMICS
K0 – General
K1 – Basic Areas of Law
K10 – General
K11 – Property Law
K12 – Contract Law
K13 – Tort Law and Product Liability
K14 – Criminal Law
K19 – Other
K2 – Regulation and Business Law
K20 – General
K21 – Antitrust Law
K22 – Corporation and Securities Law
K23 – Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
K29 – Other
K3 – Other Substantive Areas of Law
K30 – General
K31 – Labor Law
K32 – Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
K33 – International Law
K34 – Tax Law
K35 – Personal Bankruptcy Law
K36 – Family and Personal Law
K39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 12

K4 – Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
K40 – General
K41 – Litigation Process
K42 – Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
K49 – Other
L – Industrial Organization
L0 – General
L1 – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
L10 – General
L11 – Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
L12 – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
L13 – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L14 – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
L15 – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial
Price Indices (Updated!)
L17 – Open Source Products and Markets
L19 – Other
L2 – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
L20 – General
L21 – Business Objectives of the Firm
L22 – Firm Organization and Market Structure
L23 – Organization of Production
L24 – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
L26 – Entrepreneurship
L29 – Other
L3 – Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
L30 – General
L31 – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
L32 – Public Enterprises
L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out
L38 – Public Policy
L39 – Other
L4 – Antitrust Issues and Policies
L40 – General
L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L49 – Other
L5 – Regulation and Industrial Policy
L50 – General
L51 – Economics of Regulation
L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
L53 – Enterprise Policy
L59 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 13

L6 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing
L60 – General
L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
L63 – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
L65 – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
L66 – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
L69 – Other
L7 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
L70 – General
L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
L73 – Forest Products
L74 – Construction
L78 – Government Policy
L79 – Other
L8 – Industry Studies: Services
L80 – General
L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
L82 – Entertainment; Media
L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business Services
L85 – Real Estate Services
L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
L87 – Postal and Delivery Services
L88 – Government Policy
L89 – Other
L9 – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
L90 – General
L91 – Transportation: General
L92 – Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
L93 – Air Transportation
L94 – Electric Utilities
L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L96 – Telecommunications
L97 – Utilities: General
L98 – Government Policy
L99 – Other
M – BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND BUSINESS ECONOMICS; MARKETING; ACCOUNTING
M0 – General
M1 – Business Administration
M10 – General
M11 – Production Management
M12 – Personnel Management
M13 – New Firms; Startups
M14 – Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M15 – IT Management
Journal for Economic Literature 14

M16 – International Business Administration
M19 – Other
M2 – Business Economics
M20 – General
M21 – Business Economics
M29 – Other
M3 – Marketing and Advertising
M30 – General
M31 – Marketing
M37 – Advertising
M38 – Government Policy and Regulation
M39 – Other
M4 – Accounting and Auditing
M40 – General
M41 – Accounting
M42 – Auditing
M48 – Government Policy and Regulation
M49 – Other
M5 – Personnel Economics
M50 – General
M51 – Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
M52 – Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
M53 – Training
M54 – Labor Management
M55 – Labor Contracting Devices
M59 – Other
N – ECONOMIC HISTORY
N0 – General
N01 – Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N1 – Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
N10 – General, International, or Comparative
N11 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N12 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N13 – Europe: Pre-1913
N14 – Europe: 1913–
N15 – Asia including Middle East
N16 – Latin America; Caribbean
N17 – Africa; Oceania
N2 – Financial Markets and Institutions
N20 – General, International, or Comparative
N21 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N22 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N23 – Europe: Pre-1913
N24 – Europe: 1913–
N25 – Asia including Middle East
N26 – Latin America; Caribbean
N27 – Africa; Oceania
Journal for Economic Literature 15

N3 – Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and
Religion
N30 – General, International, or Comparative (Updated!)
N31 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (Updated!)
N32 – U.S.; Canada: 1913- (Updated!)
N33 – Europe: Pre-1913 (Updated!)
N34 – Europe: 1913- (Updated!)
N35 – Asia including Middle East (Updated!)
N36 – Latin America; Caribbean (Updated!)
N37 – Africa; Oceania (Updated!)
N4 – Government, War, Law, and Regulation
N40 – General, International, or Comparative
N41 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N42 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N43 – Europe: Pre-1913
N44 – Europe: 1913–
N45 – Asia including Middle East
N46 – Latin America; Caribbean
N47 – Africa; Oceania
N5 – Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
N50 – General, International, or Comparative
N51 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N52 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N53 – Europe: Pre-1913
N54 – Europe: 1913–
N55 – Asia including Middle East
N56 – Latin America; Caribbean
N57 – Africa; Oceania
N6 – Manufacturing and Construction
N60 – General, International, or Comparative
N61 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N62 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N63 – Europe: Pre-1913
N64 – Europe: 1913–
N65 – Asia including Middle East
N66 – Latin America; Caribbean
N67 – Africa; Oceania
N7 – Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
N70 – General, International, or Comparative
N71 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N72 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N73 – Europe: Pre-1913
N74 – Europe: 1913–
N75 – Asia including Middle East
N76 – Latin America; Caribbean
N77 – Africa; Oceania
Journal for Economic Literature 16

N8 – Micro-Business History
N80 – General, International, or Comparative
N81 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N82 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N83 – Europe: Pre-1913
N84 – Europe: 1913–
N85 – Asia including Middle East
N86 – Latin America; Caribbean
N87 – Africa; Oceania
N9 – Regional and Urban History
N90 – General, International, or Comparative
N91 – U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N92 – U.S.; Canada: 1913–
N93 – Europe: Pre-1913
N94 – Europe: 1913–
N95 – Asia including Middle East
N96 – Latin America; Caribbean
N97 – Africa; Oceania
O – ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND GROWTH
O1 – Economic Development
O10 – General
O11 – Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O12 – Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O13 – Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
O14 – Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
O15 – Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
O16 – Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and
Governance
O17 – Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
O18 – Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
O19 – International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
O2 – Development Planning and Policy
O20 – General
O21 – Planning Models; Planning Policy
O22 – Project Analysis
O23 – Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O24 – Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
O25 – Industrial Policy
O29 – Other
O3 – Technological Change; Research and Development
O30 – General
O31 – Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O32 – Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O33 – Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
O34 – Intellectual Property Rights
O38 – Government Policy
O39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 17

O4 – Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
O40 – General
O41 – One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O42 – Monetary Growth Models
O43 – Institutions and Growth
O47 – Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
O49 – Other
O5 – Economywide Country Studies
O50 – General
O51 – U.S.; Canada
O52 – Europe
O53 – Asia including Middle East
O54 – Latin America; Caribbean
O55 – Africa
O56 – Oceania
O57 – Comparative Studies of Countries
P – ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
P0 – General
P1 – Capitalist Systems
P10 – General
P11 – Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 – Capitalist Enterprises
P13 – Cooperative Enterprises
P14 – Property Rights
P16 – Political Economy
P17 – Performance and Prospects
P19 – Other
P2 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
P20 – General
P21 – Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P22 – Prices
P23 – Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
P24 – National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P25 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
P26 – Political Economy; Property Rights
P27 – Performance and Prospects
P28 – Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
P29 – Other
P3 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
P30 – General
P31 – Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
P32 – Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
P33 – International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
P34 – Financial Economics
P35 – Public Economics
P36 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education and Training,
Welfare, and Poverty
P37 – Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
P39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 18

P4 – Other Economic Systems
P40 – General
P41 – Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P42 – Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
P43 – Public Economics; Financial Economics
P44 – National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P45 – International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
P46 – Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
P47 – Performance and Prospects
P48 – Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights
P49 – Other
P5 – Comparative Economic Systems
P50 – General
P51 – Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
P52 – Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
P59 – Other
Q – AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
Q0 – General
Q01 – Sustainable Development
Q1 – Agriculture
Q10 – General
Q11 – Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
Q12 – Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q13 – Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
Q14 – Agricultural Finance
Q15 – Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
Q16 – R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services
Q17 – Agriculture in International Trade
Q18 – Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
Q19 – Other
Q2 – Renewable Resources and Conservation
Q20 – General
Q21 – Demand and Supply
Q22 – Fishery; Aquaculture
Q23 – Forestry
Q24 – Land
Q25 – Water
Q26 – Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q27 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
Q28 – Government Policy
Q29 – Other
Q3 – Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
Q30 – General
Q31 – Demand and Supply
Q32 – Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
Q34 – Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q33 – Resource Booms
Journal for Economic Literature 19

Q38 – Government Policy
Q39 – Other
Q4 – Energy
Q40 – General
Q41 – Demand and Supply
Q42 – Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 – Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q47 – Energy Forecasting (Updated!)
Q48 – Government Policy
Q49 – Other
Q5 – Environmental Economics
Q50 – General
Q51 – Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q52 – Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects (Updated!)
Q53 – Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
Q54 – Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
Q55 – Technological Innovation
Q56 – Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting;
Environmental Equity; Population Growth
Q57 – Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial
Ecology (Updated!)
Q58 – Government Policy
Q59 – Other
R – URBAN, RURAL, AND REGIONAL ECONOMICS
R0 – General
R1 – General Regional Economics
R10 – General
R11 – Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
R12 – Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
R13 – General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R14 – Land Use Patterns
R15 – Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models
R19 – Other
R2 – Household Analysis
R20 – General
R21 – Housing Demand
R22 – Other Demand
R23 – Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics (Updated!)
R28 – Government Policy
R29 – Other
R3 – Production Analysis and Firm Location
R30 – General
R31 – Housing Supply and Markets
R32 – Other Production and Pricing Analysis
R33 – Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
R34 – Input Demand Analysis
R38 – Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
R39 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 20

R4 – Transportation Systems
R40 – General
R41 – Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
R42 – Government and Private Investment Analysis (Updated!)
R48 – Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies; Transportation Planning
R49 – Other
R5 – Regional Government Analysis
R50 – General
R51 – Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R52 – Land Use and Other Regulations
R53 – Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
R58 – Regional Development Policy
R59 – Other
Y – MISCELLANEOUS CATEGORIES
Y1 – Data: Tables and Charts
Y10 – Data: Tables and Charts
Y2 – Introductory Material
Y20 – Introductory Material
Y3 – Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y30 – Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y4 – Dissertations (unclassified)
Y40 – Dissertations (unclassified)
Y5 – Further Reading (unclassified)
Y50 – Further Reading (unclassified)
Y6 – Excerpts
Y60 – Excerpts
Y8 – Related Disciplines
Y80 – Related Disciplines
Y9 – Other
Y90 – Other
Z – Other Special Topics
Z0 – General
Z1 – Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
Z10 – General
Z11 – Economics of the Arts and Literature
Z12 – Religion
Z13 – Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
Z19 – Other
Journal for Economic Literature 21