Master Study Programme: [627746]

UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA
FACULTY OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Master Study Programme:
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Type of Studies: Full Time Learning
DISSERTATION
Scientific Coordinator
Lect.univ. Dr. Ciprian Beniamin BENEA
Graduate Student: [anonimizat]
2019
1

UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA
FACULTY OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Master Study Programme:
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Type of Studies: Full Time Learning
COSTA RICA AND ITS EXAMPLE
IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Scientific Coordinator
Lect.univ. Dr. Ciprian Beniamin BENEA
Graduate Student: [anonimizat]
2019
2

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….……………….5
CHAPTER 1 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – MODERN
CONCEPT…………………………………………………………………………………….…..6
1.1.THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – GENERALITIES……….6
1.2 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IMPACT…………………………………………….….8
1.2.1. The political impact…………………………………………………….……
8
1.2.2. The social impact……………………………………………………………9
1.2.3. The economic impact………………………………………………….……10
1.2.4. Cultural impact……………………………………………………….
…….10
1.2.5. Tourist impact……………………………………………………….………11
1.3. TOURISM SUSTAINABLE FORMS……………………………………….………13
1.4. ENVIRONMETAL POLICY IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY…………….………14
CHAPTER 2 COSTA RICA – A MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ….……18
2.1. HISTORY OF COSTA RICA………………………………………………….…….18
2.2. GEOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….……19
2.2.1. Flora and fauna……………………………………………………….
…….20
2.3.THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN COSTA RICA………………………..20
2.3.1. Tourist destinations………………………………………………….……..22
2.3.2. Park and protected Areas…………………………………………….
……..24
CHAPTER 3 COSTA RICA’S SHARED VISION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 26
3.1. NATIONAL PRIORITY POINTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SDGs26
3.2. ODS 1: END OF POVERTY………………………………………………………..27
3.2.1. Bridge to Development Strategy…………………………………………..29
3

3.2.2. Incorporation of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
………………30
3.2.3. Collective Dialogues for the construction of a national agenda……………
30
3.2.4. National challenges identified for the implementation of SDG 1…….……
34
3.2.5. National challenges identified by women, adults elderly, afro-descendants,
people with disabilities and indigenous…………………………………………….…….35
3.3. SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER……………………………………………………….……38
3.3.1. Initiatives to promote family farming and reduce rural poverty…….…….39
3.3.2. Initiatives for productivity…………………………………………….……40
3.3.3. Initiatives for a sustainable and resilient agriculture and livestock…….….40
3.3.4. Initiatives for gender equality and empowerment of rural women…….
…..41
3.3.5. National challenges identified for the implementation of SDG 2……….…
41
3.4. SDG 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE…………………43
3.4.1. Initiatives in
Infrastructure………………………………………………….44
3.4.2. Initiatives in Innovation……………………………………………………45
3.4.3. Transportation Initiatives…………………………………………………..46
3.4.4. Initiatives in productivity…………………………………………………..46
3.4.5. National challenges identified for the implementation of SDG
9………….47
3.5. SDG 14: UNDERWATER LIFE…………………………………………………….48
3.5.1. National Oceanic Consultation and commitments acquired……………….50
3.5.2. National Platform of Sustainable Fisheries of Large Pelagic………………
52
3.5.3. Construction of an agenda for women
fisherwomen……………………….52
3.5.4. Sustainable initiatives to generate employment for women……………….53
4

3.5.5. National challenges identified to address SDG 14…………………………54
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………..…….55
4.1. LEARNED LESSONS…………………………………………………………..…..56
4.2. NEXT STEPS……………………………………………………………………..…57
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………………..58
5

INTRODUCTION
Costa Rica is the birthplace of ecotourism and also the place where this activity has
achieved the highest level of achievement and success. Costa Rica boasts the fact that every day
tens of thousands of visitors experience an incredible variety of wild animals in this natural
paradise. Ecotourism is extremely popular with many tourists visiting national parks and
protected areas across the country. A country that harmoniously combines volcanoes, seashores,
jungles, delta, spectacular national parks, special culinary specialties and the hospitality of its
inhabitants.
Ecotourism is probably the biggest attraction for most visitors, for although Costa Rica is
a small country, it has plenty to give to those attracted by unique tropical landscapes, admiring
the flora and fauna typical of this region and walking in nature reserves that preserve unaltered
the rhythm of nature.
At present, the state is trying to save and preserve this abundant nature by creating
sustainable development policies that promote the proper use of natural resources.
The 2030 Agenda has meant an opportunity to reaffirm the unequivocal commitment and
historical trajectory of Costa Rica to achieve sustainable development. Since 1949 the Political
Constitution in its Article 50, founded the foundations of Second Republic on the basis of
economic growth with distribution of wealth and protection to environment.
This shared aspiration to move towards a sustainable, inclusive and right future, has
become an amalgam of common wills – without denying the heterogeneity of the actors involved,
in various spaces, through dialogue and in-depth reflection on achievements achieved of the
pending challenges; and it has made us understand that the only possible way to address the
challenges of the elimination of poverty and reduction, of gender equality, of employment with
rights and decarbonization of the economy, among others, is together and together: the Powers of
the Republic, the academy, local governments, civil society and the private sector.
6

CHAPTER 1
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – MODERN
CONCEPT
Sustainable development = ”development that meets the needs of today's generations
without prejudicing the interests of future generations.”1
Environment = ”set of conditions and natural elements of the Earth: water, air, soil and
subsoil, all atmospheric layers, all organic and inorganic matter, as well as living beings, material
systems in action including the elements listed above, including material and spiritual values.”2
From Adam Smith to the present day, economic theory explores directly or indirectly
"development". The dream of any capitalist was and is the development of his business, the
conquest of new markets, globalization. ”With the increasing complexity of connections in the
world economy, there has also been a need for redefinition by the specialists of this concept. The
paradox of economic science is that its theories are created after the analysis of phenomena,
unlike other sciences in which theory precedes practice (for example, Edison invented the lamp
after many experiments and laboratory calculations, while the market was analyzed long after its
occurrence). This is also the case with the concepts of sustainable or viable development. After
twenty years of unprecedented economic expansion, in the '70s, the first preoccupations of
redefining the concept of development emerged.”3
1.1THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – GENERALITIES
Starting in 1972, the year when the first Roma Club report was published – "Growth
Limits" – and when the first UN Conference on Environmental Issues took place in Stockholm,
more than 60 interpretations of the concept of development were identified in the new vision of
interdependencies between environmental issues, general well-being and the process of economic
growth.4 One of these interpretations has led to the creation of the term ecodevelopment, which
1 Albu Lucian Liviu, Analize privind factorii dezvoltării durabile pe termen foarte lung , Editura Academia Română:
Institutul Național de Cercetări Economice, București, 2006, p. 24
2 Mohammad Ali, Sustainability assessment: contrxt of resource and environmental policy , Academic Press, 2013,
retrieved 30.06.2019 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124071964/sustainability-assessment
3 Black, R. (2007) Ecotourism series, Number 5: quality assurance and certification in ecotourism, Retrieved
29.06.2019, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/unlv/Doc?id=10060509&ppg=264
4 Popescu, C-tin;Ciucur,D.; Popescu, I., The transition to the human economy, Ed. Economica, Bucharest, 1996, p.
76
7

emphasizes the need to look for concrete development strategies capable of leading to the rational
and environmentally sound use of a given system to meet the fundamental needs of the local
population.5
Of more than 60 interpretations of the concept of development, specialists stopped at one
seems to define, for the time being best, solving the problems of humanity: sustainable
development. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (CMED), also
known as the "Brundtland Report" named after the initiator of this report, entitled "Our Common
Future", published in 1987, defines sustainable development as the development that meets the
needs of today's generations without prejudicing the interests of future generations.
Sustainable development means materially preserving life possibilities and living
conditions for future generations, especially renewable natural resources at least at the level
existing for the current generation, as well as the recovery of environmental factors affected by
pollution. Spiritually, sustainable development means much more; is the preservation of the
inheritance of cultural facts by the past and the present, and the development of the creative
capacity in the future, of the elite of those who follow us.
According to the definition given by the CMED, sustainable development implies that the
total volume of the capital, consisting of physical capital (cars, roads, hotels, etc.), human capital
(health people, knowledge and qualification) and natural capital (forests, air, water and fertile
soil), remains constant or increases over time.
”The state’s heavy promotion of conservation, ecotourism and scientific research for the
last several decades has continued to encourage strong links with international conservation and
scientific research organizations, foreign universities, and individual researchers. These
connections have provided significant financial and social benefits to the country, especially in
terms of conservation programs.”6
1.2 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IMPACT
Sustainable tourism = ”development of all forms of tourism, management and marketing
5 Timbergen, Jan, Restructuring international order. Report to the Rome Club , Editura Politică, Bucure ti, 1978, p. ș
36
6 Blum Nicole, Education , Community Engagement and Sustainable Development, Negotiating Environmental
Knowledge in Monteverde , Costa Rica, Springter Science Business Media, New York, 2012, p. 36
8

tourism that respects the natural, social and economic integrity of the environment, with
insurance
exploiting natural and cultural resources and for future generations.”7
The impact of tourism on the environment involves the analysis of the tourist relationship
– the tourist reserve – tourist product.
A growing number of those involved, in one way or another, in tourism activities are
aware of the effects of tourism development, the impact of these activities on the population and
the environment. In recent years, the nineteenth and tenth decades of the twentieth century have
been pursued to ensure that tourism expansion is balanced, in line with standards that guarantee
the maintenance of ecological balance and avoid overloading resources, pollution and any other
negative impact on the environment.
The notion of impact implies the analysis of the relationship tourist – tourist resource –
tourism product, ranging from the sighting of a tourist objective, to the provision of a package of
services and tourist actions, meant to highlight the respective objective.
The impact on a tourist area is given by:8
the natural environment and the variety of tourism potential;
the existence of a general infrastructure that ensures circulation, access and information;
the presence of tourist accommodation structures, public catering, recreation.
These defining elements of tourism determine several types of impact that can embrace
positive or negative forms of manifestation.
1.2.1. The political impact
It is determined by the government position in the tourism policy regarding the hospitality
industry, which we think should have the following directions:9
tourism being a priority sector of the economy should be developed in the future with the
support of the state;
7 Phillips, Adrian, Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management . Gland:
IUCN, 2002, p. 56
8 Istrate, I .; Bran, F.; Rosu, A. G. – Economics of Tourism and the Environment , Ed. Economica, Bucharest, 1996, p.
258
9 Csaba Begy Robert, Environmental issues in the context of sustainable development , Gembloux, Les Presses
Agronomiques de Gembloux: Bioflux, p 81
9

the optimal use of natural, cultural and national resources their protection; improving the
quality of tourism and tourism services and improving HR policy;
modernizing the general infrastructure and extending it to the development of tourism;
the role and size of the private sector in tourism must be greatly increased.
1.2.2. The social impact
It is manifested by the influence of tourism on the area traditional inhabitants’ way of life,
on the broadening of their spiritual and professional horizons. Given that the socio-economic way
of life has more and more acute tendencies of generalization and uniformity, the preservation of
traditional elements will occupy an important place in the future of settlements included in
tourism activities.
They represent ways of preserving a socio-cultural identity, acquiring a distinct
personalities in the local, national and even world tourism. This capitalization through tourism of
the natural and cultural heritage of a tourist area presents, both socially and positively, a positive
and negative impact.
The positive impact is exemplified by:10
increasing the social and professional chances by creating new jobs in tourist services and
general infrastructure;
creating new seasonal jobs, especially for young people (pupils, students, etc.) and
women;
ensuring and developing social progress, increasing cleanliness and public hygiene, a
overall comfort in tourist locations;
narrowing the gap between socio-occupational categories in terms of realized income;
developing feelings of understanding and tolerance as intercultural exchanges between
tourists and the host population facilitates the disappearance of linguistic, social, racial,
religious, cultural barriers.
The negative impact can be materialized by:11
the disruption and the gradual destruction of the traditional way of life within social
structures;
10 Carlson Laura, Policy recommendations: changing families and sustainable societies: policy contexts and
diversity over the life course and across generations , Stockholm, 2017, p. 49
11 Ibidem, p. 51
10

the acceptance by the local population of negative social influences.
For the rural population, the tourism activities development in time and space can lead to
the renunciation of the way of life and traditional occupations (pastoral, forestry, crafts and small
industries, etc.) in favor of tourism activities and services that bring faster and more important
incomes.
1.2.3. The economic impact
Made up by local and regional development of less favored localities under the aspect of
economic resources, the total economic impact is reflected in the volume determined by the
tourist expenses.
From this point of view, the measurement of the economic impact can take into account
three elements:12
the direct impact that highlights the effects of the first round of the circuit money from the
tourist;
the indirect impact measures the derived effects of additional rounds caused by
recirculation the initial monetary unit of the tourist;
the induced (stimulated) impact commensurate with the derived effects caused by
employees of a firm tourists spending some of their salaries in other business sectors.
In this situation, the total economic impact is equal to the effects of the indirect impact
plus the induced impact of tourist spending. Logically, the multiplier effect of tourism (K) is
expressed by summing up the three impacts, relative to the direct impact.
1.2.4. Cultural impact
It is dominated by the relationship between tourists and the local population, which is not
always beneficial in local plan.
Positive aspects are given by:13
the development and revival of cultural and religious traditions;
diversifying forms of craftsmanship;
12 Carlson Laura, Op. Cit., p. 53
13 Câmpeanu Virginia, Dimensiunea globală a dezvoltării durabile , Bucure ti, Editura Academia Română: Institutul ș
Na ional de Cercetări Economice, 2006, p. 123ț
11

favoring the increase of local population interest in preserving and preserving the
objectives of tourist, natural and cultural interest, which can thus be capitalized;
the initiation of new cultural actions on the religious plane, pilgrimage to the monasteries,
with the aim of satisfaction the feeling of Christian sacrament, respect for moral values.
Negative issues are more numerous, and their appearance is felt after a relative interval
longer time:14
the appearance of changes in mentalities, moral values under the influence of tourists, the
preservation of some habits, customs just because they are the taste of tourists, the
appearance of kitsch;
adapting and copying by residents of new attitudes and behaviors attributed to tourists;
the emergence of potential conflicts and antagonisms, when tourism becomes a mass
phenomenon, overstrained, and leads to the disappearance of the pride towards its own
culture;
1.2.5. Tourist impact
”Tourism is an industry that allows for cash in national currency as well as in foreign
currency, and which contributes to the development of local communities creating new jobs. It
differs from others industries because the customer moves into the desired country or tourist area
for a particular tourist product.”15
Running uncontrolled, random tourism activities without taking into account standards
planning and exploitation may lead to degradation of the environment and tourism resources.
These issues are influenced by two major groups of factors: factors that are a direct consequence
of economic development (industry, agriculture, transport and other areas of activity); factors that
are the result of using the environment for tourism and recreation.
Even if tourism does not aggressive the environment, such as industrial units, it can not
hides the fact that tourism has negative influences on the environment.
The positive impact is represented by:16
14 Câmpeanu Virginia, Op.Cit, p. 125
15 Reingold, Lester, Identifying the Elusive Ecotourist , Going Green: A Supplement to Tour & Travel News, 1993,
pp. 36-37.
16 Deceanu Liviu, Some consideration on modern sovereign debt approach , Revista de studii i cercetări economice ș
Virgil Madgearu, 2015, pp.51-65
12

increasing the number of accommodation units, especially in disadvantaged urban and
rural settlements;
increasing the number of public catering establishments by supporting local initiatives for
harnessing traditional cuisine and using specific local products (wines, cheeses, meat,
vegetable and fruit products, etc.);
creating the appropriate and diversified leisure and entertainment conditions, which he
can also put worth the local resources (horses, chariots, boats, boats, traditional leisure
facilities, orchestras and fanfare, etc.);
The negative impact is primarily determined by the destructive action of tourists on
landmarks. ”Destructive actions – in many cases unconscious, due in particular to lack of tourism
and environmental education – can be numerous, especially in areas or objectives outlines a clear
tourist concentration and the conditions in which the tourist facilities do not meet the
requirements of environmental protection.”17
They are caused by:18
uncontrolled tourist traffic especially outside marked trails, through destruction over soil,
vegetation, fauna disturbance. Other damages are brought about by the outbreak of fires,
preventing ecological recovery, practicing poaching, leading to the disappearance of some
species. Uncontrolled tourist traffic, in large groups, also has negative effects on cultural
objectives;
lack of specific arrangements for stopping, tents installation, in areas and routes of great
tourist interest. It produces the phenomenon of degradation of the landscape, through the
accumulation of waste, garbage, etc.;
damages caused by motor-car tourism, by parking in forbidden places, deviation from
main roads, stopping in the bays, on the banks of the water, by producing exhaust gases,
noise, destruction of floral species. An intense tourist movement, crowding car parking
leads to air disturbance in tourist areas;
17 Reingold, Lester, Op. Cit., pp. 36-37.
18 Deceanu Liviu, Op. Cit., pp.51-65
13

1.3. TOURISM SUSTAINABLE FORMS
Sustainable tourism development is not just a concept debated, completed or reformulated
in conferences held on this topic. ”The need to protect natural, social and cultural heritage that
constitutes the common heritage of humanity and the satisfaction of tourists' needs the local
population, has generated the emergence of sustainable forms of tourism. The objectives,
principles and requirements of sustainable tourism development, are found in forms of tourism
such as ecotourism or tourism.”19
From the definition given at the beginning of this chapter to sustainable tourism, it
follows that all forms of tourism (not only those previously mentioned) should respect the
principles of sustainable development and thus implicitly the principles of sustainable tourism :20
the tourism activity should be initiated with the local community's own means, and this
must maintain its control over tourism development;
tourism must provide jobs for residents to improve the quality of local life communities
and a balance must be struck between economic activities already existing in the area and
the tourism activity; a code of practice for tourism at all levels (national, regional and
local, based on already accepted international standards), should be established. The
guidelines for tourism operators, the monitoring of the impact of different tourist
activities, as well as the acceptability limits for different areas can also be established;
educational and training programs need to be developed to improve management in the
field of natural and cultural resource protection.
Sustainable tourism development, through its practical forms, conciliates interests and
objectives antagonists, favors partnership and cooperation between decision makers, operators
and consumers, and promotes the long-term general interest, beyond the immediate interest.
What should be noted is that, starting from any of the classification criteria, the definition
of all forms of tourism must include the idea of sustainability. Ecotourism, rural tourism,
scientific tourism, cultural tourism are just the "vanguard" of sustainable forms of tourism.
19 United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourist Organization (UNEP– ‐WTO), Making Tourism
More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers , 2005, Retrieved in 01.07.2019, from:
www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/library/A%20Guide%20for%20Policy%20Makers.htm .
20 Wall, G., Ecotourism: Change, impacts and opportunities . In: E. Malek–‐Zadeh (Ed.), ¹he ecotourism equation:
Measuring the impact. Bulletin Series 99, New Haven: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, pp. 206-
216
14

Although the tourism industry attaches greater importance to environmental issues and
more much attention to sustainable tourism, the differences between good intentions expressed by
people when undergoing research and what they will actually do on holidays should not be
underestimated. There is no doubt that tourism, if well-planned and managed, can generate
revenue for the local population and speed up the development of the region. It has become a
major source for many countries around the world. Cultural and natural heritage, for example,
attracts visitors from all over the world and can become the engine of local development. But
more attention should be paid to the physical and cultural impact of mass tourism, including
indirect losses occurring where overcrowding occurs.
1.4. ENVIRONMETAL POLICY IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Every hotel unit has to create its own pro-protection policies the environment, regardless
of whether it is part of a strong company or a family business. The corporate or hotel policies,
whether national or international, cannot ignore the location of the hotel unit, the climate, the
specific conditions operating constraints, legal constraints from the point of view of
environmental policies in that country. If these official policies are missing, the operators of these
corporations have the moral duty to introduce them. However, each hotel unit has its identity, its
particularities and therefore it is necessary to use creatively and to apply the information about
the environment in concrete terms.
”Positive success experiences must be taken into account – in their application in the
current practice – by national legislation and the constraints to which they are currently subject to
function in performance parameters, keeping the environment and service quality unaltered
offered. The policy of each unit must also be based on the real demand of consumers tourism
service, involving clients in putting into practice these concepts – as an active and conscious part –
alongside the unit's staff. Therefore, staff and even clients, need to be constantly educated.”21
The hotel environmental protection policy should be permanently monitored alongside the
achievement of revenue or occupancy rates. The results can only be seen if the operating
standards are maintained, while reducing the unjustified consumption of water, energy or fuels,
with the disposal of household waste to the channel. The results can also be seen through
21 Wade L., Wendy H., Pickering, M., Linking Visitor Impact Research to Visitor Impact Monitoring
In Protected Areas, Journal of Ecotourism, Routledge, UK, 2012, Retrieved at 30.06.2019, from
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/reco20 ,
15

measuring: reporting consumption at other periods in the past, but also responding to customer
feedback friendly attitude to the environment.
In the framework of the environmental protection policy it is necessary to draw up a plan
putting into practice.
”Thus, the first phase is the assessment, in which it is determined at what stage the unit
and the locality are found.
In the second phase, the challenge, it is necessary to attract young workers, those who
have the role of control from the environmental protection agency, the local public authority, the
announcement of the local and even central press, the involvement of the local branches, the
professional associations from branch.
The next step, the action, requires a simple plan, with clear objectives, to be made known
to the collective. The key factor is the involvement of managers. They have to build their
approach plan of these policies, can prevent complaints through correct and timely managerial
decisions, those who can close the waste of resources.
It is necessary to establish the responsibility of the actions, the involvement of the
technical department in tracking consumption, methods and ways of reduction without affecting
normal technological processes and service quality. At the same time, money must be allocated
and spent to replace those machines that, besides non-economic consumption, can also endanger
the lives of customers.
The last step is the analysis of the obtained results . The tracking results should be done
periodically. It is necessary to correct the errors or overtakes of consumption, to award those who
are meritorious in the implementation of the plan, to launch the plan for the next period, etc.”22
Environmental protection policies need to bring multiple benefits to hotel owners. On the
one hand, an increase in business volume and, on the other hand, significant cuts in operating
costs, ie higher profit. This translates into:23
1. lower consumption and, consequently, lower costs (many environmental protection
measures are meant to reduce energy consumption, water, consumables etc. serving, of also
reduce operating costs);
22 Csaba Begy Robert, Environmental issues in the context of sustainable development , Gembloux, Les Presses
Agronomiques de Gembloux: Bioflux, p 156
23 Deceanu Liviu, Op. Cit., pp.51-65
16

2. customer loyalty and a better public image (hotel guests are getting more and more
interested in the protection of the environment; if it can be proven the concern for environmental
protection and comfort, customers' respect and loyalty are gained; They will advertise the hotel);
3. attracting and retaining devoted staff (if the staff see the concern for the environment
protection, they will have the feeling that they are engaged by a more understanding company;
this will increase the motivation, loyalty and efficiency of the staff, which causes a lower staff
fluctuation);
4. long-term benefits (working with other industry colleagues and demonstrating it good
practice will help to ensure environmental protection).
Achievements are achieved through rigorous planning, with clear objectives and careful
follow-up of the actions, but especially because of a decision to start the necessary actions for the
environment protection.
Many of the positive results are obtained through simple, cost-free special measures.
Others are a combination of simple measures and relatively low costs but also measures
investments – with relatively high costs, but repaid before the end of the savings period made
by:24
fuel and energy consumption, water and communal household fees reduced (for effluent /
domestic sewage discharges treated);
collection of compacted and reduced volume waste, sale of recyclable waste – paper,
cardboard, bottles, aluminum dosages, wood from euro pallets and packaging, etc.).
Any of these steps or combinations of simple measures with relatively expensive
investments bring benefits to companies or operating units.
All over the world, hotels and restaurants, no matter their location, degree of comfort or
specific, customer nature, etc. consumes significant amounts of resources to meet consumers
demand and to maintain operating standards.
The resources consumed in the hospitality industry are varied:25
the building materials used to achieve these objectives – new or renovated;
energy resources (electricity received through the national grid or produced on place, in
isolated areas and localities); fossil fuels – usually methane gas liquid fuels); resources
24 Phillips, Adrian, Op. Cit., p. 72
25 Hitchcock, Darcy E., The step by step guide to soustainability planning: to create and implement sustainability
plans in any business or organisation , Ed. Earthscan, London, 2008, p. 91
17

used for unit heating, domestic hot water preparation, the operation of all installations,
equipment, lighting, communications, etc.;
water: which can be drinkable or not;
equipment and installations embedded in the actual construction to confer destination of
service provider: hotel, catering etc.;
materials and equipment necessary for the current operation: furniture, linen, crockery,
cutlery, detergents, cleaning materials, advertising materials etc.;
food, beverages, ingredients, semi-conserved products, etc.
Quantities of resources consumed depend on a number of factors, including a few:26
location of the respective unit, city, tourist resort, along transport routes road, ship or rail;
accessibility of resources (supply of nearby water or long adductions) expensive; energy
transmission network or electricity generated by generators with liquid fuels or methane
gas);
unit technological equipment (low consumption equipment, water recycling for other
uses, drinking water treatment plants, light bulbs and economical lamps);
the workers "ecological consciousness" level and the saving programs applied by the
respective units;
the consumed resources level of prices or tariffs, which can often inhibit non-economic
consumption and making savings, without damaging the service quality.
Relationships with third parties: industry suppliers, builders, designers and architects,
company’s current maintenance, etc. must be oriented towards green acquisitions, not only from
the industry hotel point of view, but especially from the client point of view.
26 Hitchcock, Darcy E., Op. Cit, p. 101
18

CHAPTER 2
COSTA RICA – A MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2.1. HISTORY OF COSTA RICA27
In the pre-Columbian times, indigenous people living in places known today as Costa
Rica were part of the intermediate area between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions.
The situation have recently been updated to include the influence of the Isthmo-Colombian area
in the South Atlantic region of the country, defined by the presence of Chibchan-speaking groups.
However, it is unknown which of these groups created the famous Costa Rican stone spheres
between 200 BC and 1600 DC. The country was visited by Christopher Columbus in 1502 during
his fourth expedition. In the 16th century there was a significant decline in the workforce. The
indigenous population, slaves at that time, began to fall prey to the multitudes of diseases brought
by settlers, or to die in tough fighting.
In 1821, the wind of freedom began to beat from the north. The United States and Mexico
have recently gained independence, and in the capital of Guatemala, Guatemala City, began
protests demanding independence. On September 15, 1821, they declared independence from the
Spanish Empire. At that time, several of the Mexican states of the present belonged to the
Captain, so to spread the news in all states a messenger was sent by Central America. Because
Costa Rica was the southernmost province, it made the news of its independence was received on
October 13, 1821. The fact that even a shot was not necessary to gain independence made Costa
Rica a peace-loving nation. In 1824, the capital was moved to San José. In 1838 Costa Rica
proclaimed its independence as a sovereign and independent nation under the leadership of
Braulio Carrillo Colina.
In 1949, José Figueres Ferrer abolished the army; making Costa Rica the first country in
the world to operate in a democratic system without the assistance of an army (an example later
followed by other countries like Panama).
Costa Rica (the Spanish term for "Rich Coast") was a predominantly agricultural nation.
However, over the last decades, Costa Rica has reached a high standard of living. The electronics
27 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica , Retrieved in 20.06.2019
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industry is growing rapidly, being the most important industrial branch alongside tourism, helped
by social stability and the richness of the environment.
2.2. GEOGRAPHY
Costa Rica is located on the isthmus of Central America, at 10 ° north of the Equator and
84 ° west to the first meridian. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea (east) and Pacific Ocean
(west), with a coastline of a total length of 1 290 kilometers (212 km to the Caribbean and 1,016
km to the Pacific).
Costa Rica is also bordered by Nicaragua to the north (309 km of border) and Panama to
the south-south (639 km border). In total, Costa Rica covers 51,100 square kilometers plus
589,000 square kilometers of territorial waters. ”Scattered throughout the Caribbean lowlands,
small hills with flat tops rise from 5 to 30 m above the actual river floodplains. They are the
remains of an older Pleistocene terrace level.”28
The highest point of the country is Cerro Chirripó, 3,810 meters, the second highest peak
in Central America, after the Tajumulco volcano in Guatemala. The highest volcano of the
country is the Irazú volcano (3 431 m). The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal.
Costa Rica also includes several islands. Cocos Island is remarkable in its distance to the
mainland (24 km², 500 km to the Puntarenas coast), but the largest is Calero Island with an area
of 151.6 km².29
Costa Rica protects over 25% of its territory within national parks. It also possesses the
highest density of species around the world.
The charm of this exotic destination is the volcanoes and the coastline. If the coastal area
is less populated, although there are many tourist resorts, the same cannot be said about
volcanoes, some still active. These are one of the most sought-after tourist attractions in Costa
Rica. Right near the capital lies the Irazu volcano, which erupted the last time in the 1960s. In the
northwest of the country is the volcano Arenal, a real attraction for tourists because of the
incandescent rocks that, falling down the mountain, create a real show. Alajuela is one of the
world's largest active volcanoes, the Poas volcano.30
28 Bouma Johan, Jansen G.P., System Approaches for Sustainable Agriculture Development , Springer Science
Business Media, p. 56
29 http://www.artline.ro/Costa-Rica-13719-1-n.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
30 http://www.laleonaecolodge.com/ecotourism-costa-rica.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
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2.2.1. Flora and fauna
In this piece of land, which accounts for only 0.3% of the total area of the planet, it hosts
5% of biodiversity, it has more bird species than the United States and a larger variety of
butterflies than the entire African continent.
In different habitats and ecosystems there are 13 thousand plant species, 2,000 moths,
4,500 butterflies, 163 amphibian varieties, 220 reptile species, 1,600 species of freshwater and
saltwater fish, and at least 870 of bird species.
In Costa Rica there are several types of forests, deciduous trees and mangroves, tropical
forests, ponds, rivers, swamps. The most popular attractions in Costa Rica are the volcanoes,
among them are active and produce thermal springs and caves.
”If one analyzes the different ecosystems in Costa Rica, it becomes obvious that this
country is one of the most diverse biodiversity in the world. From the volcanoes to the coral reefs
on both ribs, Costa Rica has a vast diversity of fauna and flora. Costa Rica is the home of a rich
variety of plants and animals. Although the country has about 0.1% of the world's land area, it
contains 5% of the world's biodiversity. Costa Rica not having an army, but an abundance of wild
creatures, it is said that the country's soldiers are leaf-cutting ants, the pilots are macaw parrots
and whales are whales. More than 25% of Costa Rica's area is made up of protected forests and
reserves. Here grow about 9000 different types of flower plants, more than 1300 species of
orchids. Almost 870 species of birds have been identified that is larger than in the United States,
Canada and the northern half of Mexico. Costa Rica is also home to 209 mammalian species, 383
types of reptiles and amphibians, about 2,000 species of butterflies, and at least 4,500 different
types of moths.”31
2.3.THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN COSTA RICA
Costa Rica has long been one of the most "hot" holiday destinations in Latin America,
with over one million visitors each year. Despite this explosion of tourists, Costa Rica remains a
place rich in natural wonders and biological diversity, a place where you can feel isolated from
the madness of the modern world. National parks are the pride of the country. The authorities
have delineated a third of the territory as a protected area and consisted of dozens of wildlife
reserves to gain a privileged status in ecotourism. Costa Rica benefits from an amazing variety of
31 http://www.artline.ro/Costa-Rica-13719-1-n.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
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landscapes, microclimates, flora and fauna, and nature lovers will never be disappointed with the
wilderness of the country.
Ecotourism highlights a minimal impact on the environment. It provides income that
helps both to preserve protected areas and the benefit of local populations by reducing their
dependence on harmful activities to natural habitats.
Visitors seeking an active holiday are spoiled with a variety of options ranging from
rafting and surfing to hiking, ornithology and golf. The main interest in urban areas is the Spanish
heritage, although interesting places are few. Fortunately, Costa Rica, the birthplace of
ecotourism, is also the place where this activity has reached the highest level of success. Costa
Rica prides itself on the fact that every day tens of thousands of visitors experience the incredible
variety of wild animals in this natural paradise.
”Costa Rica has already earned the reputation of a leading ecotourism destination, being
one pioneer in many ecotourism practices. Many national parks and reserves private partnerships
include an ecotourism strategy and adequate management as a key component of management
plans. In the last 15 years or even earlier, tourism, with a strong ecotourism character was one of
the two pillars that benefited from the latter foreign exchanges of the country, recognizing that it
has contributed to conservation biodiversity in Costa Rica by offering a viable alternative to the
use of poles, and so on In the early 1990s, the Costa Rica National Park System established a
program tourist concession in the Irazu and Poas National Parks. Concessions for services related
tourism such as the collection of an entry fee, tour guides, caretakers, security guards, food and
beverage supply services, and souvenir stands, are competitive for small local businesses and
residents who live in buffer zones of these parks. These commercial concessions, which are
usually granted for three years, is a real and effective tool through which communities can
participate and benefit from the protection of a natural area.”32
FUNDECOR, an NGO National Environmental Authority, coordinates the concession
program for the Administration Costa Rica National Park, and provides the supervision and
control of the quality of concessions. The concessionaire grants a percentage of their gross profit
to a fund (managed by FUNDECOR and the National Park Administration), from which capital is
provided for certain improvements to the park as well as staff training equipment. Currently there
are more than 80 dealers working in the two parks. The concession procedure has considerably
32 http://www.artline.ro/Costa-Rica-13719-1-n.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
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improved facilities and services offered by national parks and contributed to their sustainable
development. And what it is most importantly, the communities in the area have made a solid
partnership with the administration park to protect the natural resources of national parks, many
of them providing an alternative source of income.
The Costa Rica National Parks System protects regions, representing different ecosystems
in the country. These parks and protected areas are not just suitable for hiking but also for wildlife
observation, but also for sports such as diving, surfing and other outdoor activities. In addition to
national parks, there are a variety of other places that have a certain degree of protection, such as
wildlife sanctuaries, biological residences.
2.3.1. Tourist destinations33
San Jose: It is not only the capital but also the political, economic and geographical
center of the country, but also the starting point for discovering this exotic space. Agglomerated
but equally welcoming, it is a city that cannot be easily forgotten, even for the sights here: the
National Theater, the cathedral, the Golden Museum, the Jade Museum, the National Museum.
One of the most important tourist attractions is the Children's Museum. It is set in an old prison in
the courtyard where a plane, a train, a helicopter with which children can play to understand how
they work is placed. There is also a recording studio in which the little ones can understand how
to record the music of their favorite artists. At every step the visitor is accompanied by guides
that give them the necessary explanations. The Simon Bolivar Zoo is always full of visitors,
tourists and locals, and here you can find animals that you can also meet with their luck in their
natural surroundings.
Manuel Antonio National Park : It is one of the most beautiful natural reserves in Costa
Rica, and for a tropical country, where nature is the point of resistance, it means quite a lot. The
tropical rainforest blends with white-sand beaches, and in this area live apes, parrots, toucans,
lazy, over 350 bird species and many more, a real corner of paradise for animal lovers. Even
though the jungle seems to be all over, the whole park is perfectly organized, each alley being
marked, so you cannot be lost. The beautiful beaches can be relaxed, or you can rent diving or
surfing equipment. The Manuel Antonio National Park can be visited every day, except for
Monday, and the entrance fee is modest.
33 http://www.cartidownload.ro/Diverse/3665258/Ce_Obiective_Turistice_Intalnim_in_Costa_Rica , Retrieved in
29.06.2019
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Corcovado National Park : This park hosts over 400 species of birds, over 100 species of
amphibians and mammals, stretching over 40,000 hectares. Within the park there are several
natural habitats, including mountain regions or mangrove forests. Corcovado is the true jewel of
the Costa Rican parks.
Puerto Quepos: is located a short distance from Manuel Antonio National Park, being an
ideal destination due to the beaches and the forest. In this small town there are restaurants, bars,
hotels, shops, art galleries and handicraft shops that turn the city into a wonderful tourist resort.
In February, Festival del Mar takes place, a manifestation known throughout the world and
attracting many tourists and locals as a magnet.
Monteverde: It is a famous locality especially for its natural reserves: Monteverde
Preserve and Santa Elena Cloud Forest Reserve, offering miles of forests with the chance to
discover Costa Rica's fauna and flora during walks. These special natural attractions join the
efforts of local investors, who try to offer tourists everything to attract them. It can be reached by
taxi, by boat or by bus.
Tamarindo: located in the north of the Pacific coast, the town is the perfect place for
those who want to take a stroll through a mangrove forest. Here is the Tamarindo Reserve, nearly
400 hectares of mangrove forests and tropical forests, with rich and diverse fauna, including
dozens of bird species and three monkey species specific to the region. It's a "wild" destination.
Cartago: It is the former capital of the country. Here are more impressive ruins dating
back to the 16th century, but also a beautiful old church.
Puerto Limon: is the most important port of the country, being built on the site of an old
Indian village, Careers. It seems Columbus landed in this place in 1502 when it reached the
continent. Many tourists avoid Limon in favor of the beaches in other parts of the country, but the
city deserves all the attention. Most of the city's inhabitants are colorless. Visitors will find both
palm trees and tropical flower gardens such as Vargas Park, but also a thrilling nightlife where
fun is at its best. From here you can go on a trip to Costa Rica's national parks, such as the
Cahuita National Park, the Puerto Viejo National Park, the Gandoca Manzanillo Nature Reserve.
Those who prefer sports will be able to rent bikes or discover the treasures of the Punta Uva
Hitoy-Request Biological Reservation.
Puntarenas: is a resort on the Pacific coast, known for fine, crowded beaches. From here
you can visit the city of Puerto Plata City, in the Osa peninsula, or the town of San Vito, on the
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border with Panama, a mixture of Indian and Italian influences. There are also perfect places for
underwater diving in the region.
Golfito: located in Golfo Dulce, in the south of the coast. Here is Corcovado National
Park, beautiful beaches and rich fauna.
San Isidro de Perez Zeledon : known by the locals, especially as Perez, located 150 km
southeast of San Jose, is the starting point for excursionists in the southern part of the country,
especially thanks to the Chirripo National Park, whose entry is in San Gerardo de Rivas. The best
hotel is Hotel Chirripo, right next to the entrance to the park, but as good, though farther away, is
Hotel Nuevo Iguazu.
Tortuga Island: is a beautiful island of the Caribbean Sea, famous for its beaches, but
also for flora and fauna, one of the most beautiful in the world, and therefore always crowded
with tourists.
2.3.2. Park and protected Areas
The National Parks System protects parts of almost all ecosystems that exist in the
country, covering about 25% of the national territory. These parks and protected areas are not just
great places for hiking and wildlife observation, but some of them also include great places for
diving, caving, surfing, and other outdoor activities. In addition to national parks, there are a
variety of other areas that enjoy a certain degree of protection, such as wildlife, refugees and
biological reserves, and a growing number of private reserves. Costa Rica is renowned worldwide
for observing excellent birds in its protected areas, which include a variety of ecological areas,
including tropical rainforests, tropical rainforests, and cloud forests.
Palo Verde National Park.34 The Palo Verde National Park is uniquely dichotomic. It is
also a spectacular wetland and one of the best examples of dry tropical rainforests anywhere in
the world.
Peñas Blancas Wildlife Refuge.35 Created to protect fauna and flora found on the
southern slope of the Cilarille de Tilaran, Peñas Blancas Wildlife Refuge is a natural reserve of
dried tropical rainforests in the lower sections of the park, hardwood and damp forests in the
middle. Penas Blancas Wildlife Refuge has a rough and low terrain. Most trails here are not well
34 http://www.artline.ro/Costa-Rica-13719-1-n.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
35 http://www.artline.ro/Costa-Rica-13719-1-n.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
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maintained, and thus make them quite difficult to follow. The name Penas Blancas or "white
cliffs," comes from the diatomite deposits found here. Seeds with white chalk, these deposits are
actually algae residues. A densely forested area, butterflies are the most frequent inhabitants of
this retreat, and although it is wildlife you can see pacas, monkeys, kinkajous, oposumii, raton
and deers. A variety of bird species can also be seen in this national retreat. Here is the possibility
of camping, the best time to visit this retreat is during the dry season from January to April.
Guayabo, Negritos & Pajaros Island.36 These four islands are located in the Bay of
Nicoya, the reason for establishing as biological reserves was to keep the large population of
seabirds along with local flora and fauna. The vegetation covering the island is composed of
shrubs, small plants and spins. , with the exception of small insects, crustaceans and crabs, is
composed exclusively of birds, including the brown pelican, frigate birds, and gulls laughing.
Pajaros. The island is almost completely round and dome-shaped. The vegetation consists of a
small forest. The predominant species are guava and fig tree. Residual animals include oysters,
birds. Negritos islands are covered with deciduous forests in semi-species that are predominantly
frangipani, cedar and gumbo. Some of the animals that live on this island are parrot, parrots,
pigeons, crabs (which are very numerous), brown pelicans and oysters.
36 http://www.artline.ro/Costa-Rica-13719-1-n.html , Retrieved in 29.06.2019
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CHAPTER 3
COSTA RICA’S SHARED VISION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Costa Rica became the first country in the world to sign a national pact for the fulfillment
of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). It is an agenda of 17 SDGs in health, work,
education, environment, peace, justice, equality, equity, adopted in 2015 by the 193 Member
States of the United Nations and that should be translated into results by the year 2030.
This section determines the progress of Costa Rica between the 2015-2018 period
implementation of the SDGs. In the first instance, the entry points are described established by
the government for the holistic approach of the objectives with special attention to initiatives to
reduce poverty and promote prosperity in the country and in the second instance, the specific
actions taken for the advancement of the SDGs, particularly those established as priorities for
analysis in the United Nations High Level Political Forum for the year 2018.
3.1. NATIONAL PRIORITY POINTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SDGs
Taking into account the realities, capacities and levels of development of Costa Rica, As
well as its national policies and priorities, the government established entry points priorities in
order to translate the SDGs into concrete national actions guided by Agenda 2030. In this regard,
the High-Level Council established three points priorities for Costa Rica:
i)combating poverty;
ii)production and consumption sustainable and infrastructure and sustainable
communities (Figure 3.1.).
These priority points are closely related to each other and link all the SDGs. They are also
interconnected with the three dimensions of development Sustainable: social, economic and
environmental. In addition, they establish lines of work multidimensional approaches to address
the SDGs jointly and multi-actor, with participation of the signatories of the National Pact.
For the High Level Forum of 2018, the theme "Eradicating poverty and promote
prosperity in a changing world "in which the implementation is reviewed of six specific SDGs:37
37 UN (2018). "High-level Political Forum 2018 ". Retrieved on June, 30, 2019 at:
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/hlpf
27

SDG 1 "End of poverty"; SDO 2 "Zero Hunger"; SDG 3 "Health & Wellness"; SDG 5 "Gender
equality"; SDG 9 "Industry, innovation and infrastructure "and ODS 14" Underwater life ".
Figure 3.1. Priority points defined by the Technical Secretariat of the SDGs
Source: www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
3.2. ODS 1: END OF POVERTY
Latin America managed to reduce poverty from 48% in the 1990s to 28% in 2017, in
addition, extreme poverty gradually decreased, going from 19.2% in 2000 to 10.9% for the year
2017. Very different from regional behavior, in the last 20 years Costa Rica has maintained an
average of poverty by income in approximately 20% of the total households. At the beginning of
the 1990s, Costa Rica began to experience positive economic growth as a result of the expansion
of the sectors of services and industry, the incorporation of women into the labor market, the
increase in FDI, the increase in the enrollment of the population in higher education, among
others,
28

which allowed the GDP per capita to increase from $ 4,712 in 1990 to $ 15,377 in the year
2017.38
However, this economic growth left many people behind due to the income inequality
among population segments, the educational backwardness of people in different regions of the
country, the absence of inclusive policies adapting to international agreements on human rights
and the needs of excluded groups and/or condition of vulnerability, increase in unemployment
and informality, etc.
For the year 2017, 317,660 households and 1,137,881 people were in a condition of
poverty, while households living in extreme poverty by income they represent 104,712 homes
and 374,185 people.39 Parallel to the stagnation of the reduction of poverty, inequality has
gradually increased in recent years going from a GINI coefficient of 0.413 in the year 2017 to
0.515 in 2018.40
According to an analysis carried out by ECLAC, the MREC and MIDEPLAN (2018), the
Extreme poverty in the country has three determinants:
i)the home and social environment adverse;
ii)the insufficient scope of social programs and
iii)the labor market excluding.
The reduction of poverty is not seen as a unitary objective for Costa Rica, in the
framework of the 2030 Agenda, but as a country challenge that must be addressed in a
multidimensional (Figure 3.1.). Some specific efforts that the country has developed to accelerate
the progress of this objective, in the 2017-2020 period are: the "Bridge to Development
Strategy", the incorporation of the MPI into national indicators and the facilitation of Collective
Dialogues for the construction of a national agenda for fight against poverty.
Figure 3.2. Multidimensional initiatives of SDG 1 and its link with other SDGs
38 World Bank (2017). "GDP per capita, PPP ($ at current international prices)". Retrieved on 01.07.2019 in
http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2015&locations=CR&start=1990&view =chart
39 Technical Secretariat of the SDGs. (2017). Inventory of Public Policies according to the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG). San José: ODS-MIDEPLAN Technical Secretariat.
40 INEC (2018). "Costa Rica: Gini coefficient by planning region according to year, 2010 – 2018 ". Retrieved on
01.07.2019, in http://www.inec.go.cr/buscador?buscar=gini
29

3.2.1. Bridge to Development Strategy
The Bridge to Development Strategy41 began in 2015 and aims to address the poverty of
families under a multidimensional and multisectoral approach.
Figure 3.3. Relation Bridge Development Strategy and the SDGs
Source: www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
The program proposes a family intervention that includes the development of a family
plan, the follow-up with a co-manager and the provision of monetary transfers, so that families
have access to social services at three levels: the first, social protection to guarantee the welfare
of the family; the second, services for the development of their capabilities and potential; and the
third, linking services to a job and income production for their homes.
41 Government of Costa Rica (2015). Bridge to Development: National Strategy for the Reduction of Poverty. Saint
Joseph: Government of Costa Rica and IMAS.
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The program has innovative aspects adapted to the institutional contexts and national and
aimed at a gradual reduction of poverty. In this sense he bets on four different elements. The first,
an effective institutional articulation of the institutional commitments for poverty reduction and
monitoring from the Presidential Social Council (CPS). The second, the strengthening of the
National System of information and the Single Registry of Beneficiaries (SINIRUBE) in order to
give effective and updated monitoring of the beneficiaries of the services and social programs.
The third element, implementation of the IPM as a tool that complements the income poverty
approach and incorporates other dimensions of Poverty phenomenon. Finally, the program uses
social maps in order to locate the population in poverty in the country and through co-managers
social networks, to go to them to their homes to provide access to services and programs.
The objective set for the period 2015-2018 is to reduce extreme poverty by 75 priority
districts where 65% of the total families in extreme poverty are located and guaranteeing the
population's access to the programmatic and interinstitutional services.
3.2.2. Incorporation of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
As a complement to the traditional measurement by Poverty Line (LP), Costa Rica
Incorporated the IPM, in October 2015, as an input for institutions to identify aspects for the
effective reduction of poverty, implementing innovative initiatives, to evaluate the effectiveness
of policies, programs and projects and improve the quality of life of the population with special
attention to the population segments traditionally excluded, such as people with disabilities,
indigenous people, women, migrants, among others.
In this way, the INEC implements five dimensions of human development which they
have indicators that measure the threshold of deprivation that indicate socioeconomic levels of
households in education, housing, health, work and social protection.
3.2.3. Collective Dialogues for the construction of a national agenda
In order to build a national agenda for the eradication of poverty in Costa Rica, the
Government of Costa Rica together with the United Nations Program for the Development
(UNDP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have led an inclusive and
participatory process together with public institutions, CSOs, FBOs, sector private sector, unions,
academia and UN agencies.
31

Currently, the process of building a national agenda has contemplated three stages in a
nine-month period: the first stage (September 2016) and the second stage (October 2016 to
February 2017).
a) First stage: Seminar 'Do not leave anyone behind': Building an agenda national
inclusion
The Government of the Republic, MIDEPLAN, IMAS, UNDP and UNICEF organized a seminar
on 22 and 23 September 2016 to promote a dialogue on the strengths and the challenges of public
policies for the reduction of poverty in Costa Rica.
The seminar counted with the participation of public institutions, academia, organizations
of the civil society, the private sector, trade unions and UN agencies with the objective of
initiating a process of developing a national agenda for the elimination of poverty and social
inclusion, as well as to identify challenges to develop public policy recommendations in a
participatory and evidence-based manner.
The themes developed in the seminar were seven:
1. Conceptualization and measurement of poverty and poverty selection criteria focused.
2. Advances and challenges in the articulation of social programs
3. Differentiated attention to excluded groups in poverty situation
4. Presentation of public-private partnerships to promote the reduction of poverty
5. Training programs for skills and job opportunities
6. Qualitative analysis and subjective dimensions of poverty and well-being
7. Discussion of next steps: Collective Dialogues.
b) Second stage: Collective Dialogues for the construction of an agenda National
Eradication of Poverty Program (October 2016 – February 2017) For the second stage, the
organizing team joins the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in order to join
efforts and carry out processes of collective dialogues during the months of September, October
and November 2016.
The processes of Collective Dialogues had the purpose of developing recommendations in
a participatory and evidence-based manner, set an agenda of inclusion and influence on public
policies and medium-term planning.
The processes of collective dialogues were carried out for six weeks with approximately
160 people, representing 81 instances of society civil society, institutions, private entities and
32

international organizations. In the dialogues the different participants exchanged ideas, interests
and visions aimed at construction of a national agenda with the potential to transform the
situation of household poverty (Graph 3.4).
Graph. 3.4. Participation by entities in collective dialogues of ODS1
Source: www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
Each week themes were developed pertaining to each of the goals of the SDG 1 and
adapted to the case of Costa Rica, specifically:
1. Dialogue with people who benefit from social programs and services.
2. Conceptualization and measurement of poverty.
3. Articulation of social programs and services.
4. Universalization of social protection.
5. Training of skills and job opportunities.
6. Resilience and vulnerability reduction.
33

As a result of the process, the issues identified as priorities had a consensus among all the
participating actors, resulting in a positive scenario for the country in order to implement
measures to combat poverty under consensus and without possible sector vetoes. Sixteen priority
lines of action were identified for the 2030, which are presented below:
1. Conceptualization and measurement of poverty:
– Use a unified basic concept of poverty that is adaptable to agreement with the actions and
institutional criteria.
– Implement SINIRUBE through support processes, advice and training to the institutions for a
correct execution of the permanent registration and to achieve an appropriate appropriation.
2. Articulation of social programs and services:
– Strengthen, expand and seek the sustainability of the Bridge Strategy to Developing.
– Promote the practice of evaluation of services and programs by the beneficiary population.
– Consolidate and strengthen the role of a governing body to coordinate an inter-institutional
action, an adaptation of the supply and demand of social programs and a correct alignment of the
vision of development from the country.
– Promote the creation of a regulatory framework that facilitates alliances public- private
3. Universalization of social protection:
– Strengthening care services for girls, boys and adults older people so that dependent caregivers,
usually women, can work, have greater access to social security and carry out your studies.
– Incorporate different worldviews, cultures, languages, an approach to gender equality, respect
for sexual orientation and identity of gender and all the diversity of the population in the
programs of education system.
– Adapt health and education services in accordance with the characteristics and particular needs
of population groups and territories.
– Expand coverage to social security through financing and employment generation.
4. Training of skills and job opportunities:
– Developing skills adapted to labor demand and inserting people to jobs with high demand and
productivity in the country.
– Design and implement differentiated insurance schemes according to particularities of specific
populations.
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– Have disaggregated data and the characteristics of people inserted in the labor market; current
labor demand; and the projected to future to facilitate the creation of employment policies and
design of training programs.
5. Resilience and vulnerability reduction:
– Commit and empower local governments to work periodically issues of emergencies and risks
with the National Commission of Emergencies (CNE) and people in communities.
– Review and restructure land-use planning plans and adapt the housing programs according to
the conditions, contexts and needs of each region.
– Include in all public policies, laws, programs and projects and in the strategic planning of
institutions sustainability criteria environmental and risk analysis, in accordance with
international frameworks.
The results of these processes were presented in the first months of the year 2017 to high
level institutional hierarchies so that they knew the lines strategic actions identified by different
participants in the country and at the same time define the following steps to address SDG 1.
c) Third stage: Identification of specific actions by national actors (May 2017 – present)
Currently, the third stage of the national eradication agenda is being managed of poverty. During
the month of May 2017, a strategic sheet was designed based on in the lines of action identified
as priorities by the participants of the Collective Dialogues in order to collect information about
the actions carried out or ongoing poverty reduction. For the next few weeks, it is planned
conduct intersectoral workshops on goals, indicators and commitments; proposals for develop
action plans; follow-up workshops for proposals with participants; Y disclose results with
political parties so that, in the face of national elections of 2018, these groups link their
programmatic proposals with the 2030 Agenda.
3.2.4. National challenges identified for the implementation of SDG 1
For the fulfillment of this ODS, the following challenges are presented:42
Implement in the ENAHO the measurement of other welfare variables such as dignity,
autonomy, happiness, empowerment, discrimination, quality of employment, among
others; in order to complement the IPM.
42 Secretaría Técnica de los ODS. (2016). Inventario de Políticas Públicas según los Objetivos de Desarrollo
Sostenible (ODS). San José: Secretaría Técnica ODS-MIDEPLAN. P. 12.
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Achieve the articulation of social policies and economic policies in to social investment in
line with the universalization of secondary education and superior, other basic social
services and employability.
Debug social information bases and review of selective programs according to the profiles
of the population living in poverty and vulnerability with the in order to improve their
quality of life.
Integrate immediate affirmative actions adjusted to the characteristics of different social
groups in different regions in terms of the generation of decent employment, opportunities
for entrepreneurship and self-employment; and in increasing coverage of various
education formalities.
Review and make adjustments in the payment of minimum wages for groups not qualified
and salary adjustments according to the employment policy. In addition, integrate
programs and projects that impact the development of the territories of according to their
potential and limitations to influence the gaps regional
Execute priority actions of the "Bridge to Development Strategy" to involve public
institutions with specific goals linked to it and achieving greater participation of diverse
actors in design processes and execution of social policies.
3.2.5. National challenges identified by women, adults, elderly, afro-descendants, people
with disabilities and indigenous
In a Collective Dialogue held within the framework of the SDG 1 approach with women
in socio-economic vulnerability and beneficiaries of programs and Social services identified the
following challenges at the country level:
Lack of information on different State programs and services, as well as the benefits that a
person could expect. This lack of information represents a major obstacle and prevents the
personal motivation of women to improve their socioeconomic status.
Difficulties to process education scholarships for the sons and daughters of women
migrants in an "irregular" migration situation in the country, even though they are Costa
Ricans This difficulty represents negative impacts at the psychological level of the
mothers of these minors, who are usually heads of household and the "Emotional motor"
of your family.
36

Implementation of protocols for the sensitization of women civil servants and officials of
the institutions so that these people improve the treatment towards people who request
services or information about programs.
Continuity of existing social programs and services, so that these women have long-term
effective support and are not subject to changes of government administrations.
Generation of more training programs for entrepreneurship or insertion work so that they
can generate income to their homes and empower the beneficiaries socially, economically
and psychologically.
Implementation of programs that reduce environmental vulnerability and increase the
resilience of women heads of household and their families, particularly those who
experience risks in their homes through adverse climatic effects that the country
experiences.
On the other hand, in a workshop held by the Technical Secretariat of the SDGs with
people Older adults also identified a series of multidimensional challenges specific to this
population, which need to be addressed to generate well-being social, reduce poverty and
inequalities. These challenges are:
Prepare a state proposal for those older adults who exceed the Poverty Line or
Multidimensional Poverty, but not they fully satisfy all their needs. In this way, the adult’s
seniors propose that the "Bridge to Development Strategy" expand target population to
older adults in vulnerable socioeconomic conditions.
Strengthen the care programs for street people with emphasis on older adult population,
since currently there is not enough capacity of attention.
Ensure full compliance with the decent employment exchanges that exist in currently
because it is detected that some are not working adequately. In addition, it is considered
necessary to publicly recognize good practices in the generation of employment for older
adult population as per example the one implemented in the "Amusement Park".
Generate a training offer for older adults can generate skills that allow them to enter the
labor market or generate entrepreneurial skills. Also, improve channels of communication
of the existing offer by the National Institute of Learning (INA) so that these people can
participate in services of this type.
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Implement differentiated attention mechanisms and welfare programs for the elderly
population that are in the penal centers from the country.
In another consultation with representatives of the Afro-descendant population of Costa
Rica, with a view to the present voluntary report, specific needs were identified that faces this
population traditionally excluded in the country. Among them are the following:
Implement affirmative actions that generate employment for people Afro-descendants,
considering territorial actions where there is an absence of companies and job
opportunities for people, for example, the Atlantic slope.
Develop mechanisms and measures to reduce the opportunities gap in education,
especially in higher education in areas outside the Great Area Metropolitan (GAM) so that
young people can prepare.
Design specific strategies to raise international cooperation funds and / or national to
finance productive activities and initiatives for the benefit of the Afro-descendant
population, considering that Costa Rica is cataloged as a country of medium-high income.
From the perspective of the participants in this consultation, it is necessary to make a
differentiation of the populations that are benefiting from the medium-high income and to
whom this economic growth is excluding. In areas like the Caribbean, where it usually
resides a large part of the Afro-descendant population, there is a large socioeconomic gap,
the possible reduction of international cooperation flows in terms of technical and
financial assistance to reduce poverty, could generate greater vulnerability, if not specific
measures are taken to "not leave them behind. "
In a consultation with people with disabilities, the following were recognized challenges
for addressing SDG 1:
Promote quality employment opportunities in order for these populations can generate
their own income, especially in the public sector, as it is where larger gaps are identified
for hiring people with some disability. In addition, it is necessary to create projects that
incentive the entrepreneurship of these populations.
Implement measures focused on addressing the poverty of women in disability status,
especially if they are mothers of a family, since it is a population that tends to be excluded
from target populations of social programs. Likewise, it is considered relevant to address
the needs of mothers of family with children with disabilities.
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Finally, in November 2016, a National Indigenous Meeting was held in which
Representatives of the 8 indigenous peoples of the country participated, where the UNS rescued
Vision 2030 from these populations. In this sense, to address the SDG 1 was identified as
challenges:
Address poverty from a multidimensional, intercultural and rights approach human
beings, respecting their worldviews and their concept of development of "Good Live".
Adjust the state programs to combat poverty to their needs specific, because the
methodological design of them, does not contemplate interventions, according to the
demands of these populations and the realities geographic and sociocultural aspects of
their territories.
3.3. SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER
Since the 1990s, Costa Rica has maintained a clear trend towards the adoption of the
sustainable development model and as part of this, towards a climate-smart agriculture that seeks
the use of production systems foods that contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems, strengthen
the capacity of adaptation to climate change, risk management and improve the quality and
access to land, soil and water.
According to national nutrition surveys of 1996 and 2008-2009, it was determined that
chronic malnutrition in children between the ages of 1 – 4 years of age, measured for the Weight /
Age indicator, it went from 7.3% to 5.6%. Also, regarding malnutrition, according to the Weight /
Age indicator, this represented 2.1% in 1996 and was reduced to 1.1% in 2008-2009 and in the
Weight / Age indicator remained at 7.3%.
On the other hand, the prevalence of overweight / obesity, according to the Body Mass
Index (BMI), in the population between 5 and 12 years, it went from 14.9% in 1996 to 21.4% in
2008-2009.
For the same age range, the First National Weight and Height Census of the year 2016,
showed that the school population presents an average of 34.9% and 31.4% of overweight among
the urban and rural children population, respectively. Also, said
The census concluded that 118,078 students were overweight or obese in 2016 and that
Districts with lower HDI are those with the highest prevalence of obesity. Along the same lines,
the National Nutrition Survey 2008-2009 estimated a prevalence of 14.7% of overweight and
39

6.1% of obesity. In relation to the adult population, the behavior of overweight / obesity reaches a
rate of 64.5%. 66% of the Costa Rican women between 20 and 45 years old are obese or
overweight; between the group from 45 to 64 years old the figure rises to 77.3%. In the case of
men, 39.8% between 20 and 44 years present overweight and 19.1% obesity. In the group of 45 to
64 years, the proportion is 49.2% with overweight and 18.7% with obesity. This results determine
that there is an obesogenic environment, which affects Costa Rican families in a growing number.
In terms of agricultural production in the country, this is found in rural areas in where a
large socio-economic gap is evident compared to the zones urban Because of this, there is a
strong link between the agricultural sector and rural poverty income which represents
approximately 25.7% of the households in those areas. The largest percentage of the population
living in poverty is in the Region Brunca, in the South of the country.
Some specific actions that the country has implemented between 2015 to 2017, for the
achievement of SDG 2, under a multidimensional approach, associating other objectives
(1,4,5,8,9,
10, 12 and 13) (Figure 3.5.) are the following: initiatives for the promotion of agriculture family
and rural poverty reduction; initiatives to improve the productivity of small and medium
producers (as); initiatives for sustainable agriculture and resilient; and initiatives for gender
equality and the empowerment of women rural.
Figure 3.5. Multidimensional initiatives of SDG 2 and its link with other SDGs
Source: www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
3.3.1. Initiatives to promote family farming and reduce rural poverty
The Agricultural Public Sector (SPA) is made up of twelve institutions whose rectory falls
on the Minister of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG). These entities have implemented a series of
40

actions for the promotion of family farming through of support to producing families in rural
areas.
At present, approximately 3,150 agro-productive systems are registered beneficiaries of
family farming with a sustainable production approach. They have established modules of
agricultural and livestock production, delivery of inputs, improvement of productive systems,
materials, equipment and micro-projects which have benefited 4,047 families.
On the other hand, projects have been executed for the acquisition of land for 121
families, for agrarian management, regularization and rural infrastructure, rural credit, security
food and other projects for 35,578 families in rural areas. In turn, it have developed school
feeding projects supported by providers in the field of family farming, which simultaneously
benefit 10,800 schoolchildren and 160 producing families.
In order to promote articulation, coordination and national dialogue for advocacy, the
construction and implementation and monitoring of differentiated public policies for family
farming is strengthening the "Costa Rican Family Farming Network" (REDCAF). In addition, a
pilot test for the registration of family farming was implemented directed to achieve the
establishment of a National Registry of Family Farmers.
Regarding the young population in rural areas, an inclusion strategy was developed of
young people in rural territories through their integration in the Councils Territories of Rural
Development (CTDR) and the development of productive projects (vegetable garden and
community farms) under an agreement between the MAG and the Ministry of Public Education
(MEP) to establish a Food and Nutrition Security Plan in Professional Technical Colleges (CTP)
oriented to agricultural production.
3.3.2. Initiatives for productivity
In order to double agricultural productivity and the income of the producers of small-scale
food, activities aimed at innovation and technology transfer to 3,126 producing people of which
31% were women. In addition, credits and other sources of economic resources have been created
for the small and medium producers such as: the "Coffee Renewal Program", the "Banking
System for Development", the "Conditional Transfer Program" and "Rural Credit". In addition,
irrigation capacity and drainage have been improved to small producers.
41

In terms of marketing and markets, the "Program of Institutional Supply "(PAI) which
increased the agricultural demand by 23% in 2015 to 27.6% in 2016, generating 35,902 direct
jobs and 106,620 jobs indirect Also, the "Chorotega Regional Market Project" is implemented,
which is aimed at boosting the regional economy and establishing a center for management of
agri-food supply and demand.
3.3.3. Initiatives for a sustainable and resilient agriculture and livestock
During the period 2015-2017, the country has implemented the "Articulation Strategy
Agro-environmental Sector and Climate Change "approved in 2016 by the Council Agropecuario
Nacional (CAN), which jointly addresses the environmental sector, energy, seas and territorial
ordering. In this same line, is the "Strategy National Low-Livestock Farm and its Action Plan
"NAMA Livestock, so that the livestock sector can contribute to the negative effects of climate
change means of reducing greenhouse gases and also the strategy "NAMA Coffee "which seeks
mitigation and adaptation of climate change in the coffee sector promoting low carbon emissions
in production.
Additionally, the "Agro-environmental Agenda" carried out in 2016 has been
implemented by the MAG and MINAE with which intersectoral forces are promoted to mitigate,
adapt to climate change and reduce the risks associated with climatic phenomena and extreme
weather, with an emphasis on rural areas. The Agenda includes the following thematic axes:
management and management of productive and inclusive landscapes; use of water resources;
integral management of marine-coastal territory; financing schemes; mechanisms for sectoral and
intersectoral articulation; and Applied agro-environmental research.
3.3.4. Initiatives for gender equality and empowerment of rural women
The Gender Sector Network coordinates the implementation of the Gender Sector Plan
2015 – 2018 which facilitates access to the Fund for the Promotion of Productive Activities and of
the Organization of Women (FOMUJERES), aimed at environmental projects, organic
agriculture, traditional agriculture, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture. During the year 2016, 290
projects led by women benefited.
3.3.5. National challenges identified for the implementation of SDG 2
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For the fulfillment of this SDG, sectoral / institutional challenges are presented;
challenges in Food and Nutrition Security (SAN); in sustainable agriculture and resilient; and
finally, gender equality and empowerment of rural women. The challenges in sectoral /
institutional aspects are the following:
Improve the articulation of the sectoral and intersectoral institutional framework, which
should to be established through a country strategy, which aims to development of better
and more effective conditions based on the affinities of mandate, policy priorities
reflected in programmatic components and budgeting with accountability.
Improve budget execution, managing to work with budgets multiannual programs to
improve the quality of planning by the institutions.
Strengthen public-private partnerships as a means to improve governance.
The challenges to promote Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) are:
Reduce poverty and inequality, especially in coastal areas and border areas and among the
population of indigenous groups by improving and doing more equitable state support to
the rural producer and prioritize the cantons where the concentration of employment in
agriculture is related to the proportion of households with Unsatisfied Basic Needs (NBI).
Define and execute intersectoral public policies to stop the increase in overweight and
obesity, adult and child through the articulation of actions of all social actors, participation
of civil society, recognizing that it is a problem that transcends the health and education
sectors.
Increase productivity by emphasizing organic or agro-ecological agriculture and figure of
family agriculture and of small scale; improve distribution and tenure from the earth;
encourage the use of technology and high quality seeds and irrigation efficient; and
develop a program of support to the organic producer for access to local markets.
Improve road infrastructure, rural roads, storage works, irrigation and drainage
considering the climatic variability and the future effects of the change climate.
Improve the integration of value chains to reduce the conditions unequal that affect or
prevent the insertion of the small and medium producer.
Formalize the Comprehensive Water Supply Program for Guanacaste (PIAAG).
Modernize the National Information System on Food Security and Nutritional (SINSAN)
and make it more accessible for users.
43

Have a national registry of Family Farming, to facilitate the implementation of
differentiated public policies according to their typologies.
Establish a program of good agricultural practices and public certification of safety of
production.
Among the challenges posed for sustainable and resilient agriculture and livestock
for the development of capacities in sustainable production , adaptation to change climate change
and disaster risk management, are the following:
Promote sustainable livestock with a climate focus by favoring scaling of its components
in 1,800 ranches and differentiation commercial of environmentally friendly livestock
products.
Create a tool such as "Payment for Environmental Services" (PSA) for coffee and cattle
raising.
Decrease in food losses and waste when policies are created public structures and
management structures that allow us to take on this challenge as a commitment of the
State, seeking to turn these actions into a means of reduction of rural poverty and the
improvement of the SAN.
Apply the "Mitigation Actions Appropriate to the Country" (NAMA) to other activities of
the sector, which are considered highly polluting and with the potential to mitigation of
Greenhouse Gases (GHG).
Comply with the "Sectoral Articulation Strategy Agro-environmental and Climate Change
and the Agro-Environmental Agenda ".
Improve the sector's capacities in risk management and adaptation to the climate change.
Manage a better ordering of the activities of the fishing sector and aquaculture and
strengthening of small-scale fishing communities.
Strengthen capacities in Science and Technology by establishing centers of information
and knowledge, by the Rural Development Institute (INDER), based on intersectoral
information at the territorial level, oriented to the service producer.
Finally, the challenges for gender equality and women's empowerment Rural areas are:
Promote the incorporation of the gender approach in all instruments of sector policy.
Generate differentiated statistics for men and women in order to implement specific
initiatives for the latter.
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3.4. SDG 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
SDG 9 "Industry, innovation and infrastructure" which implies an adequate investment in
transportation, irrigation, energy and information technology and communications, in order to
achieve sustainable development, empower communities so that they can prepare and be more
resistant to climate change and boost growth economic and social stability7.
This SDG is not only defined as a point of entry by the government, but it is the objective,
together with the eradication of poverty, which faces greater challenges for the country. Costa
Rica maintains an important "lag of approximately 35 years in the development of its
infrastructure and allocates a budget of less than a third of what the country needs."
The infrastructure gap not only affects the country's competitiveness at the international,
but also affects the quality of life of people either in terms of job creation, loss of resources of
companies and industries, greater use of people's time due to road congestion, deficiency in
public transport services of quality and accessible to all people, environmental impact as a result
of the increase in fuel costs.
In terms of productivity, there are important gaps between highly productive and
competitive markets located in the central zone of the country (75% of the total of Small and
Medium Enterprises, SMEs) and other sectors lagging behind with high levels of informality
located in areas outside the GAM (7% of total companies of the country).
In innovation, the country shows productivity gaps present restrictions due to the low
investment in Research and Development (R & D) of approximately 0.57% of GDP which places
the country below the average of Latin America and the Caribbean around 0.78%. In addition,
information on initiatives, statistics or scientific research, technology and innovation is generally
outdated or insufficient.
Inadequate infrastructure leads to a lack of access to markets, jobs work and the attraction
of new foreign investments, on the contrary, a quality infrastructure is positively related to the
achievement of objectives social, economic and political. Next, we identify initiatives linked to
the ODS in the areas of infrastructure, innovation, transport and productivity that have been
implemented in the period 2015-2017 the different institutions in Costa Rica (Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6. Multidimensional initiatives of SDG 9 and its link with other SDGs
45

Source: www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
3.4.1. Initiatives in Infrastructure
The Vice Ministry of Public Works of the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation
(MOPT) faces great challenges due to the lag in infrastructure of the country. In link with the
2030 Agenda, actions that seek sustainability in the use of construction materials, waste control
and compensation measures environment, and the generation of jobs and income through a pilot
plan is sought so that people in rural areas provide maintenance of the Cantonal Road Network.
Recently, MIDEPLAN in conjunction with the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank
of Costa Rica (BCCR) are in the process of updating the "Methodological Guide General for the
Identification, Formulation and Evaluation of Investment Projects Public ", to incorporate the
variable of risk management and adaptation to climate change throughout the cycle of public
investment in order that all works comply with the criteria of sustainability and resilience.
3.4.2. Initiatives in Innovation
MICITT has made efforts to align itself with the 2030 Agenda. For example, recently
published the "National Policy on Society and Economy Based on the Knowledge "which is
aligned with the SDGs and aims to promote, strengthening, dissemination of knowledge and
scientific and technological development in benefit of the Costa Rican population.
Also, axes of action aimed at young people in the country are implemented to that they
access and implement technology knowledge projects and thus insert themselves in the
innovation processes. Another initiative is "SME Footprint" which encourages companies to be
inserted which seeks to bring companies to innovation axes to improve productivity and
competitiveness. In this same line, actions are carried out to integrate companies, entrepreneurs
and universities to dialogue and share knowledge about innovation processes.
46

In addition, actions are being taken to promote the incorporation of women into Science
and Technology fields and eliminate the "glass ceiling" by means of four axes:
i)promote permanence and professional development in scientific vocations;
ii)job insertion;
iii)show them the benefits of women leading research processes and
iv)eliminate the digital divide and use of the technologies of Information and
Communication (TICs).
To eliminate the technological gap of vulnerable populations, the "Intelligent Community
Centers Program" (CECIS) in which they are offered elderly people, young people, women,
people with disabilities digital and technological education and training.
3.4.3. Transportation Initiatives
Currently, the Vice Ministry of Transport of MOPT is trying to transform the mobility
dynamics in urban centers in order to move from a focused model in the mobility of vehicular
traffic to one focused on people as the main axis of transport-oriented development in order to
create sustainable cities, efficiency of resources and adequate infrastructure.
In this sense, in the year 2017, the Executive Power approved the "Decree No. 40186-
MOPT" which seeks to consolidate and implement policies and strategies for modernization and
sectorization of public transport modality bus in the Metropolitan area of San José and
surrounding areas. Through this decree, what is sought is, "to implement the trunk routes, priority
of passage for buses, improvement and demarcation for public transport and the establishment of
integration nodes or stops transfer between bus and train.”43
The Vice Ministry is in the formulation and design stage of a "Train" project Fast
Passenger "air viaduct between provinces with high passenger density that are mobilized daily to
the Metropolitan Area and that would allow the country to reduce urban fragmentation.
Also, campaigns are being implemented to encourage people to use different modes of
transport in order to reduce the use of cars, they implement projects to pacify traffic routes and
also, integration of urban collectives that promote the democratization of the use of public space.
43 Government of Costa Rica (2017). The last stage of integrating information to start sectorization culminated .
Retrieved on June 13, 2019, http://gobierno.cr/culmino-ultima-etapa-de-integrar-informacion-para-arranque-de-
sectorizacion/
47

3.4.4. Initiatives in productivity
For its part, the MEIC is implementing strategic lines to link with the ODS. The first line
is in sustainable consumption as an incentive education and information for responsible
consumption. The second line is the creation of the "Corporate Social Responsibility Policy"
(RSE) "to be published in the month of July 2017, which is aligned with the 2030 Agenda so that
companies that implement responsible social practices do so with a view to ODS.
Finally, a "Productive Articulation Strategy for the Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship
and Productive Chains "with which it is sought that women participate in entrepreneurship
projects for the generation of wealth; to encourage companies to certify themselves as carbon
neutral; already
encourage industrial parks to carry out sustainable practices.
In turn, the MEIC implements actions to reduce informality, increase employment and the
social protection of people through the "Formalization Program" that contains three components.
The first simplifies the procedures for formalizing the SMEs through work with local
governments; advice through business mobile offices. The second is to reduce the social burdens
of character compulsory specifically for micro-enterprises for a period of 4 years (component
which is in negotiations in the Legislative Assembly and the CCSS). The third component is the
advice and training.
3.4.5. National challenges identified for the implementation of SDG 9
In order to comply with this ODS, the infrastructure issue presents the following
challenges:
Training and technical training for the management of public investment in infrastructures
for the Ministry officials.
Create infrastructure that meets the standards defined by the country in disaster risk
management and adaptation to climate change.
Strengthening of institutional capacities for the evaluation of works public during the
entire investment cycle.
In the theme of innovation, the following challenges are presented:
Make efforts to close the digital and technological gap presented by the indigenous
populations.
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Regionalization of the services provided by MICITT.
Have funds and incentives for the productive sector and development of disciplines in
which Costa Rica has potential such as biotechnology and nanotechnology, but does not
have resources for its full development.
The challenges in the transport issue are:
Incorporate land-use measures to improve the mobilization of people in the GAM and
specifically in the metropolitan area in San José.44
Lack of training and technical training to carry out the modernization of the public
transport, rapid passenger train, port modernization and transport maritime transport,
active mobility, cycle-routes, urban planning oriented to transport, among others.
Modernize public transport as an incentive to change the "car-centered" culture.
Strengthen the communication of sectorization plans to communities to create social
credibility
Generate statistics and information on transport and urban mobility.
In the topic of productivity, the following challenges are presented:
Improve work with people with disabilities and encourage them to carry out
entrepreneurship projects.
Continue with the formalization efforts of SMEs and approve the projects to reduce social
charges to microenterprises.
Alignment between the sectoral vision and territorial vision to address the territories
outside the GAM that are lagging behind in the country and present the biggest gaps
socio-economic, encouraging the installation of companies and SMEs.
3.5. SDG 14: UNDERWATER LIFE
Costa Rica has been recognized internationally for its environmental achievements,
example of this has been the innovation of Payment for Environmental Services, the extension of
its protected areas and the generation of energies coming from 98.1% of renewable.
With respect to its marine territory, Costa Rica has an area of 589,682.99 km2, ten times
larger than its land surface (51,100 km2) and has three "eco-regions": two in the Pacific Ocean
(Isla del Coco and Nicoya) and one in the Caribbean Sea (Caribbean South West). Within this
44 At present, the urban space is characterized by being distant, dispersed and disconnected.
49

marine area around 90,000 species are housed, corresponding to approximately 4.5% of global
biodiversity. Currently, the 3.55% of the total of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)45 is under
the management of the MINAE
In turn, the Costa Rican Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture (INCOPESCA) manages,
together with the coastal communities, the "Marine Areas of Responsible Fishing" that consider
important biological, fishery or socio-cultural characteristics, and in which it is regulated fishing
activity in a particular way to ensure the utilization of the long-term fishing resources. These
Marine Responsible Fishing Areas add up 888 km2.
Both along its coasts and within the EEZ, the marine area of Costa Rica presents an
enormous diversity of ecosystems and exploitation activities that they enrich the quality of life
and the local and national economy. 5% of the national population lives in the marine-coastal
zone and depends directly or indirectly on their ecosystem services. It is estimated that annually
they enter for tourism receptive marine billion dollars, for sport fishing around one hundred
millions of dollars and for observation of cetaceans one million US dollars.
It is estimated that more than 70,000 people are engaged in extraction, processing,
distribution and export of marine products, most of them in areas of the country such as
Caribbean, North, Central and South Pacific, where the HDI is low. Of them, approximately
10,000 men and women, including fishermen, shipowners and their families, depend directly
from fishing large pelagics such as tuna, dorado, swordfish and others species of commercial
interest. The consumption of fish per capita in Costa Rica is 12.3 kg compared to the world
average of 20 kg per year. In turn, Costa Rica exports fishery products to 19 countries in North
America, Latin America, the Antilles, Europe and Asia, being the United States the main
destination.
During the period 2015-2017, the initiatives carried out aimed at advancing the SDG 14,
also simultaneously address other SDGs such as 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15 (Figure 3.7.).
Some initiatives developed to date include: the National Consultation Oceanic and the national
commitments signed in the framework of the Global Conference Oceanic, the National Platform
of Sustainable Fisheries of Large Pelagics; the construction of an agenda for women
fisherwomen; and sustainable initiatives for generation of employment for women. Next, each of
them is presented.
45 It is an area located beyond the territorial sea adjacent to it that extends 200 nautical miles from the baselines
from which the width of the territorial sea is measured.
50

Figure 3.7. Multidimensional initiatives of SDG 14 and its link with others ODS
Source: www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
3.5.1. National Oceanic Consultation and commitments acquired
In order to comprehensively address SDG 14 and recognizing the importance of oceans,
seas and maritime resources, within the framework of the Conference "Our Oceans, our future:
Partnering for the implementation of SDG 14 "held in the month of June at the UN; At the end of
May 2017, the country carried out, by means of multi-sectoral dialogues, an Oceanic National
Consultation. This consultation was carried out with the main objective of identifying voluntary
national commitments on oceans and underwater life, for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda
in Costa Rica. The National Oceanic Consultation allowed to identify 18 National Commitments
Volunteers: 17 come from State initiatives and one from civil society, however, all of them
include a multisectoral effort with representation from different sectors and partners, in which the
agendas of civil society organizations are integrated, non-governmental organizations, academia
and the private sector. It is also important mention that, while these initiatives are aimed at
accelerating specific goals of this Objective, they also contribute to the fulfillment of other
objectives such as ODS 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15.
Through the identification of Voluntary National Commitments, they were evident the
country's priorities in relation to SDG 14, Underwater Life, which are translate into the 4 goals of
this Sustainable Development Goal in which the country will focus its efforts in a special way.
From this process of national consultation, extracts that Costa Rica voluntarily commits to:
Managing and sustainably protecting marine and coastal ecosystems with a view to
avoiding significant harmful effects (Goal 14.2).
Effectively regulate fishing exploitation (Goal 14.4).
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Significantly reduce marine pollution of all types, in particular the pollution produced by
activities carried out on the mainland (Goal 14.1).
Conserve at least 10% of the coastal and marine zones (Goal 14.5).
All of the above with a strong transversal relationship with the three means of
implementation that accompany this objective:
14.a: Increase scientific knowledge, develop the capacity of research and transfer marine
technology.
14.b: Facilitate small-scale artisanal fishermen's access to marine resources and markets.
14.c: Improve the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources
applying the international law reflected in the Convention of the Nations United on the
Law of the Sea
The following describes the voluntary national commitments associated with each one of
the goals in which the country will focus its efforts in a special way.
a) Managing and protecting in a sustainable manner marine ecosystems and coastal
areas with a view to avoiding significant adverse effects . This management and sustainable
protection is carried out through the "National Inventory of Wetlands ", the preparation or
updating of local management plans, and the valuation of eco-systemic services of wetlands of
international importance. Also I know commits to implement the "Lionfish Control Strategy",
which currently shares with several countries of the Caribbean Basin, as well as the ecological
restoration of Coral populations of the Pacific coast of the country. These commitments have as
objective to benefit the generation of employment and economic growth of the neighboring
fishing communities, recreational diving and snorkeling operators, and tourism companies. In
order to generate sustainable resources for the care of the sea, the country commits to the creation
of a "National Fund to Encourage the Conservation of Ecosystem Services of the Sea and of
Marine and Coastal Resources "with which aims to grant incentives to projects through
conservation actions, use sustainable development, research, recovery and capacity building,
especially fishermen (as) and indigenous peoples on both coasts of the country.
b) Effectively regulate fishing exploitation . A commitment is sought to regulate fishing
exploitation through the Implementation of the "National Platform of Large Sustainable Fisheries
Pelagic”.
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c) Reduction of marine pollution of all types. The country is committed to addressing the
issue of pollution caused by activities carried out on the mainland through the implementation of
the "National Strategy for replace the use of single-use plastic with renewable alternatives and
Compostable”. In addition, from the point of view of sonic pollution, Costa Rica is committed to
regulate oceanic noise produced by anthropogenic activities such as platforms of exploitation of
marine floor through the generation of orientations practices and tools for measuring and
mitigating the effects of ocean noise, including guidelines for monitoring the acoustic quality of
the habitat.
d) Conservation of at least 10% of the coastal and marine zones . Finally, the last strategic
axis commits to the conservation of at least the 10% of coastal and marine areas, through the
expansion and consolidation of areas marine protected areas and the strengthening of governance
processes in marine areas responsible fishing, which is intended to consolidate eleven marine
fishing areas responsible to the year 2020.
3.5.2. National Platform of Sustainable Fisheries of Large Pelagic
In a joint work led by MAG, MINAE and UNDP, it was promoted in December 2016 the
establishment of a "National Platform of Large Sustainable Fisheries Pelagics" which has the
participation of public institutions and CSOs they make up the longline fishing chain.
The national longline fishing sector consists of around 400 vessels. Each boat can carry
between 5 and 8 people, which constitutes a population around from 2,000 to 3,200 people who
work directly in the sector. In addition to the above, estimated that around 10,000 to 16,000
families depend on this activity, in addition to thousands of indirect jobs that ensure fishing
activity, such as the transportation, fishing supplies, food, mechanical jobs, and others. It is due to
the socioeconomic importance of the coastal zones and the commitment assumed by the country
for the sustainability of resources and the environment, that the platform aims to agree on actions
to improve fishing processes and marketing and supply to national and international markets
products fisheries from sustainable practices and friendly to the environment.
Currently, a total of 60 representatives of society organizations participate civil society,
government institutions, private sector, academia, and cooperation agencies international
organizations, which develop experience through projects to improve fisheries of large pelagics
such as tuna, swordfish and dorado, reaching through from dialogue to consensus on actions that
53

respond to responsible fishing. TO On the date, the first plenary of the platform was held where
some of the commitments on the part of the actors and will start with working groups on thematic
of interest of the sector.
3.5.3. Construction of an agenda for women fisherwomen
Public institutions such as INCOPESCA and OSC as "CoopeSoliDar R.L" have gone
opening spaces for women fisherwomen to carry out a route of actions and challenges for the
sector within the framework of the "Network of Marine Fishing Areas Responsible."46
In this sense, during the year 2016, visits were made to coastal marine communities and
marine and continental areas of responsible fishing in order to identify needs of women
fishermen, their contributions to the sustainable use of resources fisheries and make a baseline of
their situation and how they are displayed for the period 2016 – 2020. Next, a "National Forum on
Women and Fisheries" was held Sustainable Craft in Costa Rica "in which guidelines for the
"Agenda of Women Fishermen". The strategic guidelines identified by the women fishermen and
for influencing the 2020, there are six:
i)achieve greater participation in the decision-making processes and regulations
related to the sector or local development;
ii)expansion of care networks to alleviate the burden and responsibilities of women
fisherwomen;
iii)training of strategic alliances between women farmers and fisherwomen and
generate educational and training opportunities;
iv)strengthen women's health fisherwomen, especially mental health;
v)inter-institutional coordination, access to licenses, access to credit and other
resources;
vi)capacity building, management and access to information and communication
technologies.
3.5.4. Sustainable initiatives to generate employment for women
In April 2017, through the coordination of MINAE, MTSS, INCOPESCA, INAMU,
National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) and various CSOs, the recognition of
46 S.f (2016), Agenda for Women Fishermen of Coastal Communities and Marine and Continental Fisheries Areas
Responsible Craft: Our permanent work agenda , Saint Joseph.
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molluscan activity in the country, when the "Cooperativa CoopeMolus-Chomes R.L ", composed
mostly of women fisherwomen handicrafts, they received a corporate license in order to
regularize their work and thus obtain social security, access to credit and full exercise of their
rights.
Likewise, this initiative maintains a commitment to carry out sustainable activities for the
reforestation of mangroves, alternatives to let these ecosystems rest, beach cleaning, blue
community carbon program and fishing actions responsible, among others.
Due to this positive experience, CSOs in the sector have called for a careful approach on
the recognition and regularization of fishing activities and aquaculture for certain groups of the
population, particularly women, in order that do not reduce the income of those households in
greater exclusion conditions and / or vulnerability that directly depend on this activity and that do
not have a license that accredits them to develop it. For this reason, this initiative is a good
practice that could be replicated so that interinstitutional work can be other groups of women in
the sector to obtain their licenses and have more opportunities to develop your fishing ventures in
a sustainable way financially and environmentally.
3.5.5. National challenges identified to address SDG 14
With a view to 2030, the following challenges for the achievement of SDG 14 are posed:
Create and strengthen an information system that makes it possible to calculate national
indicators for monitoring the SDG 14.
Establish more effective mitigation and recovery mechanisms, which contribute to the
conservation and reasonable use of marine-ecosystem ecosystems.
Improve articulation of marine governance and capacity building institutions in the ocean,
marine ecosystems, watershed management and implementation of policies of use and
sustainable use.
Recognize, strengthen and regularize the activities carried out around the artisanal fishing
and mollusc collection under a framework of human rights and generation of decent
employment and inclusive economic growth.
Reduce the impact of terrestrial solid waste and those found in the oceans about marine
life.
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Reduce the impact of discharges, increase water treatment and sanitation and improve the
quality of the bodies of water that eventually flow into the Ocean.
Achieve that the uses of the sea become environmentally sustainable, guaranteeing the
health of the ocean also achieve to conserve at least 10% of the Exclusive EEZ of Costa
Rica.
Mitigate the effects of climate change to prevent the acidification of the Caribbean Sea
and the Pacific Ocean, as well as an increase in the temperature of waters.
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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS
For a long time Costa Rica has been a secret very well preserved by biologists, mountain
and beach lovers. Fortunately, times have changed and secrecy has come to light, making Costa
Rica one of the most sought-after holiday destinations in Latin America. The development of the
resorts has come to complement the charm and natural wealth.
Its territory is divided into 7 regions (San José, Alajuela, Cartago, Heredia, Guanacaste,
Puntarenas and Limón) that together offer an interesting and attractive tourist destination with
countless natural resources: tropical forests, volcanoes, mountains and beaches. The most sought-
after activities are horseback riding, mountain hiking and guided bird-watching tours.
Over 25% of the country's surface is composed of forests and reserves. It has 20 national
parks, 8 biological reserves, and a number of protected areas that attract ecotourists from all
corners of the world.
During the period 2015-2018, solid steps have been taken in the national coordination of
ODS, proof of this is the signing of a National Pact for the advancement of the SDGs and the
creation of of a functional and multi-stakeholder governance structure, with broad representation
of public institutions and actors of civil society as a whole, which constitutes one of the most
important advances since it allows an appropriate articulation and coordination in the taking of
decisions, design of initiatives and implementation of strategies at the country level.
On the other hand, the country has managed to carry out an analysis of its strengths and
programmatic challenges and budgetary measures to achieve the 2030 Agenda, establishing three
points of entry that guide actions to accelerate the SDGs and their associated goals in an
integrated way: poverty, responsible production and consumption and resilient infrastructure, and
cities sustainable.
Although Costa Rica is classified as a middle-income country, the 2030 Agenda presents
the following challenges:
Build a new welfare architecture based on greater articulation horizontal (intersectoral)
and vertical (multilevel) of public policy and throughout the course of people's lives and
in which citizen participation has a transcendental role as an amalgam of this architecture.
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Rethinking the cycle of public policies in light of the hard exclusions that transcend
income assessments – discrimination against indigenous peoples, afro-descendants,
identity and sexual orientation, women victims of intimate violence perpetrated by men,
exclusion due to disability, age and immigration status.
Protect the national achievements reached so far to avoid setbacks in the social protection
system, the expansion of the care system, equality of gender, environmental protection
and clean energy.
Next, the lessons learned in this period are presented and also, the next measures that the
country will be taking to advance in the implementation of the Agenda 2030.
4.1. LEARNED LESSONS
For the period 2015-2017, they are identified as lessons learned in the implementation of
the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda:
Importance of a governance structure for the SDGs : the structure of Governance carried
out by Costa Rica has been of vital importance for the coordination and multi-sectoral
articulation of strategies in the implementation of the SDGs, for promote support and
collaboration to sectors in the design of initiatives and to give accounts of the progress of
the various entities that are part of the structure.
Multidimensional approach to the SDGs : one of the great lessons learned in the
implementation of the MDGs was the importance of maintaining a comprehensive holistic
approach of the goals and objectives. Taking into consideration the interconnection of the
of the SDGs in the social, economic, political and environmental life of the societies,
national actors maintain a multidimensional approach in the implementation of initiatives,
strategies and programs linked to the 2030 Agenda.
Broad social and political participation : from the experience with the implementation of
the MDGs, Costa Rica learned that, in order to achieve changes. Currently, state
institutions cannot act alone. Count on broad participation of the private sector, civil
society, FBOs and agencies international is vital for the sum of synergies, inclusion of
populations, building a culture of consensus and formulating strategies with approaches
innovators that each sector can contribute.
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Inter-institutional articulation: one of the great challenges that has presented historically
Costa Rica has been implementing an adequate institutional articulation that improves the
effectiveness and efficiency of the institutions, program offer and services. The
implementation of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda has progressively begun to change
operational structures in the way of working within the institutions. There is still a long
way to go for Costa Rica in this aspect, however, the country has begun to take its first
steps.
4.2. NEXT STEPS
The next priority measures that the country proposes to adopt in the short term to continue
with the efforts made so far in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda are:
Establish national targets for the SDGs.
Promote the strengthening of the working groups at the three entry points for compliance
with the SDGs: poverty, production and responsible consumption resilient infrastructure
and sustainable communities.
Develop a plan of action at the national level that articulates the areas of action of the
institutions, private companies, CSOs, FBOs and UNS and assign responsibilities for
develop the 2030 Agenda. Continue training and information efforts on the processes of
the SDGs and advise the entities and entities that make up the High Level Advisory
Council.
Advance in all dimensions of Human Rights, in the growth inclusive economic and
environmental protection through the formulation and implementation of programs,
projects and initiatives in multisectoral partnerships.
Continue the initiatives of multisectoral and participatory dialogues for the construction of
agendas to address specific SDGs and to seek greater commitments in the population.
Consolidate the High Level Consultative Committee of the SDGs as a key instance for the
sustainability of the implementation process of the 2030 Agenda in Costa Rica.
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