Natura 2000 sites in Some ș [627161]

UNIVERSITATEA DIN ORADEA
FACULTATEA DE GEOGRAFIE, TURISM ȘI SPORT
PROGRAMUL DE STUDIU: GEOGRAFIA TURISMULUI ÎN
LIMBA ENGLEZĂ
FORMA DE ÎNVĂ ȚĂMÂNT: ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNT CU FRECVENȚĂ
Natura 2000 sites in Some ș
Plain
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR:
Conf. univ. dr. Marcu Sta șac
GRADUATE STUDENT: [anonimizat]
2018

2Content
Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………….. 3
1.Natura 2000 ecological network ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………….. 5
1.1.Natura 2000 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 5
1.2.The evolution of the Natura 2000 net work………………………….. ………………………….. 5
1.3.Natura 2000 in Romania ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 6
1.4.Short History of Protected Areas in Romania ………………………….. ………………………. 7
1.5.Introductory notices on sites ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 10
1.2.Sites of Community Importance (SCI) ………………………….. ………………………….. ….10
1.3.Special Protection Areas( SPA)………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 12
1.9.Habitats Directive ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ….14
2.The fram erworkof realizingthe Natura 2000 network inSome șPlain……………………….. 16
2.1.Declaration of a Natura 2000 site ………………………….. ………………………….. …………16
2.2.Activities that are allowed in Natura 2000 sites ………………………….. …………………. 16
2.3.Restriction on Natura 2000 sites ………………………….. ………………………….. …………..17
2.4.Conservation of biodiversity ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 17
2.5.Purposes and objectives of the Natura 2000 network ………………………….. …………..18
2.7.Management measures of the Natura 2000 ecosystem ………………………….. …………19
3.Case study: Analysis of Natura 2000 sites in Someș Plain ………………………….. ………….21
3.1 Introduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………..21
3.2. Some ș Plain………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………….21
3.3.Ierului Plain-Site code ROSCI0021 ………………………….. ………………………….. ………23
3.4. Nirului Plain -IeruluiValey -Site code ROSPA0016 ………………………….. ……………. 26
3.4.Careiului plane -Site code ROSPA0016 ………………………….. ………………………….. …29
3.5.Natural Reserve -Foieni –Sand Dunes ………………………….. ………………………….. …..34
3.6.Natural reserve -Verme ș Swamp ………………………….. ………………………….. …………..36
3.7.Natural Reserve -Urziceni Forest ………………………….. ………………………….. …………..37
3.8.Site of Community Importance -ValeaRece hydrographic complex …………………. 39
Conclusions ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………… 41
Bibliography ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………. 42
Books:………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 42
Articles:………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………….. 42
Siteography: ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 42

3Introduction
In thebachelor thesis paper "Natura 2000 Sites in Someș Plain" are presented both
theoretical aspects and researches on the Natura 200 0ecological system on the Some șPlain.
Ichose this theme for the simple fact that Natura 2000 is not a simple nature reserve
system, where all human activities are systematically excluded. Natura 2000 adopts a different
perspective by recogniz ing the importance of man's role as an integral part of nature, and
cohabitation can be a successful partnership between man and nature. Such an approach has
countless advantages, both for the preservation of biodiversity and for the inhabitants of rural
areas. By actively involving different owners or users of these areas in the Natura 2000 program,
it can be guaranteed that these threatened species and habitats will be protected, which is
essential for their future. Natura 2000 is a powerful ally in the m aintenance and economic and
social development of many rural areas.
The purpose and objectives of this work are: to present the characteristics of the Someș
Plain, to study the Natura 2000 sites found in this plain, to identify sites of communi ty and
avifauna importance, to identify habitats and protected species.
The specialized literature underlying this work has been chosen so as to assist in the best
documentation of the present work. In the paper were used information from: Satu Mare
Environmental Protection Agency, Town Halls and County Councils of Somes Plain, books and
specialized projects.
The present paper is structured in three chapters, the first two, "The Natura 2000
Ecological Network" and "The Framework for the Natura 2 000 Network in the Someș Plain",
represent the theoretical basis of the paper, and the last chapter, "The Analysis of the Natura 2000
Sites in Someș Plain" represents the research carried out on the Someș Plain sites.
The first chapter, "The Na tura 2000 Ecological Network", contains theoretical aspects
regarding the formation of the Natura 2000 ecological network, the definition and description of
the network and the main sites, the legislative basis.
The second chapter, "The framew ork for the realization of the Natura 2000 network in
Someș Plain", contains a theoretical aspect regarding the declaration, restriction, preservation,

4management measures of a site, as well as highlighting the advantages, opportunities, goals,
objectives, within a Natura site 2000.
The last chapter, which is the main substance of the present paper, is the case study,
"Analysis of Natura 2000 sites in Somes Plain", it contains a description of sites in Someș Plain,
location, protected areas in t he area, analysis, flora, fauna, as well as habitat analysis.

51.Natura2000ecological network
1.1.Natura 2000
The European Natura 2000 network is a network of different protected natural areas,
including a diversity of wild species and natural habitats of community interest. This network has
been set up to protect nature as well as to preserve these natural resources for as long as possible.
Since 1992, the European Union has been promoting the development of this network of Natura
2000 protecte d areas, covering both EU and candidate countries.1
The establishment of the Natura 2000 network is based on two European Union
Directives, namely: the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, regulating the way of
selecting and designating sites and protecting them. By the end of 2007, some 26,000 sites had
been declared at the EU level, which at that time represented one fifth of the EU's surface area.2
1.2.The evolution of the Natura 2000 network
In the beginning, the directives were created:3the Birds Directive establishes Special
Areas for the Protection of Birds (1979) and the Habitats Directive establishing the Natura 2000
network (1992), and the latter requires all Member States to mark their special conservation
areas.
The netwo rk has evolved continuously: Sweden and Finland are joining Sweden in 1995
in Gothenburg, following a decision by the European Union that an agreement is being made to
halt the loss of biodiversity in the European Union by 2010. Year 2001 continues with so me
revisions, ne In 2002, El Teide stated that Member States are committed to disseminating
information on Natura 2000. The year 2004 has made an important contribution: Hungary,
Slovakia and the Czech Republic have enriched the network with the Pannonian r egion. In 2007,
Romania and Bulgaria expanded the Natura 2000 network with steppe regions as well as the
Black Sea region, helping to make the network more diversified. The last country to join the
1Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanț aconservă rii
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 înRomâ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2012, pag. 5
2https://natura2000.ro/ce -este-reteaua-natura-2000/, consultat la 15.05.2018
3Ibidem, consulat la 15.05.2018

6system was Croatia in 2013. w sites from biogeographical re gions across the EU are a dded to the
Natura 2000 network.
1.3.Natura 2000 in Ro mania
A total of nine biogeographical regions have been identified on the territory of the
European Union, of which Romania has the largest biogeographical diversity through the
existence of five regions (Fig. 1):4the first is the continental, which is actually the most common
region, the second region is the alpine, it is found in the mountains with a mountainous area, the
third is the panonic region, the fourth is the Ponti c region, and the last region that is found in
Romania is the steppe, the latter being only found in Our country.
Fig. 1.Biogeographical Regions of Romania
Source:http://www.anpm.ro/upload/12561_Anexa2_harta_regbiogeografice.pdf
4Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța conservării
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2012, pag. 6
6system was Croatia in 2013. w sites from biogeographical re gions across the EU are a dded to the
Natura 2000 network.
1.3.Natura 2000 in Ro mania
A total of nine biogeographical regions have been identified on the territory of the
European Union, of which Romania has the largest biogeographical diversity through the
existence of five regions (Fig. 1):4the first is the continental, which is actually the most common
region, the second region is the alpine, it is found in the mountains with a mountainous area, the
third is the panonic region, the fourth is the Ponti c region, and the last region that is found in
Romania is the steppe, the latter being only found in Our country.
Fig. 1.Biogeographical Regions of Romania
Source:http://www.anpm.ro/upload/12561_Anexa2_harta_regbiogeografice.pdf
4Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța conservării
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2012, pag. 6
6system was Croatia in 2013. w sites from biogeographical re gions across the EU are a dded to the
Natura 2000 network.
1.3.Natura 2000 in Ro mania
A total of nine biogeographical regions have been identified on the territory of the
European Union, of which Romania has the largest biogeographical diversity through the
existence of five regions (Fig. 1):4the first is the continental, which is actually the most common
region, the second region is the alpine, it is found in the mountains with a mountainous area, the
third is the panonic region, the fourth is the Ponti c region, and the last region that is found in
Romania is the steppe, the latter being only found in Our country.
Fig. 1.Biogeographical Regions of Romania
Source:http://www.anpm.ro/upload/12561_Anexa2_harta_regbiogeografice.pdf
4Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța conservării
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2012, pag. 6

7The Carpathian Mountains on the Romanian territory are one of the most important
ecoregions on the global level, almost half of Europe's carnivorous population ( bears, wolves,
lynx) has these habi tats. Another very important region on the Romanian territory is the Danube
Delta, this being the most important wetland in Europe that houses pelican colonies and other
hundreds of bird species.
Fig. 2. The natura 2000 and the Emerald networks
Source:http://www.ceeweb.org/work -areas/working -groups/natura -2000/resources/site -designation/
1.4.ShortHistory of Protected Areas in Romania
Protecting the environment in Romania began in the XIVcentury:5
1467 is the documentary year of the forest given by Mircea the Elder to the Cozia Monastery, the
forest is a reserved place that was first established approximately in the 14th century; in this place
no onewas allowed to carry out works for agricultural, forestry or hunting.
1904 appeared the first natural reserva tion inRomanian plains, which is: the secular forest
CoduraSlătioara.
5http://biodiversitate.mmediu.ro/romanian -biodiversity/despre -arii-protejate/tipuri -de-arii-protejate,
consultat la 19.05.2018
7The Carpathian Mountains on the Romanian territory are one of the most important
ecoregions on the global level, almost half of Europe's carnivorous population ( bears, wolves,
lynx) has these habi tats. Another very important region on the Romanian territory is the Danube
Delta, this being the most important wetland in Europe that houses pelican colonies and other
hundreds of bird species.
Fig. 2. The natura 2000 and the Emerald networks
Source:http://www.ceeweb.org/work -areas/working -groups/natura -2000/resources/site -designation/
1.4.ShortHistory of Protected Areas in Romania
Protecting the environment in Romania began in the XIVcentury:5
1467 is the documentary year of the forest given by Mircea the Elder to the Cozia Monastery, the
forest is a reserved place that was first established approximately in the 14th century; in this place
no onewas allowed to carry out works for agricultural, forestry or hunting.
1904 appeared the first natural reserva tion inRomanian plains, which is: the secular forest
CoduraSlătioara.
5http://biodiversitate.mmediu.ro/romanian -biodiversity/despre -arii-protejate/tipuri -de-arii-protejate,
consultat la 19.05.2018
7The Carpathian Mountains on the Romanian territory are one of the most important
ecoregions on the global level, almost half of Europe's carnivorous population ( bears, wolves,
lynx) has these habi tats. Another very important region on the Romanian territory is the Danube
Delta, this being the most important wetland in Europe that houses pelican colonies and other
hundreds of bird species.
Fig. 2. The natura 2000 and the Emerald networks
Source:http://www.ceeweb.org/work -areas/working -groups/natura -2000/resources/site -designation/
1.4.ShortHistory of Protected Areas in Romania
Protecting the environment in Romania began in the XIVcentury:5
1467 is the documentary year of the forest given by Mircea the Elder to the Cozia Monastery, the
forest is a reserved place that was first established approximately in the 14th century; in this place
no onewas allowed to carry out works for agricultural, forestry or hunting.
1904 appeared the first natural reserva tion inRomanian plains, which is: the secular forest
CoduraSlătioara.
5http://biodiversitate.mmediu.ro/romanian -biodiversity/despre -arii-protejate/tipuri -de-arii-protejate,
consultat la 19.05.2018

81928-1944 represents the pioneering period of nature conservation and protected areas in
Romania. The first step was made in 1928 when the first naturalistic congress in Romania took
place in Cluj, where a decision on the drafting of the law on nature protection in Romania was
adopted at the proposal of EmilRacoviță.
1930-the first law for the protection of the "natural monuments" is adopted and the
Commission for the Protection of Natural Monuments -CMN is established within the Romanian
Academy.
1935-the first national pa rk, Retezat National Park, is established.
1938-the total number of protected areas amounts to 30.
1950-the Nature Conservation Decree was adopted and in 1954 the implementing
regulation was drawn up.
1965-the total number of protected areas reaches 130, with an area of approximately
75,000 ha, plus numerous forest reserves and an important forest area protected by the forestry
arrangement (about 64,000 ha in 1955 and over 190,300 ha in 1984 ).
1973-the first law on the protection of the environment is adopted.
1990-13 national parks are established in the forest fund.
1993-studies to set up national parks are being set up and ARBDD -Administration of
the Danube Delta Biosph ere Reserve .
1995-a new form of the Environmental Protection Act is adopted.
1999/2000 -the first 3 administrations of national and natural parks are set up for Retezat
National Park, Piatra Craiului National Park and VânătoriNeamț Natural Park. Their
establishment and management activities between 2000 and 2006 were supported by the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) through the World Bank through the Biodiversity Conservation
Management Project, co -funded by the Govern ment of Romania and the National Forest
Authority.
2000-Law 5 on the approval of the National Territory Planning Plan -Section III of the
Protected Areas, which presents for the first time in a normative act the list of protected areas of
national interest existing at that date.
2001-the first normative act of the protected areas and for the preservation of
biodiversity, OUG 236/2000 on the regime of natural protected areas, conservation of natural
habitats, wild flora and fauna , approved by Law 462/2001.

92002-the process of clarifying the limits for the protected areas existing at that time and
their materialization in the GIS started as part of the project which allowed the establishment of
the first administratio ns and the elaboration of the first law of the protected areas.
2003-Normative acts specific to the protected areas are adopted, which regulate their
limits, make particulars regarding the internal zoning and special management measures and
establish the procedure of entrusting the administration. These are theGovernment Decision 230,
Ministerial Order 552, Order of Minister 850.
2004-the conclusion of management contracts between the Ministry of Environment and
Water Management for 16 national and natural parks with the National Forest Administration –
Romsilva and the Ceahlău National Park with the Neamț County Council. 2005-GH no.1581
Gulf Defile of the National Park, 3 natural reserves and first bird protection area, Ciuas ului
Forest, totaling 11,324 ha.
2005 –giving in administration by the Ministry of Environment and Water Management
of the BuilaVânturarița National Park and 4 other natural parks of the National Fo restry
Directorate -Romsilva from the Geopar k of t he Dinosaurs Country of Hațeg from Bucharest
University and GeoparkMehedinți Plateau Mehedinți County Council and of the Lunca Natural
Park Lower Prut Lower Environmental Protection Agency Galati.
2006-for the first time, the establishm ent of the National Agency for Protected Areas is
under discussion.
2006-designation of the LuncaMuresului Natural Park as a RAMSAR site as wetland of
International Importance.
2007-special areas of avifaunistic importance (SPA ) are designated by GD no.1284 /
2007 regarding the declaration of the special protection areas of avifauna as an integral part of the
European ecological network Natura 2000 in Romania.
2007-Sites of Community Importance (SCI) ar e designated by Order of the Minister
No.1964 / 2007 on establishing the protected natural habitat regime of sites of Community
importance as an integral part of the European ecological network Natura 2000 in Romania.
2008-The National Agenc y for Protected Areas (ANAP) is established by Government
Decision. At the time of publication of this paper, ANAP is not yet operational. At the beginning
of 2007, Romania included approx. 8% of the country's surface in protected areas. Most of the

10surface is in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (560,000 ha), in the 13 national parks (315,000
ha) and 14 natural parks (756,000 ha).
1.5.Introductory notices on sites
Sites may be defined as terrestrial, aquatic or underground areas with a statutory
perimeter, with a special conservation and conservation regime, including various wild and wild
species, biogeographical, landscape, geological, paleontological, speleological elements and
formations or of any other nature of ecological, scientif ic or cultural value, having a special
protection and conservation regime established in accordance with certain legal provisions.
According to the Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian language, the site represents a
proper configuration of a given territory, preserved in its natural form, these are of two types:
Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) according to the Habitats Directive and Special Protection
Areas (SPAs) Birds.
The establishment of sites does not aim at strict protec tion by prohibiting human activity,
in some cases human activity in these protected areas has contributed to the survival of
habitatsand species, due in particular to traditional agricultural activities, which contributed to
good forest management, pasture s and meadows.6
1.2.Sites of Community Importance (SCI)
Sites of Community Importance (SCI ) are designated to protect biodiversity and maintain
theflora and wildlife. Their designation is carried out in accordance with the "Habitats" Directive
inseveral stages.
The first stage, carried out at national level on the assessment of habitats and species,
presents the analysis of the following aspects, for habitats a research is carried out on: the degree
of representativeness of each habitat in a site, the area on which the habitat compares with its
surface at national level, the conservation status of habitat structures and functions and the global
assessment of the importance of th at area; for species: determined the size and density of the
6Proiect:17609SMIS-CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța conservă rii
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2012, pag. 5

11populations of the species present in the respective area, the conservation status of the species
habitats and the overall assessment of the importance of the site for the conservation of the
species.7
When a SCI has been adopted, owne d by the state in which it is located, it must within six
years establish conservation measures for species and habitats to designate it as SAC. In
Romania, SCIs cover 16.76% of the country's surface (Fig.2), with a number of 383 SCIs being
approved at pre sent.
Fig. 3.Sites of Community Importance in Romania
Source:http://romaniaperpetua.ro/arii -protejate/
The second stage involves assessing the Community importance of the sites found in the
national lists, both at the level of the region and at EU level.8The sites identified in the first
7Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța conservă rii
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2013, pag. 8
8Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța conservă rii
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2013, pag. 8

12phase by the Member States will be designated sites of Community importance. The second stage
assessment is based on the following criteria: determin ation of the relative site value at national
level, geographic location of the site, number of habitats and species present, global and regional
biogeographic importance.
1.3.Special Protection Areas (SPA)
Fig. 4.Special Protection Areas in Romania
Source:http://romaniaperpetua.ro/arii -protejate/
Due to the negative impact of intensive agriculture, the use of pesticides and chemical
fertilizers, wetland deserts, water courses, hunting, are factors that have helped to establish nature

13protection methods. Established in 1979, the Birds Directive refe rs to birds living in natural
areas.9
Spa protection extends to nests and eggs of protected species, it is forbidden to capture,
possess or kill deliberately, disturb or sell birds. Species accepted for hunting may only be hunted
during certain periods of the year, and migratory birds are required to protect their habitats.
As the areas where birds live, there are other species of fauna and natural habitats of community
interest, most of them SPAs in Romania (Fig. 3) overlap with SCIs, and their management must
or an integrated one, taking into account the objectives of both categories of sites.
1.8.Birds Directive
Fig.5. Protected birds icluded in the Birds Directive
Source:https://ec.europa.eu/environment/efe/themes/nature -and-biodiversity/fitness -check-shows-eu-nature-laws-
are-fit-purpose_en
Member States designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in accordance w ith scientific
criteria such as "1% of the population of vulnerable species listed" or "wetlands of international
importance for migratory waterbirds". Although Member Stat es may choose the most appropriate
9Proiect:17609 SMIS -CSNRCampanie na țională de conștientizare privind importanța con servării
biodiversită ții prin Rețeaua Natura 2000 în Româ nia, Editor: Funda țiaCentrul NaționalpentruDezvoltare Durabilă,
2013, pag. 9

14criteria, they must ensure that all the "most suitable territories" are designated, both in number
and in the area. Site -specific data is transmitted to the Commission using standard data forms. Fig.
4 represent one of the protected birds icluded in the Birds Directive.
On the basis of the information provided by the Member States, the European
Commission determines ifdesignated sites are sufficient to form a coherent network for the
protection of these vulnera ble and migratory species. These sites become an integral part of the
Natura 2000 network.10
1.9.Habitats Directive
The choice of sites is based on the scientific criteria specified in the Directive in order to
ensure that the natural habitat types listed in Annex I of the Directive and the habitats of the
species listed in Annex II are maintained or restored to a favorable conservatio n status in their
natural range.
Fig.6. Protected habitats icluded in the Habitats Directive
Source:https://ec.europa.eu/environment/efe/themes/nature -and-biodiversity/fitness -check-shows-eu-nature-laws-
are-fit-purpose_en
10http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/sites/index_en.htm , consulat la 02.06.2018

15First, Member States carry out comprehensive assessments of each habitat type and of the species
present on their territory. They then submit lists of proposed sites of Community Importance
(SCI). Site -specific data is transmitted to the Commiss ion using standard Data Forms and must
include information such as site size and location as well as species and / or habitat types found
on this site that justify its selection.
On the basis of the proposals provided by the Member States, scie ntific seminars are
organized for each biogeographical region. With the support of the European Environment
Agency, these biogeographical expert seminars aim to determine whether each Member State has
proposed sufficient high quality sites.
Once the lists of sites of Community Importance (SIC) have been adopted, Member States
have to designate them as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) as soon as possible and no later
than six years. They should give priority to sites that are most threatened a nd / or most important
for conservation and take the necessary management or restoration measures to ensure favorable
conservation status of sites during this period.The Commission updates the Union lists of SCIs
each year to ensure that any new sites prop osed by the Member States have a legal status.11
11http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/sites/index_en.htm , consultat la 02.06.2018

162.The framerworkof realizingthe Natura 2000network
inSome șPlain
2.1.Declaration of a Natura 2000 site
The declaration of Natura 2000 sites can be done in two ways: single -stage or three -stage.
SpecialAvifaunistic Protection Areas (SPAs) can be declared in one step in correspondence with
the Birds Directive, declaring them and identifying them at national level, and then forwarding
them to the European Commission.12
The Special Areas of Conservation (SAC ) follow three stages with the purpose of
declaring them: it is determined by each State on the basis of certain common criteria through a
scientific evaluation, its species and habitats to be transmitted to the European Commission. In
the second phase, th e European Commission, together with states and scientific experts, approves
sites of Community importance for European biogeographical regions. Due to the fact that a
biogeographical region can spread across several countries, no administrative boundaries are
taken into account when declaring a site. In the third stage, the sites reach the second stage of
selection, it assumes that they are part of the Natura 2000 network. Member States have a period
of six years to confirm that they are Special Areas of C onservation (SAC).13
Are areas that can have a dual status, not only Special Areas of Conservation, but also
Special Areas of Avifaunistic Protection (SPA).14
2.2.Activities that are allowed in Natura 2000 sites
In the Natura 2000 sites, traditional agricultural activities such as: the cultivation of
organic products such as vegetables, fruits, dairy products, fruit juices, fishing and hunting
activities can be carried out on the sole condition that these activities do not harm the ecological
network. Agricultural land belonging to the Natura 2000 network shall be exploited in such a way
that it does not lead to the degrada tion or destruction of habitats of plant and animal species of
12https://natura2000.ro/declararea -unui-sit-natura-2000/, consultat la 07.06.2018
13Ibidem, consultat la 07.06.2018
14Ibidem, consultat la 07.06.2018

17Community interest. Site exploitation must be carried out in such a way as to meet certain criteria
such as:15
-breeding, nesting, resting and wintering periods,
-the wood is planted according to the habitat or species for which the site was declared as a
Natura 2000 site,
-constructions can be made from traditional mate rials according to the area architecture,
-enhanceecotourism
2.3.Restriction on Natura 2000 sites
Protected areas will not allow constructions and infrastructure that have harmful effects
on habitats and species for which the site has been d eclared a Natura 2000 site, exceptions can
only be made in two cases, namely: the first exception is to carry out work on human safety, and
the second exception is to carry out certain works for national security. The legislation in force
requires that the activities to be carried out within the Natura 2000 sites are subject to
environmental impact assessment processes in order not to affect the habitats or species in those
areas, but this assessment is not carried out for the activities daily.16
The property right is not affected by the fact that the area is declared a Natura 2000 site
and if there are annuity activities that owners, farmers or concessionaires can no longer carry out
in those areas, they will receive compensatory payments.
2.4.Conservation of biodiversity
According to the Convention on Biological Diversity which was adopted in Rio de
Janeiro in 1992, Biodiversity is defined as "the variability of living organisms of all origins,
understanding all terrestrial, marine ecosystems and other ecological ecosystems ecological
systems of which they are part. These include di versity across species and between species and
ecosystems. " Biodiversity is represented by the genes, microorganisms and ecosystems existing
on Earth.17
15https://natura2000.ro/ce -este-reteaua-natura-2000/, consultat la 11.06.2018
16Ibidem, consultat la 12.06.2018
17Mihai D. Cristea, Biodiversitatea, Editura Ceres, Bucure ști, 2006, pag. 16

18Biodiversity is the name given to the diversity of ecosystems (natural capital), species and
genes in the world or in a particular habitat. It is essential for human well -being, as it provides
services that support our economies and societies. Biodiversity is also crucial for ecosystem
services-services that nature provides -such as pollinatio n, climate regulation, flood protection,
soil fertility, and food, fuel, fiber and medicine production.18
However, we present a steady loss of biodiversity, which has profound consequences on
the natural world and on human welfare. The main caus es of this loss are changes to natural
habitats due to intensive farming systems; construction; careers; overexploitation of forests,
oceans, rivers, lakes and soils; invasive alien species; pollution and, increasingly, global climate
change. The huge role of biodiversity in the viability of our world and our lives makes its loss
even more disturbing.
High energy consumption per personand waste production means that our impact on
ecosystems extends far beyond our continent. The European lifesty le is largely based on the
import of resources and goods from all over the world, which often encourages the unsustainable
exploitation of natural resources outside Europe.19
Conservation of biodiversity is achieved through certain regulations, such as: without the
authorization of the authorities it is not allowed to burn vegetation, the hunting and collection of
the protected vegetation species is strictly forbidden, the use of mountain pastures is prohibited
without the administration of the p rotected area.
2.5.Purposes and objectives of the Natura 2000 network
Natura 2000 is not a system of strictly protected natural areas, it is a key element in
halting the decline of biodiversity by providing support for the development of socio -economic
systems, it offers the possibility to stimulate rural development in the context of Romania's
integration into the European Union, durable.20The aim of the network is to establish a coherent
European network comprising a representative sample o f wild species and natural habitats of
Community interest in order to ensure their long -term viability as support systems for the socio –
economic development.
18http://biodiversitate.mmediu.ro/romanian -biodiversity/despre -biodiversitate, consultat la 12.06.2018
19http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/index_en.htm , consultat la 15.06.2018
20http://www.anpm.ro/anpm_resources/migrated_content/uploads/5149_prezentare_reteaua_natura2000.pdf
, consultat la 16.06.2018

19The objectives of the Natura 2000 ecological network are first and foremost the long -term
conservation of natural species and habitats of Community interest and, where appropriate, the
restoration of favorable conservation status. Many of the Natura 2000 sites exist precisely
because of how they have been farmed so far and it is important t hat most of these activities
continue in the future for species / habitat maintenance.21
2.6. Advantages and opportunities
Romania has a great variety of landscapes both in terms of geographic characteristics and
cultural characteristics, but due to the economic and social changes in recent years have had
direct consequences on agricultural, forestry and other activities in rural areas, with the effect of
changing the traditional landscape.
At European Union level, the sustainable u se of natural resources and their conservation
imply specific measures for wild species, including the establishment and management of the
network. Concerning agri -biodiversity, Romania is one of the few European countries where
traditional agro -systems ar e significant reservoirs of genetic diversity of crop plants and animals
that have been preserved at the place of training and development.22
Maintaining species diversity and genetic diversity at the level of individual households is
one of the key elements for sustainable agriculture. Regarding the relationship between forests
and biodiversity management, Romania is one of the few European countries that still have virgin
forests-about 300,000 ha, mostly present in the mountainous area.
2.7.Management measures of the Natura 2000 ecosystem
Management measures taken for agricultural areas: leaving uncultivated and non –
fertilized land strips at the edge of agricultural land or along rivers, land that can serve as a haven
for small mammals, the practice of mowing, to protect the species of wild flowers, the gradual
ban on pesticides and fertilizers, avoiding plowing or harvesting in times when some species
grow their babys, rotation of cultures, no intervention on stubble, the remo val of large areas of
the crop and compensation for their owners.
21http://www.anpm.ro/a npm_resources/migrated_content/uploads/5149_prezentare_reteaua_natura2000.pdf
, consultat la 16.06.2018
22Ibidem, consultat la 16.06.2018

20Appropriate management measures for forests are the following: leaving wood dead in the
forest as ha bitat for some species of birds, maintaining the health of the ecosystems of th e ponds
by avoiding oil leakage during forest operations or non -regulatory waste disposal, maintaining
the productive functions of the forest, preserving and expanding biological diversity in the forest
ecosystem, improving protection and forest management .
Soil protection and its management is achieved through the imposition of standards such
as: banning agricultural land for non -agricultural purposes without the consent of the inspection
staff, any soil pollution should be reported, prohibitin g the use of untreated waste water,
prohibiting the storage of waste, soil used without affecting it negative way.

213.Case study: Analysis of Natura 2000 sites in Someș Plain
3.1Introduction
In the following case study we conducted a survey of Natura 2000 sites and nature
reserves in Somes Plain, mainly with regard to their location, size, access routes, custody, SCIs
and SPAs.
On the territory under consideration, the plain of northwestern Romania, which is part of
the Western Plai n, Someș Plain, has two types of site, namely: Sites of Community Importance
(SCI), as well a special avifaunistic protection area(SPA). The sites in the Somes Plain were
declared as sites in 2007, the year of joining the European Union. The Site of Community
Importance (SCI) was declared by Ord. 1964/2007, and the special avifaunistic protection area
(SPA) was declared by H.G . Nr. 1284/2007.
Some fields are included in the Somes Plain, inc luding the following sites: Ierului Plain, Nirului
Plain,Ieruluivaley, Careiui Plain, Tur Lower Plain (Fig.8.).
3.2. Some ș Plain
The Someș Plain (Fig.7.)has an area of 3600 km² , it islocated in northwestern Romania
located in the north of the Western Plain. The boundaries of the Somes Plain are the following: in
the west and northwest the boundaries of the Somes Plain are the border with Hungary
respectively Ukraine; in the sou th it is limited by the Crișuri lorPlain through the localities
Urziceni, Carei, Cău aș and Țășnad, to the east are the Oas Mountains and the Silvani ei
Hills,Seini, Pomi, Crucișor, Sâi, Tătărăști, Viile Satu Mare, Ardud, Rătești, Beltiug, Săcășeni and
Tășnad, in the north Oașului Hills, marked by the localities: Halmeu Vii, Turnulung Vii, Prilog
Vii, Medieș Vii, Orașu l Nou Vii, Racșa Vii, Seini.
Relief of the Somes Plain is made up of two relief steps, namely: high plains and low
plains. The aver age altitude is about 130 m at Sai, the maximum altitude is 171 m at the
mountain, and the minimum is 105 m in the Ierului Plain. The high plains are represented by
Ardud Plain, Tășnad Plain, Sălacea -Roșiori Plain, these have an altitude of 130 to 170 m. T he
low plains are: Someș Plain, Carei Plain and Ierului Plain. These are subsistence fields that do not
exceed 130 m, with a smooth relief with low slopes.

22Fig. 7. Image from the Câmpia Some șului (Some șPlain)
Source:http://romaniaperpetua.ro/arii -protejate/
Fig. 8.Câmpia Some șului (Somes Plain)
Source:http://romaniaperpetua.ro

23The waters of the Somes Plain fall into two categories: surface waters and groundwater.
Surface waters are the main river collector of the Somes river, being part of the Someș -Tisa
hydrographic system. The main flowing waters are: Someș, Tur, Homorod, Crasna and Ier. There
are also la kes of accumulation and water retention: Călinești -Oaș built on the river Tur, Andrid,
Vasad, Galospetru and Șimian on Ier, Medișa and Hodișa on Homorod.Underground waters can
be divided into two categories: deep water and groundwater. Deep waters are high ly mineralized
with depths ranging from 4 m to 25 m. Thermomineral waters with a depth of more than 2000 m
can be found, with a slight mineralization, the temperature being between 50 ° C and 80 ° C at
the surface, and at a depth of 120 ° -140 ° C. Groundw ater is present in low plains, creating
marshy and floodable regions.
The Somes Plain overlaps over a crystalline -mesozoiccarpathian -panonicbase.It has
majorcarpato and panonic fractures and occurs in the form of submerged blocks ranging fr om
1500 m in the east to 3000 m in the west (the horst and grab system).In the West Hills region,
these horrors appear on the surface as assemblages made of hard rocks (Carpathian crystalline).
A series of deposits with different thicknesses ha ve accumulated over this foundation (in
the grabbing region the thickness is higher than in the horticultural region): clays, conglomerates,
sandstones, marne; the thickest deposits are those during the mio -pliocene (over 1000 m thick).
They include inte rsections of sand and volcanic tuffs (reflecting successive eruptive activity in
the nearby volcanic mountains -the northern group of the Eastern Carpathians).
3.3.Ierului Plain -Site code ROSCI0021
TheIeruluiPlain has a total area of approximat ely 21,785.0 ha. It is located on the
territory of two counties (Fig.9.): Bihor County, where the total area of the plain is 64% and the
county of Satu Mare, whose territory is 36% of the plain.The area was declared a site of
community importance through t he Order of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable
Development No. 1964 of 13 December 2007 (establishing the protected natural habitat regime
of sites of Community importance as an integral part of the Natura 2000 European ecological

24network in Roman ia).23Access roads are: DN19 National Road on the route Oradea -Biharia-
Tamasheu -Roșiori-Ianca-Diosig-Săcuieni-Tarcea.
The IeruluiPlain is a site of Community Importance (SCI) designated to protect
biodiversity and preserve a favorable conservation status of spontaneous flora and fauna, as well
as natural habitats of community interest within the protected area of the plain.
Its geographic coordinates are: 47 ° 17 ' -47 ° 38' north latitude and 21 ° 54' -22 ° 43 'eastern
longitude. It is bordered by the Crasne iPlain to the east and the northeast, the Carei Plain to the
northwest, the Nir ului Plain to the West, the Santaului Plain, an d the Sălacea Hills to the east, but
the great morphological and morphometric similarity with the neighboring units makes its net
geographical demarcation difficult.24
Fig.9.Câmpia Ierului( Ierului Plain )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa .eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7
TheIerului Plainwas formed over time on the territory of a tectonic groove, but after
some landslides in 1968 and 1980, the region gained another aspect, on the site of marshes and
23https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/geytknjyge/ordinul -nr-1964-2007-privind-instituirea -regimului -de-arie-naturala-
protejata-a-siturilor-de-important a-comunitara -ca-parte-integranta -a-retelei-ecologice -europene-natura-2000-in-
romania
24http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7
24network in Roman ia).23Access roads are: DN19 National Road on the route Oradea -Biharia-
Tamasheu -Roșiori-Ianca-Diosig-Săcuieni-Tarcea.
The IeruluiPlain is a site of Community Importance (SCI) designated to protect
biodiversity and preserve a favorable conservation status of spontaneous flora and fauna, as well
as natural habitats of community interest within the protected area of the plain.
Its geographic coordinates are: 47 ° 17 ' -47 ° 38' north latitude and 21 ° 54' -22 ° 43 'eastern
longitude. It is bordered by the Crasne iPlain to the east and the northeast, the Carei Plain to the
northwest, the Nir ului Plain to the West, the Santaului Plain, an d the Sălacea Hills to the east, but
the great morphological and morphometric similarity with the neighboring units makes its net
geographical demarcation difficult.24
Fig.9.Câmpia Ierului( Ierului Plain )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa .eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7
TheIerului Plainwas formed over time on the territory of a tectonic groove, but after
some landslides in 1968 and 1980, the region gained another aspect, on the site of marshes and
23https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/geytknjyge/ordinul -nr-1964-2007-privind-instituirea -regimului -de-arie-naturala-
protejata-a-siturilor-de-important a-comunitara -ca-parte-integranta -a-retelei-ecologice -europene-natura-2000-in-
romania
24http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7
24network in Roman ia).23Access roads are: DN19 National Road on the route Oradea -Biharia-
Tamasheu -Roșiori-Ianca-Diosig-Săcuieni-Tarcea.
The IeruluiPlain is a site of Community Importance (SCI) designated to protect
biodiversity and preserve a favorable conservation status of spontaneous flora and fauna, as well
as natural habitats of community interest within the protected area of the plain.
Its geographic coordinates are: 47 ° 17 ' -47 ° 38' north latitude and 21 ° 54' -22 ° 43 'eastern
longitude. It is bordered by the Crasne iPlain to the east and the northeast, the Carei Plain to the
northwest, the Nir ului Plain to the West, the Santaului Plain, an d the Sălacea Hills to the east, but
the great morphological and morphometric similarity with the neighboring units makes its net
geographical demarcation difficult.24
Fig.9.Câmpia Ierului( Ierului Plain )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa .eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7
TheIerului Plainwas formed over time on the territory of a tectonic groove, but after
some landslides in 1968 and 1980, the region gained another aspect, on the site of marshes and
23https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/geytknjyge/ordinul -nr-1964-2007-privind-instituirea -regimului -de-arie-naturala-
protejata-a-siturilor-de-important a-comunitara -ca-parte-integranta -a-retelei-ecologice -europene-natura-2000-in-
romania
24http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7

25ponds formerly lands for agricultural exploitation.25As a result of these changes was the radicular
modification of the flora and fauna of the region, nowadays this ecosystem is only present in
some areas such as: the Vargat lake from Săcuieni, the Dindeșt i marsh, the Hotoan salvation, the
marsh from the Sălăcea -Galoșpetru -Tarcea area, Lake Fazan, the Diosig alderlands , theswamp
from Andrid .
TheIerului Valley (Fig.6.)possesses remnants of the former marshlands, within it there are
numerous natu ral and semi -natural habitats: meadows, shrubs, pastures, deciduous forests,
numerous arable lands, reservoirs, ponds, marshlands
There are 6 habitats of community interest: "peri -panonic sub -continental hedges" and
"panonic steppe grasslands", 2 species of mafias: Lutra and Spermophyluscitellus, 4 species of
amphibians and reptiles: Bombi na, B. variegata, Trituruscristatus and Emys orbicularis, 5 species
of fish: Cobitistaenia, Gobioalpinnatus, Misgurnusfossilis, Rhodeussericeusamarus, Umbra
krameri, 4 insect species: Coliasmyrmidone, Euphr ydiasmaturna, Leptideamorsei, Lycaena
disappear, Aldrovandavesiculosa, Carex acute, Cirsiumbrachycephalum, Eleochariscarnicola,
Marsileaquadrifolia there are part of community conservative interest.
Tabel 1.Me ntioned species on 4 articol from Directiva 2009/147/CE,from Ierului Plain
Nr.
crt.CodeAmphibians Code Fish CodePlants CodeReptiles
1.2361Bufo bufo -Carassius
carassius2059Salvinia
natans1283Cornella
austriaca
2.1201Bufo viridis -Lota lota -Stratiotes
aloides1261Lacerta
agilis
3.1203Hyla arborea -Cobitistaeni
a-Aldrovandav
esiculosa1263Lacerta
viridis
4.1214Rana arvalis -Gobioalpinn
atus-Carexacuta 2469Natrix
natrix
5.2357Triturus
vulgaris-Misgurnusfo
ssilis-Eleochariscar
nicola-Trituruscri
status
25http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0021#7

26Fig. 10.Câmpia Ierului ( Ierului Plain )
Source:http://biodiversitate.mmediu.ro/photos/campia -careiului
The site was proposed by CarpatinArdelean Society Satu Mare (EKE). In the county of
Satu Mare, the Polder from Andrid (706 ha: 340,76 ha of arable land, 61,58 ha of meadows,
215,86 ha of pasture land and 87,78 ha of non -agricultural property -public and private property)
and PiruNou Mine (250 ha -private property) are being proposed as protected areas of county
interest.
3.4.Nirului Plain -IeruluiValey -Site code ROSPA0016
The Nirului -Ierului Plain has a total area of approximately 38,335.15 ha. It is located in
theterritory of two counties (Fig.11.): Bihor County, where the total area of the plain is 39.6%
and the county of Satu Mare, whose territory is 60.4% of the plain.26Access roads are: DN19
National Road on the route Oradea -Biharia-Tamasheu -Roșiori-Ianca-Diosig-Săcuieni –
Tarcea.
26http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSPA0016

27Fig.11.Câmpia Nirului -Valea Ierului (Nirului Plain -Ierului Valey )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSPA0016
The sands of the Nirului Plain extend along the north -western border of Romania, holding
one third of the total area of the sands in our country. This geomorphologic unit is si tuated in the
western part of the Satu Mare and Bihorcounties.To the north it is bordered by the Ecedea Plain,
to the west of Carei Plain, to the south of Ierul Valley and to the west of Romania's border with
Hungary.At the edge of the Nirului P lain, there are a number of localities, some of which have
the center at a short distance from the periphery of the sands or even onthese: Urziceni, Urziceni –
Pădure, Foieni, Ciumești, Sanislău, Pișcolt, Resighea, Curtuiuseni, ValealuiMihai and
Șimian.Within the NiruluiPlain are located the localities: Viișoara, Horea, ScărișoaraNouă and
Voivozi.
The relief of the Nirului Plain is characterized by the presence of sand dunes, alternating
with low interdunar land, somewhere waxed (Fig.12.).The hydrographic n etwork is centrifugal
and inconsistent.The main watercourses are: Berea brooks, Black valley, Horea, Ganaș and
Mouca.On the territory of the sand there are also some lakes and ponds, but with limited areas:
Șimian (artificial), Resighea, Urziceni, Foieni, Sanislău and ScărișoaraNouă.Among the most
extensive marshes are: Sanislau (Vermeș, 80 ha), Ciumești, Urziceni, Foieni, ScărișoaraNouă and
Curtuiuseni.
27Fig.11.Câmpia Nirului -Valea Ierului (Nirului Plain -Ierului Valey )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSPA0016
The sands of the Nirului Plain extend along the north -western border of Romania, holding
one third of the total area of the sands in our country. This geomorphologic unit is si tuated in the
western part of the Satu Mare and Bihorcounties.To the north it is bordered by the Ecedea Plain,
to the west of Carei Plain, to the south of Ierul Valley and to the west of Romania's border with
Hungary.At the edge of the Nirului P lain, there are a number of localities, some of which have
the center at a short distance from the periphery of the sands or even onthese: Urziceni, Urziceni –
Pădure, Foieni, Ciumești, Sanislău, Pișcolt, Resighea, Curtuiuseni, ValealuiMihai and
Șimian.Within the NiruluiPlain are located the localities: Viișoara, Horea, ScărișoaraNouă and
Voivozi.
The relief of the Nirului Plain is characterized by the presence of sand dunes, alternating
with low interdunar land, somewhere waxed (Fig.12.).The hydrographic n etwork is centrifugal
and inconsistent.The main watercourses are: Berea brooks, Black valley, Horea, Ganaș and
Mouca.On the territory of the sand there are also some lakes and ponds, but with limited areas:
Șimian (artificial), Resighea, Urziceni, Foieni, Sanislău and ScărișoaraNouă.Among the most
extensive marshes are: Sanislau (Vermeș, 80 ha), Ciumești, Urziceni, Foieni, ScărișoaraNouă and
Curtuiuseni.
27Fig.11.Câmpia Nirului -Valea Ierului (Nirului Plain -Ierului Valey )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSPA0016
The sands of the Nirului Plain extend along the north -western border of Romania, holding
one third of the total area of the sands in our country. This geomorphologic unit is si tuated in the
western part of the Satu Mare and Bihorcounties.To the north it is bordered by the Ecedea Plain,
to the west of Carei Plain, to the south of Ierul Valley and to the west of Romania's border with
Hungary.At the edge of the Nirului P lain, there are a number of localities, some of which have
the center at a short distance from the periphery of the sands or even onthese: Urziceni, Urziceni –
Pădure, Foieni, Ciumești, Sanislău, Pișcolt, Resighea, Curtuiuseni, ValealuiMihai and
Șimian.Within the NiruluiPlain are located the localities: Viișoara, Horea, ScărișoaraNouă and
Voivozi.
The relief of the Nirului Plain is characterized by the presence of sand dunes, alternating
with low interdunar land, somewhere waxed (Fig.12.).The hydrographic n etwork is centrifugal
and inconsistent.The main watercourses are: Berea brooks, Black valley, Horea, Ganaș and
Mouca.On the territory of the sand there are also some lakes and ponds, but with limited areas:
Șimian (artificial), Resighea, Urziceni, Foieni, Sanislău and ScărișoaraNouă.Among the most
extensive marshes are: Sanislau (Vermeș, 80 ha), Ciumești, Urziceni, Foieni, ScărișoaraNouă and
Curtuiuseni.

28NiruluiPlainincludes 5 separate sites: Nirului Plain, starting from Șimian (S) to Urziceni
(N), including oak forests (Foeni, Urziceni) and acacia plantations, sand dunes (Șimian,
Curtuișeni, ScărișoaraNouă,Urziceni), interdunar marshes (ScărișoaraNouă, Sanislău), pastures
on sandy soil (Șimian, Sanislău, Urziceni).ValeaIerului: Accumulation of Albiș, MoftinuMic
Fishing, Lake Cicoș and the Oaks Forest from Sacuieni.
The Plain of Nirului -Ierului is characterized by a variety of semi -natural habitats,
meadows, pastures, hedges, extensive arable land, deciduous forests, reservoirs, ponds .Three
species of global conservative interest can be found here, of which Dumbraveanca and Vanturelul
falcons nest in the clusters of trees on the pasture.
In the sandy areas of the Nir uluiPlain, we find the only significant population of the bird
of the western Romania.The wetlands included in the site host major species of three species
(erete de stuf,starcrosu,buhai de balta ), and two others depend on the existence of wetlands and
meadows -surreal erects and white storks.The area is extrem ely important for the White Stork
population, which is probably the largest in the country.27
Fig.12.Câmpia Nirului (Nirului Plane -Ierului Valey )
Source:http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7104
27http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109

29Tabel2.Mentioned species at article 4 from Directica 2009/147/CE from Nisului Plain -Ierului
Valey
Nr.
crt.Code Birds
1.A054 Anas acuta
2.A021 Botaurus stellaris
3.A031 Ciconia ciconia
4.A236 Dryocopus martius
5.A026 Egretta garzetta
6.A099 Falco subbuteo
7.A182 Larus canus
8.A214 Octus scops
9.A234 Picus canus
10.A162 Tringa totanus
3.4.Careiului plane -Site code ROSPA0016
The Carei Plain is a site of Community importance (SCI) designated to protect
biodiversity and maintain a favorable conservation status of wild flora and fauna as well as
habitats of community interest within the protected area, area with a total ofapproximately
23,630.81 ha, it is situated in t he territory of two counties: Bihor County, where the total area of
the plain is 38% and the county of Satu Mare, whose territory is 62% of the plain
(Fig.13.).Access roads are: DN19 National Road on the route Oradea -Biharia-Tamaseu-
Roșiori-Ianca-Diosig-Săcuieni-Tarcea.
The area was declared a site of community importance through the Order of the Ministry
of Environment and Sustainable Development No. 1964 of 13 December 2007 (establishing the
protected natural habitat regime of si tes of Community importance as an integral part of the
Natura 2000 European ecological network in Romania).28The protected area overlaps mostly
28https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/geytknjyge/ordinul -nr-1964-2007-privind-instituirea -regimului -de-arie-naturala-
protejata-a-siturilor-de-importanta -comunitara -ca-parte-integranta -a-retelei-ecologice -europene-natura-2000-in-
romania

30with theIeruluiPlain and includes the natural rese rves: Foieni Sand Dunes, VermusSwamp and
Urziceni Forest.
Fig.13.Câmpia Careiului (Careiului Plain )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0020
Fig.14.Câmpia Careiului (Careiului Plain )-image
Source:http://campiacareiului.ro/media.html
30with theIeruluiPlain and includes the natural rese rves: Foieni Sand Dunes, VermusSwamp and
Urziceni Forest.
Fig.13.Câmpia Careiului (Careiului Plain )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0020
Fig.14.Câmpia Careiului (Careiului Plain )-image
Source:http://campiacareiului.ro/media.html
30with theIeruluiPlain and includes the natural rese rves: Foieni Sand Dunes, VermusSwamp and
Urziceni Forest.
Fig.13.Câmpia Careiului (Careiului Plain )-localization
Source:http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=ROSCI0020
Fig.14.Câmpia Careiului (Careiului Plain )-image
Source:http://campiacareiului.ro/media.html

31TheCareiului Plainsite, on an area of approximately 14,000 ha, hosts a number of 10
natural habitat types whose conservation requires th e declaration of special areas of
conservation.In these habitats a number of 32 plant associations important from the
phytosociological point of view were identified.
Table 3. SCI fromCareiului Plane ROSPA0016
Nr. crt. Where the sites are located Sitarea Total area
1. Ciume ști 59,0 65,50
2. Foieni 52,0 40,37
3. Pișcolt 52,0 73,00
4. Sanislău 67,0 74,82
5. Urziceni 46,0 32,30
Total 276,0 285,99
Fig. 3. The area of sites of community importance in Careiului Plain
01020304050607080
Urziceni Sanislău
31TheCareiului Plainsite, on an area of approximately 14,000 ha, hosts a number of 10
natural habitat types whose conservation requires th e declaration of special areas of
conservation.In these habitats a number of 32 plant associations important from the
phytosociological point of view were identified.
Table 3. SCI fromCareiului Plane ROSPA0016
Nr. crt. Where the sites are located Sitarea Total area
1. Ciume ști 59,0 65,50
2. Foieni 52,0 40,37
3. Pișcolt 52,0 73,00
4. Sanislău 67,0 74,82
5. Urziceni 46,0 32,30
Total 276,0 285,99
Fig. 3. The area of sites of community importance in Careiului Plain
Sanislău Pișcolt Foieni Ciumeștisite area
total area
31TheCareiului Plainsite, on an area of approximately 14,000 ha, hosts a number of 10
natural habitat types whose conservation requires th e declaration of special areas of
conservation.In these habitats a number of 32 plant associations important from the
phytosociological point of view were identified.
Table 3. SCI fromCareiului Plane ROSPA0016
Nr. crt. Where the sites are located Sitarea Total area
1. Ciume ști 59,0 65,50
2. Foieni 52,0 40,37
3. Pișcolt 52,0 73,00
4. Sanislău 67,0 74,82
5. Urziceni 46,0 32,30
Total 276,0 285,99
Fig. 3. The area of sites of community importance in Careiului Plainsite area
total area

32Tabel 4.Species mentioned on the article 4 from Directiva 2009/147 /CE,from Careiului Plain
Nr.
crt.Group Code Species Cod
eSpecies Cod
eSpecies
1.
Amphibia
ns1188Bombinabo
mbina116
6Trituruscristatus 199
3Triturusdobrogicus
2.
Fish1149Cobitistaenia 114
5Misgurnusfossilis 201
1Umbra crameri
3.
Invertebra
tes1083Lucanuscerv
us106
0Lycaenadispar 405
2Odontopodismarub
ripes
4.
Mammals1335Spermophilu
scitellus- –
5.
Plants4068Adenophoral
ilifolia151
6Aldrovandavesic
ulosa161
7Angelica palustris
6.
Reptiles1220 Emys
orbicularis- –
A number of 843 species of cormorants and animals have been identified. In addition, 41
species are strictly protected by European legislation, and 77 species are strictly protected by
national legislation
Careiului Plain site(Fig.15.) is aspecial importance for amphibian species, 19 species
live in Romania, and 13 species in the Careia Plain, 9 of which are strictly protected.Their
populations are well represented wetlands (swamps), which have large areas here, offering

33optimal conditions for these categories of living. Populations of amphibian species are extremely
numerous.
Fig.15.(Câmpia Careiului) Careiului Plain
Source: http://campiacareiului.ro/specii -protejate.html
A number of 32 species of birds, out of the 151 identified, require the declaration of
special areas of conservation. Besides these, another 82 species are strictly protected by law.
Extensive forest areas as well as swampy areas offer optimal living condi tions (food and
shelter).29
Although on the surface of the site only 8 plant species are strictly protected from the 240
identified, we consider this site to be particularly important from botanical and phytogeographical
point of view, for phyto coenoses on sands that are extremely rare in Romania.
The limitation to the south of the site at the border of Satu Mare County was made taking
into account that, to the south, natural phytocoenoses were replaced mostly by agricultural crops
and acacia forests, which led to a drastic reduction of biodiversity.
29http://campiacareiului.ro/specii -protejate.html

34Tabel 5.Natural areas protected by national interest in Satu Mare County
Nr.
crt. Name Type Surface(ha)The act of
regulationThe conservation
status
1.
Sand dunes of Foieni botanical 10,0HCJ nr.4/1995
Legea
nr.5/2000
(cod 2.677)good
2.
Vermes Swamp botanical 10,0HCJ nr.4/1995
Legea
nr.5/2000
(cod 2.679)decreasing the
groundwater level
due to drainage
channels
3.
Urziceni Forest botanical-
forest38,0HCJ nr.4/1995
Legea
nr.5/2000
(cod 2.676)decreasing the
groundwater level
due to drainage
channels
4.ValeaRece
Hydrographic
complexbotanical 2,0HCJ
nr.19/1995
Legea
nr.5/2000good
Total surface 60,0
3.5.Natural Reserve -Foieni –Sand Dunes
Foieni Sand (Fig.16.) dunes are on important national interest, protected by Law no.
5/2000 regarding the approval of the National Territory Arrangement Plan -Section III –
protected areas, code 2.677, botanical reservation with an area of 10. 0 ha. She is in custody of the
Freies Europa Weltanschauung Foundation.30
30http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109

35The sand dunes near Foieni are located in the Nirului Plain, which is an integral part of the
Western Plain. The sand of the Nirului Plain comes from alluvial material depo sited by the Tisa,
Somes and Crasna rivers. Later the relief was modeled by winds. The dunes combine an
impressive number of southern, Mediterranean, Atlantic and Pontic elements. The non -cohesive
sands forming the dune body are fixed by intravascular ther mophilic vegetation (Festucavaginata
and Corynephoruscanescens).
Elements rarely found in the country's flora and found in this area are: Minuartiaviscoza,
Spargulapentandra, Dianthus gigantiformis, Polygonumarenarium, Pulsatillapratensis sp.
hungary, Leontumsaxatili. A tourist attraction is the sand cave where the priory (Meropsapiaster),
the unique bird species at regional level, is one of the most colorful birds in Europe.
Fig. 16.Foieni Sand dunes
Source:http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109

363.6.Natural reserve -Verme șSwamp
Vermes Swamp is a national importance, established by Law no. 5/2000 regarding the
approval of the National Te rritory Arrangement Plan -Section III -protected areas, code 2.679,
botanical reservation. It has an area of 10.0 ha, being in custody of the Freies Europa
Weltanschauung Foundation.31
VermeșSwamp(Fig.17.) is an eutrophic marsh created in th eintersection area of the
NiruluiPlain, which represents the northern part of the Wes tern Plain of the country. Nirului
Plain, located on the south -western edge of the county, is represented by the sandy relief, shaped
from the upper pleistocene. Swamps a re breeding places of the protected species Ranaarva lis.
The wetlands of Bobald was amoung the only places in Romania where the common snout
(Gallinagogallinago) and the (Limosalimosa) are present .
Fig.17.(Mla știna Vermeș) Vermes Swamp
Source:http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109
Swamps are breeding places of the protected species Ranaarvalis. Although a 45 -haarea
of the Vermeș Swamp was declared a natural reserve, in the 1980s two canals were drained here
that drained the wetland. As a result, the wet area has considerably narrowed, currently having
about 10 ha.
31http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109

37At present this area has a vegetation fragment that still retains the original floral dowry
and the authenticity of the vegetation structure. Its special significance lies in the fact that the
marsh preserves some glacial relics: Calamagrostisneglecta, C. canescens, Carexappropinquata.
The VermesWamp marriage also shelters some rare species in the country's flora:
Aldrovandavesiculosa, Euphorbia lucida, Hypericumtetrapterum, Taraxacumpalustrae,
Silenemultiflora, Hottoniapalustris.
From the flora of the marsh, 150 species were recorded; the general floral background is
given by Eurasian elements (60 species), representing 40% and European (36 species),
representing 24.6%. The presence of circumpolar and boreal sp ecies is significantly significant in
the planting of phytocenoses (30 species), representing 20%.From this last category we mention:
Carexpseudocyperus, C. vesicaria, Galiumpalustre, Glyceriafluitans, G. plicata, Veronica
scutellata.
3.7.Natural Reserve -Urziceni Forest
Urziceni Forest (Fig.18) is annational importance, established by Law no. 5/2000
regarding the approval of the National Territory Arrangement Plan -Section III -Protected
Areas, Code 2676, Forest Reserve. The relief has an altitu de of 125 m, the area is 38 ha, being in
custody of the Freies Europa Weltanschauung Foundation.32
This resort actually havethe surface of the past of Ecedea Swamp . The forest is locat ed on
the outskirts of the Nirului Plain, stretching over an area of approximately 38 ha. From a
geomorphologic point of view, the production unit is situated in the plain area of t he Tisa-the
plain of the Nirului Plain, the plains and the geosynclinal plains on alluvial and alluvial fluvial –
lacquer beds, covered with poorly fragmented dunes (wind deposits) and with micro -alluvial
shells and alluvial plains with shallow valleys, deserted whales and buried terraces.
This excess moisture forest is home to a remarkable flora, with a vegetation of over 15 0
plant species grouped in three associations, the most common being Fraxineto -UlmetumSoo. The
type of forest is: 6221 -Stejareto -normally flattened by the plain. By the provisions of the
forestry arrangement, the respective stands are included in functi onal group I (forests with special
protection functions), subgroup 1 -5 (forests of scientific interest and protection of the eco -fund
and forest genofond).
32http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109

38Among the special species for this reserve, it is noted that Hottoniapalustris L identif ied
in the waters of the brook passing through the forest, Trolliuseuropaueus L (glacial relict) in this
type of forest reaches one of the northernmost Romania, Leucojumaestivum, Galanthusnivalis,
Urticakiovensis etc. The forest harbors a significant colon y of gray hawthorn (Ardeacinerea) and
among other species of nesting birds we mention the black stork (Ciconianigra) and the
wilderness (Pernisapivorus) very rare species and protected throughout Europe.
Fig.18.(Pădurea Urziceni) Urziceni Forest
Source:http://apmsm -old.anpm.ro/pages/printeaza/7109
The forest has an Arum -Pulmonaria flora. The forest of Frasini consists mainly of pure
ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinusangustifolia), in the tree -like layer of oak (Quercusrobur)
located in brighter and better drained places, the ulmus of the field (Ulmus minor ), Euramerican
Poplar (Populuscanadensis), White Poplar (Populus alba), Black Poplar (Populusnigra) black
alnus (Alnusglutinosa). In the shade of the forest in the bushy and sub -abrasive layer at the edge
of the forest, we can see the horsetail (Corylusavellana), Cornus mas, (Ligustrumvulgare )L,
Black Sambucusnigra L, Crategusmonogyna, (Staphyleapinnata ) and wild vines (Vitissylvestris)
etc. The herbaceous layer is very diversified due to the alternation of the surfaces weighed with

39saline soils. Viola silvestris, Violet Scillabifolia, Cynoglossumofficinale, Polygonatumlatifolium,
Convallariamajalis, Liliumma rtagon and others.
3.8.Site of Community Importance -ValeaRece hydrographic complex
The ValeaRece (Fig.19.) hydrographical complex is declared a protected natural area of
national interest, by Decision no. 251, the status being recognized by HCJ no. 19/1995 according
to Law no. 5/2000. It is part of a much wider area of protection, being included in the Natura
2000 Natura Plain -Ierul Valley (ROSPA0016) and in the Natura 2000 Ierului Plainsite (Natura
2000: ROSCI0021).33
The ValeaRece natural protected area is located on the territory of Sălacea commune,
occupying a surface of 2 ha, constituting a r emnant of the old marshes occupying a m uch wider
area of the plain of Ierului Plain . The protected natural area is a habitat characterized by a wide
variety of flora and fauna, primarily aquatic, some of which are relict species. The protected
natural area is part of a much wider area of protection, being included in the Natura 2000 site of
theNirului Plain -IeruluiValey(ROSPA0016) and in the Natura 2000 IeruluiPlainsite (Natura
2000: ROSCI0021).
Fig.19.Valea Rece Hydrographic Complex
Source:http://geobihor.blogspot.com/2013/11/destinatii -bihorene-salacea.html
33http://bhb -areas.com/index.php?s=6&lang=ro&id_arii=4&a=2

40Among the typical h abitats are the alkaline swamps , the remains of the Euro -Siberian
forests with oak forests, somewhat intermittently, the meadows developed on the sands with
Corynephoruscanescens, which form associations of the type Festucovaginatae –
Corynephoretum, the sands covered by the herons (Pulsatillapratensis ssp. hungarica),
Molinioncoeruleae and elm (Fraxino -Ulmetum) forests. Among the plant species found on the
Natura 2000 site can be mentioned here Cirsiumbrachycephalum and a rare specie (Iris humilis
ssp. Arenaria).
Among the butterfly species, the red moth butterfly (Lycaenadispar), Euphydryasmaturna
and Maculineateleius appear, and among the species of protected fish are the Misgurnusfossilis,
the Cobitistaenia and the Umbra krameri.
Among the amphibians are the species: the Triturusdobrogicus, the Bomb inabombina,
the Pelobatesfuscus, and the turtle (Emys orbicularis).
Here are some rare bird species nesting here, such as Ciconianigra, Coraciasgarrulus, Falco
vespertinus and Falco cherrug. A large herd also has white stork (Ciconiaciconia), the priory
(Meropsapiaster) and the shoregrass (Ripariariparia). The sands have a large number of poppies
(Spermophiluscitellus), but also the grass lizard (Podarcistaurica), and in the areas with more
pronounced moisture and the lizard lizard (Zootoca vivipara).

41Conclusions
During this project, I tried to show the evolution of the Natura 2000 ecological network in
Romania, namely the Somes plain with a short history of the protected areas.
In the first chapter i tried to talked about the generalities related to the Natura 2000
ecological system in Romania and Europe, the sites of community importance (SCI) and the
specially protected areas (SPAs) located in the Somes Field, and about the legislative basis.
In the second chapter, it was about the restriction, conserva tion and network goals and
management measures of the ecosystem, namely the Natura 2000 network is not a system of
strictly protected natural areas, but it is a key element in halting the decline of biodiversity
through supporting the development of socio -economic systems, offers the opportunity to
stimulate rural development in the context of Romania's integration into the European Union.
In the case study of this project I have highlighted the sites of the Somes Plain with its
various relief forms.
We have also highlighted natural reservations such as the Foieni Sand Dunes or the
Vermes Swamp and the Urziceni Forest.
Many of the Natura 2000 sites exist precisely because of how they have been grown up
to date and it is important that most of these activiti es continue in the future for species and
habitat maintenance.
In conclusion I can say that the Natura 2000 ecological network is of major importance
because it contributes to the long -term preservation of the natural species and the habitats of
community interest and, as the case may be, restoration of favorable conservation status.

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