Equipment and techniques for energy assessment of i n- [626948]

Equipment and techniques for energy assessment of i n-
ternal combustion engines
Rareș -Lucian Chiriac1, Anghel Chiru2, Ovidiu Andrei Condrea3 and Dan Dogaru4
1 Transilvania University of Brașov, B -dul Eroilor nr.29, 500036 Brașov, România
2 Transilvania University of Brașov, B -dul Eroilor nr.29, 500036 Brașov, România
3 Transilvania University of Brașov, B -dul Eroilor nr.29, 500036 Brașov, România
4 Transilvania University of Brașov, B -dul Eroilor nr.29, 500036 Brașov, România
Abstract. The purpose of th e article is to present and evaluate the equipment
and techniques used for the internal combustion engine energy assessment pr o-
cedures. The tests will be carried out with the test bed AVL 570 Single Cylinder
Compact Test Bed. Technical information about th e engine test stand will be
presented in the article. Based on the technical information and input data i n the
first phase it will be made an application for evaluation of the engine test ene r-
gy balance and other specific characteristics in different condi tions of use.
Then , in the second phase the results will be analyz ed through a particular pr o-
cedure for evaluation with the Puma test bed software, which is integrated and
in the final step of the assessment the re sults from the standard test bed will be
compiled . The results help to determine technical conclusions through param e-
ters and diagrams which give us a general a view of several operating modes
and lead us to technical concussions.

Keywords: internal combustion engines , test bed AVL , equipment .
1 Introduction
The internal combustion engines have developed in the last years and also the expe c-
tations like performance, pollution in balance with the costs, therefore the research
area expanded also.[1] For research area the new construction engine and t he new fuel
solution required to be tested in the field of emission (CO, HC and NO) and chara c-
teristics of the engine during the use of new concepts. [2]
Environmental pollution from vehicles is a current problem on the internationa l topic
of high interest that can be optimized through experimental research of new technical
solution or new fuel blends. The experimental work it is realiz ed on engine test bench.
[3]
For this experimental work it was used a test bench engine from C ompany AVL. The
AVL 570 Singl e Cylinder Engine Test Bed is a compact, efficient system for single –
cylinder engines. The engine is equipped with AVL dynamometer for measuring the
engine performance and with additional equipment for measuring engine emissions.
Using the AVL products have a many advantages because the AVL 570 covers all the
research needs of a standard engine. Some of the main technical features: the design

2
concept that is a easy conversions into specific engine versions, is has conversion kits
that make possible to change from diesel to gasoline engines and vice versa, the e n-
gine is equipped with mass balancing system with the purpose of compensating the
oscillating forces and keep the vibration low, it has measuring sensors such as in cy l-
inder pressure transducer, crank angle encoder or optical access via endoscope tec h-
nique to the combustion chamber that can provide precise results. For this paper it
was used a AVL CR Diesel Single Cylinder Research Engine 5402. (see Fig.1.) [ 4]
The software t hat the AVL 570 uses is the AVL Puma Open Automation Platform
which provides reliable and precise control of measuring devices and test cell facil i-
ties. It has many automated function, all safety -relevant monitoring features and
therefore it can run autom ated test and run manual operation. AVL´s PUMA Open™
has a friendly interface and it can create new testing runs faster and easier by the
graphical test run editor. With the combines library components the test can be
achieved effortlessly. [5]

Fig.1. AVL CR Diesel Single Cylinder Research Engine 5402 [4]
2 Objective
The general objective of this experimental paper is to present the c apability of the
AVL test bench through the Diesel Single Cylinder Research Engine 5402 . The e x-
perimental work test will simulate the vehic le load of a engine with the AVL equi p-
ment and techniques .
It will b e presented and analyzed the main characteristics of the AVL research e ngine
5402 at various operating modes like for ex ample at 1400, 1600, 1800 revolutions
per minute. With the help of temperatura and pressure sensure it can be seen
afterwards the recorded temperature and pressure also in relation with the fuel
injection in the cylinder and the crank angle. The thermodynamic analysis and mode l-
ing of the fuel injection s howed that there is a influence on the internal processes in

3
the engine and also on cylinder pressure and indicator diagram . [6] Another important
aspect that directly influence the cylinder pressure and indicator diagram is the engine
load. [ 7] For a opti mum ignition advance it muss be a engine that is exploited at co n-
stant speed, compression ratio and the air -fuel mixture ratio. [ 8]

3 Methodology
The main technical characteristics of the AVL 540 test bench with the Diesel Single
Cylinder Research Engine 5402 are: (see Table 1)
Table 1. AVL 540 main technical characteristics
Parameter Value Unit
Type 4-stroke, vertical single cylinde –
Bore x Stroke 85 x 90 mm
Displacement 510.7 cm3
Combustion type DI single injector –
Continuous rating output 6 (at 4200 min-1) kW
Fuel injection pressure 1800 Bar
Compression ratio 17.5:1 –
High pressure system Common Rail CP4.1 Bosch –
Engine management system AVL -RPEMS + ETK 7 Bosch –
Cylinder pressure 50 MPa
Inlet valve open 8 obTDC
Inlet valve close 226 oaTDC
Exhaust valve open 128 oaTDC
Exhaust valve close 18 oaTDC
[9]
Some of the data must be manual entered and some of the data are calculated aut o-
matically. It can be seen the most important parameters that need to be used and ver i-
fied before starting the engine test. (see Fig. 2)

4
1.Engine speed
2.Relative load
3.Operating mode:
Diesel
4. Rail pressure
5. Cylinder 1
6. Main injection
7. Set of values for
maps
Fig. 2. AVL Control -Panel

The document has been produced by the Society of Automotive Engineers to provide
a standard method of obtaining repeatable measurements that accurately reflect real
world engine performance. The AVL Puma software has a equation background and
some of the basics mathematical. Calculation model and validation is made after
many formulas like :

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

5

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)
For calculation of the power correction factor it will be used the formula:

(12)
[10]
4 Results
A part of the obtained results are delivered automatically (see Table 2.) a well as
the most important diagrams like the pressure diagram in cylinder (see Fig. 4) and the
diagram of the crank angle and injection ratio in cylinder. (see Fig. 5)

Table 2. Results of the AVL 5402 engine
Model/
Type+Unit Speed Torque Power T_exh T_air S415_SC
rpm Nm kW °C °C mg/m3
main_100%_1400 1400 25,7 3,77 504 31 264
main_100%_1600 1600 25,8 4,32 534 32 194
main_100%_1800 1800 26,2 4,94 553 32 183

S415_FSN P_oil P_exh P_baro P_air Lambda FB_VAL
FSN bar mbar mbar mbar V kg/h
4,73 3,8 -1 953 2 1,04 1,17
4,14 3,8 0 953 2 1,09 1,27
4,04 3,8 2 953 2 1,12 1,42

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Blow_val c Load T_water_out T_water_in T_oil
l/min [kg/kW] [%] [°C] [°C] [°C]
2,25 0,310345 100 81 84 90
3,29 0,293981 100 81 84 90
3,8 0,287449 100 81 84 90

where:
„main_100%_1400” – main – represents the principal injection, 100% – full load,
„1400” revolutions per minute
T_exh – exhaust gas temperature
T_air – air temperature
S415_FSN – AVL Smoke meter, smoke number
P_oil – oil pressure
P_exh – exhaust gas pressure
P_baro – atmosphere pressure
P_air – air pressure
Lambda – Air–fuel ratio
T_water_out – water temperature output
T_water_in – water temperature input
T_oil – oil temperature

The AVL Puma software has the possibility to record in real time infomation that are
comming from the acquisition equipment (sensors) and are also automatically viewed
and being recorded/ saved on a folder that can be exportet. (see Fig. 3.)

Fig. 3. AVL Puma software results for case “ main_100%_1400 ”

The first diagram is the pressure diagram in cylinder for case “ main_100%_1400 ”.
With the mention that the results have minimal deviations because of the precision of
the the acquisition equipment. (see Fig. 4.)

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Fig. 4. Pressure d iagram in cylinder for case “ main_100%_1400 ”

Diagram of the crank angle and solenoid signal in cylinder is also define with a acc u-
racy from the AVL Puma software. (see Fig. 5.)

Fig.5. Solenoid signal for case “ main_100%_1400 ”
5 Conclusions
With the AVL test bench and data aquisition it is possible to test applications for d o-
mains like automotive, industry and engineering academic research. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 Cylinder pressure [bar]
Crank Angle [bar]
-0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 Injector 1 [V]
Crank angle [odeg] Solenoid signal

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Another advantage would be the ease of use of software and the equipment. The r e-
sults obtained of the pressure diagram data in cylinder, are processed in the most eff i-
cient way possible and in the sho rtest time and the accuracy of data acquisition has
minimal deviations.
6 References
1. Mithun D., An experimental study on the combustion, performane and emission characte r-
istics of a diesel engine, fuelled with diesel -castor oil biodiesel blends, Renewable E nergy
(2017)
2. Chen H., Air fuelled zero emission road transportation: a comparative study. Applied E n-
ergy. 2011;88(1):337 –342. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.002.
3. Browne, M., A Comparative Assessment of the Light Goods Vehicle Fleet and the Scope
to Reduce its CO2 Emissions in the UK and France, 8th International Conference on City
Logistics, The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd, 2014
4. AVL Homepage,
https:// www.avl.com/documents/10138/885965/AVL+SCTBNG++ProdDescription+engl+
2014.pdf
5. AVL Homepage, https://www.avl.com/ -/avl-puma -open -automation -platform
6. Chan S.H., "Modeling of Engine In Cylin der Thermodynamics Under High Values of Ign i-
tion Retard", International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol 40(1), pp. 94 – 103, 2001
7. Yontar A.A., "Experimental and 1 -D Numerical Analysis Investigation of Performance
and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Ru nning at 3/4 Partial Throttle Opening", Pr o-
ceedings of 8th Automotive Technologies Congress, pp. 146, 2016
8. Hooper P.R., "An Experimental and Analytical Investigation of a Multi -fuel Stepped Pi s-
ton Engine", Applied Thermal Engineering vol 48, pp. 32 -40, 201 2
9. Mariasiu F., et al. Effects of bioethanol ultrasonic generated aerosols application on diesel
engine performances, Journ. Thermal Science, Year 2015, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1931 -1941,
DOI: 10.2298/TSCI140703108M
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7 Acknowledgments
I would like to thank for the cooperation to the company Garrett – turbocharger
producers, Company Siemen s and “Transilvania” University of Bra sov.