1 Quantitative water management in Raba t, Sale and Timis oara drinking water 1 system, using the ge ographic inf ormati on system (GIS) 2 3 1ZIANE… [617804]

1 Quantitative water management in Raba t, Sale and Timis oara drinking water 1
system, using the ge ographic inf ormati on system (GIS) 2
3
1ZIANE IMANE, 1Mοhammed Karim Ben Hachmi, 2 Rares halbac -cοtοara -zamfir, 4
5
1 Department of Process Engineering and Envir onment, University Hassan II of Mohammedia, 6
Science and Techn ology Faculty of Mohammedia Mοrοccο. 7
8
2 Department of Hydr otechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, P olytechnic University of Timisοara, 9
Romania. 10
11
Abstract 12
13
Technical management of drinking water supply systems is a nati onal and internati onal issue wh ose 14
main purp ose is t o deliver t o consumers’ water which c orresp onds t o quality standards, at an 15
acceptable price and with flawless service c ontinuity. 16
This type of management requires precise kn owledge ab out the system and b oth its infrastructures 17
and hydraulic operati on, while maintaining a regular system maintenance. 18
However, system operat ors are usually faced with the daunting difficulty of knowing precisely their 19
system; its diversity, its extent and it s access difficulties. 20
In this c ontext, the w ork carried out consists of presenting a meth odology for the management of 21
leaks, and a brief descripti on of the c omputer t ools used: Ge ographic Inf ormati on System (GIS) and 22
its applicati on on drinking water net works in tw o cases fr om tw o countries different: Rabat and Sale 23
in M orocco, and Tim isoara in R omania by calculating the performance criteria t o map areas at risk 24
of leakage . The objective is t o make a comparis on and evaluate the reliability of the strategy adapted 25
by each manager. 26
27
Keyw ords: decisi on supp ort, drinking water system, geographic Inf ormati on System (GIS) , leaks, 28
multicriteria analysis meth od. 29
30
1. Introduction 31
32
Drinking water system is a very imp ortant element in s ocietie s’ life. The basic funct ion of 33
water distributi on system is t o satisfy water users’ needs. This water must meet standards of good 34
quality, p otability, pressure and en ough quantity (Haidar, 2006). 35
System management objectives are multiple: av oiding break in service, ensuring qual ity 36
service, by means of controlling investment costs and expl oitation, as well as the maintenance of a 37

2 system in a state or in given c onditions of operating safety, t o accomplish a required functi on 38
(AFN OR, 2001, Dell' Orfano et al, 2013, Granger et al, 2010, Charrat, 1995). 39
Losses management is essential to preserve water res ources, t o reinf orce perf ormance system, 40
and t o guarantee a g ood quality of distributed water as well. 41
Geographic Inf ormati on Systems are presented as efficient techn ologies. Th ey play a vital 42
role in water res ources management because this techn ology is c onsidered as one of the m ost 43
important techn ologies f or integrati on, analysis and manipulati on of data. Moreover, this techn ology 44
is well kn own and implemented in many c ountries of the w orld and has sh own a great efficiency in 45
the field of res ource management thr ough their perf ormance in ge oreferencing. This techn ology 46
offers appr opriate t ools for spatial data c ombinati on as well as m odels on the same graphic supp ort. 47
This will a llow data c ommunicati on between stakeh olders t o ensure g ood coordinati on of activities. 48
In M orocco and R omania, this techn ology is little used in infrastructure at nati onal or regi onal level. 49
GIS is imp ortant because it helps users t o create, m odify a l ot of data t o eventually pr ovide a graph. 50
51
2. State of the art 52
53
The management of drinking water netw orks is und oubtedly one of the fundamental issues 54
now that will be subject t o many issues increasingly c omplicated and wh ose management will be less 55
and less easy acc ording t o many experts ( Board and Flop 2012, N ovotny and Br own 2007). 56
Numer ous research pr ojects have been devel oped in recent years to facilitate the tasks of managers 57
when setting up interventi on operati ons (Nafi 2006, Engelhardt 2000, Blindu 200 4, Haidar 2006, 58
Monfront 2007) for the management of leaks in drinking water netw orks. 59
Some others are based on optimizati on appr oaches such as the genetic alg orithm t o plan 60
priorities and the renewal pr ogram (Nafi, 2006). Others pr opose a m odel that optimizes renewal dates 61
based on semi -parametric m odels t o calculate the pr obability of each failure and t o estimate the c ost 62
associated with the damage suffered because of the failures. Alexandre (1996), Blindu (2006), The 63
Gauffre et al. (2002) pr opose to use multicriteria analysis meth ods, f or the pri oritizati on of 64
maintenance acti ons and the ch oice of rehabilitati on techniques. There is als o the Eur opean pr oject 65
CARE -W (C omputer Aided Rehabilitati on of Water Netw orks), which includes five m odules linked 66
to a database of tools and specific management modules. The purpose is t o build a m odel f or 67
rehabilitati on of drinking water netw orks (Haidar, 2006). 68
Geographical Inf ormati on Systems (GIS) are p owerful t ools for manipulating spatial data, 69
performing spatial ana lysis and manipulating spatial outputs. A GIS als o provides a visualizati on 70
envir onment f or displaying input data and m odel results. This GIS capability is very useful in a 71
decisi on-making pr ocess. The integrati on of GIS and external m odels all ows the use of the benefits 72
of both (Goodchild et al., 1992, 1993, 1996, F otheringham and R ogerson 1994, Fischer et al., 1996, 73

3 Longley and Batty 1996, F otheringham and Wegener 2000, Silver 2004). Since GIS all ows spatial 74
data t o be captured in a m odel and pr ovides spa tial results, it was decided t o integrate a GIS int o the 75
tool devel oped f or risk assessment and leak management. The c ombinati on of GIS and m odeling t ools 76
allows the c onversi on of large am ounts of data int o informati on and then practical kn owledge useful 77
for risk assessment. The intrinsic ability of GIS t o store, analyze and display large am ounts of spatial 78
data enables it t o contribute significantly t o risk assessment . 79
80
3. Materials and Meth ods 81
82
In order t o help the AEP netw ork managers successfully acc omplish the missi on entrusted t o 83
it, we propose a structured meth odology in several successive and distinct stages t o impr ove the 84
strategy of the detecti on of the leaks and which will lead t o the optimizati on of the service. 85
The meth odology is based on collecti on, processing and analysis of different data. It aims t o devel op 86
supp ort for study and management. We ch ose tw o cases, bel onging t o two different c ountries: 87
Rabat -Sale of Morocco located in N orth Africa and Timis oara of Romania l ocated in Eastern Eur ope. 88
We will study each independent case with the data available and pr ovided by the managers. 89
The meth odology adapted t o do the w ork is presented as f ollows: 90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Fig 1.General organizati on chart of the interventi on plan 107
– Available data inventory,
– Preliminary diagnosis,
– Assessment of data needs

Analysis and data processing
– Hydraulic sectors definition and characterization,
– Indices classificat ion according to system type,

Updating data

Data collection
-Thematic maps elaboration and risk areas map,
intervention priorities.
Comparison between the two cases studied and draw
conclusions and recommendations .

4 3.1. First study area: Rabat Sale cities 108
Study area presentati on 109
110
Rabat -Sale-Kenitra regi on covers an area of 18,194 km2 and has 4,581 th ousand inhabitants 111
(RGPH1 2014), a density of 251.8 inhabitants per km2 and an area of 2.56% of nati onal territ ory. It 112
is limited N orth by Tangier -Tetouan-Al H oceima regi on, East by Fez -Meknes regi on, and South by 113
Beni Mellal -Khénifra regi on and Casablanca -Settat regi on, and West by Atlantic Ocean. In our study 114
we wil focus on both cities Rabat and Sale. 115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
Fig.2. Study area l ocaliz ation (Google map ) 124
Netw ork patrim ony 125
126
Data is provided by REDAL (Autonomous Water and Electricity Distribution Authority) , 127
which is responsible for delegated management of liquid sanitation and drinking water and electricity 128
distribution services in Rab at – Sale – Zemmour – Zaers Wilaya, and which serves nearly 2 million 129
people inhabitants. 130
. 131
Netw ork heritage represents a t otal linear of 3980 km in drinking water. It is br oken d own 132
into an infrastructure netw ork and the n on-structuring netw ork (service ) that are distinguished by 133
pipes diameter and materials that c ompose them. (REDAL -Veolia report ). 134
135
Rabat Hydraulic sect ors 136
137
To better c ontrol sect or flows that are separated fr om each other by separati on valves s o that 138
each sect or is is olated, sect orizati on consists of dividing entire netw ork int o sectors and sub -sectors 139
equipped at their entrances with fl ow meters as already explained. 140
Rabat and Sale cities c ontain the f ollowing sect ors acc ording t o pressure stage. 141
142

5 143
Table 1 . Rabat and Sale cities hydraulic sect ors and pressure stages 144
145
3.1.1. Results and discussi on 146
Analysis of drinking water system perf ormance parameters 147
Night fl ow 148
149
Regular measurement of night fl ow sect ors makes it p ossible t o locate the imp ortant leaks 150
which exist, but als o to be inf ormed quickly ab out the emergence new leaks in areas where important 151
ones are likely t o occur. F low measurements are carried out continu ously c oncerning the f our last 152
year’s ev olutions 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 f or Rabat and Sale cities. 153 Rabat city Sale city
Water reserv oir Pressure
stages Sectors Water
reserv oir Pressure
stages Sectors
Berrada 138 R S. Lakhmiss 55 M A
86 reduced G H. Inbiaat 55 B
126 P module
O. Hlal Intermed. C
86 reduced GUICH F
Berr ada Water
Tower 190 S
110
Module D
Ambassad or 126 O2/ O1 E
105 M1/ N G
Takdd oum 86 H/ I O.
Hlal+H.Inbiaat 110 H
86 reduced E/ F I1
D2 Mâam ora Kariat+R.
Meknes I2/J
Takadd oum
Water T ower 106 Q /M2 150 Sala Al
Jadida
bottom

Agdal+ aviati on
Wells 61 A SP. Sala al
Jadida 170 Sala Al
Jadida high
B
C
D1
I1

6  Minimum night fl ow ev olution of Sale: 154
2012 and 2013 rec orded high night -flow 155
values, especially in sect ors B, H, I1, I2 and 156
J. For 2014 -year, leakage l osses are n ot 157
negligible in alm ost all hydraulic sect ors 158
except f or Areas D, E, Sala Al Jadida (S -B, 159
S-H) and B ouknadel saw n o increase in night 160
flow.For year 2015, C ompared with p revious 161
years, it is clear that sect ors B, H, I1, I2 and 162
J still require an interventi on at detecti on 163
level and leaks repair. It is rec ommended t o 164
check netw ork and water tightness in order 165
to anticipate l oss reducti on measures such as 166
sectorizati on and pr essures m odulati on. 167
168
169
170
Fig.3. Evolution of the minimum night fl ow of Sale 171
 Minimum night fl ow ev olution of Rabat 172
From 2012 t o 2015, we n ote that D2, E, F, G, 173
J, K and L sect ors have very high night -time 174
values. It sh ould als o be noted that 2013 d oes 175
not show an effective reducti on in leakage 176
losses especially in sect ors F, E, D2 and G. 177
2014, Based on previ ous graph of average 178
2013 -night fl ow evolution. We n ote that night 179
flow values of sect ors D2, E, F, and G are 180
always in increase kn owing that these sect ors 181
are m odulated. 182
Sectors J, K, L, in 2015 experienced a sharp 183
increase; it is rec ommended t o check netw ork 184
of these sect ors in order t o anticipate l oss 185
reducti on measure s and react with a 186
maintenance plan or pipe renewal f or their 187
optimizati on. 188
189
Fig 4: Evolution of the minimum night fl ow of Rabat 190
AB B
Mo
dul
eCFDEGH/I
1I2/JS-BS-
HBo
ukn
ade
l
2012 25,858,458,4 5,926,2 617,3 084,240,1 3,55,512,6
2013 35,654,854,818,9 233,710,515,868,744,1 3,15,916,7
2014 34,4 3320,224,523,8 4,420,923,953,438,8 5,17,813,2
2015 36,924,524,520,918,4 9,310,517,351,445,6 5,86,98,40102030405060708090Minimum night flow in L/S
ABC/
D
1D
2/
E/
F/
GHIJ/
K/
LQM
2M
1NO
1O
2PG
UI
C
HRS
2012 335,1417811184202,515757575269,63830
2013 234,958791118361,44,432323232225,23123
2014 461724911011752,50,629292948133,72221
2015 25209,696176,41035,42,546464625244,118190102030405060708090100110Minimum night flow in L/S

7
Linear l oss index 191
192
Linear l oss index is used t o monitor netw ork ev olution and t o evaluate leakage l osses on 193
distributi on netw ork. This index als o makes it p ossible t o compare physical state of two or more 194
netw orks. Linear water l oss index (LLI) use, expressed in cubic meters per day and per kil ometer of 195
pipeline. LLI is calculated as f ollows: 196
𝐿𝐿𝐼 = 𝑄÷𝐿 (1) 197
With 198
Q: Night fl ow , L: Netw ork length (m3 / km / d). 199
Processing results linear l oss index data fr om 2012 t o 2015 by ARCGIS s oftware are presented 200
in LLI f orm evaluati on cards by sect or of each city below: 201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
Fig5 : Linear l oss index ( LLI) m3 / J / Km evaluati on in Rabat and Sale cities sectors in 225
2012,2013,2014,2015 . 226
Evaluation of the linear loss index m3 / d / Km of the
Rabat and Sale cities sectors in 2013
Evaluation of the linear loss index m3 / d / Km of
the Rabat and Sale cities sectors in 2014
Evaluation of the linear loss index m3 / d / Km of the
Rabat and Sale cities sectors in 2015
Evaluation of the linear loss index m3 / d / Km
of the Rabat and Sale cities sectors in 2012

8 According t o maps analysis of losses linear index presented previ ously, one notes that they 227
present different netw ork categ ories acc ording t o LLI namely: 228
– Sectors presented in green c olor indicates that drinking water syst em is in g ood condition, 229
– Sectors shown in yell ow indicates that drinking water system is in acceptable c ondition, 230
– Sectors presented in wheel c olor indicates that drinking water system is in p oor condition. 231
We n ote that it has a c status degradati on in most systems of Rabat city and Sale based on 232
losses linear index, f or example in 2012, Rabat sect ors H / I / J / K / L and Sale’s B ouknadel were in 233
good condition, then in 2013 in acceptable c ondition, then in a bad state. This gives us an indicati on 234
that strategy f or managing and reducing leaks in Rabat and Sale drinking water system is unreliable. 235
It is rec ommended t o check these sect ors ‘netw orks and revise strategy t o solve pr oblems in drinking 236
water system. 237
To confirm the analysis of drinking water s ystem categ ory based on linear l oss index of Rabat 238
and Sale cities, the f ollowing table is used which presents of linear l oss indices classificati on 239
according t o drinking water system type. 240
Table.2. Linear l oss indices classificati on acc ording t o drinking water system type. 241
242
243
244
245
246
247
ILI leakage linear index 248
249
ILI leakage linear index is expressed fr om minimum fl ow of a netw ork that is generally 250
observed. It makes it p ossible t o estimate share of leakage -related water l osses c onsidering that 251
nighttime c onsumpti on is negligible. His f ormula is: 252
253
ILI = Total Leaks Number / Cumulative Swept Lines (Le aks / km) (2) 254
255
Linear leakage index is a key parameter of drinking water system, this parameter is defined 256
as total leaks number rati o detected on the netw ork, regardless of leakage nature c ompared t o a linear 257
swept by teams, search for leaks in a targeted area. This index als o makes it p ossible t o better diagn ose 258
the netw ork state in detected leaks terms. 259
Judgment of netw ork state in leaks terms, based on the ILI is made on data derived basis fr om work 260
experience of detecti on agents / search f or leaks at REDAL. 261
262 Drinking water
system categ ory Rural Semi -rural Urban
Good LLI < 1 LLI < 3 LLI < 7
Acceptable 1 ≤ LLI ≤ 3 3≤ LLI ≤ 7 7 ≤ LLI ≤ 12
Bad LLI > 3 LLI > 7 LLI > 12

9 Table 3 . Linear leakage indices classificati on by netw ork type 263
264
265
266
267
268
269
Pipes Age 270
271
Historical installati on data ar e taken fr om GIS rec ords. It can be seen fr om figure bel ow that 272
some peri ods were m ore conducive t o certain materials use. 273
274
Fig.6. Drinking water system pipes age by type 275
Emergency level 276
277
It is at this level that we can identify pri oritized sect ors that are m ost deficient with respect t o 278
drinking water supply system and optimize decisi on-making. Perf ormance of a criteri on is calculated 279
from indicat ors perf ormance ass ociated with it (Ellis J. B. et al, 2004). 280
We used AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Pr ocess) me thod, this AHP meth od is br oken d own int o 281
four stages (Saaty TL, 1996): indicat ors pri oritizati on by imp ortance fr om m ost imp ortant t o least 282
important, a matrix c onstructi on based on comparis on of tw o by tw o indicat ors, weights 283
determinati on ass ociated wit h each indicat or, thanks t o calculating meth od eigenvect ors finally 284
checking result c onsistency. 285
286
287
288
289
290
291 53
years30
years15 yearsNetwork pipes age AEP
Gray iron , Cast-iron,
Concrete.
Ductile iron, Cement-
asbestos
PVCDrinking water system categ ory
Good ILI< 0,3
Acceptable 0,3 < ILI < 0,6
Bad ILI > 0,6

10 292
AHP Meth od Applicati on Result 293
294
According t o collected data and criteria of the studied area, and acc ording t o sort perf ormed 295
during data management, the m ost imp ortant parameters that have weight when studying are: average 296
night fl ow, linear l oss index and linear leakage index and installati on date. 297
 Night fl ow: weight 5 298
 Linear l oss index (LLI): weight 4 299
 Linear leakage index (IL I): weight 3 300
 Pipes Age: weight 2. 301
302
The number of class is set at three f or better readability and a g ood inter pretati on of resulting 303
maps. This appr oach will lead t o thematic maps pr oducti on and water leakage risks f or years 2012 t o 304
2015 , this appr oach will be pr ogrammed in ArcGIS in order t o automatically determine emergency 305
levels f or each sect or in map f orm that will be easily expl oited by managers. 306
Criteria classificati on will lead t o thematic maps of three classes that are risk, high, average and l ow 307
classes. 308
This meth odology has been applied t o identify pri ority sect ors on drinking water system of 309
Rabat, and Sale cities. This implementati on of this step has been facilitated by ArcGIS s oftware use. 310
Results obtained by s oftware are aut omatically presented in maps f orm bel ow: 311
312
313
314
315
316
317 Emergency level
Technical criteria
Drinking water system property
Diameter Night fl ow Linear l oss
index Leaks linear
index Age

Emergency sector

11 318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
Fig.7. Water leaks risk maps in hydraulic sect ors for 2012,2013,2014,2015 342
343
By analyzing water leaks risk maps in Rabat city hydraulic sect ors, sect or O modulati on in 344
2013 reduced water leakage risk but netw ork condition then was degraded after 2014 which gives us 345
an indicati on that the meth odology used by R EDAL is reliable over a sh ort peri od of time. 346
For sect ors D1 / D2 / E / F J / K and L, they are still in a critical state, and require an urgent 347
interventi on. 348
For Sale city, Sect or A, H, I1, are still in critical c ondition, thus there must be an intervent ion 349
to reduce water leakage and t o innovate in these sectors. This indicati on makes it p ossible t o establish 350
an acti on plan f or leaks detecti on and orientati on of research f or better management of drinking water 351
system, as well as anticipating emergency pr ogram f or immediate drinking water system leaks repair. 352
To confirm our analysis, we will evaluate the reliability of REDAL leakage strategy f ollowed by gain 353
percentage c ompared t o each previ ous year: 354 Water leaks risk maps in hydraulic sectors for 2013
Water leaks risk maps in hydraulic sectors for 2012
Water leaks risk maps in hydraul ic sectors for 2014 Water leaks risk maps in hydraulic sectors for 2015

12 355
356
For Rabat city 357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
For Sale city 365
366
367
368
369
370
371
Conclusion 372
373
After the treatment of Rabat and Sale ’s data , several sect ors have pri ority over other sect ors. 374
Hence establishing interest an acti on plan f or leaks detecti on and team’s orientati on for drinking water 375
system better management, as l ong as regular a nd anticipated verificati on of an emergency pr ogram 376
for repairing netw ork leaks. Water leakage risk thematic maps of pipeline sector obtained at end of 377
this w ork for both cities were c onsistent with distribut or's perspective. 378
This pr oves ge o-computer syst em reliability that was created during this w ork and offers 379
opportunity t o exploit this system on a larger scale and save time and manage resources, the thing 380
which is altarpiece f or this latter , not forgetting its characteristic and its capacity in coupling with a 381
large and medium s oftware range and stimulati on systems, management and pr ogramming. 382
Monitoring, under g ood conditions, sh ould lead t o reduce water l osses, especially f ollow-up 383
and results t o identify perf ormance i ndicat ors at a g ood level. The objective is to preserve these assets 384
and m onitor netw ork ev olution so as to ensure as quickly as p ossible any slippage in water 385
consumpti on to ensure its reliability and perf ormance. 386 Figure 8: Percentage gain for Rabat city’s each sector since 2012 until 2015
Figure 9: Percentage gain for Salé city’s each sector since 2012 until 2015
-80-60-40-20020406080Percentage of gain2013
2014
2015
-80-60-40-2002040Percentage of gain2015
2014
2013
Fig.8. The gain percentag e in Raba t and Sale for 2013, 2014 , 2015

13 In this w ork and acc ording t o the obtained results , the objective was t o detect and identify 387
areas fuyaurs t o reduce and c ontrol leaks in Rabat and Sale drinking water system .it is mandat ory to 388
move towards a pressure m odeling for high Linear index sect ors ILI and LLI since excess reducti on 389
pressure makes it possible t o reduc e continuati on flow rate of one part, and continuati on frequency 390
of another part. M onitoring netw ork is an essential step in ensuring sustainable management of 391
distributi on from which m onitoring of night c onsumpti on (night fl ow). 392
It should als o be noted that repair details or leakage repairs, f or example, can be f ound in 393
diagn ostics sheets of drinking water c onnecti ons and pipes, which c ontain all inf ormati on needed f or 394
future m onitoring and diagn osis (failure nature, installati on conditions, equipment c ondition, 395
envir onment c ondition, etc.). T o ensure this task, t ools and means are varied and will depend, in 396
particular, on meth ods implemented t o carry out diagn osis 397
398
3.2. Second study area: Timis oara city 399
400
3.2.1 . Descripti on of the study sites 401
402
Timisοara is the capital of Timiș C ountry; situated in the far western part of the c ountry, with 403
a populati on of 319.272. Within a radius of 600 Kil ometers, there are seven maj or capital cities of 404
Central and s outh Eastern Europe. (Sim ona Neumann, 2015 ). 405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
Fig.9. study area location ( http://www.canalmοnde.fr ) 417
418
419
3.2.2. Water Supply systems Presentati on in Timis oara 420
421
Aquatim S.A. Timis oara, operates the water supply and sewerage systems in the area of 422
operation starting with 2010,The area of operati on a't the end of 2015 includes 102 water supply 423

14 systems in 102 l ocalities including a municipality Timis oara (Aquatim SA databas) . In Timis oara city 424
, the sect orizati on meth od is still under study, s o we will n ot have data by sect or but of the wh ole city. 425
The map bel ow shows planned Timis oara city drinking water netw ork new sect orizati on 426
427
428
Fig.10 . Timis oara Hydraulic sect ors presentati on 429
430
Netw ork patrim ony 431
432
 Material used f or distributi on netw orks executi on 433
During the hist orical devel opment of the water distributi on netw orks, the materials used were: 434
gray cast ir on, asbest os, steel, precast c oncrete, PVC, PEHD, ductile iron and c omposite materials 435
(HOBAS -fiberglass ). (Aquatim SA database) 436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
Fig.1 1. The length of water distributi on netw orks in the material at the level of 2015 447
448
449
450
451
452
31%
24%22%9%7%3%2%1% 1%
0% 0%Materials
HD-PE
CAST IRON
STEEL
N/A
PVC
DUCTILE IRON
PREMO
AZBO
GRP
Gray IRON

15 Table . 4. The length of water distributi on netw orks by age, at year 2015 453
454
455
456
457
458
459
From previ ous table results, the percentage of the Timis oara distributi on netw ork in use 460
exceeds 70%, they are over 21 years old. 461
462
3.2.3 . Assessment of water l osses 463
464
The m ost common meth od of determining water l oss is Water Balan ce Calculati on by IWA 465
meth odology (Internati onal Water Ass ociation). 466
The table below shows the v olume of water entering the system and the l oss of water f or 467
each system within the operating area over the last five years: 468
Table . 5 . Water v olume entering the system and the l oss of water f or Timis oara city in the last 469
five years 470
Water
supply
system Year System
input
volume Water l osses
Apparent l osses Real l osses
m3 m3 % m3 %
Timis oara
water
supply
system 2011 36.558.840 1.853.574 5,1 12.946.587 35,4
2012 36.396.596 1.837.377 5,0 13.099.069 36
2013 33.671.343 1.726.054 5,1 11.178.339 33,2
2014 31.239.729 1.627.274 5,2 9.583.773 30,7
2015 31.274.780 1.637.259 5,2 9.361.064 29,9
471
Apparent l osses are mainly due t o unauth orized use in agricul ture and c onstructi on, 472
unauth orized use of fountains and hydrants, illegal h ousehold consumpti on and c onsumpti on due t o 473
imprecisi on of meters. 474
3.2.4 Resulats and discusi on 475
Performance indicat ors 476 Distributi on
netw ork Distributi on
netw ork
length (km) Age
<10 years 10-20 years >20
years
Timis oara 649 173 12 464

16 Performance indicat ors (based on IWA specificati ons) faci litate c ontinu ous analysis and 477
benchmarking. The objective is t o describe the res ources spent (e.g. repair c ost/km) or conditions 478
(e.g. number of failures/km), t o compare sub areas or entire netw orks and t o estimate the benefits of 479
a rehabilitati on or pres sure management pr ogram. It is imp ortant t o distinguish between calculating 480
repairs t o the mains (per 100 km/year) and services (per 1,000 c onnecti ons/year). 481
The IWA water perf ormance indicat ors for water l oss are: 482
 Specific water l osses ,non-revenue water ,current annual r eal L osses (CARL) ,unavoidable ,annual 483
real losses (UARL) ,infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI ), customer leakage index (CLI ). 484
485
In the next table are presented the main perf ormance indicat ors for several water supply systems. 486
Table .7. Volume of water entering the system and the l oss of water f or each system within the 487
operating area over the last five years 488
Water
supply
system Year Performance indicat ors
QSL CARL UARL
ILI Non-revenue water
m3/km/day m3/day m3/day m3 %
Timis oara
Water
supply
system 2011 54.65 35.470 907 39 14.891.558 40.7
2012 55.30 35.790 921 39 15.027.458 41.3
2013 47.19 30.626 993 31 12.988.571 38.6
2014 40.46 26.257 1.001 26 11.289.146 36.1
2015 39.51 25.647 1.100 23 11.076.510 35.4
489
490
After calculatin g the ILI f or water supply system, an initial assessment of its c ondition and 491
an immediate descripti on of water l oss management perf ormance can be obtained by using W orld 492
Bank Institute's banding system sh own in Table : 493
Table .8. World Bank Institute’s b anding system f or devel oped and devel oping c ountries 494
495
WBI
band
ILI range
Guideline descripti on of real l oss management
performance categ ories Devel oped
countries Devel oping
countries
A < 2.0 < 4.0 Further l oss reducti on may be unec onomic unless ther e are
shortages; careful analysis needed t o identify c ost-effective
leakage management

17 B 2.0 to <
4.0 4.0 to < 8.0 Possibilities f or further impr ovement; c onsider pressure
management, better active leakage c ontrol, better
maintenance
C 4.0 to <
8.0 8.0 to <
16.0 Poor leakage management, t olerable only if plentiful cheap
resources; even then, analysis level and nature of leakage,
intensify reducti on efforts
D
8.0 or
more
16.0 or
more Very inefficient use of res ources, indicative of poor
maintenance and system c ondition in general, leakage
reducti on programs imperative and high pri ority
496
497
All values are greater than 8; s o he hastenance and a Very inefficient use of resources, p oor 498
maintenance indicative and system c ondition in general. 499
A reference system of the linear leakage index adjusted pr oportionally t o the cust omers’ 500
density has ben ad opted by SMERGREG: the cust omer leakage index (CLI ) (E. Renaud , 2010 ) 501
𝐶𝐿𝐼 =𝐂𝐀𝐖𝐋
𝟑𝟔𝟓 ×𝐍 (3) 502
503
CLI: Cust omer leakage index in m3/cust omer/day, CAWL: Current Annual Water L osses in m3 504
N: Number of cust omers. 505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515 Low level of water l osses High
level of water l osses 0.08 < CLI
Moderate level of water l osses 0.08 < CLI ≤ 0.15
High level of water l osses 0.15 < CLI ≤ 0.29
Very high level of water l osses 0.29 < CLI

18 Presentati on of CLI results f or Timis oara city 516
517
518
Fig.1 2. Customer leakage index in m3/cust omer/day in 2011,2012,2013,2014;2015 519
According t o some perf ormance parameters calculati on of Timis oara city drinking water 520
supply netw ork .the price of a cubic meter of water is: 521
Water price/cubic meter: 3,11 le i = 0.66 EUR 522
Table .9 . Non-revenue water prize of Timis oara city during 2011 until 2015 in lei and eur o 523
524
3.2.5. Conclusi on 525
Unexamined wate r must be equal t o or greater than 40% acc ording t o standards. Timis oara 526
city results acc ording t o AQuatim since 2011 until 2015 are d own, which explains the eff orts made 527
by the c ompany f or drinking water netw ork management. But malge these eff orts the pe rformance 528
indicat ors calculated previ ously indicate that the netw ork’s state is still in a bad state and that it c osts 529
enormously expensive, in 2015, these c osts of water in 7310496,6 eur os, which is a very imp ortant 530
amount. D ond urgent interventi on is ma ndatory 531
It is pr oposed t o move towards sect orizati on and integrati on and use of ArcGIS 532
geographic inf ormati on system, c onsidered as an effective techn ology. This c omputer t ool is one of 533 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
cli 1,32 1,33 1,15 1 0,2900,20,40,60,811,21,4CLI
Water
supply
system Year Performance indicat ors Cost of loss
Non-revenue water LEI Euro
m3 %
Timis oara
Water
supply
system 2011 14.891.5 58 40.7 46312745.38 9828428.28
2012 15.027.458 41.3 46735394.38 9918122.28
2013 12.988.571 38.6 40394455.81 8572456.86
2014 11.289.146 36.1 35109244.06 7450836.36
2015 11.076.510 35.4 34447946.1 7310496.6

19 the best kn own techn ologies in data integrati on field, analysis and processing. thanks t o their 534
georeferencing perf ormance. 535
Thus netw ork m onitoring t o ensure sustainable management of distributi on netw ork from 536
where the regular m onitoring of interest night c onsumpti on (night fl ow). It sh ould als o be noted that 537
details of repair or leaks repair, f or example, can be f ound in diagn ostics sheets f or drinking water 538
connecti ons and pipelines c ontaining all inf ormati on needed f or future m onitoring and diagn osis. 539
condition, etc.). To ensure this task, t ools and res ources are var ied and will depend in particular on 540
meth ods used t o carry out the diagn osis. 541
542
4. Comparis on between the tw o study areas 543
We can n ot really speak of a comparis on since the w ork data of each manager are different, 544
and they d o not use the same perf ormance indic ators, but, our work consisted essentially in making a 545
diagn osis to know the state of the netw orks. drinking water in Rabat, Sale and Timis oara cities, and 546
analyze the data. This diagn osis all owed us t o identify certain malfuncti ons, to seek and pr opose 547
improvements t o a management system that takes int o account at the same time realities. each 548
manager and c ompliance with the rules f or the management and operati on of an urban drinking water 549
netw ork. 550
According t o the analysis of the data that we have been ab le to collect fr om the managers, we 551
can see that there is a great deal of effort in each c ountry by the managers, but there are still weak 552
points in each system that is needed. t o reinf orce . the f ollowing table summarizes the difference 553
between the tw o systems: 554
555 Rabat and Sale Timisoara
Sectorizati on X –
Using the ge ographical
informati on system (GIS) X –
Emergency Interventi on
Meth od X X
Calcul et Suivi des
indicateurs X X
Renewal and rehabilitati on of
facilities – –
Updated inf ormati on and data
base X –

20 5. Recommendati ons 556
557
Given the difficulties of short-term management of such a netw ork as well as distributi on and 558
maintenance c onstraints fr om a sustainable devel opment perspective, it was necessary t o adopt a 559
structured and adaptive met hodology, which w ould lay the f oundati ons for a management t ool. 560
responding in particular t o the following three p oints: 561
– Assistance in diagn osing the state of netw ork malfuncti ons by an appr oach adapted t o the context 562
of an aging and highly disturbed net work; 563
– Consistent and up -to-date management of data infrastructures and netw orks using a ge o- 564
referenced database t ool. 565
– Supp ort for the netw ork renewal pr ocess in c onnecti on with the urgency of the ongoing 566
rehabilitati on project, thr ough the devel opment of an evaluati on tool for priority areas. 567
The challenge is t o create a decisi on supp ort tool that pr ovides managers with a quantitative means 568
to implement driving renewal pr ograms in different areas of the city, E at different h orizons. 569
taking int o account all the parameters characterizing the drinking water netw ork. 570
Although very pr omising, this t ool remains very sensitive t o the fact that there is n o sufficient 571
basis f or interventi ons and highlights tw o things: 572
1) the need f or a netw ork-wide operati onal database t o impr ove results; 573
2) a restructuring of the interventi on database is needed t o better characterize the different 574
types of events. The database must pr ovide: 575
– the intr oducti on of the exact l ocation of the interventi on or incident, 576
– the descript ion of the imp ortance of driving, 577
– the presence or absence of internal and external pr otection on the pipes, 578
– the particular climatic c onditions (low temperature leading t o freezing of the pipe), 579
– the exact time of the incident or interventi on (close to the minute). 580
581
These tw o points sh ow the need t o enrich the database in the years t o come, which must take 582
into account the first tw o points, as regards the analysis of dysfuncti ons. 583
584
Bibli ographical references: 585
586
AFN OR, (2001 ), European standard NF EN 133 06: M aintenance Termin ology, 587
Normalizati on French Ass ociation, Paris. 588
ALEXANDRE O , ELNABOULSI J. (1996) , The Renewal of Drinking Water Systems, 589
Canadian Water Resources Journal. 590
Aquatim SA database ,(2016 ) , Project 169/AP/2016, Expertise on the water l osses fr om water 591
supply systems operated by Aquatim SA, S ource. 592

21 DELL’ORFANO F., ESPOSITO V., GUALTIERI P., PULCI DORIA G. (2013). Mean 593
Values of Water Pipe Break Rate in the World and in Geographical Areas, 7th IWA 594
International Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Water (Efficient 2013) Paris, France, 595
22-25 October. 596
E. Renaud, (2010 ), towards a global perf ormance indicat or for losses fr om water supply 597
systems. Water L oss, Jun 2010, Sa o Paulo, Brazil. 11 p., 2010. < Hal-00593479 >. 598
ENGELHARDT M.O ., SKIPWORTH P.J ., SAVIC D.A ., SAUL A.J ., WALTERS G.A . 599
(2000). Rehabilitation strategies for water distribution networks: a literature review with a UK 600
perspective, Urban Water 2, 153 -170 601
HAIDAR H. (2006). Drinking water netw orks rehabilitati on: meth odology for multicriteria 602
heritage analysis and rehabilitati on programs, PhD thesis, Nati onal Institute of Applied Sciences of 603
Lyon, France. 604
MONFRONT L, (2007) , Sanitation network, heritage management and concrete pipes 605
CERBI ISSN 0249 -6224. 606
NAFI A. (2006 ), Multiannual renewal program for drinking water networks, PhD Thesis 607
University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg I, France, 232p. 608
GAUFFRE P. , BAUR R, LAFFRECHINE K. , MIRAMOND M. (2002b), Multicriteria 609
decision support for the annual rehabilitation programmes of water networks, Proceedings Int. 610
Conf. Decision Making in Urban and Civil Eng., DMUCE’2002 London (UK), 6 -8 November 2002, 611
ISBN 0904354474, 655-660. 612
GRANGER D. , CARADOT N. , CHERQUI F., CHOCAT B. (2010) , How to support 613
sustainable urban water management strategies ?, 7th International Conference on Sustainable 614
Techniques and Strategies for Urban Water Management in Rainy Weather , , June 27 – July 1 , Lyon, 615
France 616
REDAL -Veolia report, (2007 ), master plan Update of drinking water distributi on from Rabat 617
– Sale Wilaya. 618
Saaty, T. J, (1996 ), Decisi on Making in C omplex Envir onments, Analytical Hierarchy 619
Process f or Decisi on Making and Dependence and Dependence (RWS Publicati ons). 620
Simona Neumann,( 2015 ), Timis oara 2021 Eur opean Capital OF Cultu re/ Candidate City. 621
622
623