Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Garlic Powder and Phenyl Acetic Acid on [617676]

Title: Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Garlic Powder and Phenyl Acetic Acid on
Productive Performance, Blood Haematology, Immunity and Antioxidant Status of
Broiler Chickens
Type of Manuscript: Article
Abstract
Objective: The effect of garlic powder (GP) and phe nyl acetic acid (PA) throughout the fattening perio d of broiler
chickens on performance, blood parameters, immune a nd antioxidant parameters as well as carcass traits was
evaluated. Methods: A total of 210 day-old Cobb bro iler chicks were randomly distributed into seven di etary
treatments having five replications with six chicks per replicate. The first group (control) fed a bas al diet without
supplements, whereas the group 2nd, 3rd and 4th wer e fed basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g GP/ kg diet,
respectively and the group 5th, 6th and 7th were fe d on the basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g PA/k g diet.
Results: Broiler body weight and gain at 21 and 42 days were increased (P<0.05) with diets supplemente d with GP
and PA. Red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) w ere improved in chickens fed diets enriched with GP . Broiler
chickens received diets containing either GP or PA recorded the higher values (P<0.05) of total protei n, globulin,
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), IgM and IgG, supero xide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC);
while, blood total cholesterol, low-density lipopro tein (LDL), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) and ma londialdehyde
(MDA) were lowered (P<0.05) compared to control-die t. Liver and immune-related organs weight were impr oved
(P<0.05) in broilers fed diet supplemented with GP and PA. Conclusion: Feeding of GP or PA in broiler diet had
positive effects on performance traits and immunolo gical, antioxidant and physiological status of broi lers. Thus, the
use of tested feed additives as eco-friendly altern ative to antibiotics resulted effective for animal health.
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Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

1 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Garlic Powder and Phenyl Acetic Acid on 1
Productive Performance , Blood Haematology , Immunity and Antioxidant Status 2
of Broiler Chickens 3
4
I. E. Ismail1, M. Alagawany1, A. E. Taha2, N. Puvača3, V. Laudadio4 and V. Tufarelli4,* 5
6
*Correspond ing Author: V. Tufarelli 7
Tel: +39 -080-544-3918, Fax: +39 -080-544-3811, E-mail: [anonimizat] 8
9
1 Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt 10
2 Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11
Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt 12
3 Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering 13
Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in N ovi Sad, Cvećarska, Novi Sad, Serbia 14
4 Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari “Aldo 15
Moro”, Valenzano 70010, Bari, Italy 16
17
ORCID 18
I. E. Ismail https://orcid.org/0000 -0003 -0344 -9164 19
M. Alagawany http://orcid.org/0000 -0002 -8020 -0971 20
A. E. Taha http://orcid.org/0000 -0002 -0429 -2587 21
N. Puvača https://orcid.org/0000 -0002 -5500 -7010 22
V. Laudadio https://orcid.org/0000 -0003 -3306 -0205 23
V. Tufarelli https://orcid.org/0000 -0003 -0089 -4393 24
25
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

2 Title of the manuscript: Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic powder and phenyl acetic acid on 26
productive performance, blood haematology, immunity and antioxidant status of broiler chickens 27
28
Abstract 29
Objective: The e ffect of garlic powder (GP) and p henyl acetic acid (PA) throughout the fattening period of 30
broiler chickens on performance, blood parameters, im mune and antioxidant parameters as well as carcass 31
traits was evaluated . 32
Methods: A total of 210 day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distr ibuted into seven dietary 33
treatments having five replications with six chicks per replicate. The fi rst group (control) fed a basal diet 34
without supplements, whereas the group 2nd, 3rd and 4th were fed basal diet plus 0.25, 0.5 0 and 0 .75 g GP/ 35
kg diet, respectively and t he group 5th, 6th and 7th were fed on the basal diet plus 0.25, 0.5 0 and 0.75 g 36
PA/kg diet . 37
Results: Broiler b ody weight and gain at 21 and 42 days were increased (P<0.05) with diet s supplemented 38
with GP and PA. Red blood cells (RBC ) and hemoglobin (Hb) were improved in chickens fed diets enriched 39
with GP. Broiler chickens received diets containing either GP or PA recorded the high er values (P<0.05) of 40
total protein, globulin, high -density lipoprotein (HDL), IgM and IgG, superoxide dismut ase (SOD) and t otal 41
antioxidant capacity (TAC); while, blood total cholesterol, low -density lipoprotein (LDL), aspartate – 42
aminotransferase (AST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were lowered (P<0.05) compared to control -diet. 43
Liver and immune -related organs weight were improved ( P<0.05) in broilers fed diet supplemented with GP 44
and PA. 45
Conclusion: Feeding of GP or PA in broiler diet had positive effects on performance traits and 46
immunological, antioxidant and physiological status of broilers . Thus, t he use of tested feed additives as eco – 47
friendly alternative to antibiotics resulted effective for animal health. 48
49
Keywords : Garlic ; Phenyl acetic acid ; Growth ; Immunity ; Antioxidant ; Broiler 50
51
INTRODUCTION 52
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

3 In the recent years broiler production was spread on the large scale in many countries to provide the 53
requirements of animal protein for human. The u sage of antibiotics as growth promoters in broiler diet has 54
been forbid because the anxiety of their residues in poultry tissues which due to ind ucement new strains of 55
microorganisms resistant of antibiotic [1]. Poultry m eat and egg production, still pain from great losses due 56
to food contamination with harmful bacteria and their influences also on the poultry performance , such as 57
decrease weight a nd increase of mortality rate [2]. The use of natural feed additives and growth promoters 58
from different sources in animal feeds is an ef fective way to enhance nutrient utilization and to reduce the 59
antibiotic residues. Phytogenic supplements are plant -derived products used in feeding poultry to maintain 60
performance of livestock species [3]. Among a large number of herbs, garlic has been considered as an 61
effective plant having antioxidant a nd antimicrobial activities along with multiple beneficial uses [4]. It was 62
reported that phytogenic feed additives improving body weight, feed efficiency ratio, and increased viability 63
of chickens [5]. Garlic ( Allium sativum ) has a lot of beneficial pharm acological substances [6]. In a study, 64
Ziarlarimi et al. [7] stated that garlic powder included many organosulfur compounds such as allicin, alliin, 65
ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, and S -allylcysteine, so that garlic as a natural plant -derived feed additi ves may 66
be successfully used to improve broiler growth. Further, g arlic has been widely used as feed additive s or 67
growth promoter substance since antiquity [8] and it has been also identified as a medicinal plant in 68
prevention and treatment of many heart diseases, intestinal disorders, and metabolic diseases, such as 69
atherosclerosis, thrombosis, dementia, cancer, and diabetes [9]. Several studies reported that g arlic has many 70
beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, anti oxidative, antithrombotic, anti platelet aggregator , and 71
antihypertensive [10-11]. 72
Organic acids or their salts are used as dietary supplement due to their ability on inhibiting microbial 73
growth in nutrients and then maintain the microbial equilibrium in digestive system. Also, they can convert 74
intestinal pH improving consequently feed ingredients solubility, digestion and their absorption [12]. 75
Actual ly, organic acids celebrated as non -antibiotic growth promoters in poultry nutrition [13]. Acetic acid is 76
one of organic acids which used to inhibit harmful microbial content in gut, modifying pH level and 77
enhancing feed efficiency [14]. Viveros et al. [15] reported that organic acids improve digestion and 78
absorption of feed ingredients and modulate positively immunity muc osa layer in broiler chickens. Thus, 79
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

4 there is a need to use more effective feeding strategies and economic alternatives for improving hea lth status 80
and performance of poultry. 81
Therefore , this study was carried out to examine the effects of garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic 82
(PA) acid on broiler performance, carcass traits and blood haematology, as well as some immune and 83
antioxidant para meters. 84
85
MATERIALS AND METHODS 86
This study was designed and carried out at the Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig 87
University, Zagazig, Egypt . The protocol was approved by the experimentation rules of the Internal 88
Commission for Environmental and Ethics of Zagazig University. 89
90
Experimental design 91
A total of 210 day-old Cobb broiler chickens were obtained from a commercial hatchery. Chicks were split 92
randomly to seven dietary treatments having five replicates of six birds each. Birds were kept in floor pen s 93
supplied with wood shavings. The first group (control) fed a basal diet without supplements, whereas the 94
group 2nd, 3rd and 4th were fed basa l diet plus 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g GP/ kg diet, respectively; and the group 95
5th, 6th and 7th were fed on the basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g PA/kg diet. Birds were reared under the 96
same environmental conditions. Room temperature was 33° C at initial e xperiment, then decreased gradually 97
to reach 25° C at 15 days of age and kept constant. The basal starter diet (1-21 days of age) consist ed of 23% 98
crude protein (CP) and 3 ,000 ME kcal/kg, while the finisher diet (22-42 days of age) of 20% CP and 3 ,150 99
ME kcal/kg , as recommended by NRC [16]. The experimental diet s were prepared by blending the basal diet 100
with 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g /kg diet of garlic powder (GP) or phenyl acetic acid (PA) . Garlic powder (GP) was 101
purchased from a local market in Zagazig City (Sharkia, Egypt) and phenylacetic acid (PA; C 8H8O2) from El 102
Gomhouria Co., GOMAC (Zagazig, Egypt), then added to diets. Feed and water were offered ad libitum . 103
104
Body weight and carcass traits 105
Birds of all groups were individually weighed after arriving to the farm. Body weight (BW) and gain were 106
recorded and calculated at 21 and 42 days of age . Birds were weighed individually and slaughtered after 107
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

5 blood samples collection, by neck cut and allowed to bleed. The Bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, liver, 108
heart and empty small intestine were removed and weighed, then calculated the relative weight to live BW. 109
Small intestine length, width and cecum length were also recorded [17]. 110
111
Blood heamatology 112
At the end of the trial, five broiler chicks were selected randomly within each group and fasted 12 h before 113
slaughter. Blood samples were taken from the wing vein using a sterile syringe into tubes containing EDTA 114
to obtain whole blood and plasma to determine blood hematology and biochemical components . Blood 115
heamatology, including red blood cells ( RBC ) count, hemoglobin (HB) concentration, packed cell volume 116
(PCV) by standard procedures [18]. Total white blood cells (WBC) count, percentage of heterocytes, 117
percentage of monocytes and percentage of lymphoc ytes were analyzed [19]. 118
119
Plasma biochemistry and antioxidant status 120
Blood samples were centrifugated at 3000 g × 20 min to obtain the plasma , then stored at -20°C for analysis. 121
The plasma samples were analyzed to determine total protein (TP), albumin (A lb), globulin (Glb), alanine – 122
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate -aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC) , triglycerides, high – 123
and low -density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD) , total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 124
malondialdehyde ( MDA), immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) spectrophotometrically using commercial kits. 125
126
Statistical Analysis 127
Data were analyzed using SAS (SAS Software, Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) according to completely randomized 128
design. Differences among groups were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test. The level of significance 129
was pre -set at P < 0.05, following the model: Yij = + T i + e ijk; where: Y ij = individual observation, = the 130
overall mean, T i = effect of treatment (i = 1, 2, 3 ,…7), and e ijk = random error. 131
132
RESULTS 133
Growth and carcass traits 134
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

6 The effect of different levels of GP or PA on broiler’s performance as BW and daily gain is shown in Table 1. 135
Broiler BW at 21 and 42 days of age and BW gain during 1 -21, 21 -42 and 1 -42 days of age were 136
significantly (P< 0.05) improved in groups fed diet supplemented with GP or PA. Feeding of 0.75 g GP/kg 137
led to heaviest (P<0.05) final BW and gain compared to the other diets. 138
Relative weight of liver was significantly increased ( P <0.01) when broilers fed different levels of GP and 139
PA compared to control (Table 2). Conversely , post-slaughter weight, heart percentage, and cecum length 140
were not affect ed by treatments . However, dietary additives recorded the highest values of small intestine 141
length width compared to control (T able 2). In particular, the higher liver relative weight of 2.93% was 142
observed in broilers fed 0.75 g GP /kg diet , whereas the highest small intestine length of 196.35 mm was 143
detected when fed 0.75g PA /kg compared to the other groups including control -diet. 144
145
Blood hematology and biochemical parameters 146
The effect of treatments on blood hematology is reported in Table 3. The RBC and Hb were significantly 147
(P<0.01) increased in chicks fed GP, when compared to those treated with 0.50 and 0.75 g /kg of PA and 148
contr ol-diet. Further , chicks fed diet containing 0.75 g GP/ kg diet had the highest value of Hb (13.46 g/dl) 149
compared with the other groups. Lymphocytes and heterocytes levels were increased (P<0.05) with GP and 150
PA supplementation than control. However, GP or PA treatments did not elicit a significant alteration in 151
PCV and WBCs among groups (Table 3). 152
Data in Table 4 show that chickens fed diets containing different levels of either GP or PA (0.25, 0.5 0 and 153
0.75 g/ kg) had higher (p<0.05) values of TP and Glb than those in control. Also, broiler s supplemented with 154
GP or PA had lower (P<0.01) LDL, TC and AST than control. Conversely , HDL was increased (P<0.01) in 155
all trea ted groups than control. No significant differences were detected in Alb, triglyceri des and ALT levels 156
in birds receiving feed additives. 157
158
Immunity and antioxidant parameters 159
As reported in Table 5, dietary supplementation of GP and PA increased significantly the broiler 160
immunological parameters (IgM and IgG) and immune organs (relative weight of thymus, Bursa of Fabricius 161
and spleen) , in particular when birds fed diet enriched diets with 0.75 g GP or PA /kg. C ompared to control – 162
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

7 diet, antioxidant status in terms of SOD and TAC was improved in birds fed GP or PA ; where, broiler 163
supplemented with 0.50 and 0.75 g/kg of GP or PA achieved the highest values of SOD and TAC (P< 0.05; 164
Table 6). Also , MDA value was significantly (P< 0. 0021) reduced in groups receiving feed additives (lowest 165
value recorded in 0.75 g GP/kg) compared to control. 166
167
DISCUSSION 168
Additing of GP and PA in broiler diets enhanced BW and BWG at 21 and 42 days of age . The obtained 169
results are in agreement with the findings of Khan et al. [6] who observed that broiler treated with GP had 170
significantly higher live weight and gain than unsupplemented group. The same trend was also found by 171
Suriya et al. [20] who used 0.5% GP in broiler diet. The better effect of garlic as natural feed additives might 172
be due to increased enzymes activity of pancreas , which offer a better environment for digest ion and 173
absorption of nutrients. Our results corroborated those of Nourmohammadi and Khosravinia [ 21] who 174
showed that addition of 30 g citric acid/kg diet si gnificantly improved broiler BW gain compared. The 175
improvement in BW and gain achieved when broilers fed GP and PA may be due to dialkylpolysulphide as 176
antibacterial compound which in garlic and playing axial role in broiler weight gain [22]. Furthermore, our 177
observation s agreed with those obtained by Dibner and Buttin [23] who illustrated that addition of acetic acid 178
to drinking water of chicks almost increased BW and it may be due to improve d digestion of protein, energy 179
and retention by reduced microbial competition for nutrient s. 180
In the current study, results showed that supplementing diet with PA or GP improved the relative 181
weight of liver. Similar trend was previously observed with Ashayerizadeh et al. [24] who showed that 182
addition of garlic at 1 kg/ton in broiler diet enhanced carcass yield when compare d with control. Conversely , 183
Raee si et al. [25] reported that feeding of 0.5, 1 .0 and 3% garlic decreased only broiler heart weight. On the 184
other hand, Sohail et al. [26] postulated that addition of organic acids in chicken diets did not affect carcass 185
traits such as dressing percentage, liver, heart and spleen weights . Small intestine length and average width 186
were higher in broilers received diet supplemented with both feed additives than control group. In parallel, 187
Denli et al. [27] observed that intestinal weight and length were significantly affected by administration of a 188
mixture of orga nic acids in chickens. Moreover, b roilers fed diet supplemented with or ganic acids increased 189
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

8 intestinal weight and length at slaughter age of 42 days, enhancing also growth performance and carcass 190
yield [28]. 191
Values of RBC , Hb, lymphocytes and heterocytes in chickens fed either GP – or PA – enriched diets 192
were higher than tho se in control -diet. In line with our findings , Askar [29] who found that RBCs, Hb and 193
PCV% increased in broiler fed diet supplemented with PA . The same A uthor observed also an increase of 194
WBCs in PA supplemented groups . In a study, Rehma n et al. [30] stated that inclusion dietary acetic acid led 195
to an increase only of lymphocytes count and H/L ratio in broiler chickens. Further, Wang et al. [31] when 196
supplemented broiler diet with PA found an increase in WBC and lymphocyte being in agreement with our 197
finding s. It was reported by Haque et al. [32] that the lymphoid organs content of lymphocytes improved 198
with addition citric acid in diet due to enhanced non -specific immunity. Our results are partially in agreeme nt 199
with previous findings observing that Hb and PCV were not affected by dietary GP in broilers [12]. Also, 200
Elagib et al. [33] found that no effect of diets containing 3 and 5% GP on broiler RBC, PCV and WBC . The 201
hemolytic bioactive and their metabolites in garlic may be responsible of these effects . The improvement in 202
RBC with GP supplementation could be due to the end -product produced from garlic metabolism possible 203
stimulates formation and secretion of erythropoietin of the kidney directly to cause erythrocyte synthesis [34]. 204
Dorhoi et al. [35] demonstrated that garlic extract addition to laying hens diet tended to enhance spleen red 205
blood cells uptake. 206
Findings of our study showed that supplementing diets with GP and PA decreased blood TC and 207
LDL, and increased TP, G lb and HDL. These results are partially in agreement with Rahimi et al. [36] who 208
found in broilers that blood triglyceride s, TC, and LDL concentrations were decreased, while HDL increased 209
when fed enriched -diet with 0.1% GP. At this regard, Issa and Omar [ 37] showed that addition of GP at 0.2 210
and 0.4% reduced significantly concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL in Cobb broiler , increasing 211
the level of HDL compared to control. On the contr ary, it was reported no differences in serum biochemical 212
parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT and AST) of broiler s fed diet 213
enriched with garlic [6]. The potential effect of garlic products may be due to depressing the lipogeni c and 214
cholesterogenic activity of liver enzymes such as fatty acid synthase, glucose -6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, 215
malic enzyme, and 3 -hydroxy -3-methylglutaryl -CoA reductase , consequently, the mechanism of 216
hypocholesterol and hypolipid syntheses [38]. 217
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

9 In a study, Rehma n et al . [30] reported that broilers fed diet supplemented with acetic acid had the 218
highest value of total protein and globulin comparing to control diet. Previously, Askar [29] observed that 219
birds receiving 0.075, 0.150 a nd 0.225% PA had lower value of cholesterol than control grou p. The 220
increasement in globulin led to improve d immunity, and Rahmani and Speer [39] demonstrated that dietary 221
inclusion of organic acid increased concentration of serum globulin and induced better immune response in 222
broilers. Our dietary treatments de creased AST levels in comparison to control, and this result partially 223
agreed those of Askar [29] who found that addition of PA reduced significantly ALT th an control. The same 224
trend was obtained by Salgado et al. [40] who found that 50 g/kg citric acid in broiler diet decreased ALT 225
activity ; however, increased serum AST concentration. Further , Nourmohammadi and Khosrovinia [31] 226
showed that citric acid supplemented into diet at 60 g/kg significantly reduced concentrations of LDH and 227
AST than control birds. 228
A significant increase was observed in the broiler serum IgG and Ig M and weights of thymus , Bursa 229
of Fabricius and spleen when fed GP and PA. These improvements in immunological parameters may be due 230
to the bioactive molecules in GP and PA. In agreement with our results, Rahimi et al. [36] found that dietary 231
supplementation of garlic improved the relative weight of Bursa of Fabricius than non -treated birds . 232
Conversely , Raeesi et al. [25] reported that chicks fed diet with 0.5, 1 .0 and 3% garlic had lower weights of 233
bursa and spleen. The same trend was also found by Hossain et al. [41] who reported that L. mesenteroides – 234
ferme nted garlic did not affect Bursa Fabricius . Hanieh et al. [38] observed that dietary garlic 235
supplementation increased IgG concentration. In the same trend, Askar [ 29] showed that relative weight of 236
Bursa of Fabricius and spleen significantly incr eased in b roiler treated with PA, whereas, Sohail et al . [36] 237
reported that organic acids addition did not aff ect spleen weight of broilers . 238
In the G P- and P A-treated groups, the levels of TAC and SOD were significantly increased at 0.75 239
g/kg; while, the highest concentration of MDA was recorded in control group. Our results agreed those 240
obtained by Pourali et al. [42] who indicated that adding garlic to broiler diet decreased of MDA 241
concentrations by 30% compared to birds fed basal -diet, without affecting SOD. Recently, Nasiroleslami et 242
al. [43] showed that broiler fed diet supplemented with guanidinoacetic acid significantly improved GPx 243
activity in broiler liver and decreased serum MDA. Furthermore, Alagawany et al. [44] demonstrated that 244
dietary supplement ation of garlic in diet had positive impact on SOD and TAC activities . 245
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

10 Based on findings, both garlic powder and phenyl acetic acid as natural feed additives in broiler diet 246
had antioxidant and immunomodulator effects on growth performance, blood parameters as well as on 247
immunity and antioxidant status . In addition, broilers fed diets enric hed with GP or PA showed lower lipid 248
peroxidation and profile , and improved immunity and antioxidant capacity. In particular, both natural fe ed 249
additives resulted more effective when supplemented at 0.5 0 or 0.75 g/kg diet. 250
251
Conflict of interest 252
The A uthors have no potential conflict of interest . 253
254
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381
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15 Table 1 . Live body weight (BW) and body weight gain of broiler chicks as affected by dietary garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic acid (PA) 382
supplementation. 383
Treatment Live BW (g/bird) Daily BW gain (g/day/bird)
21 days 42 days 1-21 days 21-42 days 1-42 days
Control 928.1c 1986.3d 41.64c 50.38d 46.93c
GP (g/kg)
0.25 945.5c 2035.2c 42.26c 51.91d 47.53c
0.50 1033.3a 2175.2b 47.11a 54.18b 52.62b
0.75 1052.7a 2245.1a 47.85a 56.81a 55.42a
PA (g/kg)
0.25 985.6b 2159.6b 45.85b 55.32b 48.21c
0.50 993.9b 2190.4b 45.37b 57.21a 51.28a
0.75 943.6c 2065.1c 42.14c 53.42c 47.74c
SEM 18.75 23.01 8.173 1.513 4.074
Pr> f 0.0124 0.0087 0.0279 0.0193 0.00126
Means within the same column with different common superscripts differ. 384
385
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16 Table 2. Carcass traits of broiler chicks as affected by dietary garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic acid (PA) supplementation. 386
Treatment Post-slaughter weight
(g) Liver
(%) Heart
(%) Cecum length
(cm) Intestine measurements
Width (mm) Length (mm) Weight (g)
Control 1876.6 1.61c 0.456 14.67 8.67b 154.67c 114.34
GP (g/kg)
0.25 1954.1 2.36ab 0.597 17.96 10.61a 183.99b 135.01
0.50 1943.3 2.57ab 0.603 19.21 11.21a 150.34c 122.35
0.75 1871.5 2.93a 0.671 21.63 10.64a 180.67b 115.43
PA (g/kg)
0.25 1859.6 2.18b 0.572 20.43 7.85b 179.35b 114.12
0.50 1828.3 2.64ab 0.569 17.82 8.13b 150.41c 130.67
0.75 1885.1 2.81a 0.655 17.37 10.42a 196.35a 122.36
SEM 48.57 0.668 0.086 1.523 4.018 5.493 8.175
Pr> f 0.1870 0.0017 0.0680 0.1007 0.0004 0.0001 0.0583
Means within the same column with different common superscripts differ . 387
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17 Table 3. Blood hematology of broiler chicks as affected by dietary garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic acid (PA) supplementation. 388
Treatment RBC
(× 106/ml) PCV
(%) HB
(g /dl) WBC
(× 103/ml) Monocytes
(%) Lymphocytes
(%) Heterophils
(%)
Control 2.84ab 38.03 9.27c 22.27 4.87 33.08b 42.13d
GP (g/kg)
0.25 2.96ab 40.66 11.93ab 23.89 5.46 45.23a 51.38bc
0.50 3.28a 38.84 12.71ab 24.18 5.31 47.51a 57.68ab
0.75 3.16a 42.22 13.46a 26.21 4.97 52.42a 59.62ab
PA (g/kg)
0.25 3.01ab 43.95 11.34ab 23.44 5.73 48.13a 62.28a
0.50 2.89bc 39.01 0.52bc 21.97 4.81 47.32a 47.01cd
0.75 2.61bc 38.93 10.11bc 23.65 5.62 46.78a 58.53ab
SEM 1.328 4.007 1.881 3.075 2.609 4.915 4.063
Pr> f 0.0081 0.1290 0.0100 0.1800 0.084 0.0490 0.0015
Means within the same column with different common superscripts differ .RBC: red blood cells; PCV: packed cell volume; HB: hemoglobin; WBC: 389
red blood cells. 390
391
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18 392
Table 4. Blood biochemistry parameters of broiler chicks as affected by dietary garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic acid (PA) supplementation. 393
Treatment TP
g/dl Alb
g/dl Glb
g/dl TC
mg/dl HDL
mg/dl LDL
mg/dl Triglycerides
g/dl AST
µ /l ALT
µ /l
Control 3.01b 1.78 1.23b 95.64a 17.84c 42.41a 72.76 246.81a 12.63
GP (g/kg)
0.25 4.06b 2.55 1.51ab 72.51bc 26.67bc 26.71b 58.37 196.63b 9.96
0.50 4.51ab 2.58 1.93a 64.75bc 28.79ab 24.23b 50.18 170.55bc 7.82
0.75 4.87a 2.76 2.11a 58.87c 38.24a 21.97b 48.71 138.94c 6.91
PA (g/kg)
0.25 4.22b 2.31 1.91a 71.63bc 21.44bc 30.76b 55.42 186.88c 8.24
0.50 4.21b 2.49 1.72a 63.21bc 21.36bc 27.65b 61.78 201.07b 10.63
0.75 3.96b 2.19 1.77a 81.17ab 27.04bc 24.91b 58.21 172.34bc 9.98
SEM 1.549 0.546 0.164 14.758 5.589 13.954 21.134 38.619 3.765
Pr> f 0.002 0.198 0.029 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.149 0.005 0.221
Means within the same column with different common superscripts differ . TP: total protein, Alb: albumin, Glb: globulin, TC: total cholesterol, 394
HDL: high -density lipoprotein, LDL: low -density lipoprotein, AST: aspartate -aminotransferase, ALT: alanine -aminotransferase. 395
396
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19 Table 5. Immune parameters of broiler chicks as affected by dietary garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic acid (PA) supplementation. 397
Treatment Relative weight of immune organs IgM (mg/dl) IgG (mg/dl) Bursa Fabricius (%) Thymus (%) Spleen (%)
Control 0.092b 0.395b 0.068c 71.81d 195.32b
GP (g/kg)
0.25 0.161ab 0.578ab 0.121ab 100.67cd 295.65ab
0.50 0.167a 0.719a 0.128ab 112.92bc 298.87ab
0.75 0.183a 0.753a 0.151a 149.89a 335.85a
PA (g/kg)
0.25 0.162ab 0.548ab 0.112b 96.68cd 317.35ab
0.50 0.173a 0.681a 0.127ab 111.92bc 328.95ab
0.75 0.163ab 0.756a 0.137ab 130.87ab 357.44a
SEM 0.0362 0.1308 0.0134 20.161 154.112
Pr> f 0.0367 0.0134 0.0095 0.0010 0.0310
Means within the same column with different common superscripts differ . 398
399
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20 400
Table 6. Antioxidant status of broiler chicks as affected by dietary garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic acid (PA) 401
supplementation. 402
Treatment SOD (nmol/ml) TAC (nmol/ml) MDA (nmol/ml)
Control 0.036c 0.116d 0.285a
GP (g/kg)
0.25 0.181abc 0.212abc 0.158b
0.50 0.189ab 0.231abc 0.104b
0.75 0.254a 0.281a 0.098b
PA (g/kg)
0.25 0.131bc 0.163cd 0165b
0.50 0.147bc 0.206bc 0.161b
0.75 0.224ab 0.247ab 0.146b
SEM 0.053 0.054 0.070
Pr> f 0.0240 0.0027 0.0021
Means within the same column with different common superscripts differ (P<0.05) or (P<0.01) . SOD: superoxide 403
dismutase, TAC: total antioxidant capacity (TAC), MDA: malondialdehyde. 404
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