GIS Applications in the Field of the Maramures Subterranean Mining [617165]

GIS Applications in the Field of the Maramures Subterranean Mining
Exploitations

STEFAN OVIDIU
Faculty of Mineral Resources and Environment, Department of Mine s, North University Baia Mare,
62A V. Babes street, ROMANIA, [anonimizat] , www.ubm.ro
GABRIEL BĂ DESCU
Faculty of Mineral Resources and Environment, Department of Mine s, North University Baia Mare,
62A V. Babes street, ROMANIA, [anonimizat] , www.ubm.ro
RODICA B ĂDESCU, engineer, Faculty of Mineral Resources and Environment , Mining
Department, North University of Baia Mare , 62A V. Babes street, ROMANIA,
[anonimizat] .
GHEORGHE BADEA
Faculty of Geodesy, Department of Topography and Cadastre, Technical Constructions University
Bucharest, 124 Lacul Tei Boulevard, ROMANIA, [anonimizat] , www.utcb.ro
ANA CORNELIA BADEA
Faculty of Geodesy, Department of Topography and Cadastre, Technical Constructions University
Bucharest, 124 Lacul Tei Boulevard, ROMANIA, [anonimizat] , www.utcb.ro
CAIUS DIDULESCU
Faculty of Geodesy, Department of Topography and Cadastre, Technical Constructions University
Bucharest, 124 Lacul Tei Boulevard, ROMA NIA, [anonimizat], www.utcb.ro.
CAIUS DIDULESCU
Faculty of Geodesy, Department of Topography and Cadastre, Technical Constructions University
Bucharest, 124 Lacul Tei Boulevard, ROMA NIA, [anonimizat], www.utcb.ro.

Abstract: – This paper analyses the opportunity and usefulness of building GIS systems in the case of
subterranean exploitations, sketching its configuration, the composing informational levels, the methods of management, updating and access of this very up-to-the -minute information management technique in a
unitary system and present the conjuncture in which a GIS type informational system is desired to be implemented, the difficulties, the strengths and weaknesses. A case study is presented concerning the
Maramures Mining Industry, exploitation for extracting non-ferrous metallic minerals. The Maramures mining
region is located in the northwestern part of Romani a and it is famous for the ores it has underground.
The implementation and use of GIS technology in an organization represents a long process. Being a
relatively new area in Europe, too, one of the main obstacles for successfully implementing and using it within
the area is the lack of knowledge.
Key-words: – GIS systems, management, underground mining, non-ferrous ores.

1. General presentation of the
Maramures area

1.1. Physical-geographical characterization
In Maramure ș County there are 2 cities, 6 towns and
62 communities. The capital of the county is Baia
Mare City. This county has a total area of 6,304 km².
43% of this surface is being occupied by the Rodna, Gutâi and Ț ibleș Mountains
all part of the Eastern Carpathians. The rest are either hills and plateaus or valleys. The region is crossed by Tisa River and some of its affluents: Iza, Viseu, Mara. In 2002, it had a population of 510,110 and the population
density was 81/km Romanians. The region is a
strong mining region – generally metals other than
iron
.
Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on REMOTE SENSING
ISSN: 1790-2769
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ISBN: 978-960-474-129-8

Fig. 1. Maramures county map

1.2. Main Historical Mining Milestones
The first written information about the settlement
point to the existence of a powerful mining centre,
with all the features of a medieval town, self-governing and administrating, subject to central state authority. Thus, a privilege granting document issued by the Royal Chancellery of Louis the Great D'Anjou on 20 September 1347 provides us with
extensive information concerning the administrative
structure, the eligibility of the governing bodies and their competencies. In 1748 the Austrian authorities
founded the Superior Mining Inspectorate (Obermat Inspector) in Baia Mare to be housed in a newly
built building and a mint.

2. Mineralogical aspects in the
Maramures county area
The geological structure of the region consists in
two structural sublevels, which belong to the Alpine
orogen:
1. The crystalline and sedimentary bed (Jurassic – Aquitanian) 2. The sedimentary and eruptive blanket (Middle Miocene – Pliocene) The mineralization is represented in the form of
veins, situated in the volcanic apparatus or in their
neighbourhood. The veins have length between 500-2000 m, width of a few centimetres (2-4 m on the average). Depending on the nature of mineralization, the deposits are classified as follows:
1.The Northwestern group, with mineralizations of
Pb, Cu, Zn, Au and Ag,
2.The central group , with mineralization
predominantly of gold-silver with native Au, 3.The
Eastern group, has mineralization of Pb, Cu, Zn and subordinated Au and Ag.
In the region there were described over 400 mineral
species, some of them being discovered here for the first time.

3. Romanian Mining Industry and environment protection short
presentation
In the Romanian mining industry work in present 96
economics agents and the distribution of these is the following:3 national companies for coal which have
40 mining branches;2 national companies for
poly-metallic, gold and silver ores which have 44 mining branches; National Company for the Uranium ;National Society for Salt which has 7 branches; National Society for the Mineral Waters; 7
societies for non-metal ores;10 societies for
geological research;5 research institutes. The mining industry impact on the environment refers to the following aspects: 1. Emission of pollutants in air ( NOx ;CO; SiO
2
;SO 2);
2. Emission of pollutants on surface and ground waters (heavy metals, sulfates, chlorites, carbonates and others); 3. Soil pollution; 4. Hydrological changes in the area;
5. Landscape changes in the area;
6. Occupation of a large area of terrain for the
exploitation activity, industrial facility, waste deposits and tailing dam; 7. Disturbing of natural habitats; 8. Affects cultural and historical sites;
9. Vibration effects caused by explosions;
10. Long term effects over the environment during activity and after the closure of the mining activity;

4. The role of mining surveying in configuring and coordinating mining GIS
4.1. Overview
Mining surveying includes the works of
measurement and analytical and graphical
processing of measurement data accomplished in order to determine and certify the information concerning all the steps for using the mineral resources, beginning with prospecting and
exploration to exploitation and usage, by means of
subterranean works and surface works The main activities of mining topography are:
a) Designing, performing, conservation and
development of topographic control networks at the
surface and under ground;
b) Investigating, collecting, archiving and
supplying the necessary information for the extractive cadastre;
Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on REMOTE SENSING
ISSN: 1790-2769
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ISBN: 978-960-474-129-8

c) Forecasting and monitoring the effects of
exploitation on the surface and under ground, in the
various phases: exploitation, closing and post-
closing, as well as approving urbane detail plans
from the mining areas;
d) Tracing the mining works from the surface
and from the sub-terrain;
e) Detailed topographic survey and recording
the subterranean and/or surface mining works, as
well as the geometric elements of the deposit, in the
graphical documentation;
f) Reception of surface and subterranean
mining works from mining topography perspective;
g) Control and monitoring of the stability of
the surface and subterranean mining works;
h) Consultancy and expertise in the area of
mining.
4.2. The mining topographic documentation,
according to Order nr. 133 of the National Agency for Mineral Resources from July 25, 2003, concerning the approval of the Mining topography regulation
The graphical mining documentation includes all the
documents drawn, drafted based on the data obtained by topographic measurements, graphically represented based on well-determined and unitary projection principles.
The graphical mining documentation is composed
of: Group 1: fundamental plans and drawings, including graphical documents c oncerning the reference
system and the surface and subterranean topographic control network
Group 2: the archive of the deposit, including
graphical documents that refer to knowing the deposit, with its characteristics concerning the position, shape, size and geophysical and chemical data, as well as those concerning the computation
and recording of the reserves of useful mineral
substances; Group 3: exploitation maps, plans and drawings, including graphical documentation used for the current activity; Group 4: special plans and drawings, including the
graphical documentation concerning the protection
of the surface and of the deposit, administrative and organizational documents, exploitation perimeters
and extractive cadastre; Group 5: maps, plans and drawings concerning the
design and planning of the mining activity, including
specific documents that are used for designing mining constructions and for establishing general
exploitation programs. The topographic documentation consists of:
a) Surface maps and plans: 1. the map on the 1:100,000 scale of the area in
which that perimeter is located;
2. the map on the 1:25,000 scale, indicating the
borders of the perimeter and the coordinates of
contour points;
3. the general topographic plan of the
perimeter on the 1:5,000 scale, which contains: contours, demarcation of mining properties and locations, prospectings, the detailed geological
exploration limits, the location of descents to under
ground, the surfaces intended for depositing the attles, water supplies, etc. with elements for connecting to the "Stereografic-1970" projection system;
4. the topographic plan on 1:2.000 or 1:1,000
scale, in the reference system of the mining basin, in which the mining works are, and in the "Stereografic-1970" projection system; 5. the site plan on the 1:1,000 or 1:500 scale of
the mining locations, with elements to connect and coordinates in the "Stereografic-1970" projection system.
b) Subterranean plans:
1. Fundamental plans, performed on strong
supports an having special depositing regime,
represent the basic legal documents for the
subterranean mining activity:
• The general plan of the mine, on the
1:5,000 or 1:2,000 scale, correlated with the surface
• The general plan of the mine on the
1:1,000 or 1:500 scale;
• The plan of each layer, vein or stock
in elevation, designating the exploited spaces, on the
1:1,000 or 1:500 scale;
• Longitudinal sections and
transversal section through the deposit at 100 m at
most, on the 1:500 – 1:5,000 scale;
• The plan of each horizon, in the
case of deposits with high declivity, where the general plan presents significant overlapping of
works at various horizons, on the 1:1,000 or 1:500
scale.
2. Work plans, drafted on heliographic copies
or drawing paper applied on textile, for the current usage of the exploitation:
• The general plan of each sector, on
the 1:500 scale;
• The plan of each horizon, in the
case of deposits with high declivity, on the 1:1,000 or 1:500 scale;
• The plan of abatises on each layer,
stock, vein, on the 1:500 or 1:200 scale;
• The site plan of each exploitation
section, in the case of thick layers, on the 1:200
scale;
Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on REMOTE SENSING
ISSN: 1790-2769
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ISBN: 978-960-474-129-8

• The longitudinal profile of main
transport routes, horizontal and inclined, periodically
updated, depending on the needs of the exploitation;
• The longitudinal profile of the
holes, with transversal sections, designating the
installations from the hole and from the ramp of
each horizon, updated after the periodical checking stipulated in the current regulation;
• The plan and sections of water
basins, pump installations, subterranean rooms, subterranean deposits;
• The plans and drawings concerning
the mechanical-energetic installations c) Written documents: records and journals belonging to the plans and the production and stock record.

4.3.The GIS power
The Geographic Information Systems represent a
relatively new science (the first steps have been made at the beginning of the ’60), which has begun to be successfully applied, especially in the area of cadastre, in the countries from Western Europe, after
’90, and in some countries from Eastern Europe
(Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland) at the end of the ’90 and the beginning of 2000. The North-western region of Romania, and generally Romania, was behind in what concerns the implementation, use
and development of this modern technology,
because there were very few specialists in this activity domain. The ultimate use of GIS lies in its capability for modeling: constructing models of the real world from digital da tabases, and using these
models to simulate the effect of a specific process
over time for a given scenario. Modeling is a
powerful tool for analyzing trends and identifying factors that affect them, or for displaying the possible consequences of planning decisions or projects that affect resource use and management.
Analyzing the informational levels that MINING
SURVEYING offers, we can see that practically, starting from the support layer, which would be the general plan of the mine, for the underground, and the topographic site plan for the surface, all the
information is geographically labeled, so that
everything mentioned below corresponds to the same condition.

4.4. Basic Aspects Solved by MINING GIS :
• Mine management
• Production
• Exploitation safety
• Environment protection

4.5. Other data necessary to be incorporated
in MINING GIS=MGIS – Geographical Information Systems for Mining
All the surface GIS characteristic data, to which
there are added the data specific to subterranean exploitations:
1. Geologic data,
2. Surface topography,
3. Economical, financial
4. Transportation of carriages for personnel
and ore,
5. Production, stocks, reserves,
6. Electrical networks, airways,
7. Support, consolidation of mining works,
8. Mining protection areas, water locks, air,
blowholes,
9. Exploitation projects
10. Opening or closing projects
11. Impact on the environment,
12. The impact of the subterranean exploitation
on the surface terrains,
13. Topographic control networks, from under
ground and connections,
14. The connection of the local control system
to the national system,
15. The connection of the local control system
to the worldwide system, WGS84, GALILEO,
16. Areas in exploitation, the progress of
exploitation,
17. Taxes,
18. Mining cadastre,
19. Protection and management of risks and
disasters,
20. Radiometric data, etc

5. The documentation of informational
systems of MGIS type in the mining
industry
The documentation of systems, in general, is a
process of decomposing a whole into its composing parts, in order to allow their examination; this leads to the understanding of the nature of their functions
and correlations. The following steps are involved,
which should not be missing in the case of configuration and establishing of a MGIS, too: 1. Activities to collect information for the analysis of the systems
The main activities for collecting information
concerning an object system and its informational system are: documenting, observing, interviewing and questioning. The documentation, observation techniques, the interview and questionnaires are used in various
Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on REMOTE SENSING
ISSN: 1790-2769
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ISBN: 978-960-474-129-8

extents during the next steps of analyzing the
existing system. 1. Reviewing the object system.
2. Analyzing the informational-decisional system of
the object system. 3. Identifying the drawbacks of the informational system. 4. Documenting the analysis of the exiting informational systems.
These steps of the system analysis will be discussed
in more detail in the sequel. Managers are frequently asked what information would they prefer to know or what copies of the already drafted reports or of the reports that will be
drafted for other managers would they like to be
offered. This approach tends to encourage managers to ask more information than they need. Research in
the field of decision-making and information usage indicates that:
1. Decision-makers tend to ask and feel more
comfortable having more detailed information than they actually need. Even more, it seems that they make better decisions having concise information and exceptional reports. 2. The lesser knowledge the decision makers have
concerning the necessary decisions for the
appropriate administration of a process, the more they will tend to ask for more information. The informational requirements are based on the decisions that managers have to make. This reduces
the tendency of managers to ask for more
information than they need. Such surpluses make the process of information processing more difficult and are expensive.

5.1. The difficulty of defining the decisional
system.
Defining the decisional system is an important step
in system analysis. In order to define such a system,
discipline and considerable effort are necessary from the managers. Decision centres. The decisions made in an
organization are grouped in decision centres. A decision centre is composed, in general, of a
decision-maker, the procedures of decision-making
and the activities for which the decisions have to be made. The decisions made in a decisional centre belong to the management of a regular organizational process.
Another advantage of defining decision centres and
main decisions is that the decision-making mechanism and the decisional centres often show discrepancies. Identifying the drawbacks of the existing informational system After analyzing the informational-decisional system of the object system, the next step is to identify the drawbacks of the existing informational system. This
prepares the step for reengineering the process. After
studying in detail the object system, based on the documentation, interviews or questionnaires, it could seem that the identification of drawbacks is a mere logical extraction of the information needed for making the decision from the information supplied
concerning the object system. As soon as the
information needed for the new system is defined, the next step is to document in detail the existing system and to analyze. There exists a documenting form of the existing informational system, and this is
the starting point for the analysis.

6.Conclusions
Beyond the symbolism of the mine and the
substances that are extracted through this activity,
the development of European mining basins has generated problems concerni ng the flow of people,
urbane and regional devel opment, union integration
processes, social organization systems, knowledge
transmitting in formal and informal systems,
appearing of a characteristic of the mining culture. The cultural and social heritage of the mine and mining must be saved from disappearing, when the activity itself ceases, in order to keep the identity of
those areas, and the historical values they have
produced. The dynamics of the current social, economical, cultural processes can accelerate these losses, irreversibly. From 37,000 miners that Remin Baia Mare Company had (which the studied mine is part of) in
1990, 4,300 were left. The budget project for 2006
does not allocate any more many for mining subventions. Without subventions, the mines from Maramure ș, Bucovina, Ardeal and all the
subterranean exploitations from Oltenia are closed.
The European Union does not accept subvention
granting. This paper tried to present the conjuncture in which a GIS type informational system is desired to be implemented, the difficulties, the strengths and weaknesses. Future papers will present possible
solutions.

Reference:

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ISSN: 1790-2769
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ISBN: 978-960-474-129-8

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Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on REMOTE SENSING
ISSN: 1790-2769
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ISBN: 978-960-474-129-8