32,7,(05.(7,1),50(, [616264]
&DSLWROXO
32/,7,&$'(0$5.(7,1*$),50(,
2ELHFWLYH
'HILQLUHDSROLWLFLLGHPDUNHWLQJDILUPHL
&XQRDúWHUHDWLSRORJLHLVWUDWHJLLORUGHSLD
&XQRDúWHUHDHOHPHQWHORUFRPSRQHQWHDOHPL[XOXLGHPDUNHWLQJ
&225'21$7(/(32/,7,&,,'(0$5.(7,1*
$),50(,
ÌQSUH]HQWILUPDvúLGHVIúRDUDFWLYLWDWHDvQWUXQPHGLXLQVWDELOúLGLQDPLFUH]XOWkQGDVWIHO
QHFHVLWDWHDXQHLDGDSWULSHUPDQHQWHDDFWLYLWLLILUPHLODFHULQHOHPHGLXOXLVXH[WHUQODFHULQHOH
úLUHVWULFLLOHFDUHVHPDQLIHVWSHSLHHOHSHFDUHILUPDHVWHSUH]HQW$GDSWDUHDILUPHLODFRQGLLLOH
FRQFUHWHDOHPHGLXOXLVXH[WHUQQXVHSRDWHIDFHvQFRQGLLLOHDEVHQHLPDUNHWLQJXOXL
,QWHJUDUHDIXQFLHLGHPDUNHWLQJvQFDGUXOIXQFLLORUILUPHLSUHVXSXQHGHVIúXUDUHDXQRU
DFWLYLWLVSHFLILFHFXPDUIL VHOHFLDSHUVRQDOXOXLLPSOLFDWvQDFWLYLWLOHGHPDUNHWLQJHODERUDUHD
SROLWLFLLúLDVWUDWHJLLORUGHPDUNHWLQJFRQFUHWHFXDQWLILFDUHDLQWHUGHSHQGHQHORUvQWUHDFWLYLWDWHDGH
PDUNHWLQJúLWRDWHFHOHODOWHDFWLYLWLGHVIúXUDWHvQFDGUXOILUPHL
1HFHVLWDWHDDERUGULLWXWXURUSUREOHPHORUvQWURYL]LXQHGHPDUNHWLQJDIRVWVLQWHWL]DWIRDUWH
VXJHVWLYGHFWUH*X\6HUUDI ³vQWUHSULQGHULOHERJDWHQXIDFPDUNHWLQJSHQWUXFDXEDQLFLDXEDQL
SHQWUXFIDFPDUNHWLQJ³
3ROLWLFDGHPDUNHWLQJDILUPHLGHILQHúWHFDGUXOJHQHUDOGHDFLXQHDOILUPHLvQYHGHUHD
UHDOL]ULLvQWUHJLLVDOHSURGXFLL3ROLWLFDGHPDUNHWLQJHVWHDOFWXLWGLQWURVXPGHVWUDWHJLLúL
LQVWUXPHQWHFRQFUHWHGHDFLXQH WDFWLFL 3ROLWLFDJOREDOGHPDUNHWLQJDILUPHLHVWHDOFWXLWGLQWU
XQQXPUGHSDWUXSROLWLFLGHED]úLDQXPH SROLWLFDGHSURGXVSROLWLFDGHSUHSROLWLFDGH
GLVWULEXLHúLSROLWLFDSURPRLRQDO
6WUDWHJLDGHPDUNHWLQJ±FRPSRQHQWDSROLWLFLLGHPDUNHWLQJLQFOXGHPLMORDFHOHSHFDUH
ILUPDXUPHD]VOHXWLOL]H]HvQYHGHUHDUHDOL]ULLRELHFWLYHORUGHSLDSHFDUHúLOHDSURSXVvQ
FRQFRUGDQFXFRRUGRQDWHOHJHQHUDOHDOHSROLWLFLLGHPDUNHWLQJ6WUDWHJLDGHPDUNHWLQJSRDWHIL
HODERUDWvQGLYHUVHPRPHQWHúLFXGLYHUVHRFD]LL vQFD]XOODQVULLSHSLDDXQXLQRXSURGXVRGDW
FXIXQGDPHQWDUHDSURJUDPHORUSODQXULORUVDXEXJHWHORUILUPHLHWF6SHFLDOLúWLLUHFRPDQG
HODERUDUHDODQLYHOXOILUPHLDXQXLVHWGHVWUDWHJLLGHPDUNHWLQJVHWFDUHVLQFOXGúLVWUDWHJLL³GH
UH]HUY³SHFDUHILUPDVOHSRDWDSOLFDvQVLWXDLLOHGHFUL]vQVLWXDLLOHQHSUHY]XWHÌQIXQFLHGH
VHJPHQWXOFUXLDLVHDGUHVHD]VWUDWHJLDGHPDUNHWLQJSRDWHvPEUFDIRUPHFRQFUHWH VWUDWHJLHGH
SLDVWUDWHJLHGHSURGXVVWUDWHJLHSURPRLRQDOHWF
ÌQJHQHUDORVWUDWHJLHGHPDUNHWLQJHVWHDOFWXLWGLQXUPWRDUHOHVWUDWHJLL³SDULDOH³
VWUDWHJLDGHDFLXQHVWUDWHJLDUH]XOWDWHORUúLVWUDWHJLDDQJDMULL6WUDWHJLDGHDFLXQHVWDELOHúWH
SURGXVHOHVDXJDPDGHSURGXVHFDUHXUPHD]VILHSURGXVHvQILUP QLYHOXOSUHXULORUSUDFWLFDWHOD
EHQHILFLDU UHJLXQHDúLUHVSHFWLYSLHHOHSHFDUHVHYDFRPHUFLDOL]DSURGXVXO FDQDOHOHGHGLVWULEXLH
XWLOL]DWHHWF6WUDWHJLDUH]XOWDWHORUPRWLYHD]DFLXQLOHILUPHLSULQDERUGDUHDSULRULWDUDXQRU
GRPHQLLFXPDUIL XWLOLWDWHDVRFLDODSURGXVHORU XWLOL]DUHDFRPSOHWDFDSDFLWLORUGHSURGXFLH
VDXDIRUHLGHPXQF SULRULWLOHWHKQLFHHWF3ULQVWUDWHJLDDQJDMULLVHVWDELOHúWHFLQHFkQGúLXQGH
YDH[HFXWDDFLXQLOHFRQFUHWHFXSULQVHvQVWUDWHJLDvQFDX]
7DFWLFDGHPDUNHWLQJUHDOL]HD]WUDQVSXQHUHDHIHFWLYvQSUDFWLFDVWUDWHJLLORUGHPDUNHWLQJ
DOHXQHLILUPH5HODLDvQWUHVWUDWHJLDúLWDFWLFDGHPDUNHWLQJHVWHGHODvQWUHJODSDUWH
,03257$1$675$7(*,(,'(3,$
Ì1&$'58/32/,7,&,,'(0$5.(7,1*$),50(,
6HDSUHFLD]DWkWvQWHRULHFkWúLvQSUDFWLFFVWUDWHJLDGHSLDUHSUH]LQWHOHPHQWXOFHQWUDO
DOSROLWLFLLGHPDUNHWLQJDILUPHL'HDVHPHQHDvQFRQGLLLOHDFWXDOHvQFDGUXOILHFUHLILUPHHVWH
DEVROXWQHFHVDUHODERUDUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLLGHSLDFDUHVUVSXQGFHULQHORUPHGLXOXLH[WHUQDO
ILUPHLúLVYDORULILFHRSWLPUHVXUVHOHGHFDUHGLVSXQHILUPD
LQkQGVHDPDGHLPSRUWDQDVWUDWHJLHLGHSLDSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDILUPHLDFHDVWDUHSUH]LQW
GHIDSWSXQFWXOGHSOHFDUHvQHODERUDUHDúLIXQGDPHQWDUHDWXWXURUFHORUODOWHRSLXQLVWUDWHJLFHDOH
ILUPHLÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WHOHPHQWHOHvQIXQFLHGHFDUHVXQWFRQVWUXLWHGLYHUVHOHWLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLGH
PDUNHWLQJVHSRWFRQFUHWL]DvQ GLQDPLFDSLHHLVWUXFWXUDSLHHLVFKLPEULOHFDUHDXORFSHSLD
H[LJHQHOHSLHHLQLYHOXOFRPSHWLLHL
3URIHVRUXO&)ORUHVFXFODVLILFVWUDWHJLLOHGHSLDvQIXQFLHGHHOHPHQWHOHHQXPHUDWH
DQWHULRU ILJXUD
6WUDWHJLLOHGHSLDHODERUDWHúLDGRSWDWHvQDFWLYLWDWHDILUPHLDXXQFDUDFWHUGLQDPLF GH
DVHPHQHDILUPDSRDWHRSWDSHQWUXIRUPXODUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLLXQLFHSHQWUXWRDWHSURGXVHOHúLWRDWH
DFWLYLWLOHVDOHVDXSRDWHHODERUDVWUDWHJLLGLIHUHQLDWHSHSURGXVHVDXJUXSHGHSURGXVH
3R]LLDILUPHLIDGH
'LQDPLFD
SLHHL6WUXFWXUD
SLHHL6FKLPEULOH
SLHHL([LJHQHOH
SLHHL1LYHOXO
FRPSHWLLHL
6WUDWHJLD
FUHúWHULL6WUDWHJLH
QHGLIHUHQLDW6WUDWHJLH
DFWLY6WUDWHJLD
H[LJHQHL
ULGLFDWH6WUDWHJLH
RIHQVLY
6WUDWHJLD
PHQLQHULL6WUDWHJLH
GLIHUHQLDW6WUDWHJLH
SDVLY6WUDWHJLD
H[LJHQHL
PHGLL6WUDWHJLH
GHIHQVLY
6WUDWHJLD
UHVWUkQJHULL6WUDWHJLH
FRQFHQWUDW6WUDWHJLH
DGDSWLY6WUDWHJLD
H[LJHQHL
VF]XWH
)LJXUD&ODVLILFDUHDVWUDWHJLLORUGHSLD
6XUVD &)ORUHVFXúLFRODE0DUNHWLQJ(G0DUNHWHU%XFXUHúWL
(ODERUDUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLLGHSLDUHSUH]LQWRDFWLYLWDWHFRPSOH[FDUHQHFHVLWFRPSHWHQ
H[SHULHQREXQFXQRDúWHUHDSLHHLHWFúLFDUHDUHGUHSWVFRSHODERUDUHDXQRUGHFL]LLDGHFYDWH
SHQWUXILUPDvQFDX]6SHFLDOLúWLLLPSOLFDLvQDFHDVWDFWLYLWDWHvPELQGHUHJXOHOHPHQWHGH
QDWXURELHFWLYFXGHWHUPLQULGHRUGLQVXELHFWLY3URFHVXOGHHODERUDUHDVWUDWHJLHLGHSLDSRDWH
ILSUH]HQWDWVFKHPDWLFDúDFXPUH]XOWGLQILJXUD
6WDELOLUHD
RELHFWLYHORU
JHQHUDOH$QDOL]DGLDJQRVWLFD
PHGLXOXLGHPDUNHWLQJ
6WDELOLUHDRSêLXQLORUVWUDWHJLFHIXQGDPHQWDOH
VHJPHQWDUHDSLHêHL
VHOHFWDUHDHOHPHQWHORUYL]DWH
DOHJHUHDFmLORUGHUH]ROYDUH
SR]LêLRQDUHD
&RQFHSHUHDPDUNHWLQJXOXLPL[
SURGXV
SUHê
GLVWULEXêLH
SURPRYDUH
(YDOXDUHDSUHYL]LRQDOmDVWUDWHJLLORU
,PSOHPHQWDUHDVWUDWHJLHL
&RQWUROXOLPSOHPHQWmULLVWUDWHJLHL
)LJXUD(ODERUDUHDVWUDWHJLHLGHSLD
6XUVD *0HGULKDQ0%6DOR5%R\HU0DUNHWLQJ
0,;8/'(0$5.(7,1*
0L[XOGHPDUNHWLQJSRDWHILGHILQLWFDXQLQVWUXPHQWGHUHDOL]DUHDSROLWLFLLGHPDUNHWLQJD
ILUPHLFDUHFRQVWGLQWURFRPELQDLHXQLWDUDGLIHULWHORUYDULDELOHGHPDUNHWLQJvQSDWUXGRPHQLL
GLVWLQFWH SURGXVSUHGLVWULEXLHúLSURPRYDUH ILJXUD 1RLXQHDGHPL[SURYLQHGHODFXYkQWXO
³PL[WXUH³FDUHvQOLPEDHQJOH]DUHVHPQLILFDLDGHDPHVWHFvPELQDUHFRPELQDUH&UHDWRUXO
FRQFHSWXOXLGHPDUNHWLQJPL[DIRVWSURIHVRUXO8QLYHUVLWLL+DUYDUG1HLO%RUGHQ
ÌQFDGUXODERUGULLDFWXDOHDFRQFHSWXOXLGHPDUNHWLQJPL[LPSRUWDQDFHORUSDWUXHOHPHQWH
FRPSRQHQWHSURGXVSUHGLVWULEXLHúLSURPRYDUHYDULD]vQIXQFLHGHFRQGLLLOHFRQFUHWHDOH
WUDQVSXQHULLvQSUDFWLFDPL[XOXL'HDVHPHQHDvQSUDFWLFQXHVWHREOLJDWRULHSUH]HQDWXWXURU
HOHPHQWHORUSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDPL[XOXL
&DXUPDUHDGLYHUVLWLLúLFRPSOH[LWLLILHFUXLDGLQWUHFHOHSDWUXFRPSRQHQWHDOHPL[XOXL
ODQLYHOXOILHFUXLDGLQWUHHOHVHSRDWHHODERUDXQDúDQXPLWVXEPL[ VXEPL[GHSURGXVVXEPL[GH
SUHVXEPL[GHGLVWULEXLHVDXVXEPL[GHSURPRYDUH
3ROLWLFDGHSURGXV 3ROLWLFDGHSUH
0L[XOGHPDUNHWLQJ
3ROLWLFDGHGLVWULEXLH 3ROLWLFDSURPRLRQDO 5H]XPDW
$FWLYLWDWHDGHVIúXUDWGHILUPHLQGLIHUHQWGHGRPHQLXOGHDFWLYLWDWHDODFHVWRUDWUHEXLHV
UVSXQGXQRUPXOWLSOHFHULQH GLQDPLVPFDSDFLWDWHGHDGDSWDUHFDSDFLWDWHGHLQRYDUH
IOH[LELOLWDWHYL]LXQHSURVSHFWLYHWF'HDVHPHQHDvQFHOHPDLIUHFYHQWHGLQWUHVLWXDLLOHSUDFWLFH
FRQFUHWHILUPDHYROXHD]vQWUXQPHGLX³DJLWDW³úLLPSUHYL]LELOÌQDFHVWHFRQGLLLSUH]HQD
PDUNHWLQJXOXL±SULQLQVWUXPHQWHOHVDOHFRQFUHWHVHGRYHGHúWHDILDEVROXWQHFHVDUvQ
IXQGDPHQWDUHDVWUDWHJLHLJOREDOHDILUPHL
)LJXUD0L[XOGHPDUNHWLQJ
&RQFHSWHFKHLH
3ROLWLFDGHPDUNHWLQJ&RPSRUWDPHQWXOILUPHLvQOHJWXUFXDQVDPEOXOSUREOHPHORUUH]XOWDWHFD
XUPDUHDGHVIúXUULLDFWLYLWLLGHSLD
6WUDWHJLDGHPDUNHWLQJ&RPSRQHQWDSROLWLFLLGHPDUNHWLQJDILUPHL SRDWHILGHILQLWSULQ
SULQFLSDOHOHGLUHFLLvQFDUHILUPDvúLPRELOL]HD]UHVXUVHOHSHQWUXDúLvQGHSOLQLRELHFWLYHOH
SURJUDPDWH
7DFWLFDGHPDUNHWLQJ,QVWUXPHQWXOFRQFUHWGHWUDQVSXQHUHvQSUDFWLFDVWUDWHJLHLGHPDUNHWLQJ
0L[XOGHPDUNHWLQJ&RPELQDUHDvQWUXQDQVDPEOXXQLWDUúLFRHUHQWDHOHPHQWHORUFDUHYL]HD]
SROLWLFDGHSURGXVSROLWLFDGHSUHSROLWLFDGHGLVWULEXLHúLSROLWLFDSURPRLRQDODILUPHL
Copyright Notice
© Licențiada.org respectă drepturile de proprietate intelectuală și așteaptă ca toți utilizatorii să facă același lucru. Dacă consideri că un conținut de pe site încalcă drepturile tale de autor, te rugăm să trimiți o notificare DMCA.
Acest articol: 32,7,(05.(7,1),50(, [616264] (ID: 616264)
Dacă considerați că acest conținut vă încalcă drepturile de autor, vă rugăm să depuneți o cerere pe pagina noastră Copyright Takedown.