School of Humanities MA in Black Sea Cultural Studies Coursework [613804]

School
of
Humanities
MA
in
Black
Sea
Cultural
Studies
Coursework
Cover
Form
Student: [anonimizat]
:
2201130027
Intake:
February
2014
Subject
:
The
new
Black
Sea
Nation
states
in
the
era
of
globalization
Title
of
work
:
King
Charles
,
''The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture''
(
Hoover
press,
2000
)
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
methodological
nationalism.
Course
leader
:
Dr.
Sideri
Eleni
Submission
date
:
28
April
2014
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Date:
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King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
politics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
methodological
nationalism
.

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
Contents:
Preface
Introduction:
Section
A:
Summary
Section
B:
Critical
Evaluation
Methodological
Nationalism

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
Preface:
The
aim
of
the
following
essay
is
to
provide
a
brief
but
though
substantive
overview
and
a
critical
evaluation
of
the
book
‘’
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
Politics
of
Culture
‘’
which
was
written
by
Charles
King
in
2000.
The
essay
consists
of
two
sections.
The
first
section
includes
a
short
introduction
and
a
summary
for
every
chapter
of
the
book,
which
will
be
analyzed
according
to
the
book
’
s
order.
The
second
section
of
the
essay
shall
provide
its
readers
with
a
critical
evaluation
over
the
book
and
how
Charles
King
uses
methodological
nationalism.
The
argument
is
that
the
author
follows
a
constructivist
approach
based
on
historical
narration
on
how
the
Moldovan
nation
was
built.
However
he
still
succumbs
to
methodological
nationalism.
The
last
but
not
least
part
shall
contain
conclusions
and
remarks.

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
5
Introduction:
As
the
Soviet
Union
collapsed,
some
of
its
consistent
parts
formed
their
own
independent
nation-states.
Moldova
is
one
of
these
cases.
The
cultural
processes
through
which
the
ehtnogenesis
of
Moldova
came
about,
is
one
of
the
most
interesting
issues
of
the
post
Soviet
nation-states
’
formation.
The
peculiarity
of
the
case
of
Moldova
lies
to
its
perplex
historical
background
and
cultural
politics,
enforced
by
Russian
Empire,
Soviet
Union,
Romania
and
after
1991
Moldova
that
had
eventually
the
chance
to
form
for
itself
its
own
politics.
Charles
King
analyzes
thIs
perplex
history
and
politics
in
his
book
‘’
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture
’’
.
The
book
begins
by
illustrating
relevant
tables,
maps,
abbreviations,
a
foreword,
a
preface
and
a
short
introduction.
The
core
of
the
book
consists
of
three
parts
and
eleven
chapters.
Each
chapter
is
divided
in
numerous
sub-
chapters.
The
last
part
of
the
book
provides
notes,
a
glossary,
the
bibliography
and
index.
The
total
pages
are
304.
The
writer
in
its
introduction
makes
clear
that
he
will
use
the
terms
‘’
Moldova
’’
and
‘’
Moldovans
’’
to
his
book
instead
of
the
Western
European
terms
‘’
Moldavia
’’
and
‘’
Moldavians
’’
.
He
also
provides
its
readers
with
the
basic
contemporary
empirical
and
economic
data
of
the
state.
In
order
to
have
a
more
extended
view
over
the
book
a
chapter-by-chapter
summary
shall
be
written
further
down.
Section
A:
SUMMARY
In
first
chapter
the
author
argues
that
cultural
identities
are
manipulative
and
ever
changing
through
several
mechanisms.
He
argues
that
nations
are
invented
‘’
imagined
’’
communities.
The
main
point
is
that
before
the
Soviet
era
Moldovans
were
considered
to
be
Romanians
whose
language
had
been
influenced
from
Slavs.
After
that
he
briefly
explains
the
Soviet
policies
applied
to
then
in
order
to
be
‘’
Moldovanized
’’
.
The
final
point
he
makes
is
that
after
the
collapse
of
Soviet
Union
the
Moldovan
nation
state
that
was
created,
lacked
the
essentials
of

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
6
nationality
and
faced
the
problem
of
overlapping
identities
which
made
it
a
problematic
state.
Moldovans
although
they
speak
Romanian
and
have
a
constructed
history,
they
today
have
a
sense
of
being
a
separate
nation
with
a
separate
language
from
Romanians.
C.King
begins
the
second
chapter
by
describing
that
Bessarabia
in
1919
was
a
multi-ethnic
peninsula
where
the
notion
of
ethnicity
was
not
developed.
The
problem
of
identity
consisted
of
an
even
more
perplex
story
than
the
territorial
one.
Then
he
refers
to
the
historical
context
of
the
region
from
the
Principality
of
Moldova
in
the
fourteenth
century
-when
the
terms
‘’
Moldovans
’’
,
‘’
Wallachs
’’
,
‘’
Romans
’’
were
first
mentioned
but
not
in
terms
of
distinguishing
ethnicity-
and
continues
to
the
first
Bessarabian
annexation
and
the
Russian
Rule
(1812-1918),
who
appeared
as
‘’
saviours
’’
for
the
Christian
Moldovans
that
had
freed
them
from
the
Ottoman
yoke
and
would
free
them
from
the
oppressive
Phanariot
rule.
On
the
contrary,
general
and
constant
Russification
took
place.
On
early
20
th
century
political
currents
were
formed
in
Russian
Bessarabia:
pan-Romanian
nationalism
as
well
as
currents
opposing
pan-Romanian
idea
and
social
radicalism
prevailed.
The
Romanian
Sfatul
Tari
(National
Council
1917)
declared
in
1918
Bessarabia
’
s
union
with
Romania.
In
chapter
three
the
author
says
that
by
the
end
of
First
World
War,
Romania
extended
its
territories
forming
the
Greater
Romania.
The
status
of
Bessarabia
though
remained
disputed
as
Soviet
Russia
had
claims
on
it.
A
set
of
policies
were
being
enforced
by
both
sides:
Romanians
saw
the
annexation
of
Bessarabia
as
their
rightful
historical
justification
of
all
Romanians
being
re-united
and
Soviets
on
the
other
side
claimed
that
Bessarabians
were
a
distinct
Moldovan
nation
whose
homeland
was
the
Moldovan
SSR.
Newspapers
and
media
propaganda
was
spread
in
Bessarabia.
An
important
aspect
was
the
formation
of
Moldovan
SSR
within
Ukraine
in
1924.
After
that
the
ethnonational
identity
of
Moldovans
became
a
centerpiece
of
the
Soviet
propaganda.
The
next
chapter
narrates
that
the
establishment
of
Moldovan
SSR
had
a
double
impact:
it
facilitated
the
Soviet
propaganda,
the
spread
of
class
revolution
idea
and
helped
the
Bessarabians
question
to
remain
a
disputed
issue-
a
burden

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
7
to
Romanian
political
agenda.
Under
Soviet
Korenizatsiya
(indigenization)
policy
the
language
and
cultural
planning
of
Moldovans
took
place.
Moldovan
language
grammars
and
dictionaries
were
published,
several
Moldovan
cultural
institutions
were
established.
The
author
mentions
also
that
about
7,500
new
words/vocabulary
and
terms
were
introduced.
During
1926
a
series
of
summer
courses
concerning
‘’
The
differences
between
Romanian
and
Moldovan
language
’’
took
place.
This
Soviet
project
was
enforced
in
order
to
bridge
the
gap
between
the
Soviet
centre
and
the
non-Russian
periphery
but
in
the
Soviet
perspective
it
failed
because
it
had
the
opposite
outcome
plus
the
rise
of
local
nationalism.
The
Soviet
instruments
who
implemented
Korenizatziya
to
Moldovans
after
1930
were
accused
and
persecuted
by
the
Soviets.
After
that
there
was
attempt
to
return
the
Moldovan
language
to
the
Latin
(Romanian)
script
but
that
effort
also
failed
and
Bessarabians
re-returned
to
Cyrillic
script.
From
1925
to
1941
six
different
alphabets
were
in
use.
Chapter
five
begins
by
giving
a
context
on
politics
and
policies
enforced
by
Soviets
and
the
Nazi
allied
Romanians
during
the
second
world
war
and
its
effects
on
Bessarabians.
By
1947
a
reshaped
Moldovan
Republic
under
MSSR
had
emerged
and
although
Romania
had
become
a
socialist
state,
the
Bessarabian
question
remained.
Deportations,
collectivization
and
famine
was
what
the
Bessarabians
had
to
face.
Except
for
the
rapid
Sovietization
they
also
had
to
face
an
extensive
Russification
after
1960
’
s.
What
the
Soviets
did
was
to
try
to
create
a
distinct
Moldovan
identity.
Each
side
had
built
its
own
allegation
about
the
historical
truth
of
Moldovan
origins.
The
development
of
Moldovan
elites
in
politics
would
become
a
crucial
point
for
the
Moldovan
national
movement
later.
The
sixth
chapter
explains
that
massive
demonstrations
and
public
debates
during
90
’
s
led
to
the
adoption
of
three
language
laws,
the
declaration
of
Moldovan
as
the
official
language,
the
transmission
into
Latin
script
and
to
the
declaration
of
independence
in
1991.
Identity
and
interethnic
problems
emerged.
In
addition
to
these,
the
language
issue
was
under
dispute.
Generally
there
is
a
division
between
pro-Romanians
and
pro-Russians.
Furthermore,
social
and

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
8
political
groups
appeared.
Except
for
the
identity
problem,
problems
with
the
Transnistrians
and
the
Gagauz
were
already
obvious.
The
following
chapter
explains
that
the
political
landscape
in
Moldova
is
complicated.
This
became
obvious
in
the
1994
elections
when
thirteen
parties
participated.
At
one
end
were
the
Radical
pan-Romanians
and
at
the
other
end
conservatives
calling
for
union
with
Russia.
Somewhere
in
the
middle
one
could
see
supporters
for
an
independent
Moldova
and
minority
parties.
Within
Moldova
’
s
borders
two
parts
declared
independence
during
that
time:
the
‘’
Republic
of
Gagauzia
’’
and
the
‘’
Dniestr
Moldovan
Republic
’’
or
Transnistria.
The
relations
with
Romania
became
one
of
the
key
issues
of
Moldovan
agenda.
Identity,
history
and
language
issues,
the
long
historical
ties
with
Russia,
the
multiethnic
population
and
the
territorial
crises
were
some
of
the
newly
emerged
problems
that
the
young
Moldovan
Republic
had
to
deal
with.
On
chapter
eight
Charles
King
describes
Moldova
as
a
multiethnic
Republic.
Nearly
a
third
of
the
population
in
Moldova
was
minorities.
With
the
declaration
of
independence
of
Moldova,
the
balance
had
changed:
Moldovans
were
now
the
dominant
ethnic
group
who
had
to
impose
itself
over
the
minorities.
Changes
in
legislation
in
favour
of
minorities
are
considered
to
be
of
the
most
liberal
in
Eastern
Europe
(eg.
Citizenship
law
1991).
Ukrainians,
Russians,
Jews,
Bulgarians,
Roma
were
only
some
of
the
minorities.
In
the
ninth
chapter
the
author
stresses
the
problem
with
the
region
of
Transnistria.
In
1992
Moldova
experienced
a
short
but
full
scale
conflict
with
Transnistria-
the
30
kilometers
wide
strip
of
land
laid
along
Moldovan
north
territories.
The
dispute
was
mainly
because
Transnistria
disapproved
the
affiliation
of
Moldova
with
Romania
but
of
course
the
author
points
out
that
there
were
various
and
more
complex
reasons
behind
that
conflict
which
is
generally
considered
as
a
civil
war
conflict.
Charles
King
notes
that
the
difference
courses
of
history
between
Bessarabia
and
Transnistria
played
a
role
in
the
conflict.
Transnistria
’
s
historical
linkages
to
Russia
were
more
tight.
Despite
the

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
9
international
community
’
s
intervention
1
,
the
issue
remained
unsolved
until
1997.
The
war
ended
with
an
agreement
and
a
creation
of
a
50
km
‘’
security
zone
’’
with
Russian-Moldovan
and
Transnistrian
troops
to
secure
peace.
The
Council
of
Europe
recognizes
today
Transnistria
as
a
"frozen
conflict"
region
2
.
Another
issue
is
the
issue
of
the
Gagauz
which
is
stressed
in
chapter
ten.
Among
the
multiple
minorities
within
Moldova,
that
of
the
Gagauz-
Turkic
speaking
Orthodox
Christians-
is
a
unique
case,
although
they
are
just
the
fourth
largest
ethnic
group
in
Moldova.
They
are
either
Christianized
and
Bulgarianized
Turks
or
linguistically
Turkicized
Christian
Bulgarians
3
.
According
to
the
author
the
conflict
with
the
Gagauz
was
a
clear
ethnic
conflict
which
erupted
in
the
late
80
’
s
and
was
settled
in
1995.
Charles
King
analyzes
their
origins
and
their
cultural
aspects
as
they
have
been
evolved
throughout
the
Soviet
era.
What
Gagauz
eventually
demanded
was
not
to
secede
but
to
promote
the
idea
of
a
confederation
of
three
states.
In
1994
a
Moldovan
law
was
constituted
to
guarantee
autonomy
to
Gagauz.
A
1995
referendum
determined
their
boundaries
4
.
The
last
chapter
is
dedicated
to
the
‘’
negotiable
’’
nationalism
within
the
new
Moldovan
state.
Moldova
has
turned
out
to
be
something
different
that
international
observers
hoped
or
expected.
It
is
seen
by
most
intellectuals
as
an
artificial
nation.
The
Soviet
project
on
the
Moldovan
nation-building
had
unexpected
results
for
both
sides.
The
Moldovan
identity
was
always
under
dispute
since
the
essentials
of
nationality
after
the
collapse
of
Soviet
Union
were
still
unsettled.
Charles
King
argues
that
the
independent
Moldovan
state
is
now
a
fixture
of
European
politics.
He
also
adds
that
the
Moldovan
story
is
a
story
about
troubled
relationship
between
the
political
elites
and
the
people
that
they
claim
to
represent,
between
nation
builders
and
the
nation
they
aim
to
build.
The
1
http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/transdniestria-and-moldova-unloved-unresolved
2
http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/moldova.htm
3
Forgotten
Kingdoms:
The
Gagauz
and
Identity
Problems
July
24,
2013

Forgotten Kingdoms: The Gagauz and Identity Problems

4
Since
the
book
was
published
in
2000,
it
is
worth
adding
that
In
2013
a
petition
for
independence
was
conducted
by
the
Gagauz,
since
the
population
reached
200,000
people.
This
petition
was
negatively
criticized
by
the
Moldovan
officials.
Forgotten
Kingdoms:
The
Gagauz
and
Identity
Problems
July
24,
2013

Forgotten Kingdoms: The Gagauz and Identity Problems

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
10
manipulation
ended
with
the
Soviet
dissolution
when
eventually
the
people
were
given
the
chance
to
express
their
own
will.
Consequently
it
is
no
surprise
that
the
people
now
speak
their
will
with
many
voices.
Section
B:
Critical
Evaluation
This
book
of
Charles
King
provides
its
readers
with
the
historical
and
political
context
from
the
fourteenth
century
-when
the
Principality
of
Moldova
appeared-
to
the
contemporary
period
of
the
independent
Moldovan
Republic.
It
is
one
of
the
few
books
that
contextualize
the
ethnogenesis
of
Moldova
-one
of
the
least
perhaps
known
nation
states
that
were
shaped
after
the
collapse
of
the
Soviet
Union.
His
research
relies
on
archival
and
historical
sources
found
in
Romania
and
Moldova.
Except
for
extensive
multilingual
bibliography,
the
author
uses
as
sources
newspapers,
periodicals
and
archives.
Characteristic
of
the
writer
-not
only
in
this
book
but
in
other
books
he
has
published
5
–
is
that
he
uses
quotations
or
narratives
of
prominent
officials
who
traveled
there
to
delineate
vividly
and
detailed
the
described
historical
events
or
the
political
situations.
As
he
himself
notes
in
the
end
of
the
book
uses
as
sources
the
Central
Historical
Archive
Division
of
the
National
Archives
of
Romania
in
Bucharest
-which
provide
valuable
information
concerning
the
cultural
policies
and
political
developments-
the
archive
groups
(fonds)
of
the
presidency
of
the
Council
of
Ministers,
the
Ministry
of
Education
and
Religion
and
the
Ministry
of
National
propaganda.
Additionally,
the
author
uses
collections
of
private
papers
located
in
the
National
Archives.
These
include
papers
of
the
educator
Onisifor
Ghibu,
a
Bessarabian
historian,
Alexandru
Boldur
and
several
Bessarabian
writers
and
politicians.
He
also
uses
documents
from
the
library
of
the
Romanian
Academy
-such
as
periodicals
and
published
works.
The
extensive
research
can
also
be
seen
through
even
more
sources
that
C.King
uses.
For
example
there
is
use
of
documents
from
the
former
archive
of
5
For
example
‘’
The
Black
Sea:
A
History
’’
,
2004

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
11
the
Communist
Party
of
Moldova.
Also,
he
uses
documents
from
the
National
Archive
of
Moldova
and
major
state
institutions
such
as
the
Tiraspol
uezd
Council,
records
from
the
presidium
of
the
Soviet
MSSR
Supreme
Soviet,
the
National
library
of
Moldova,
the
Moldovan
Scientific
Committee,
the
library
of
the
Academy
of
Sciences
in
Moldova
and
books
from
the
Palace
of
books
in
Chisinau.
In
his
sources
one
could
add
the
newspaper
collection
at
the
Royal
United
Services
Institute
for
Defence
Studies
in
London
and
his
own
personal
field
work
and
collection
of
information
(interviews,
conversations,
clippings).
It
is
worth
mentioning,
the
perspective
under
which
Charles
King
sees
the
concepts
of
nation
and
nationalism
in
the
case
of
Moldova.
The
author
points
clearly
out
that
Moldova
is
a
constructed
nation
and
also
refers
to
it
as
an
imagined
community.
He
directly
refers
to
Ernest
Gellner
and
his
modernist
approach
on
nationalism:
’’
it
is
nationalism
that
creates
nations
and
not
the
other
way
round
’’
.
6
in
addition
to
that
the
term
‘’
imagined
communities
’’
is
linked
to
the
also
modernist
approach
on
nationalism
of
Benedict
Anderson
who
speaks
about
nation
being
an
imagined
community
-imagined
as
both
inherently
and
sovereign
7
.
What
is
interesting
is
that
Charles
King
through
the
case
of
the
Moldovan
Ethnogenesis
story
rises
questions
like:
‘’
why
do
some
attempts
of
nation-building
fail
and
other
succeed?
’’
and
‘’
To
what
extent
can
nations
be
forged
…
without
their
appearing
a
forgery?
’’
.
A
countable
part
of
the
book
is
actually
dedicated
to
the
failed
Moldovan
nation-building
attempts
and
to
the
peculiarity
of
Moldovans
failing
unite
with
Romania
while
in
a
broader
sense
they
themselves
accept
their
common
history
and
common
language.
He
also
contextualizes
the
case
of
Moldova
in
the
sense
that
the
apparent
failure
on
the
Moldovan
nation
building
Soviet
project
has
much
to
tell
about
the
success
of
nation
building
efforts
elsewhere.
8
Moldova
appears
after
communism
-along
with
the
rest
newly
emerged
nation-states
after
the
Soviet
dissolution-
as
a
fragile
state
whose
essentials
of
6
Chapter
1
on
the
book
,
Ernest
Gellner,
‘
’
Nations
and
Nationalism
’’
,
Cornell
University
press,
1983,
pg.
55
7
Benedict
Anderson,
‘’
Imagined
Communities:
Reflection
on
the
origin
and
spread
of
nationalism.
’
’
,
Verso,
London
,
re-print,
2006,
pg.6
8
Preface

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
12
nationality
are
missing,
that
has
to
deal
with
the
problem
of
transition
(both
political
and
economic)
and
additionally
with
minority
problems
and
interethnic
conflicts.
King
devotes
a
whole
chapter
titled
‘’
a
negotiable
’’
nationalism.
What
is
stressed
here
is
the
author
’
s
general
concept
on
the
poverty
of
nationalist
politics
after
Communism
9
.
This
is
explained
in
the
sense
that
nationalities
during
the
Soviet
era
and
after
the
implementation
of
Korenizatsiya
had
developed
ties
and
emotional
linkages
with
their
territories
which
were
specified
and
granted
by
the
Soviets.
So
the
conflicts
with
Gagauzia
was
not
more
a
result
of
ethno-
nationalism
than
an
outbreak
in
order
to
secure
their
ethnoterritorial
integrity
and
to
upgrade
themselves
into
an
equal
status
with
the
dominant
Moldovans.
This
becomes
more
than
obvious
in
the
case
of
Gagauz
who
did
not
fight
to
secede
but
fought
for
a
confederation
of
three
states
including
Transnistria.
In
the
case
of
Transnistria
the
conflict
roots
back
to
the
different
historical
background
and
their
more
Sovietized
if
not
Russified
identity.
Even
in
that
civil
war
case,
Transnistria
did
not
secede
but
on
the
contrary
a
ccording
to
the
1997
agreement,
MRT
10
agreed
to
stay
within
the
Moldovan
territories
under
two
conditions:
1-
Moldovan
Republic
of
Transnistria
(MRT)
would
stay
within
Moldova
’
s
boundaries
as
long
as
Moldova
did
not
unite
with
Romania
and
2-
the
Moldovan
Republic
of
Transnistria
(MRT)
has
the
right
for
self-determination
11
.
According
to
the
minority
rights
organization,
Moldova
is
considered
to
provide
an
adequate
legislative
framework
for
the
protection
of
ethnic
minorities
and
their
participation
in
electoral
processes.
A
Law
on
National
Minorities
of
2001
and
other
amendments
in
the
Moldovan
legislation
took
place
.
On
September
2004
the
Moldovan
Parliament
adopted
the
Law
on
Languages
in
the
Territory
of
the
Republic
of
Moldova,
which
acknowledged
the
use
of
a
number
of
minority
languages
in
the
republic.
In
addition
to
these,
in
2004
the
‘
Concept
of
the
National
Policy
of
the
Moldovan
Republic'
was
published,
which
explicitly
defined
9
Also
stated
during
Charles
king
lecture
on
London
School
of
Economics
in
2013
.
https://nationalismstudiesnetwork.wordpress.com/2013/04/20/the-poverty-of-nationalist-politics-after-communism-
charles-king/
10
Moldovan
Republic
of
Transnistria
11
http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/transdniestria-and-moldova-unloved-unresolved

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
13
a
number
of
minority
groups
as
constituent
elements
of
the
Moldovan
nation.
12
All
these
enhance
Charles
King
concept
on
the
Moldovan
‘’
Negotiable
’’
nationalism
and
the
‘’
Poverty
of
Nationalist
Politics
after
Communism
’’
.
Methodological
Nationalisam:
To
sum
up,
how
does
the
author
responds
to
Methodological
Nationalism?
According
to
A.
Wimmer
and
N.G.
Schiller,
methodological
nationalism
is
understood
as
‘’
the
assumption
that
the
nation/state/society
is
the
natural
social
and
political
form
of
the
modern
world
’’
13
.
They
categorize
it
into
three
variants:
ignorance,
naturalization
and
territorial
limitation.
14
In
more
simple
words
–
according
to
Daniel
Chernilo-
‘’
t
he
nation-state
is
treated
as
the
natural
and
necessary
representation
of
the
modern
society
…
the
equation
between
the
idea
of
society
as
social
theory
’
s
key
conceptual
reference
and
the
process
of
historical
formation
of
the
nation-state
in
modernity
’’
15
As
it
is
mentioned
before
King
refers
to
the
nation
as
as
constructed,
manipulative
and
ever
changing
creation.
He
conceptualizes
the
nation-state
without
naturalizing
its
history
or
its
success.
On
the
contrary
a
main
conclusional
question
that
the
author
rises
is
why
and
how
do
some
attempts
of
nation-building
fail
and
other
succeed.
Many
chapters
are
dedicated
to
the
elites
and
elites
’
mechanisms
’
attempts
-Russian,
Romanian,
Soviet-
to
create
an
identity
for
the
Moldovans.
The
identity
of
Moldovans
was
a
result
of
the
interplay
of
central
foreign
policy
goals,
existing
forms
of
indigenous
identities
and
the
agendas
of
the
cultural
elites.
It
could
be
summarized
as
the
creation
of
a
nation
for
them
but
without
them.
By
the
time
that
Moldova
declared
independence
Charles
King
concluded
that
the
‘’
question
of
identity
was
an
even
more
perplexed
issue
than
the
territorial
problem
’’
.
To
cut
12
http://www.minorityrights.org/5019/moldova/moldova-overview.html#sthash.Fq9Lrhs3.dpuf
13
Andreas
Wimmer,
Nina
Glick
Schiller
,
‘’
Methodological
nationalism
and
beyond:
nation
–
state
building,
migration
and
the
social
sciences
’’
,
Global
Networks,
Volume
2,
Issue
4,
October
2002,
p.302
14
Ibid
308
15
Daniel
Chernilo,
‘’
Methodological
Nationalism:
Theory
and
History
’’
,
Annual
Conference
of
the
International
Association
of
Critical
RealismKing
’
s
College,
London,
July
2008
,p
4
http://www.academia.edu/1085776/Methodological_nationalism_theory_and_history

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
14
a
long
story
short,
from
the
point
of
view
of
the
author
nation-state
is
seen
an
artificial
manipulative
construction
to
serve
elites
’
interests
and
their
policies
rather
than
a
natural
social
and
political
form
of
the
modern
world
that
methodological
nationalism
presumes.
So
in
these
terms
the
author
does
not
succumb
to
methodological
nationalism
but
he
has
chosen
to
obtain
a
constructivist
approach
on
the
historical
context
of
the
Moldovan
Ethnogenesis.
On
the
other
end
of
the
spectrum,
the
author
either
not
consciously
or
on
purpose
-in
order
to
categorize
the
people
living
in
the
region
so
that
he
can
refer
to
them
as
a
whole-
succumbs
to
methodological
nationalism
by
calling
the
people
living
in
Bessarabia
and
Transnistria
‘’
Moldovan
’’
,
the
alphatet
‘’
Moldovan
’’
and
so
on.
Yet
it
has
to
be
admitted
that
in
the
book
he
often
refers
to
‘’
Moldovans
’’
as
people
living
in
Bessarabia
and
Transnistria,
which
make
a
possible
scenario
that
the
author
succumbs
to
methodological
nationalism
conciously
in
order
to
categorize
the
residents
as
a
reference
point
.
.

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books:

Benedict
Anderson,
‘’
Imagined
Communities:
Reflection
on
the
origin
and
spread
of
nationalism.
’
’
,
Verso,
London
,
re-print,
2006

Ernest
Gellner,
‘
’
Nations
and
Nationalism
’’
,
Cornell
University
press,
1983

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Hoover
Press,
2000

King
Charles,
‘’
The
Black
Sea:
A
History
’’
,
Oxford
University
Press
2004

Forgotten
Kingdoms:
The
Gagauz
and
Identity
Problems
July
24,
2013
http://www.strangehistory.net/2013/07/24/forgotten-kingdoms-the-
gagauz-and-identity-problems/
Articles:

Wimme
Andreas
r,
Nina
Glick
Schiller
,
‘’
Methodological
nationalism
and
beyond:
nation
–
state
building,
migration
and
the
social
sciences
’’
,
Global
Networks,
Volume
2,
Issue
4,
October
2002

Chernilo
Daniel,
‘’
Methodological
Nationalism:
Theory
and
History
’
’
,
Annual
Conference
of
the
International
Association
of
Critical
RealismKing
’
s
College,
London,
July
2008
http://www.academia.edu/1085776/Methodological_nationalism_theory
_and_history

http://www.minorityrights.org/5019/moldova/moldova-
overview.html#sthash.Fq9Lrhs3.dpuf

http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/transdniestria-and-
moldova-unloved-unresolved

King
Charles
,
The
Moldovans:
Romania,
Russia
and
the
P
olitics
of
Culture.
Summary
and
critical
evaluation
according
to
M
ethodological
N
ationalism.
Emilia
Papoutsi
16

http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/moldova.htm

http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/email/transdniestria-and-
moldova-unloved-unresolved
Video:
Charles
king
lecture
on
London
School
of
Economics
in
2013
.
https://nationalismstudiesnetwork.wordpress.com/2013/04/20/the-poverty-
of-nationalist-politics-after-communism-charles-king/
Cover
Picture:
http://books.google.gr/books?id=ldBFWtuv8DQC&hl=el&source=gbs_similarbook
s