NEURAL -CUANTICĂ DISTRIBUITĂ ÎN APLICAȚII BAZATE PE LIGHT FIDELITY Lucrare de licență Alexandru PANDI Conducător(i) științific(i): As. Dr. Ing…. [612900]

CRIPTOLOGIE ȘI AUTENTIFICARE
NEURAL -CUANTICĂ DISTRIBUITĂ ÎN
APLICAȚII BAZATE PE LIGHT FIDELITY

Lucrare de licență

Alexandru PANDI

Conducător(i) științific(i):
As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela CRIȘAN -VIDA

Timișoara
2017
Facultatea de Automatică și Calculatoare Programul de
Licență: INFORMATI CĂ ID

Rezumat

Imaginați -vă pentru o secundă că lumea în care trăim bursc nu -și mai gpsește refugiu în
ea însăși. E adevărat! Secolul informatic pe car îl trăim începe să -și găsească tot mai mult loc
în viețile noastre.
Nu demult au fost produse primel e unități de calculatoare ce implementează tehnologia
cuantică. Pentru unii acest eveniment reprezintă piedestalul și premisa pentru viitor, pe când
alții găsesc acest fapt ca pe unul confuzant. Pentru cei pasionați de securitatea informației pe de
altă pa rte, acest pas semnifică începutul sfârșitului unei ere.
Trăim într -o societate în care aparatele smart devin din ce în ce mai predominante : avem
televizoare smart care ne urmăresc reacțiile seară de seară, avem celulare smart de care am
ajuns mai depende nți decât de droguri, avem ceasuri inteligente care ne cunosc mai bine decât
ne cunoaștem noi înșine, avem frigidere smart care ne pot spune ce ne dorim să mâncăm înainte
chiar de -a ni se face foame. Avem mașini care mâine -poimâine ne vor conduce din punct ul A
în punctul B din prorpie inițiativă. Avem tot ce ne dorim.
Dar chiar asa e?!
Cum ar fi ca mâine frigiderul dvs să se decongeleze de tot din proprie inițiativă lăsându –
vă cu gaură în buget și -n stomac? Cum ar fi ca într -una din zilele următoare compute rul dvs. Să
încarce pe contul dvs. de Facebook tot istoricul din browser?
Astfel de probleme, sigur, ne par amuzante și poate chiar copilărești. Într -un scenariu
mai sobru am putea spune că visăm la fantezii de tipul Star Wars. Însă drag cititor, google sp une
altceva.
Nu peste mult timp se vor serializa protezele neurale – care vor permite persoanelor cu
handicap să -și recapete mersul de zi cu zi. Însă la fel de adevărat este și faptul că o echipă de
cercetare de la Facebook lucrează necontenit pentru a -ți putea citi gândurile ultimului status cu
mult înainte ca tu să pui proteza la încărcat.
Această lucrare nu -și propune să fie una de inovare totală. Nu! Ce își propune în schimb
este de a fi un sâmbure de dezvoltare ulterioară în crearea unui mecanism rezis tent cuantic –
care să ne poată conferi siguranță cu mult înainte ca cerebelul de fier să realizeze aceasta – căci
dacă va realiza, pentru noi va fi cu mult prea târziu.
Obiectivele acestei cercetări se calapotează în jurul căutării celor mai adânci secret e în
materie de breșe, pe care tehnologia folosită de noi astăzi le ascunde cu prea mare mândrie, dar
care în lumea cuantică de mâine acestea vor deveni prăpastii mari.
Dacă ți -am stârnit câtuși de puțin curiozitatea pentru ce stă scris între coperțile ace stei
lucrări, întoarce fila și intră în jocul căutării celui mai adânc secret din străfundul cutiei
Pandorei.

Cuprinsul lucrării

Capitolul 1 Introdu cere ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 10
Secțiunea 1.1. Motivație ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……. 11
Secțiunea 1.2. Obiective Strategice ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………… 11
Secțiunea 2 Planificare și Cerc etare ………………………….. ………………………….. …………………… 11
Secțiunea 2.1. Planificarea Resurselor ………………………….. ………………………….. …………….. 11
Secțiunea 2.2. Bu get ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 12
Secțiunea 2.3. Managementul timpului ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 14
Secțiunea 2.4. Cercetare de Specialitate ………………………….. ………………………….. ………….. 17
Subecțiunea 2.4.1. Comunicaț ii și Transferul Datelor ………………………….. ……………………. 17
Topologie Arhitecturală de Rețea ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………… 17
Capitolul 3 Tehnologii ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 49
Secțiunea 3.1. Ob iective ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …… 50
Secțiunea 3.2. Transmiterea Datelor prin Câmp Electromagnetic ………………………….. ……. 51
Secți unea 3.3. Software ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……. 55
Capitolul 4 Specificații ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 57
4.1. Descrierea Sistemului ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …. 57
Comunicare prin VLC ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………. 58
4.2. Funcționalități ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 58
Capitolul 5 Planificare de Detaliu ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………… 60
5.1. Inginerie ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………. 60
5.2. Software ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………. 72
Capitolul 6 Implementare ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 73
Capitolul 7 Utilizare ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 76
Capitolul 8 Concluzii și Direcții de Dezvoltare ………………………….. ………………………….. …… 77
Capitolul 9 Bibliogra fie ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……….. 78

NEURAL QUANTUM CRYPTOLOGY
AND AUTHENTICAT ION
DISPENSED IN LIGHT FIDELITY
APPLICATIONS

Bachelor thesis

Alexandru PANDI

Supervisor(s):
As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela CRIȘAN -VIDA

Timișoara
2017
Faculty of Automation and Computers Bachelor
Bachelor Program: COMPUTER SCIENCE

Contents

Chapter 1 I ntroduction ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 10
Section 1.1. Motivation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 11
Section 1.2. Tactic Objectives ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 11
Chapter 2 Planning and Field Research ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………. 11
Section 2.1. Resources Planning ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………… 11
Section 2.2. Budget ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 12
Section 2.3. Time Management ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………. 14
Section 2.4. Field Research ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. .. 17
Subsection 2.4.1. Data Transfer and Communication ………………………….. …………………….. 17
Network topology ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………. 17
Chapter 3 Technologies ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 49
Section 3.1. Objectives ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……… 50
Section 3.2. Electromagnetic Data Transmission ………………………….. ………………………….. . 51
Section 3.3. Software ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 55
Chapter 4 Specifications ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……….. 57
4.1. System Description ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 57
Visual Light Commu nications ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………… 58
4.2. Functionalities ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …………… 58
Chapter 5 Detailed Planning and Development ………………………….. ………………………….. ……. 60
5.1. Engineering ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………….. 60
5.2. Software ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………. 72
Chapter 6 Implementation ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. …….. 73
Chapter 7 Prototype Usage ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ……. 76
Chapter 8 Conclusions and Further R&D ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………. 77
Chapter 9 Bibliography ………………………….. ………………………….. ………………………….. ………… 78

Introduction Page | 10
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Abstract
Modern cryptosystems are endangered. We are to live the second renaissance in terms
of computing technology. Quantum computers are no longer a dream but most certain a reality.
For some, this reality is amazing, for others, this reality is just ambiguous, for cyber security
enthusiasts this is the beginning of the end of an era.
The modern cryptosystems as we know today are rendered useless bit by bit. In this
context, it is of the upmost importance to find a quant um resistant recipe as quickly as we can,
thus the Internet of Things – Our things will become estranged to us.
This paper was proposed as a starting point to deepen the analysis into the most
vulnerable spots of out cyberworld today – and to implement a n experimental quantum resistant
solution.

INTRODUCTION
Dear reader,
I am a soon -to-be graduated student from the Computer Science Faculty. I am passionate
about reading, understanding, questioning, innovating, coding and not in the last place –
writing, and yes, in this paper it will be plenty of it.
Of course, you expect (as the manner tells us) to be impressed from the first chapter of
this paper. And you are right to expect that! It is normal for a child to expect being impressed
about the first words he/she can understand. But soon those expectations will be rendered to
forgotten.
You see, this work isn’t about being impressed right away – it didn’t even make me
impressed right away and I was stuck with it for a year almost. Cyber security an d Machi ne
Learning are two fields that unfold themselves to you, no matter to your original feelings.
Bu now, on a serious note – you are here because you are interested in the subject, or
maybe into one of them two, or maybe you were just captivated about the t itle, you decided to
step in – and find me – an annoying voice telling you what to expect.
This paper is about finding the most vulnerable spots of nowadays algorithms in terms
of authentication and encryption, and seeking for the right recipe to put an en d to data leaks
over the world. Of course, this is an impossible dream, but how possible it is to prepare when
not far around the corner stands a new technology (quantum technology) – waiting for you to
be asleep believing that everything it’s sorted – to read your most intimate secrets.
Follow me though the next section to discover what made me star this project in the first
place!

Planning and Field Research Page | 11
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications SECTION 1.1. MOTIVAT ION
Quantum computers are a reality. For some they’re representing the future, for others
they might be seen as the eighth wonder of the world, but for people like me, they are an
imminent danger to the world security as we know it today.
Intelligent TVs, intelligent smartphones, clever refrigerators who know you better than
you do, smart cars who drive you from place to place – soon to be thinking on their own,
social media that reads your mind 9for those too lazy to type anymore) – this is the future!
Or is it?!
Did you wonder what would happen if your fridge would stop working on its own will?
Or what cons equences would attract your PC starting to upload your internet history on
Facebook? Or what would happen if one night your beloved new intelligent stove would decide
to let the gas pressurizer lose?
These are the questions we need to ask long before compu tes start knowing we are.
A future of glass without security would render our existence in vain. This is the purpose
of this study. To seek and find the most intimate weaknesses in today’s security algorithms and
to find a way to overcome them.

SECTION 1. 2. TACTIC OBJECTIVES
1. Find the most intimate weaknesses inside today’s technology with respect to cyber
security.
2. Find which impact the serialization of quantum computers would have upon the
current generation of defense mechanisms and encryption systems.
3. Find the impact of Light Fidelity serialization upon current technology and it’s
potential weaknesses.
4. Implement a system that is proven to be quantum resistant – from authentication or
encryption point of view.

PLANNING AND FIELD R ESEARCH

SECTION 2.1. RESOURCES PLANNING
At the basis of each successful research project lays a strong planning regarding all the
resources involved in the actual research and implementation stages. Due to the fact that in this
paper we meticulously approach a bleeding edge fi eld of computer science and engineering,
planning is the most important step made so far.
The main stages of resourcing in our vision, are as follows:
1. Setting out the objectives;
2. Setting out the steps / research methodology steps;
3. Setting out the budget;
4. Setting out the timeframe and chr onology for the following steps – within a working
framework (or not);

Planning and Field Research Page | 12
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 5. Setting out the main working methodology;
6. Laying out the conclusions;
First of all in the stages of planning we must clear out our objectives into strai ghtforward
ones, dispensed upon narrow fields of action. Developing a short methodology which we may
recall later with respect to further detailing, is a must at this point. So, without further adieu,
here are the general steps we appreciate as crucial:
1. Setting out the baseline of this thesis – already done
2. Laying out the main objectives – already done
3. Setting up the project methodology and chronology – the main feature of this
chapter;
4. Conducting the first stage of t he general field research – regarding to find the main
problems with respect to the objectives traced earlier
5. Laying out the main problems found with respect to the initial goals
6. Updating the main objectives to the recent findings
7. Conducting the second stage of the general field research – regarding to find and
debate solutions to the recently updated objectives
8. Setting up the main research conclusions
9. Researching upon and establishing a list of technologies to use in the development
and implementation stages
10. Setting up a list of specific ations regarding the system architecture – both hardware
and software
11. Laying out the functionalities of the system
12. Detailed planning with respect to algorithmic, software and engineering stages
13. Implementation – setting up the pseudo -code, test code and production code in the
unit-testing fashion
14. Testing the product and laying out the usage features and recommendations
15. Laying out the conclusions and further development directions
16. Filling in the main results
17. Making the abstract;

SECTION 2.2. BUDGET
With the exception of pure theoretical research papers, any other academic process es
require an investment in the development stage . Our paper makes no exception to this rule,
especially due to the fact that it is a Research and Development project.
Natural ly, in this case, it is of the upmost importance that we schedule our budget and
investment timeframe and limitations – tightly, so that in the end our desiderate is to finish the
process with minimum losses.
First of all, the working methodology upon th e budget, as deeply debated is as follows:
1. Establishing a general starting budget;
2. Laying out the deemed necessary;
3. Adjusting the budget accordingly to the previous step;
4. Reserving a compensation (emergency) budget;
5. Reserving the printing budget (for thesi s publication);

Planning and Field Research Page | 13
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications If needed, at any point, a supplementation of the budget is permitted, but only after
carefully analyzing the options.

PROPOSED BUDGET FOR THIS PROJECT:
500eur
(approx. 2.200 RON , National Bank of Romania – equivalent , at 16th of Novemb er 2016)

The deemed necessary was established as described in the Table 0.1 (below).
Table 0.1 – Deemed Necessary
N.O. ITEM CATEGORY PRICE (APPROX..)
IN EUR
1 Constr uction materials Hardware – Engineering 100
2 Development boards Hardware – Embedded 125
3 Development circuits Hardware – Embedded 25
4 Cables Hardware – Embedded 50
5 Electronic appliances Hardware – Engineering 30
6 Construction tools Hardware – Engineering 20
7 Services Adjacent 50
8 Electricity Adjacent 40
9 Fuel Adjacent 20
10 Planning software Software Free – University
subscription – MS
Dreamspark
11 Implementation software Software Free – University
subscription – MS
Dreamspark
12 Networ k software Software Free – University
subscription – MS
Dreamspark
13 Testing software Software Free – University
subscription – MS
Dreamspark
14 PC / Laptop Adjacent Already in possess
15 Electronic peripherals Adjacent Already in possess
16 Internet services Adjacent 15
17 Chemical necessary Hardware – Engineering 70
TOTAL 545

ADJUSTED BUDGET FOR THIS PROJECT:
550eur
(approx. 2.500 RON , National Bank of Romania – equivalent, at 28th of November 2016)

EMERGENCY BUDGET FOR THIS PROJECT:
55eur

Planning and Field Research Page | 14
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications (approx. 250 RON , National Bank of Romania – equivalent, at 28th of November 2016)
Computed as of 10% from the Proposed Budget.

PUBLISHING BUDGET FOR THIS PROJECT:
27,5eur
(approx. 125 RON , National Bank of Romania – equivalent, at 28th of November 2016)
Compu ted as of 5% from the Proposed Budget.

GENERAL ADOPTED BUDGET FOR THIS PROJECT:
632,5eur ≈ 650eur
(approx. 3.000 RON , National Bank of Romania – equivalent, at 28th of November 2016)
Computed as the proposed, emergency and publishing budgets added togethe r.

SECTION 2.3 . TIME MANAGEMENT
One very important aspect in resources planning is time management. Time is the most
important resource in researching and further developing a method / product – as its effects are
very visible in the final result of each stage and subsequently the outcome of the entire project.
The effects of poor time management may be seen during the process, as even if the
timeframe is set and there are deadlines at each step, one may or may not consider the delays
that interfere in th e process.
Our setup for the time resourcing, according to the objectives of this paper, are outlined
as follows:
1. Choosing a work layout framework;
2. Setting out the timeframe according to the research outline described in the previous
section;
3. Identifying the main concerns about the delays that may interfere in the process;
4. Reaching a scheme that includes and treats the concerns traced in the previous stage;
5. Setting out the final timeframe;
Our work framework of choice is Scrum . Scrum is “ a framework within which people can
address complex adaptive problems, while productively and creatively delivering products of
the highest possible value .” (Schwaber, et al., 2016) .
The process lays its fundamentals upon a structured iteration s of actions like: backlog
planning (product specifications and functionalities planning), sprint planning (action process
outline) – previously described, sprint term (the time interval upon which the research,
development, implementation stage is focused on one aspect only), sprint review (the
productivity of one sprint term) – described later on, at the end of each stage, and sprint

Planning and Field Research Page | 15
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications retrospective (the outline feedback based upon the productivity index of each stage, objected in
the final result).
The mai n concerns about this process lays under two great categories:
1. Research:
a. Finding inconclusive results;
b. Finding contrary results;
c. Finding information within unreliable sources – and checking upon it;
d. Finding a dead lead – and reiterate the whole research th read;
e. Other faults;

2. Development :
a. Discovering faults in the methodology;
b. Discovering faults in software integration;
c. Discovering faults in engineering methodology;
d. Discovering faults in engineering execution;
e. Unexpected results in testing – both hardware a nd software;
f. Other faults;
Finally, to solve the upcoming potential crisis, we adopt an extension plan to our end
dates. This extension will be granted as 10% of the time (in days) assigned for one
specific task. The transformation will be computed as foll ows:
1. If the task is based upon gathering or implementing procedures, the approximated
value will be rounded up to the unit.
2. If the task is based upon writing procedures, the approximated value will be rounded
down to the unit.
3. No extension should be grante d for more than 6 days.
4. There will be tasks which do not benefit from extension.

In the Table 0.2 (below) you ca find how the working outline is set :
Table 0.2 – Fina l project timeframe
N.O. EXECUTIONAL
STAGE START DATE END DATE EXTENSION
(in days) EXTENDED
END DATE
1 Setting out the baseline of
this thesis 01.08.2016 01.10.2016 6 07.10.2016
2 Laying out the main
objectives 02.10.2016 15.11.2016 3 18.11.2016
3 Setting up the budget 16.11.2016 28.11.2016 2 30.11.2016
4 Setting up the project
methodology and
chronology 29.11.2016 20.12.2016 3 23.12.2016
5 Conducting the first stage
of the general field
research – regarding to find
the main problems with 20.02.2017 10.03.2017 2 12.03.2017

Planning and Field Research Page | 16
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications respect to th e objectives
traced earlier
6 Laying out the main
problems found with
respect to the initial goals 11.03.2017 14.03.2017 1 15.03.2017
7 Updating the main
objectives to the recent
findings 15.03.2017 16.03.2017 1 17.03.2 017
8 Conducting the second
stage of the general field
research – regarding to find
and debate solutions to the
recently updated objectives 17.03.2017 02.04.2017 3 05.04.2017
9 Setting up the main
research conclusions 03.04.2017 06.04.2017 1 07.04.2017
10 Researching upon and
establishing a list of
technologies to use in the
development and
implementation stages 07.04.2017 14.04.2017 2 16.04.2017
11 Setting up a list of
specifications regarding the
system architecture – both
hardware and software 15.04. 2017 19.04.2017 2 21.04.2017
12 Laying out the
functionalities of the
system 20.04.2017 24.04.2017 1 25.04.2017
13 Detailed planning with
respect to algorithmic,
software and engineering
stages 25.04.2017 08.05.2017 5 13.05.2017
14 Implementation – setting
up the pseudo -code, test
code and production code
in the unit -testing fashion 09.05.2017 19.05.2017 4 23.05.2017
15 Testing the product and
laying out the usage
features and
recommendations 12.05.2017 21.05.2017 2 23.05.2017
16 Laying out the conclus ions
and further development
directions 21.05.2017 22.05.2017 1 23.05.2017
17 Filling in the main results 23.05.2017 24.05.2017 1 25.05.2017
18 Making the abstract 25.05.2017 27.05.2017 1 28.05.2017
19 Assembling the paper 28.05.2017 12.06.2017 2 14.06. 2017
20 Revising the paper 13.06.2017 20.06.2017 1 21.06.2017
21 Submitting the dissertation
forms to the university 21.06.2017 23.06.2017 0 23.06.2017
22 Printing the paper 22.06.2017 25.06.2017 1 26.06.2017
23 Defending the paper 26.06.2017 27.06.201 7 0 27.06.2017

This schedule will be promptly applied in every stage described within it. One stage and
subsequently its sub -stages may be regulated separately, but with respect to the interval from
which they belong.

Planning and Field Research Page | 17
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications SECTION 2.4. FIELD RESEARCH
In th is section we will further our analysis with respect to the established objectives,
traced under Section 1. 2. Tactic Objectives , 0 Introduction , page 10. This stage presents an
extremely high importance, as based on the findings written here, we move forward towards
deepening our theoretical reasoning and furthermore development.
The working methodo logy for this chapter is lying under the evolutive c oncrete -to-
abstract reasoning.
SUBSECTION 2.4.1. DATA TRANSFER AND CO MMUNICATION
Under this sect ion we are approaching the data transmission models used today. The
ultimate purpose to this extended reas oning resides in indentifying and classifying the
communication models to ultimately decide which architecture suits our case best .
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network topology defines ”how the systems are physically connected” (Santra, et al.,
2013) . From the same journal (n.r. Santra, et al., 2013 ) we can classify them based upon their
main security issue (see Table 0.1, below).
Table 0.1 – Physical Network Classif ication
No. Type Security issues
1 Point -to-point Most secure
2 Bus Vulnerable if one node is attacked.
3 Star Vulnerable if the central hub is attacked.
4 Ring Vulnerable if one node is attacked.
5 Mesh Many redundant links.
6 Tree Vulnerable if central trunk is attacked.
7 Hybrid In case of an attack, its very difficult to determine the lose node.
8 Daisy Chain Difficult to relink in case of a secutity emergency.

In order to proceed to classification and prioritization we must f irst trace our objectives
regarding the desired topology for this research project. But first things first – which type of
general architecture do we want to apply to? Which king of architecture do we work with?
These questions are extremely relevant thus , based on the type of network architecture
we choose to work with, we may add an extra layer of security to our project, or take one
(subsequently adding a major vulnerability to our whole system).
Regarding the types of networks we deal with, it is of h igh priority not to approach just
some types of architectures, thus narrowing our effectivness area, but instead generalize and
expand our capacities – therefore we say that our concept must be suited to work with any
kind of physical network architecture .
Moreover, do we want our project to work upon server -client architecture or peer -to-
peer? To answer this question we move our attention upon a synthetic compar ison between
these two options.
1. Peer-to-peer architecture.
In the concept of (Amad, et al., 2012) not only Peer -to-Peer are considered to be
distributed systems within which each node is equally in rank with all the others,

Planning and Field Research Page | 18
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications but they refer „to a class of systems and applications that employ distributed
resources to perfo rm a critical function such as resources localization in a
decentralized manner” .
From the same author we take the fact that P2P networks „implement a virtual
overlay network over the underlying physical network” (see Figure 0.1 below).

Figure 0.1 – P2P Overlay Network
One major advantage according to the same author, relays in the fact that P2P
networks are suited to be scal able. This means that we must consider this
architecture for its efficiency and cost -effectiveness. Moreover, they are well suited
for robustness and performance as well as high availability of files throughout the
network – in case of un structured P2P (the paper cited n.r. Amad, et al., 2012
considered keyword network search as a standard in analysing multiple variations
of P2P).
In terms of choices regarding P2P architectures we have tw o options:
a. Unstuctured P2P networks – which have no restrictions in terms of data
placement in the overlay topology;
b. Structured P2P networks – which contrary to the above, do impose multiple
restrictions upon the placement in the overlay topology (subsequently
making the resources ra re in terms of accessibi lity) – see Table 0.2 below, in
accordance with swedish scholar opinion (El-Ansary, et al., 2004) .
By comparing the two mentioned above in accordance with their response
time, we get th e following Table 0.2.
Table 0.2 – P2P Networks comparison – memory usage, response time
Name Type Space
complexity Cost lookup
Napster Unstructured n O(l)
Gnutella Unstructured O(n) O(n)
Freenet Unstructured Hopes to Leave Hopes to Leave
DV-Flood Unstructured O(D*V) O(D*V)
Logarithmic sate Structured O(log(N)) O(log(N))
DeBruijn & Butterfly (per se) Structured O(k) O(log(N))

Planning and Field Research Page | 19
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications DeBrui jn & Butterfly (k =
O(log(N))) Structured O(log(N)) 𝑂(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑁))
𝑂(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑁)))
CAN (per se) Structured O(k) 𝑂(𝑘𝑁𝑙
𝑘)
CAN (k = O(log(N))) Structured O(log(N)) 𝑂(𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑁)𝑘𝑁𝑙
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑁))
Pastry Structured 𝑂(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
2(𝑛)) 𝑂(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
2(𝑛))
Viceroy Structured 7 O(log(N))
Koorde Structured 2 O(log(N))
Kademlia Structured O(log(N)) O(log(N))

Finally, in terms of security, according to (Amad, et al., 2012) , P2P
networks are susceptible to a wide range of cybernetic attacks (see Table 0.3
below).
Table 0.3 – Susceptible attacks in P2P architecture
TYPE / NAME EFFECT / DESCRIPTIO N
Replay Attacks using a previously recorded or captured
message to attack a network or to gain access
to somewhere one is not authorized to be (a
form of identity theft)
Malicious Provider a provider that accepts payment but fails to
complete the transa ction can be contested
Malicious Consumer a malicious consumer who fraudulently
claims that he did not receive services even
though he did is thwarted by the use of
certificates. The provider simply provides the
certificate to his bank -set when the
transa ction is complete
Routing Attacks In such case, message routing will fail with
high probability, and the systems fail to
provide any services
Denial of Service Attack an attempt to prevent legitimate users of a
service or network resource from accessing
that service or resource
Sybil Attacks in a peer -to-peer domain without external
identifiers, any node can manufacture any
number of identities

2. Client – Server architecture
Client -server architecture is „ a system that performs both the functions of clie nt
and server so as to promote the sharing of information between them. It allows many
users to have access to the same database at the same time, and the datab ase will
store much information” (Oluwatosin, 2014) . See Figure 0.2 below.

Planning and Field Research Page | 20
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.2 – Client -Server Architecture

Table 0.3 – Types of C -S Architectures
N.O. TYPE CLIENT PROGRAM SER VER
EXTERNAL APPLICATION DATABASE
1 2-tier X X – – X
2 3-tier X X – X X
3 Middleware X X X X X

In the Table 0.3 (above), we describe the types of client -server
architectures with respect to the main compo nents. It is to be retained that,
having more functional components increases the security risk upon the network.
This aspect is enforced as a condition to every single system connected
to the network. In order to further our understanding upon the risks, we pictured
below a 3 -tier architecture – Figure 0.3.

Figure 0.3 – 3-Tier C -S Architecture

Planning and Field Research Page | 21
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications As we can depict from above, in terms of security reasoning, the
architec ture described presents a number of disadvantages described in the Table
0.4 (below).
Table 0.4 – C-S. Security Disadvantages
N.O. DISADVANTAGE EXPLANATION
1 Network complexity The number of clients in the form of direct hosts or subnets
connected to the server, increase the probability of an attack
as well as the whole network vulnerability.
2 Physical damage Since the whole network relays on a single machine as its
backbone, in the case of a physical attack, the whole network
is extremely vulnerable.
3 Poor clearance hierarchy The clients are usually poorly classified and the subsequent
clearance level and authorization is more often not granted. So
in the case of a n attack, the clearance homogeneity enables the
attacker to seize the other clients security systems and
ultimately to steal valuable data or induce a major damage.
4 Virus vulnerability Regarding to the type of virus, the security breach may or may
not b e manageable.

COMMUNICATION MEDIA
Nowadays, transmitting data over large distances and with extreme accuracy is no
longer an experimental effort that’s viewed more like a development investment, but instead it
became a necessity.
Transcontinental data cables are the bloodlines of our modern computer society.
Without them, no sentence would make it through the cold waters of Atlantic or Pacific oceans
for instance. Speaking of cables, this is the oldest form of data transmission media.
Having shifted from this static perspective of data transmission towards conquering the
air, was a major breakthrough in 1894 when Guglielmo Marconi first patented the principles of
radio waves stated by Heinrich Hertz in 1888.
Moreover, the 21st century (late 20th century) brought the humanity the chance of
exploring the deep black and unknown skies above the clouds, thus giving us the chance of
taking the radio communication technology further and put it on our satellites.
Although these already known and much used t echnologies granted us the ability to
communicate from the tiniest distance (by electromagnetic induction, Near Field
Communication), to the greatest of them (space missions on Moon, Mars etc.), they pose two
main problems:
1. The quality of the signal over d istance – a factor that’s in direct connection to the
type of communication media used (coaxial cable, fiber optics cable, radio waves);
2. The security of the communication channel regarding direct access, passive attacks,
collisions, encryption -decryption f laws etc.
To fully understand the complexity of the security issues within the communications
media it is necessary to approach the most relevant types of communication ports and study
their flaws.

Planning and Field Research Page | 22
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Table 0.5 – Outdated or Internal Ports

Figure 0.4 – Serial Structure
Figure 0.5 – Serial Scheme

Figure 0.6 – Parallel and Serial Structure Comparison

N.O. NAME DESCRIPTION TYPES SECURITY FLAWS SYNC. ASYNC.
1 SERIAL
(Figure 0.4,
Figure 0.5) The process of sending data bit by
bit over a communication channel I2C Address collisions,
automatic bus
configuration, speed (Fm+
1Mbit/s, <400Kbit/s)
CAN No encryption
PCIe – Vulnerable to DMA Attack
RS232 RS232 Secure
RS422 –
RS423 –
– RS485 –
SPI – Secure
2 PARALLEL
(Figure 0.6) The process of sending an array
of bits simultaneously (usually 8)
over a communication channel. ISA Vulnerable to direct
connection leak ATA
SCSI Secure
PCI Vulnerable to DMA Attack
FSB
Secure IEEE 488
IEEE 1284

Planning and Field Research Page | 23
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
In the Table 0.5 (above) we present the short outline of our theoretical study upon
outdated or internal ports regarding their security issues. Our findings are hea ded to 3 main
directions:
1. Direct access – passive attack vulnerability;
2. Speed issues;
3. Configuration issues;
As stated above, the ports described in this stage are either internal ports (which are
harder to access due to physical restrictions) or outdated p orts (rarely used today).

Once we traced an outline of security issues upon old communication channels, we head
towards analyzing the top 4 modern ones. This stage is for us to understand the security
weaknesses of modern communication mediums with respe ct to the issues stated above.
Table 0.6 – Modern transmission mediums
N.O. NAME YEAR DESCRIPTION SECURITY FLAWS
1 LAN – Copper
(Figure 0.7, Figure 0.8) 1969 A set of coaxial copper
cables, lined up in LAN
format. The cable can be stripped of its
rubber coating and hooked up to
a listening device.
The delays involved in long
distance LAN Copper cables
can be used to generate passive
as well as active attacks.
2 Optic al Fiber
(Figure 0.9, Figure 0.10) 1953 Narow glass tube, coated
with rubber protection. The cable can be stripped of its
rubbe r coating and hooked up to
an optic receptor.
3 USB
(Figure 0.11, Figure
0.12) 1995 Industry standard for
peripherals. The cable can be easily hacked
and data loss can be induced
without notice.
4 WiFi (IEEE 802.11)
(Figure 0.13) 1996 Radio waves communication
standard. The signal can be intercepted
and although the encryption is
pretty high, the data can still be
decoded.

Figure 0.7 – LAN Cable Scheme

Figure 0.8 – LAN Cable Structure

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.9 – Optical Fiber Scheme
Figure 0.10 – Optical Fiber Structure

Figure 0.11 – USB Scheme
Figure 0.12 – USB Structure

Figure 0.13 – WiFi Scheme and Structure

The results of this research stage (summarized in Table 0.6) confirms us the fact that
even though the modern transmission mediums are developed with security in mind and the
encryption standard had developed towards high performance attack resistant algorithms, the
main issues present in early and developing technology are still hanging around.

Planning and Field Research Page | 25
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications DATA TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS
After analyzing the network topology and communications medium, it is of upmost
importance to understand how data travels from one host to another. On this note we jump to
analyze the OSI and TCP/IP models to understand where security breaches are most likely t o
occur .
The OSI Model was introduced by ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
in 1984. The system summarizes sophisticated network phenomenon and cases on seven layers.
The internal functions of a communication system is characterized an d standardized by
partitioning into abstraction layers. The model groups’ communication functions into seven
logical layers.
In the conception of (Ravali, 2015) the OSI Model works upon 4 main principles:
1. A layer should be cre ated where a different abstraction is needed.
2. The function of each layer should define internationally standardized protocols.
3. The layer boundaries should minimize the information flow across the interfaces.
4. The number of layers should be large enough t hat distinct functions need not be
thrown together in the same layer out of necessity and small enough that the
architecture does not become unwield .
The working OSI Model implements 7 layers described in Figure 0.14 (below).
Figure 0.14 – OSI Model Architecture

Planning and Field Research Page | 26
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications From am security point of view, the OSI Model is developed with encryption and
decryption capabilities which makes it suitable for secure communication as well as a reliable
architecture as (Sumit , et al., 2014) stated in their paper . But remember, the OSI Model is just
a theoretical model upon which the TCP/IP and UDP/IP Models are based on and further
developed.
According to (Nath, et al., 2015) TCP is “the computer networking model and set of
communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks ”.
The TCP/IP Model implements the OSI Architecture but simplified, so that in the end
this new model has 4 layers instead of 7. Also, this new model groups a set of subprotocols
under the TCP and UDP categories (like Telnet, FTP, SMTP) as well as server functionalities
and specific protocols under the IGMP, ICMP categories (like DN S, RIP and SMNP),
depending on the physical interface in case.
In the Figure 0.15 (below) the whole TCP/IP architecture is described.

Figure 0.15 – TCP/IP Model Scheme and Layers

Planning and Field Research Page | 27
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Because TCP/IP was constructed to use packets, it is considered a packet -switching
technology, the primary benefit of which is that data can be routed to a destination through any
number of transmission points, making the network decent ralized and less vulnerable to
equipment failure.
As a comparison, networks that use circuit -switching technology like the telephone
network must set up a dedicated connection between two points, which has a larger resource
footprint and is easier to disr upt.
Every packet that is transmitted over a packet -switching network such as the Internet,
the largest such network in existence is constructed of two major pieces: the packet header and
the data. Within the header are several distinct pieces of informati on about the packet itself.
This information includes the version of the protocol being used (IPv4 – see Figure
0.16, pp. 27 or IPv6 – see Figure 0.17, pp.28), the length of the packet, the number of packets
used to send the total data in question, the source and destination addresses, a checksum (used
in error correction calculations), and the Time To Live (TTL) d ata, which defines how many
devices the packet may be transmitted along, or hops, before the message is allowed to time
out.
Figure 0.16 – IPv4 Header

Planning and Field Research Page | 28
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
The data itself is divided into segments of length that can vary, generally in a range of
0 to 64 kB. Packets are transmitted o ver Ethernet networks, the most common physical type,
within frames, or pre -set data blocks that have their own header and trailer information.
Since packets are the basic unit of network transmission, they fit into the standard model
of networking model, at the network level, where network devices transmit and configure
packet routing, or the paths a given packet will take to reach its destination.
After being formed at the network layer, packets are encoded into bits, then passed down
to the data link la yer. From there, the packets are inserted into frames, and then passed to the
physical layer, which is the actual medium of transmission.
The process is reversed at the destination, with signal passing to the data link layer,
pulling the data as bits from the frame, decoding into packets and passing the packets to the
network layer for transmission.
Figure 0.17 – IPv6 Header

Planning and Field Research Page | 29
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Below
Above in Figure 0.18, you can see the standard TCP/IP Packet Header.
The last aspect of TCP/IP Protocl from a security point of view, is related to the risks
that this system provides. Yes, being based upon the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Protocol is highly
specialized in data protection, due to its architecture and stages of operation. But nevertheless
it still has some falws.
Our research upon this fact, showed that the main cyber -minuses are as follows:
1. ROUTING (Figure 0.19)
With TCP/IP there is
no sure way to know
which route some packet
send from source A to
destinatio n B takes. As
an unfortunate effect,
this fact opens a whole
new world of attacks
regarding intermediate
points through which
any packet travels.

Figure 0.18 – TCP Standard Header
Figure 0.19 – Routing Attack

Planning and Field Research Page | 30
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 2. ADDRESS SPOOFING (IP CLONING) (Figure 0.20)
Each IP packet inclu des both
the IP address it is sent to as well
as the address it orginates from.
However, there is by default no
verification that the source
address is really the address of
the host which created the
message.
This allows any host to forge
an IP packet wi th the source IP
of any other host and claiming it
is routing it from it. This
problem is much more serious
for UDP/IP than TCP/IP, because TCP/IP requires a SYN/ACK/SYN -ACK
handshake to establish a connection, which only works when the source -IP of the
packet which makes the connection is correct.
3. ARP SPOOFING (Figure 0.21)
This issue is related to Address
Resolution Protocol which binds IP
addresses to network interfaces. It
affects the security of IP
communicat ion, because it allows
one host to "steal" the IP address of
another host so that any future IP
packets get redirected. ARP
spoofing usually only works in the
same network segment. Also, an
ARP poisioning attack can be
detected and enterprise -grade
network equipment is usually able to
prevent it.
`
4. SYN -FLOODING (Figure 0.22)
This is a denial -of-service attack
where the attacking host sends lots of
SYN -packets (requests to open a
connection) to the target host. Ho wever,
it spoofs the source -IP with random
addresses, so the server sends an ACK –
packet (acceptance of the connection) to
a host which never asked for it.
It will then wait for the SYN -ACK
packet (acknowledgment of acceptance
Figure 0.21 – ARP Spoofing
Figure 0.22 – SYN-Flood ing Attack
Figure 0.20 – IP Spoofing

Planning and Field Research Page | 31
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications by the initiator) until timeo ut. This can bind a large amount of resources on the host
and prevent it from accepting legitimate connections.
While this does not result in any data exposure or data manipulation, it is still a
frequently used method to temporarily prevent users from re aching a certain host.
5. SEQUENCE NUMBER GUESSING
When two hosts have established a
connection, each packet they exchange is
numbered. When an attacker knows that
two hosts are communicating with each
other and they can guess the next sequence –
number, they can spoof such a packet to
inject forged data into the communication.

INTERNET OF THINGS
According to (Rose, et al., 2015) Internet of Things is a multitude of “ scenarios where
network connectivity and computing capability e xtends to objects, sensors and everyday items
not normally considered computers, allowing these devices to generate, exchange and consume
data with minimal human intervention ”.

Figure 0.24 – IoT
In the vie ws of th e same author, IoT raises a series of problems such as:
• Many Internet of Things devices, such as sensors and consumer items, are designed to
be deployed at a massive scale that is orders of magnitude beyond that of traditional
Internet -connected de vices.
Figure 0.23 – Sequence Guessing Attack

Planning and Field Resea rch Page | 32
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications As a result, the potential quantity of interconnected links between these devices
is unprecedented. Further, many of these devices will be able to establish links and
communicate with other devices on their own in an unpredictable and dynamic fashio n.
Therefore, existing tools, methods, and strategies associated with IoT securi ty may need
new consideration.
• Many IoT deployments will consist of collections of identical or near identical devices.
This homogeneity magnifies the potential impact of any single security vulnerability by
the sheer number of devices that all have the same characteristics.
For example, a communication protocol vulnerability of one company’s brand
of Internet -enabled light bulbs might extend to every make and model of device that
uses that same protocol or which shares key design or manufacturing characteristics.

• Many Internet of Things devices will be deployed with an anticipated service life many
years longer than is typically associated with high -tech equipment. Further , these
devices might be deployed in circumstances that make it difficult or impossible to
reconfigure or upgrade them; or these devices might outlive the company that created
them, leaving orphaned devices with no means of long -term support.
These scenar ios illustrate that security mechanisms that are adequate at
deployment might not be adequate for the full lifespan of the device as security threats
evolve. As such, this may create vulnerabilities that could persist for a long time.
This is in contrast to the paradigm of traditional computer systems that are
normally upgraded with operating system software updates throughout the life of the
computer to address security threats. The long -term support and management of IoT
devices is a s ignificant security challenge.

• Many IoT devices are intentionally designed without any ability to be upgraded, or the
upgrade process is cumbersome or impractical. For example, consider the 2015 Fiat
Chrysler recall of 1.4 million vehicles to fix a vulnerability that allo wed an attacker to
wirelessly hack into the vehicle.
These cars must be taken to a Fiat Chrysler dealer for a manual upgrade, or the
owner must perform the upgrade themselves with a USB key. The reality is that a high
percentage of these autos probably wi ll not be upgraded because the upgrade process
presents an inconvenience for owners, leaving them perpetually vulnerable to
cybersecurity threats, especially when the automobile appears to be performing well
otherwise.

• Many IoT devices operate in a manne r where the user has little or no real visibility into
the internal workings of the device or the precise data streams they produce. This creates
a security vulnerability when a user believes an IoT device is performing certain
functions, when in reality i t might be performing unwanted functions or collecting more
data than the user intends.
The device’s functions also could change without notice when the manufacturer
provides an update, leaving the user vulnerable to whatever changes the manufacturer
make s.

Planning and Field Research Page | 33
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications • Some IoT devices are likely to be deployed in places where physical security is difficult
or impossible to achieve. Attackers may have direct physical access to IoT devices.
Anti-tamper features and other design innovations will need to be considered t o ensure
security.
• Some IoT devices, like many environmental sensors, are designed to be unobtrusively
embedded in the environment, where a user does not actively notice the device nor
monitor its operating status.
Additionally, devices may have no clear way to alert the user when a security
problem arises, making it difficult for a user to know that a security breach of an IoT
device has occurred.
A security breach might persist for a long time before being noticed and
corrected if correction or mitigati on is even possible or practical. Similarly, the user
might not be aware that a sensor exists in her surroundings, potentially allowing a
security breach to persist for l ong periods without detection.

• Early models of Internet of Things assume IoT will b e the product of large private and/or
public technology enterprises, but in the future “Build Your own Internet of Things”
(BYIoT) might become more commonplace as exemplified by the growing Arduino and
Raspberry Pi60 developer communities. These may or ma y not apply industry best
practice security standards.

CYBER SECURITY
In this section we will deal with facts reg arding the integrity of data and network
systems. The methodology for this section consists in:
1. Gathering cyber security data from studies an d research campaigns ran between
2013 -2017;
2. Analyzing the main authentication methods and algorithms;
3. Analyzing the main cryptology methods and algorithms;
4. Closing with a final list of problems and potential solutions;
Without further adieu, we jump right into the facts regarding cyber security.
A study ran in 2015 by UBM Tech, gathered data from industry regarding the top
presumed threats by company CEO, Manager and Security Team. The results are shown in

Planning and Field Research Page | 34
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.25 – UBM Tech 2015 – potential threats survey
A research campa ign launched by Symantec in 2014 (Symantec, 2014) rendered the
following results with this opening statement: „ In 2013 much attention was focused on cyber –
espionage, threats to privacy and the acts of malicious insiders. However the end of 2013
provided a painful reminder that cybercrime remains prevalent and that damaging threats from
cybercriminals continue to loom over businesses and consumers. Eight brea ches in 2013 each
exposed greater than 10 million identities, targeted attacks increased and end -user attitudes
towards social media and mobile devices resulted in wild scams and laid a foundation for major
problems for endusers and businesses as these dev ices come to dominate our lives ”.

Figure 0.26 – Symantec Breaches 2014
Figure 0.27 – Symantec Malware 2014

Planning and Field Research Page | 35
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.28 – Symantec Targeted
Attacks
Figure 0.29 – Symantec Top Industries

Another research campaign launched by Symantec in 2016 (Symantec, 2016) rendered the
followin g results with this opening statement: „ In 2013 much attention was focused on cyber –
espionage, threats to privacy and

Figure 0.30 – Symantec 2016 Mobile
Figure 0.31 – Symantec 2016 Mobile
Variants

Planning and Field Research Page | 36
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.32 – Symantec 2016 OS
Vulnerabilities
Figure 0.33 – Symantec 2016 Attac Volume

Figure 0.34 – Symantec 2016 Mobile Apps Analyze

Planning and Field Research Page | 37
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.35 – Symantec 2016 Phishing
Figure 0.36 – Symantec 2016 P. Campaign

SECURE COMMUNICATIONS
In order to understand how data can be transmitted securely, we first need to understand
some basic principles. According to information security theory there are 3 main steps in
securing a communication channel:
1. Authentication:
o Auth entication is used by a server when the server needs to know exactly who
is acce ssing their information or site;
o Authentication is used by a client when the client needs to know that the server
is system it claims to be ;
o In authentication, the user or comp uter has to prove its i dentity to the server or
client;
o Usually, authentication by a server entails the use of a user name and password.
Other ways to authenticate can be through cards, retina scans, voice recognition,
and fingerprints;
o Authentication by a client usually involves the server giving a certificate to the
client in which a trusted third party such as Verisign or Thawte states that the
server belongs to the entity (such as a bank) that the client expects it t o;
o Authentication does not determine what tasks the individual can do or what files
the individual can see. Authentication merely identifies and verif ies who the
person or system is;

2. Authorization:
o Authorization is a process by which a server determines if the client has
permission to use a resource or access a file;
o Authorization is usually coupled with authentication so that the server has some
concept of who the clie nt is that is requesting access;
o The type of authentication required for authorization may vary; passwords may
be required in some cases but not in others;
o In some cases, there is no authorization; any user may be use a resource or access
a file simply by asking for it. Most of the web pages on the Internet require no
authentication or auth orization;

Planning and Field Research Page | 38
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
3. Encryption:
o Encryption invo lves the process of transforming data so that it is unreadable by
anyone who does not have a decryption key;
o The Secure Shell (SSH) and Socket Layer (SSL) protocols are usually used in
encryption processes. The SSL drives the secure part of “http s://” site s used in
e-commerce sites (like E -Bay and Amazon.com.);
o All data in SSL transactions is encrypted between the client (browser) and the
server (web server) before the data is transferred between the two;
o All data in SSH sessions is encrypted between the cl ient and the server when
communicating at the shell;
o By encrypting the data exchanged between the client and server information like
social security numbers, credit card numbers, and home addresses can be sent
over the Internet with less risk of being inte rcepted during transit;

AUTHENTICATION TYPES
Since CISCO approaches wireless authentication in some approximate manner as wired
connection authentication, we decided to follow this route. Below, there are the most relevant
(in our conception) authenticat ion methods proposed by CISCO. This section will approach
only a brief introduction in what these algorithms are and how they work, further discussion
and outcome of the research stage being redirected in the conclusions section.
Open Authentication
CISC O states that o pen authentication allows any device to authenticate and then
attempt to communicate with the access point. Using open authentication, any wireless device
can authenticate with the access point, but the device can communicate only if its Wir ed
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) keys match the access point’s WEP keys. Devices that are not using
WEP do not attempt to authenticate with an access point that is using WEP. Open authentication
does not rely on a RADIUS server on your network. This principle c an be seen below in Figure
0.37.

Figure 0.37 – CISCO Open Authentication
Shared Key Authentication

Planning and Field Research Page | 39
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications During shared key authentication, the access point sends an unenc rypted challenge text
string to any device that is attempting to communicate with the access point. The device that is
requesting authentication encrypts the challenge text and sends it back to the access point. If
the challenge text is encrypted correctly , the access point allows the re questing device to
authenticate – as proven by CISCO – Figure 0.38.

Figure 0.38 – CISCO Shared Authentication
Extensible Authenticat ion Protocol
CISCO sets EAP authentication as the type that provides the highest level of security
for your wireless network. By using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to interact
with an EAP -compatible RADIUS server, the access point helps a w ireless client device and
the RADIUS server to perform mutual authentication and derive a dynamic unicast WEP key.
The RADIUS server sends the WEP key to the access point, which uses the key for all unicast
data signals that the server sends to or receives from the client. The access point also encrypts
its broadcast WEP key (which is entered in the access point’s WEP key slot 1) with the client’s
unicast key and sends it to the client – Figure 0.39.

Figure 0.39 – CISCO EAP Authentication

Planning and Field Research Page | 40
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications MAC Authentication
The access point relays the wireless client device’s MAC address to a RADIUS server
on your network, and the server checks the address against a list of allowed M AC addresses.
Because intruders can create counterfeit MAC addresses, MAC -based authentication is less
secure than EAP authentication. However, MAC -based authentication provides an alternate
authentication method for client devices that do not have EAP cap ability – in CISCO’s concept
– Figure 0.40.

Figure 0.40 – CISCO MAC Authentication

OTHER TYPES OF AUTHENTICATION
According to the (Mohammad , et al., 2014) , “Cryptography is one of the most important
fields in computer security. It is a method of transferring private information and data through
open network communication, so only the receiver who has the secret key can read the
encrypt ed messages which might be documents, phone conversations, images or other form of
data” . In the authors concept, cryptography can be used to ensure a much secure authentication.
They propose five general methods of authentication, described in Table 0.7 (below).

Table 0.7 – Other types of Authentication
N.O. NAME DESCRIPTION
1 Password authentication
protocol
(Figure 0.41, pp.41) A password authentication protocol (PAP) is an authentication protocol
used by Point to Point Protocol to authenticate users before allowing
them access to data resources.
This authentication method is important for use rs since it is easy to be
memorized. However, password can be recently classified into two main
types; textual password and graphical password.
2 Authentication Token
(Figure 0.42, pp.41) There are several token systems, among these are: RSA SecureID Token
Cryptocards, Challenge Response Token, and Time based Tokens.
However, Challenge Response Token is an authentication technique
using a calculator type token that contains identical s ecurity keys or
algorithms as a Network Access Server (NAS)

Planning and Field Research Page | 41
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 3 Symmetric -key
Authentication
(Figure 0.43, pp.42) In symmetric key authentication, the user shares a single, secret key w ith
an authentication server. The user is authenticated by sending to the
authentication server his/her username together with a randomly
challenge message that is encrypted by the secret key.
Whereby, the user is considered as authenticated user if the se rver can
match the received encrypted message using its share secret key.
4 Public key authentication:
Diffie -Hellman
Authentication
(Figure 0.44, pp.42) The key exchange is an import ant method in public -key Cryptography
for providing authentication cryptographic service. It was the first
public -key cryptographic scenario as developed by Whitfield Diffie and
Martin Hellman , were the first who developed the key exchange
algorithm that is called DH. In DH, keys are exchanged between the
users according to Cryptography protocols which are based on the key
exchange problem. They highlighted the most important method of
exchanging the keys by using the discrete logarithm hard problem.
5 Biometric Authentication
(Figure 0.45, pp.42) A biometric authentication is a digitizing measurements of a
physiological or behavioral characteristic for human. A biometric
authenticatio n systems can theoretically be used to distinguish one
person from another.

Figure 0.41 – Password Authentication

Figure 0.42 – Token Authentication

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.43 – Symmetric Key Authentication

Figure 0.44 – Diffie -Hellma n Authentication

Figure 0.45 – Biom etric Authentication

CRYPTOLOGY ALGORITHMS
After a peer had been authenticated and it’s considered to be trustworthy, one problem
occurs regarding the secrecy of the messages (no matter of their nature) send between that peer
and another.
Ancient crypt ology used common logic to hide the real message under a cyphertext
(usually consisting of the same vocabulary as the original message). As the time went by,
alongside encryption -decryption methods developed alternative methods to decipher the code,
using one of two ways: brute force and reverse engineering.

Planning and Field Research Page | 43
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Once the computer was invented, one of the fundamental tasks it was given, was to
automatize the cryptographic task. It was then, when old encryption techniques became
outdated and humanity began a ne w journey to seek alternative, more advanced ways to encrypt
its secrets.
Moreover, in comparison with the old methods, computer -driven algorithms were based
on a major advantage – the possibility of millions of iterations each second. As a conclusion,
in early days, the algorithms differentiated themselves by brute -force -computing the cyphertext
faster than any human was capable.
However, as time flew by once again, early computer algorithms became obsolete, by
the means of two factors:
1. Apparition of ne w alternative ways to decipher the code – most often these new
algorithms were better than the original ones, rendering them useless;
2. Over -usage – in early modern cryptology the algorithms, based on logic and
mathematics, were reusable to some extent. Sinc e that extent was due, the algorithms
were rendered useless too by the mathematics on which they were based upon;
So, we are looking forward to analyze the cryptology algorithms that are highly used
today (top 5 of them) as we consider this way to be the m ost productive of all – since our scope
is to refer to their weaknesses in terms of providing the best security in secrecy, in terms of a
continuously evolving technological context.
After long hours of research we came forward with the next 4 algorithms :
1. Data Encryption Standard (Figure 0.46)/ Triple DES;
2. Advanced Encryption Standard (Figure 0.47);
3. Rivest -Shamir -Adleman Encryption Protocol (Figure 0.48);
4. Hash Key;
In the concept of (Mahajan, et al., 2013) the first 3 algorithms are used to encode and
decode messages, as the last one is used only to ensure the integrity of the transmitted message.
To sy nthetize the first 3 algorithms, the comparison can be found below in Table 0.8,
pp.44.

Figure 0.46 – DES Algorithm
Figure 0.47 – AES Algorithm
Figure 0.48 – RSA Algorithm

Planning and Field Research Page | 44
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Table 0.8 – DES-AES-RSA Comparison

According to (Ram , et al., 2013) , there is an evolutionary point of view to be taken into
consideration when comparing SHA -1, SHA -2 and SHA -3 (with all their flavors). Although
SHA -1 is outdated due to more inflicting code collisions, SHA -2 is now on the ve rge (with
collisions begining to register under its name also), SHA -3 will be the next standard.
Our research upon this comparison led to the fol lowing outcome, described in Table 0.9
below.
Table 0.9 – SHA-2 vs SHA -3 Comparison
N.O. NAME CLASS BITS COLLISIONS (YET)
1 Blake SHA -3 – No
2 Grostl SHA -3 8-512 No
3 JH SHA -3 224,256,384,512 No
4 Keccak SHA -3 576,832,1088,1152 No
5 Skein SHA -3 256,512,1024 No
6 SHA -2 SHA-2 32,64 Yes

The author (n.r. (Ram , et al., 2013) ) performed a series of tests regarding the speed of
encryption upon the algorithms described above. This can be seen in the figures Figure 0.49,
Figure 0.50 and Figure 0.51 below. The tests considered a different sized input buffer from 1
Kb to 256 Mb.

Planning and Field Research Page | 45
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.49 – Performance of SHA -3 finalists and SHA -2 on Java/64 -Bit
Server (Ubuntu 11.10) for 1KB input

Figure 0.50 – Performance of SHA -3 finalists and SHA -2 on Java/64 -Bit
Server (Ubuntu 11.10) for 1MB input

Figure 0.51 – Performance of SHA -3 finalists and SHA -2 on Java/64 -Bit
Server (Ubuntu 11.10) for 256MB

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
TYPES OF ATTACKS
By no means this is the shortest research stage. From information security theory we
know the fact that attacks are grou ped by 3 main categories:
1. Passive attacks – attacks in which the hacker follows to listen to the information and
decypher it. The scope of this attack is to retrieve information from cyphertext;
2. Active attacks – attacks in which the hacker follows to eithe r alter the information
send, to replace the information or to disturb the communication process (either by
interrupting it or by ceasing it completely);

QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CYBERSECURITY
Having deepened our analysis this far into the c yber security area, and still having in
mind the opening statement of the previous research stage, it is of most natural sense to
challenge the fact that soon quantum computers will change the international cryptology
community one again (as the first gene rations of computers did).
But first of all what is exactly a
quantum computer and how can it
change the future of cryptology?
Well, according to (Sarma, 2015) ,
“A quantum computer maintains a
sequence of qubits. A single qub it
can represent a one, a zero, or any
quantum superposition qubit states.
A pair of qubits can be in any
quantum superposition of 4 states,
and three qubits in any
superposition of 8 states. In general,
a quantum computer with of those two n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to 2n
different states simultaneously. This compares to a normal computer that can only be in one of
these 2n states at any one time ”.
In accor dance with the same
author, a qu bit (Figure 0.53) is a state
(of a single particle) that can be 0, 1 or
anything in between (Figure 0.52 –
according to Schrodinger’s
superposition theory) . The mechanism
behind a qubit implements a principle of
quantum mechanics called
superposition . This principle states that
any given particle in the right conditions
(usually thermal condition of absolute 0
degrees Kelvin) has any orientation between 0 and 1 (interpreted in degrees, radians, nm etc.).
Figure 0.53 – Bit vs Qubit
Figure 0.52 – Schrodinger's Cat – Superposition

Planning and Field Research Page | 47
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Having kn own that a quantum computer can function upon basically any material, of
course it’s at minds ease to figure out that there are multiple implementations of Quantum
Turing Machines out there. The author (n.r. (Sarma, 2015) ) depicted these implementations as
described (summarized) in the Table 0.10 below.
Table 0.10 – Types of Quantum Computers
N.O. NAME Q-ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
1 SQUID Supercon ducting
Circuits Superconductor -based quantum computers (including
SQUID -based quantum computers) qubit implemented by
the state of small superconducting circuits (Josephson
junctions)
2 ION Ions Trapped ion quantum computer (qubit implemented by
the inte rnal state of trapped ions)
3 OPTICAL
LATTICE Atoms Optical lattices (qubit implemented by internal states of
neutral atoms trapped in an optical lattice), electrically
defined or self -assembled quantum dots ( see Loss –
DiVincenzo quantum computer ), where in qubit given by
the spin states of an electron is trapped in the quantum
dot)
4 QUANTUM
OPTICS Photons Optics -based quantum computer called Quantum optics
(qubits realized by appropriate states of different modes
of the electromagnetic field)
5 BOSE –
EINSTEIN Bosons Bose –Einstein condensate -based quantum computer
6 ESR Atoms Molecular magnet Fullerene -based ESR quantum
computer (where in qubit is based on the electronic spin
of atoms or molecules encased in fullerene structures)
7 DIAMOND Diamonds Diamond -based quantum computer (in which qubit is
realized by the electronic or nuclear spin of Nitrogen –
vacancy centers in diamond)
8 NMR Molecules Nuclear magnetic resonance on molecules in solution is a
liquid -state NMR (qubit is provided by nuclear spins
within the dissolved molecule)

Having that much possibilities, a performant quantum computer does not exist as a
theory anymore, but as a reality nowadays. Moreover, D -Wave produced the first commercially
available quantum computer (although the price is too high to be considered available yet) –
and partnered up with Google in harnessing this novel technology’s power.
The final question after understanding how big of a deal quantum computers are in terms
of computational power is – Will they affect th e cryptology community and science?
Most likely – YES! There are multiple research project on the run regarding current
cryptic algorithms and their interaction with quantum attacks – and the outcome is not
encouraging at all (due to the fact that most o f the algorithms tested so far, failed the quantum –
resistance standard).

RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
Finally we end our research stage and we forward our attention upon outlining the mai n
issues within the cyber security spectrum.

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Regarding network architectu re, we may conclude that no matter which architecture one
household, one institution or one government choose, there will be attack vulnerabilities that
exploits the network scalability (most secure network is peer -to-peer with two nodes, most
insecure net work is client -server with multiple subnets) and the communication medium and
process.
In terms of communication medium, we decide to focus upon LAN and Wireless, due
to the fact that nowadays they are the most used mediums for data transmission. Also the y are
the most vulnerable ones too.
Regarding the transmission protocol we conclude that, no matter how prepared and
improved it may be, the TCP/IP and UDP/IP protocols are not secure enough (although their
layers act as security layers – in reality they are most vulnerable due to the weaknesses in data
flow through them).
Regarding authentication protocols, we concluded that they are not secure enough as
they depend to a certain number of factors (usually logical and static factors as IP, MAC address
etc.) and however they implement too few variables in grating an authorization to one peer.
Regarding the cryptology protocols, we conclude on the same note as with the
authentication protocols described above.
Finally, having all these conclusions put i n the light of a continuously evolving
technology especially with respect to quantum computing, it is at ease of mind to conclude that
once serialized, quantum computers will have a major impact on today’s so much used
algorithms. Furthermore, like in the early stages of IT era, most of them will be rendered
useless.
Unless further research and development is conducted into obtaining at least one valid
prototype, the future is not only insecure for us , but with the Internet of Things evolving on
such a qu ick pace, there will be no secure place in the modern civilized world to call safe.

ADAPTED PAPER OBJECTIVES
5. To further research the technologies needed for a valid quantum -resistant recipe.
a. This recipe may include hardware as well as software solutions.
6. To plan the specifications of this ensemble of technologies.
7. To plan the functionalities of this ensemble of technologies.
8. If necessary – to plan and execute the engineering side of the ensemble.
9. If necessary – to plan and execute the software side of th e ensemble.
10. To test the ensemble for quantum resistance (in theory).
11. To test the prototype for current attacks.
12. To test the prototype for integration with current technologies.
13. To run experiments upon the prototype and note the main results.
14. To trace furt her research and development directions involving the prototype.

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
TECHNOLOGIES
After setting the conclusions on the last chapter, I now start fresh with a new challenge
– that of finding out the perfect recipe for my project. This step is crucial fo r the development
part of the paper (and we already established as a goal to prototype a homogenous security
system).
It is most obvious after the research stage, that in order to succeed in making a quantum –
resistant system, we need to fight the potentia l quantum -computing attacker with it’s weapons.
So, it is most obvious that we need to use quantum technology and quantum mechanics in order
to stand a chance in this conquest.
Now, the next thing to ask is this: which particle we choose to be our quantum basis,
since almost every particle in the universe can be manipulated to obtain the desired quantum
effects? How am I going to choose a particle? Is it going to be a molecule, an atom, an electron,
a boson, a quark, a wave?
The first thing that pops to th e mind is cost. So, without further adieu, these are the
criteria I imposed in gradually restraining the field of choice:
1. How much does it cost to obtain?
2. How much does it cost to keep it stable?
3. How much does it cost to induce quantum mechanisms upon it?
4. How much does it cost to maintain the system up and running?
5. How much does it cost to replace the particle basis when the current batch is due
date?
In order to help myself find a basis of things to start with, I recalled the research paper
regarding 3 fun damental components:
1. Atoms;
2. Electromagnetic waves;
3. Ions;
ATOMS (Table 0.1 below )
Table 0.1 – Costs of Atom -Quantum -Encryption
N.O. ACTION COST (Reasoning)
1 How much does it cost to obtain?
Obtaining atoms can be pretty expensive,
since the nuclear force is one of the strongest
forces out of the five fundamental forces of
the universe
2 How much does it cost to keep it stable? Keeping a single atom stable can be pret ty
expensive too, based on the same reasoning
as the above.
3 How much does it cost to induce quantum
mechanisms upon it? Since it is a fairly large particle, it can be
difficult to manipulate. Also, one thing to
take into consideration is the fact that a toms
are made of electrons, protons and neutrons
– making targeting a very tedious job. This
means high costs.

Technologies Page | 50
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 4 How much does it cost to maintain the system up
and running? This aspect does depend directly on the
previous three above. One cryptosystem ma y
need a big amount of atoms to encrypt data –
if we want to make our system efficient.
5 How much does it cost to replace the particle basis
when the current batch is due date? All the costs estimated in a currency from
point 1 to 4.

ELECTROMAGNETIC W AVE S / LIGHT (Table 0.2)
Table 0.2 – Costs of Light -Quantum -Encryption
N.O. ACTION COST (Reasoning)
1 How much does it cost to obtain?
Light is free. The costs invol ved may be due
to the light emitters.
2 How much does it cost to keep it stable? Light is a stable particle and wave.
3 How much does it cost to induce quantum
mechanisms upon it? Light can be quantum modelled with
dielectrics, crystals, metals and magne tic
fields.
4 How much does it cost to maintain the system up
and running? Depending on the technologies used to
manipulate light – it may be quite cheap.
5 How much does it cost to replace the particle basis
when the current batch is due date? All the c osts estimated in a currency from
point 1 to 4.

IONS ( Table 0.3)
Table 0.3 – Costs of Ion-Quantum -Encryption
N.O. ACTION COST (Reasoning)
1 How much does it cost to obtain?
Ionization can be induced to every atom.
The process involves high magnetic fields or
complex oxidation reactions. Thus the costs
are quite high.
2 How much does it cost to keep it stable? Ions are not stable particles. To maintain a
stable sour ce of ions, one have to maintain
the source of ions valid and running. The
costs involved, depend on the type of source
chosen for this purpose.
3 How much does it cost to induce quantum
mechanisms upon it? Quantum manipulation of ions can be
achieved by managing the high magnetic
field in which the ion exists, thus creating
high maintainability costs.
4 How much does it cost to maintain the system up
and running? As point 3.
5 How much does it cost to replace the particle basis
when the current batch is due date? All the costs estimated in a currency from
point 1 to 4.

As a conclusion, the most relevant particle to use in my project is light.

SECTION 3.1. OBJECTI VES
Based upon the conclusion above, the development objectives are as follows:
1. Design a hardware prototype that implements the quantic properties of light to
encrypt / decrypt or authenticate a message / peer.

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 2. Design a software architecture which controls the hardware prototype.
3. Design a software architecture which harnesses the power of qua ntic light
encryption to encrypt and decrypt messages.
4. Find a way to transmit these messages in order to avoid exposure or lose efficiency
without cables.
5. Test and integrate the modules together and with widely spread technologies in order
to ensure contin uity and cross platform efficiency and adaptability.
Now, based upon the targets set above, here are the objectives in finding the right
technologies to implement with:
1. Cheap, scalable and reliable embedded systems.
2. Cheap, scalable and reliable quantic lig ht manipulation devices.
3. Cheap and reliable light sources.
4. Efficient, versatile and highly used programming language for both server and client
side.
5. Efficient, accurate and easy to use frameworks to implement the modules.

SECTION 3 .2. ELECTROMAGNETIC DAT A TRANSMISSION

VISUAL LIGHT COMMUNICATIONS
Furthermore we analyze five definitions upon Light Fidelity, definitions that we
consider to be most relevant to this research paper.
”Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber o ut of fiber
optics by sending data through an LED light bulb […] that varies in intensity faster than the
human eye can follow” (Sharma, et
al., 2014) .
”Light Fidelity is a light-
based Wi -Fi, which uses light waves
instead of radio waves for data
transmission” (Gagandeep , 2015) .
“Lifi uses visible light instead
of Gigahertz radio waves for data
transfer which makes it fast and
cheap mode of wireless
communication. The idea of Li -Fi was
introduced by a German physicist,
Harald Hass, which he also referred
to as ―data through illumination”
(Gupta, 2015) .
“In principle, LiFi also relies on electromagnetic radiation for information
transmission” (Haas, et al., 2015) .
Figure 0.1 – LiFi Working Principle

Technologies Page | 52
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications „Li ⁃ Fi is an emerging high ⁃ speed, low ⁃ cost solution to the scarcity of the radio
frequency (RF) spectrum, therefore it is ex⁃ pected to be realized using the widely deployed off
⁃the ⁃ shelf optoelectronic LEDs. Due to the mass production of these inex⁃ pensive devices,
they lack accurate characterizations. In Li⁃Fi, light is modulated on the subtle changes of the
light intensity, therefore, the communication link would be affected by the non⁃ linearity of the
voltage⁃luminance characteristic” (Islim, et al., 2016) .
In Figure 0.1 (Lifi, 2014) we can observe the general principle described by the
definitons given above. However, this technology is not stripped by problems, as (Shejy, et al.,
2015) describes it as follows:
1. High installation charges of Visible Light Communication (VLC) devices.
2. Interference from external light sources like sun -light, normal b ulbs, opaque
materials.
3. Light cannot penetrate through objects such as walls and the exact explanation is
described below:
a. If there is no obstacle between LED lamp and receiver, the data is received
normally on the receiver end.
b. But if there is some kind o f obstacle like wall in between the LED Lamp and
receiver then there is loss of data which is explained in the Figure 0.1 below.

Figure 0.2 – LiFi Obstacle Diagra m

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications In this context, the problem raised above, does act in our favor, regarding the secrecy of
messages transmitted over LiFi. However, this issue is under development, and it will be soon
overcomed, meaning the LiFi encryption will become relevant.
Light Fidelity is a concept that in this project will be implemented as a communication
medium as well as an encryption medium. The basis principle generates the same effects in
both situations, thus making it suitable for quantum manipulation.

QUANTUM KEY DI STRIBUTION
The principle of modulating light to store data is not new nor is it unique. The
modulation can take place within the light intensity of polarization. We saw earlier the
applications of intensity modulations (LiFi).
But what happens when we m odulate the light polarization (orientation in space)? Well,
depending on the light source (which in this case must be a non -conventional one, e.g. laser
diode), and the modulator unit (fixed e.g. crystal, or mobile e.g. polarization unit) we recall two
main protocols used in data encryption.
According to (Rubya, et al., 2010) “Quantum Cryptography (QC) provides
unconditional security relying on the quantum physics law. Such a security is called
information theoretic security because it is proved by Shannon’ s theory of information”.

Modern quantum cryptography knows two major protocols:
1. BB84 Protocol
2. E91 Protocol

BB84 Protocol
„BB84 was the first studied and practical implemented QKD physical layer protocol. It
was elabora ted by Charles Bennet and Gilles Brassard in 1984 in thei r article . It is surely the
most famous and most realized quantum cryptography protocol. This scheme uses the
transmission of single polarized photons (as the quantum states). The polarizations of th e
photons are four, and are grouped together in two d ifferent non orthogonal basis” (Elboukhari,
et al., 2010) .
The functioning scheme can be viewed below at Figure 0.3.

Figure 0.3 – BB84 Protocol

Technologies Page | 54
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications The polarization and validation table for BB84 protocol can be viewed below in Table
0.4.
Table 0.4 – BB84 Polarization and Validation

E91 Protocol
In the concept of (Singh, et al., 2014) – the Ekert scheme use s entangled pairs of photons
. These can be created by created by Client A, by Client B, or by some source separate from
both of them, includin g eavesdropper Eve. The photons are distributed so that Client A and
Client B each up with one photon from each pair.
The Scheme relies on two proper ties of entanglement. First the entangled states are
perfectly correlated in t he sense that if Client A an d Client B both measure whether their
particles have vertical or horizontal pola rizations, they will always get the same answer with
100% probability.
The same is true if t hey both measure any other pair of complementary (ortho gonal)
polarization However the pa rticular results are completely random, it is impossible for Client
A to predict if and Client B wi ll get vertical polarization or horizontal polarization. Second any
attempt at eavesdro pping by Eve will destroy these correlations in a way that Clien t A and
Client B can detect.
A typical physical set -up is shown in Figure 0.4, using active polarization rotators (PR),
polarizing beam -splitters (PBS) and avalanche photodiodes (APD) .

Figure 0.4 – E91 Protocol Scheme

Technologies Page | 55
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
SECTION 3.3. SOFTWAR E

SERVER APPLICATION – PROTOTYPE CONTROL UNIT
In order to control the prototype unit, a software control unit will be needed. The
programming langua ges of choice will be:
1. Python;
2. NodeJs;
Some of the advantages of using P ython are:
1. It is scalable and reliable – the syntax is easy and intuitive;
2. It has a managed memory – the garbage collector comes in handy when declaring
variables and later dumping t hem;
3. It is a dynamically typed language – at variable decalration one does not need to
declare the variable type as it is automatically assigned at the first operation. This
attribute may change from iteration to iteration;
4. It has a wide range of network l ibraries – which allows us to make the network
integration easier (e.g. sockets);
5. It has a wide range of sicentific libraries – python is currenly the most used
programming language within the academic and scientific communities. The
libraries are manageab le with Anaconda;
6. It integrates with TensorFlow, theano and Keras – artificial intelligence and machine
learning frameworks, giving a better yield than C++/TensorFlow for example;
7. It integrates with Django and NodeJs well;
Some of the advantages of using N odeJs are:
1. It supports a wide range o programming languages as the computing core – Python
amongst them;
2. It has a wide range of features – expressjs included – a framework for webserver
deployment;
3. It integrates well with Arduino C++ – needed for embedded applications;
4. It is a much faster, much comprehensive, much intuitive, much efficient framework
than Django;

SERVER APPLICATION – COGNITIVE COMPUTING UNIT
Besides Python and NodeJs, the cognitive computing unit that acts on the server, is
implemented usi ng:
1. TensorFlow;
2. Theano;
3. Keras;

Technologies Page | 56
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications These 3 frameworks are deep neural network frameworks that learns to perform a task
through positive reinforcement and works through layers of data (nodes) to help it determine
the correct outcome.
Having integrated built -in functions to create, model, use and outcome neurons, they
come in handy when dealing with hard principles like LSTM or GANN.

EMBEDDED APPLICATION
The programming language of choice when it comes to embedded applications is not so
much a choice as it is a restriction imposed by the programmable circuits manufacturer
ARDUINO. The circuits are programmed in C++ – an embedded version of it.
The implementation in embedded is quite different than usual C++ implementation as it
is to be of high care the varia ble memory allocation as the circuit board does not have many
RAM nor does it have as much ROM as a PC program would take.

CLIENT APPLICATION
The client application is implemented using the same technologies as the server
application – thus reducing the maintainability index of the system.

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
SPECIFICATIONS

4.1. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

In this chapter I will discuss the planning and implementation aspects from the
development stages of my cryptic prototype. The relevance of this step resides in the directions
that it traces for later analysis and implementation.

From the hardware point of view, the proposed system ( Figure 0.1) is configured upon
client -server network architecture an d it contains:
1. The authentication -cryptology server – this server can be installed onto any PC with
enough resources to process the data. The server is a dedicated PC that can serve
from a small household to a large government facility.
2. The WiFi router – which given the annual surveys of 2017 is present in the most
households having minimum a PC .
3. The Quantum Key Distribution unit (QUALIFY – Quantum Authentication based
on Light Fidelity) – used in this project to ensure the authentication and
authorization processes in the cyber security prototype.
Figure 0.1 – System Architecture

Specifications Page | 58
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 4. The LiFi actuator – constructed upon a household power extender cable – to serve
as many light sources as possible without sacrificing the light source integrity – thus
granting reusability and scalability altoge ther.
5. The LED lamps – they might be any light sources with an LED bulb plugged in.
6. The client – mobile peers that have a light sensor incorporated. Today most of the
laptops, mobile phones (smartphones) and IoT devices (smart watches, smart TVs,
smart app liances etc.) have a light sensor incorporated.
7. Two 220V outlets.
8. Internet connection – optional.
From the software point of view, the application is divided into multiple cores with
individual computation capabilities and roles assigned (Figure 0.2), such as:

VISUAL LIGHT COMMUNI CATIONS
1. The cognitive core – containing the neural cryptology module, the spatial
vectorization module, the intrusion detection module and the action module.
2. The Tree Parity Machine – the neural module for password synchronization.
3. The Qualify Administrator – Server Module containing:
a. The 1st and 2nd photon encryption modules and the 1st to 4th photo -detection
modules.
b. The LAN communication module.
c. The Actuator module contai ning:
i. The high voltage relay control module.
ii. The LAN communication module.
d. The WiFi control module for communication.

4.2. FUNCTIONALITIES

In this section I will discuss the proposed functionalities of the system presented
beforehand . This stands as an o utline of further implementation.

SERVER

CLIENT
COGNITIVE CORE
TPM
QUALIFY – ADMIN SERVER
GEO
Q1
A1
WiFi
Q2
TPM
LiFi INTERPRETER
ENCODER / DECODER
SENDER/RECEIVER
Figure 0.2 – Software Architecture

Specifications Page | 59
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications HARDWARE
1. The QUALIFY system takes the input buffer for authentication and generates the
light signals.
2. The signal is treated with quantic dielectric and quantum -metal reflectig materials,
ensuring the photonic superpositi on and asynchrony.
3. The QUALIFY system sends the signal two ways:
a. To the LiFi actuator where the signal is transformed back into light impulses
and recepted by the client -device.
b. To the Server, where the buffer waits at eth0 port to be combined with the
response signal from the client -device.
4. The response is gathered back into the server, processed and forwarded to the
QUALIFY system for validation.
5. Here, the system puts the signal through a quantic interferometer, seeking for
discrete light quantae.
6. If the authentication is validated, the system proceeds to synchronize the TPM.
7. All the communications are delivered though LAN cables to adn from the server.

SOFTWARE
1. The Client requires authentication/
2. The server administrator opens up the required ports, ini tializes the folders and the
cognitive core as well as the QUALIFY Administrator.
3. The Server sends the authentication buffer to the QUALIFY system.
4. Once modulated, the signal is used to activate the synchronization process of Tree
Parity Machine between s erver and Client.
5. Once synchronized, the server activates the location core and reactivates the
authorization process with the QUALIFY system.
6. The messages are encrypted with neural networks, taking in the modulated signal
and position of the client as we ll as the ip addresses.
7. If any attack is registered by the QUALIFY system, the server shuts down the
communication channels, changes the IP addresses, ports, weights and encryption
base then restarts the authentication process.
8. If this is the case, all th e clients send a continuous request for authentication until
the applications are up and running.

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
DETAILED PLANNING AN D DEVELOPMENT

5.1. ENGINEERING

PROTOTYPE STAND
In order to put the research conclusions into practice, we need to ensemble a
demonstrative and experimental stand to test the concepts of light fidelity.
The materials chosen for this stage are:
1. Transparent plexiglass;
2. Blue plexiglass;
3. Threaded rods;
4. Nuts with stopper;
5. Screw extensions;
6. Hinges;
7. Steel corners;
8. Hexagonal screws;
9. Double adhesive tape;
10. Electric insulation tape;
The instruments needed to process the material are:
1. Workbench;
2. Circular saw with water feeder;
3. Drilling machine;
4. Drilling rods (3mm, 6mm, 10mm);
5. Buffer tape;
6. Electronic micro -screwdriver;
7. Scissors;
8. Ruler;
9. Angle measuring device;
10. Leveler;
11. Blowtorch;
12. Shades (for the windows);
The stand was custom projected to fit the following setup:
1. A base tier for the circuits;
2. A top tier for the optic unit;
3. A lid over the top unit (to ensure light protection due to photodiodes s ensitivity);
4. A side tri -folding panel to protect the unit from dust as well as ensuring a support
for the lid (when open) and quick access to the components (both on the lower and
the upper rack);
5. 4 raising metal legs;

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications

50 cm
40 cm
5 cm
5 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
40 cm
Figure 0.1 – Top Optic Unit Tier
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
50 cm
40 cm
Figure 0.2 – Circuits Lower Tier

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications

2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
2 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
7 cm
7 cm
BREADBOARD
BREADBOARD
ARDUINO UNO
ARDUINO UNO
LAN
LAN
ETHERNET SWITCH
Figure 0.3 – Circuits Topology
Figure 0.4 – Optic Unit

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
The prototype stand was build after a specific set of instructions and dimensions:
1. Bottom Tier – Figure 0.2, with circuit topology described in Figure 0.3
2. Top Tier – Figure 0.1 with optic mirrors topology described in Figure 0.4
3. Top lid (50x40x10 cm) made from opaque blue plexiglass and fixed with hinges by
the top tier back side.
THE OPTIC AL UNIT
The optic unit on this prototype is quite special since it applies quantum
mechanics properties upon photons emitted from the laser source.
To fully understand the phenomena that happens in the optic unit, we must first
understand some of the properties of photons.
But what is a photon?
A photon is an elementary particle, the
quantum of the electromagnetic field including
electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force
carrier for the electromagnetic f orce (even when static
via virtual photons). The photon has zero rest mass and
always moves at the speed of light within a vacuum.
A photon has two possible polarization states. In
the momentum representation of the photon, which is
preferred in quantum fi eld theory, a photon is described
by its wave vector, w hich determines its wavelength λ
and its direction of propagation. A photon's wave vector
may not be zero and can be represented either as a spatial
3-vector or as a (relativistic) four -vector; in the latter
case it belongs to the light cone ( Figure 0.5).
Different signs of the four -vector denote different
circular polarizations, but in the 3 -vector representation one should account for the polarization
Figure 0.5 – Photon
Figure 0.6 – Light Spectrum

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 64
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications state separately; it actually is a spin quantum number. In bo th cases the space of possible wave
vectors is three -dimensional.
The photon is the gauge boson for electromagnetism and therefore all other quantum
numbers of the photon (such as lepton n umber, baryon number, and flavor quantum numbers)
are zero. Also, th e photon does not obey the Pauli exclusion principle.
Photons, like all quantum objects, exhibit wave -like and particle -like properties. Their
dual wave –particle nature can be difficult to visualize. The photon displays clearly wave -like
phenomena such as diffraction and interference on the length scale of its wavelength.
For example, a single photon passing through a double -slit experiment exhibits
interference phenomena but only if no measure was made at the slit. A single photon passing
through a double -slit experiment lands on the screen with a probability distribution given by its
interference pattern determi ned by Maxwell's equations. However, experiments confirm that
the photon is not a short pulse of electromagnetic radiation; it does not spread out as it
propagates, nor does it divide when it encounters a beam splitter.
Rather, the photon seems to be a point -like particle since it is absorbed or emitted as a
whole by arbitrarily small systems, systems much smaller than its wavelength (in my case
650nm – see Figure 0.6 above) , such as an atomic nucleus (≈10−15 m across) or even the point –
like electron.
Nevertheless, the photon is not a point -like particle whose trajectory is shaped
probabilistically by the el ectromagnetic field, as conceived by Einstein and others; that
hypothesis was also refuted by the photon -correlation experiments cited above.
According to our present understanding, the
electromagnetic field itself is produced by photons, which
in turn r esult from a local gauge symmetry and t he laws
of quantum field theory.
A key element of quantum mechanics is
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which forbids the
simultaneous measurement of the position and
momentum of a particle along the same direction .
Remarkably, the uncertainty principle for charged, material particles requires the quantization
of light into photons, and even the frequency dependence of the photon's energy and
momentum.
This uncertainty principle in concurrence with Schrodinger’s tim e-dependent
equation ( Figure 0.7) is the engine underneath the quantum -resistant authentication.
To understand the physical impact of a photon f irst we take the fundamental formula of
general relativity:
𝐸=𝑚𝑐2 with respect to light becames ℎ𝜗=𝑚𝑣2
By deriving the fundamental formula of relativity with respect to mass we obtain the
following:
Figure 0.7 – Schrodinger Time
Dependent Ecuation

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 65
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 𝐸=𝑚𝑐2 =>𝑚=𝐸
𝑐2 =>𝑓:(0,+∞)→𝑅 , 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥
𝑐2,
𝑓,(𝑥)>0, ∀𝑥∈(0,+∞) => 𝐺𝑓:𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓,,(𝑥)=0 => 𝐺𝑓:𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑟
f(−x)=−f(x)=> 𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑 2 !=0 => 𝐺𝑓:𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑦 𝑂(0,0)
𝑦=1
𝑐2:𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ±∞ , 𝑓(1)=𝑦
By deriving the fundamental formula of relativity with respec t to velocity (which in this
case we presume not to equal the speed of light), we obtain the following:
𝐸=𝑚𝑐2 =>𝑚=𝐸
𝑐2 =>𝑓:(0,+∞)→𝑅 , 𝑓(𝑥)=𝐸
𝑥2,
𝑓,(𝑥)<0, ∀𝑥∈(0,+∞) => 𝐺𝑓:𝑠𝑡. 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓,,(𝑥)>0, ∀𝑥∈(0,+∞) => 𝐺𝑓:convex
f(−x)=f(x)=> 𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑 2=0 => 𝐺𝑓:𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑦 𝑂𝑦
𝑦=0:ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 ±∞ => 𝐺𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ∩𝑂𝑥
𝑥=0:𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 => 𝐺𝑓 𝑛𝑢∩𝑂𝑦
The result of this theoretical approach, may be seen in the Figure 0.8 below.

Figure 0.8 – Photon Mass
As a conclusion, photons do have mass when moving, hence the measurable photo –
impact – a property we will later use.

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 66
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications From the research paper we know that photon beams can be split by dielectric materials
(such as glass) to enter superposition. In our case, (n.r. Figure 0.4) there are two types of
dielectric mirrors involved:
1. The transparent mirror – acting as a beam splitter. From a quantic point of view once
a photon encounters a dielectric material, it cannot pass both reflective and refractive
ways through it, so it must choose which way it goes.
Our setup has 8 such mirrors – so the quantic factor is 16 – 8 on each side generating
a cuantum of posibilities equal to 20.922.789.888.000 posibilities at each iteration
(each photon emision).
2. The reflective mirror. This mirror has special properties since it is made with pure
backing silver. From a qu antic point of view, upon reflect ion, the amount of energy
lost by the beam is measured in one of two ways:
a. The photons are deviated by the strong nuclear force and thus losing speed;
b. The deviated photons with an angle of incidence small enough, will lose so
much power that they will eventually dissappear (remembering the principle
demonstrated just before);
The reflection mirror is made by a specific protocol to ensure the quality of silver
backing as wel l as the thickness (in microns) of it.
Previously to making the mirror solution, we have to clean the glass slides from
oils and debree. So that, we submerge the slides into 98% izopsopilic acohol and wait
for 24 hours. After that, the slides are taken ou t of the solution and rinsed with
oxygenated water, then put under a glass bell.
Next, a ccording to the material available at
http://www.chymist.com/silver%20flask.pdf , the process of making silver mirror begins
with the making of Silver Nitrate (to ensure the quality and concentration desired).
Nitric acid and pure silver are mixed and let at room temperature to react. Once
the solution cleared up, it is let to dry for 72 hours. The reaction is set below:
Ag + HNO3 = AgNO3 + H2O
Once the silver nitrate is ready, we mix previously ch illed ammonia with 0.1g of
dextrose and a 25% silver nitrate solution (100g water to 25g silver nitrate crystals).
The reaction (below) produces atomic silver that we wan t to deposit on out glass lenses.

The solution is highly reactive, so to make sure the coating is uniform, we spin
the plate upon which the slides are resting and add the solution dropwise. This will
create a perfectly uniform layer of silver (to make th is more efficient I used step motors
to spin the microplate at 780 Rpm).

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 67
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications Once formed, the silver backing is coated with polypropylene paint to ensure
weather resistance. The final product is highly reflective and electrically insulated (to
prevent energy l oss by grounding the metal layer).
All the slides are then dried, rinsed with oxygenated water and mounted on steel
corners and fixed with double adhesive tape to ensure further insulation from vibrations.
Furthermore, the distances are marked to ensure accuracy in positioning the
mirrors. A green 2000mw laser is used to calibrate the laser beam at two distances
(before focal point, and after it). This action is performed in complete darkness.
The slides are then mounted to the top tier with more double ad hesive tape to
ensure even more vibration protection and the definitive lasers are mounted alongside
with the photo -resistors.
One last aspect. The light coming out the laser diode is partially polarized. In
order to make this prototype work, we need tota lly polarized light. Since I don’t want
any moving parts, I came up with a solution (derived from the research paper) called
Brewster’s Polarization.
When light encounters a boundary between two media with different refractive
indices, some of it is usual ly reflected as shown in the figure above. The fraction that is
reflected is described by the Fresnel equations, and is dependent upon the incoming
light's polariz ation and angle of incidence.
The physical mechanism for Brewster Polarization can be qualita tively
understood from the manner in which electric dipoles in the media respond to p –
polarized light. One can imagine that light incident on the surface is absorbed, and then
re-radiated by oscillating electric dipoles at the interface between the two med ia.
The polarization of freely propagating light is always perpendicular to the
direction in which the light is travelling. The dipoles that produce the transmitted
(refracted) light oscillate in the polarization direction of that light. These same
oscill ating dipoles also generate the reflected light.

Figure 0.9 – Brewster Angle
However, dipoles do not radiate any energy in the direction of the dipole
moment. If the refracted light is p -polarized and prop agates exactly perpendicular to the
direction in which the light is predicted to be specularly reflected, the dipoles point along
the specular reflection direction and therefore no light can be reflected.

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 68
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications For a glass medium (n2 ≈ 1.5) in air (n1 ≈ 1), Bre wster's angle for visible light
is approximately 56°, while for an air -water interface (n2 ≈ 1.33), it is approximately
53°. Since the refractive index for a given medium changes depending on the
wavelength of light, Brewster's angle will also vary with wa velength.
The phenomenon of light being polarized by reflection from a surface at a
particular angle was first observed by Étienne -Louis Malus in 1808. He attempted to
relate the polarizing angle to the refractive index of the material, but was frustrated by
the inconsistent quality of glasses available at that time. In 1815, Brewster experimented
with higher -quality materials and showed that this angle was a function of the refractive
index, de fining Brewster's law.
Brewster's angle (Figure 0.9) is often referred to as the "polarizing angle",
because light that reflects from a surface at this angle is entirely polarized perpendicular
to the incident plane ("s -polarized") A glass plate or a stack of plates placed at Brewster's
angle in a light beam can, thus, be used as a polarizer. The concept of a polarizing angle
can be extended to the concept of a Brewster wavenumber to cover planar interfaces
between two linear bianisotropic materials. In the case of reflection a t Brewster's angle,
the reflected and refracted r ays are mutually perpendicular.
For magnetic materials, Brewster's angle can exist for only one of the incident
wave polarizations, as determined by the relative strengths of the dielectric permittivi ty
and magnetic permeability. This has implications for the existence of generalized
Brewster angles for dielectric metasurfaces.
In my case, this angle is implemented by directing the laser beam at an angle
with the first dielectric mirror ( Figure 0.4).

Programable circuits
My programable platform of choice is Arduino, for its functionality, versatility and
efficiency in integration wit h any type of technology.
In this case I used 3 ARDUINO UNO, of which scheme may be f ound below at Figure
0.12.
My choice for LAN ada ptors was ENC28J60 as it is sim ple to use, cheap and intuitive.
In the Figure 0.10 above, you can depict it s functioning scheme.

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 69
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications

Figure 0.11 – LAN Adaptor
Figure 0.10 – ENC28J60 Scheme

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 70
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.12 – ARDUINO UNO SCHEME
The LAN adapter is connected using Dupont cables to the UNO according to the
following scheme: d12 – SO, d11 – ST, d13 – SCK, d8 – CS, 5V – 5V, GND – GND.

Detailed Planning and Development Page | 71
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications I connected the D+, D –
, SGN and DO to the
respective pins on my laser
modules and photo -resistors.
Afterwards I connected the
SSR module from the actuator
(Figure 0.13) to the actuator
programable board and
hooked up the 220V AC
power socket.
As a quick fix, still
making sure that my Uno is
not overloaded with power
consumption. I plugged in the
2x5V pins to the power railing
of a breadboard, thus
supplying with power every
single component. A quick note here: the LAN card was mounted on a separate rail to prevent
overloading and irreparable damage to the sensors and lasers in case of an event.
I mounted the switch and glued everything in place. Afterwards I cabled all the boards
and hooked them up to the switch. Nevertheless the most important step, I set up the powerlines.

Final prototype ensemble result: Figure 0.14, Figure 0.15, Figure 0.16..

Figure 0.14 – Lower Tier Assembled
Figure 0.13 – SSR Module Scheme

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UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
Figure 0.15 – Top Tier Assembled

Figure 0.16 – QUALIFY Assembled
5.2. SOFTWARE

On the software side, I want only to trace some outlines here, regarding the aspects implemented
in the next chapter:
1. Implementing the embedded applications for QUALIFY;
2. Implementing the embedded application for LiFi Actuator;
3. Implementing the Server application for QUALIFY;

Implementation Page | 73
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications 4. Implementing the server modules for LAN and Wifi communications;
5. Implementing the TPM;
6. Implementing the Geolocation tracker (LSTM);
7. Implementing the Attack Recogni tion (LSTM);
8. Implementing the cryptology core;
IMPLEMENTATION
C++ Arduino application for LiFi Actuator

#include <UIPEthernet.h> // calling the library
#define SSR 2 // define pin 2 for SSR signal

EthernetUDP udp; // open a new UDP connection

void setup () { // open the setup session
pinMode(SSR, OUTPUT); // set the digital pin 2 mode to output
Serial.begin(9600); // begin serial communication at 9600 bauds frequency
uint8_t mac[6] = {0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04,0x05}; // define a unique address
Ethernet.begin(mac,IPAddress(192,168,1,5)); // open a new communication channel
int port = udp.begin( 8051 ); // open up a port for communication
} // close the setup session

void loop() { // begin the iteration field
//check for new udp -packet:
int size = udp.parsePacket(); // gather the size of the packet if any
int SYNC = 50; // define refresh ratio (clock)
if (size > 0) { // check if there are any packages
do // execute
{
char* msg = (char*)malloc(size+1); // get the input charac ter
int len = udp.read(msg,size+1); // get the length of the stream
int len_c = len; // copy the length
msg[len]=0; // set the first character of the stream to NULL
do{ // execute
if(msg[len -len_c] == '1'){ // chec k if character is 1 and if so
digitalWrite(SSR, HIGH); // open the SSR
delay(SYNC); // await 50ms
digitalWrite(SSR, LOW); // close the SSR
delay(SYNC); // await 50ms
} // close condition
if(msg[len -len_c] == '0'){ // check if character is 0 and if so
digitalWrite(SSR, LOW); // keep the SSR closed
delay(SYNC); // await 50ms
digitalWrite(SSR, LOW); // keep the SSR closed
delay(SYNC); // await a gain 50ms
}// close condition
len_c –; // flush the current character
}while(len_c); // execute while there are remaining characters
free(msg); // flush the message memory

Implementation Page | 74
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications } // execute while any udp pachet with siz e is available
while ((size = udp.available())>0);
//finish reading this packet:
udp.flush(); // erase the usp channel
int port; // define new empty port
do // execute
{
//send new packet back to ip/port of client. This al so
//configures the current connection to ignore packets from
//other clients!
port = udp.beginPacket(udp.remoteIP(),udp.remotePort()); // begin new transmission
//beginPacket fails if remote ethaddr is unknown. In this case an
//arp-request is send out first and beginPacket succeeds as soon
//the arp -response is received.
}
while (! port); // execute while there is no port active

port= udp.endPacket(); // end the communication channel

udp.stop(); // stop the udp protocol and
//restart with new connection to receive packets from other clients
}
}

C++ Arduino QUALIFY Laser and Sensors

After receiving the packets, send out the signals from the previous batch. The
implementation of this algorithm i s similarly to the one before, with a minor completion:
[…]
udp.flush(); // erase the usp channel
int port; // define new empty port
#define check 4
#define transmit 3

void setup(){
[…]
pinMode(check, OUTPUT);
pinMode(transmit, OUTPUT); \
[…]
}
do // execute
{
//send new packet back to ip/port of client. This also
//configures the current connection to ignore packets from
//other clients!
port = udp.beginPacket(udp.remoteIP(),udp.remotePort());
udp.write(ch eck, transmit); // send the data gathered from sensors
//beginPacket fails if remote ethaddr is unknown. In this case an
//arp-request is send out first and beginPacket succeeds as soon

Implementation Page | 75
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications //the arp -response is received.
}
while (! port); // execute while there is no port active

port= udp.endPacket(); // end the communication channel

udp.stop(); // stop the udp protocol and
//restart with new connection to receive packets from other clients
}

Python – code snippet – send packets to QUALIFY

import socket # get sockets library
ip = js.call( ‘igetIp’ ) # call the js main program to acquire IP
port = js.call( ‘openPort’ ) # call the js main program to open a port
signal = js.call( ‘tpmSignal ’) # call the js main program to tpm

while signal : #execute while is signal

UDP_IP = "ip" # write IP
UDP_PORT = port #write port
MESSAGE = str( signal) # write the signal

sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) # UDP initialize the
socket
sock.sendto(bytes (MESSAGE, "utf-8"), (UDP_IP, UDP_PORT)) # send the message

Python – code snippet – TPM

def __init__(self, k, n, l): # initialize class
self.k = k # hidden neurons
self.n = n # input neurons
self.l = l # weight range
self.W = np.random.randin t(-l, l + 1, [k, n]) # randomize weight

def get_output(self, X): # return sign
k = self.k # hidden neurons
n = self.n # input
W = self.W # weight
X = X.reshape([k, n]) # transform W over X
sigma = np.sign(np.sum(X * W, axis=1)) #compute s ign
tau = n p.prod(sigma) # get output
self.X = X # copy input vector
self.sigma = sigma # copy sign
self.tau = tau #copy output
return tau #return output

Prototype Usage Page | 76
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
JS – code snippet – integrate Python

var get = require("child_process").spawn; // create child process
var thread = spawn('python',[" ./../sendStream.py ", ip, port ]); // call thread

const express = require('express') // open express js libraries
const app = express() // open new app
gateway = spawn('python',[" ./../getip.py ", ip]); // cal l thread
port = spawn('python',[" ./../port.py ", ip]); // call thread

NodeJS – code snippet – ExpressJS Server

app.get('/', function (req, res) { // new function
res.send( gateway ) //send IP
})

app.listen( port, function () {
// start listening on por t „port”
})

PROTOTYPE USAGE
1. The client registers an authentication request on server.
2. The server open up all the necessary ports and sends QUALIFY an authentication
request.
3. The server constantly requires a location update (coordinates) from the client
4. The client’s position and physical address is processed in the cognitive core.
5. QUALIFY gets an authentication key under the form of a signal.
6. QUALIFY processes the key under quantum transformations and then transmits it to
LiFi Actuator and server.
7. The cli ent interprets the light signal and processes the input in TPM.
8. The server and the client synchronize their TPMs over WiFi.
9. Once synchronized, the QUALIFY receives the stop authentication signal.
10. The actuator is stopped.
11. The processed synchronized valu es are send into GANN to encrypt messages.
12. For each participant, the server reserves an instance of TPM as well as a dedicated folder
with encryption buffer starter.
13. If any threat occurs, the cognitive core will shut down the system and it will rearrange
the MAC, IP, Ports rendering the system invisible.

Conclusions and Further R&D Page | 77
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
CONCLUSIONS AND FURT HER R&D
Finally after a long journey inside cryptosystems, light particles, silver and a whole
bunch of circuits, I can finally say that I achieved my goals. I understood the main pr oblems
with authentication and cryptology and I’ve researched my way out, up on a list of solutions.
Sure, neither of them are easy to implement (as nor it was easy to research upon), but it had
worth the effort.
This research paper was supposed to outcom e a prototype which can encrypt data (either
for authentication – which indeed was the case, either for message encryption). The outcome
of this project has little to no relevance now – as it becames really relevant with the serialization
of quantum comput ers and LiFi – off the shelves.
This is not a product! This is an academic proceeding on the cutting edge verge of
computer science nowadays – sure, as cutting edge as a bachelor student may get. This is a
work of passion. Passion for discovery, passion fo r computer science, passion for academics.
And this passion will further this work (and not only this one) far away onto the peaks of
knowledge.
Furthermore, I would like to integrate the components better, to reinforce the prototype
stand to outstand the bearing of transportation without damages. I would like to implement a
cryptology algorithm upon it (not just authentication) .
Also as a direction of further development it will be interesting to adapt passive light
modulation technologies (e.g. LCD. Scap yard Monitor Display) to modulate data for VLC
transmission – given the analogy of serial and parralel communications, there would be a whole
lot more to discover when a single iteration would transmit 1024×2048 bits.
In the end we should look forward to the future – a future in whick we contribute to the
safety of mankind.

Bibliography Page | 78
UPT, 2017 – As. Dr. Ing. Mihaela Crișan -Vida, Stud. Alexandru Pandi – Neural Quantum Cryptography and
Authentication Dispensed in Light Fidelity Applications
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DECLARAȚIE DE AUTENTICITATE
A LUCRĂRII DE FINALIZARE A STUDIILOR

Subsemnatul PANDI ALEXANDRU legitimat cu CI seria TZ nr. 056682 , CNP
1950523350067, autorul lucrării “NEURAL QUANTUM CRYPTOLOGY AND
AUTHENTICATION, DISPENSED IN LIGHT FIDELITY APPLICATIO NS” elaborată în
vederea susținerii examenului de finalizare a studiilor de LICENȚĂ , organizat de către
Facultatea AUTOMATICĂ ȘI CALCULATOARE, DEPARTAMENTUL DE
INFORMATICĂ ID din cadrul UNIVERSITĂȚII “POLITEHNICA” DIN TIMIȘOARA ,
sesiunea IULIE a anului uni versitar 2016 – 2017, luând în considerare conținutul art. 39 din
RODPI – UPT, declar pe proprie răspundere, că această lucrare este rezultatul propriei activități
intelectuale, nu conține porțiuni plagiate, iar sursele bibliografice au fost folosite cu r espectarea
legislației române și a convențiilor internaționale privind drepturile de autor.

Timișoara,
Data
27 IULIE 2017

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