Uppercase and low ercase letters, centere d on the page. [610748]

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APA Style Essentials
Dougla s Degelman, Ph.D., and Martin Lor enzo Harris, Ph.D.
Vanguard Univer sity of Southern Cali fornia
The Publication M anual of the American Psy chologi cal Association (5th ed., 2001 )
provides a comp rehen sive reference guide to writing usi ng APA style, organization,
and content. To ord er a copy of the Publication M anual online, go to
http://www.apa.or g/book s/4200060.html. To view "PDF " documents r eferenced on
this APA Style Esse ntials page, you need Adobe Acrobat Reade r. To down load the
free Acrobat Reader, go to http://www.adobe.com/pro ducts/a crobat/read step2.html.
The purp ose of this do cument is to provide a common co re of elements of APA style that all
member s of an aca demic depa rtment can ado pt as minimal standar ds fo r any assignment that
specifies APA style. This Web document is itsel f not a model of APA style. For an example of a
complete article fo rmatted according to APA style, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedfil es/fa culty/ddegelma n/pra yer.pdf. For an example of an
unde rgraduate research proposal, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedfil es/fa culty/ddegelma n/psychpropos al.pdf. To download a
Micro soft Word template of an APA-style pape r, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/Fa culty/DDe gelman/ps ychapa.doc
I.General Document Guidel ines
A.Margins: One inch on all side s (top, bottom , left, right)
B.Font S ize and T ype: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Cou rier are ac ceptable
typefac es)
C.Spacing: Double -space through out the paper, inclu ding the tit le page, abstra ct,
body of the document, references, appendixe s, footnotes, tables, and fig ure
captions.
D.Align ment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)
E.Paragraph Inden tation: 5-7 sp aces
F.Pagination: The pa ge number appe ars one in ch from the right edge of the paper
on the first line of ever y page (except Figures), beginni ng with the ti tle page.
G.Manuscript Page Header: The first two or three words of the pape r title appear
five spa ces to the le ft of the page numbe r on every page (exc ept Figures),
beginni ng with the ti tle page. Manu script page header s are us ed to identif y
manu script page s during the editorial process. Using most word processors, the
manu script page hea der and page numbe r can be inse rted into a heade r, which
then automat ically appea rs on all pages.
H.Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rathe r than the passive
voice. For example, use "We predicted that …" rather than "It was predicted
that …"
I.Order of Page s: Title Page, Abstra ct, Body, Reference s, Appendixes,
Footnotes, Tables, Figure Caption s, Figure s
II.Title Page
A.Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.
B.Key Ele ment s: Paper ti tle, autho r(s), autho r affiliation( s), and runnin g head.
C.Paper Title: Uppercase and low ercase letters, centere d on the page.
D.Author(s): Uppercase and lowerca se letters, centered on the line fo llowing the
title.
E.Institutional affiliation: Uppercase and lowerca se letters, centered on the line
follow ing the author( s).
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F.Running head: The runnin g head is typed flu sh left (all uppercase) follow ing the
words "R unning hea d:" on the line below the manuscript page heade r. It should
not exceed 50 cha racter s, including pun ctuation and spacing. The runnin g head
is a short title that appea rs at the top of page s of publis hed article s.
G.Examp le of APA-format ted Title Page:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/titlepage.pd f
III.Abstract: The ab stract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summar y of the most important
elements of the pape r.
A.Pagination: The ab stract begin s on a new page (pag e 2).
B.Heading: Abstract (cente red on the fi rst line below the manu script page
head er)
C.Format: The abstra ct (in block fo rmat) begin s on the line follow ing the Abstract
headin g. The abstra ct should not exceed 120 w ords. All numbe rs in the ab stract
(except those be ginning a senten ce) sh ould be typed as digits rather than
words.
D.Examp le of APA-format ted Abstract:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/abstra ct.pdf
IV.Body
A.Pagination: The bo dy of the paper be gins on a new page ( page 3). Subsection s
of the bod y of the pap er do not begin on new pages.
B.Title: The title of the pape r (in uppercase and lowercase letters ) is centere d on
the first line below the manuscript page heade r.
C.Introduction: The introdu ction (which is not labeled ) begins on the line f ollowing
the paper ti tle.
D.Headings: Heading s are us ed to orga nize the document and re flect the relative
importan ce of sections. For example, man y empiri cal research articles utili ze
Method, Results, Discussion, and References heading s. In turn, the Method
section often has su bheadi ngs of Particip ants, Apparatu s, and Procedure. For an
example of APA-formatted heading s, go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/heading s.pdf
1.Main heading s (when the pape r has either one or t wo levels of hea dings )
use centered upp ercase and low ercase letters (e.g., Method, Results,
Discussion, and Re ference s).
2.Subheadin gs (when the paper ha s two levels of heading s) are italicized
and us e flush left, uppe rcase and lo werca se let ters (e.g., Particip ants,
Apparatu s, and Procedure as s ubsections of the Method section ).
V.Text citations : Source material must be do cumented in the bod y of the paper b y citing
the author( s) and date( s) of the sources. The underl ying prin ciple is that ideas an d words
of other s must be formall y acknowledged. The read er can obtain the full source citation
from the list of referen ces that follows the body of the pape r.
A.When the names o f the author s of a sou rce a re part of the fo rmal stru cture of the
sentence, the y ear of publi cation appear s in parenthe ses fo llowing the
identifi cation of the autho rs. Consider the following example:
Wirth and Mitchell (1994 ) found that althoug h there was a red uction in insulin
dosage over a period of t wo weeks in the treatment condition com pared to the
control condition, the dif ference was not statisticall y significant. [Note: and is
used when multiple autho rs are identi fied as part of the formal stru cture of the
sentence. Compar e this to the example in the follow ing se ction. ]
B.When the author s of a source are not part of the formal str ucture of the
sentence, both the author s and year of publication appe ar in parenthe ses.
Consider the follow ing example:
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Revie ws of re search on religion an d health have con cluded that at least some
types of religiou s behavior s are related to highe r levels of physical and mental
health (Gartne r, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991;
Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Pa yne, Bergin, Bielema,
& Jenkins, 1991). [Note: & is used w hen multiple author s are identified in
parenthetical material. Note also that when several so urces are cited
parentheticall y, they are orde red alphab eticall y by first author s' surname s and
separated b y semi colon s.]
C.When a source that has two author s is cited, both author s are include d every
time the source is cited.

D.When a source that has three, four, or five autho rs is cited, all author s are
included the fi rst time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the
first author's su rname and "et al." are u sed. Consider the following example:
Revie ws of re search on religion an d health have con cluded that at least some
types of religiou s behavior s are related to highe r levels of physical and mental
health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991 ).
Payne et al. (199 1) showed that …
E.When a source that has six or more author s is cited, the first author' s surname
and "et al." ar e used ever y time the sou rce is cited (in cluding the first time).

F.Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actuall y read.
When it is necessary to cite a sou rce that you have not read ("Grayson" in the
follow ing example) that is cited in a source that you have rea d ("Murz ynski &
Degelman" in the follow ing example), use the follow ing format fo r the tex t citation
and list only the source you have read in the References list:
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Deg elman, 1996 ) identified fo ur compo nents of
body language that were related to judgments of vulnerabilit y.
G.To cite a personal communi cation (includin g letters, emails, and telep hone
intervie ws), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as po ssible. Becau se a
personal commu nication is not "recove rable" inf ormation, it is not includ ed in the
Reference s section. For the text citation, use the fo llowing format:
B. F. Skinner (pe rsonal communication, Februa ry 12, 1978) claimed .. .
H.To cite a Web docume nt, use the author-date fo rmat. If no author is identified, use
the first few words of the ti tle in pla ce of the author . If no date is provided, use
"n.d." in pla ce of the date. Con sider the follow ing examples:
Degelman and Harris (200 0) provide guideline s for the use o f APA writing st yle.
Changes in Americ ans' vie ws of gender status dif ferences have been
documented (Gende r and Society, n.d.).
I.To cite the Bible, provide the boo k, chapter , and verse. The first time the Bible is
cited in the tex t, identif y the version used. Con sider the follow ing example:
"You are forgiving and good, O Lord, aboun ding in love to all who call to you"
(Psalm 86:5, New International Version ). [Note: No entr y in the References list is
need ed for the Bible.]
VI.Quota tions : When a direct quotation is used, always inclu de the autho r, year, and page
numbe r as part of the citation.
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A.A quotat ion of fewer than 40 words should be en closed in dou ble quotation marks
and sh ould be incorporated into the fo rmal structur e of the sentence. E xample:
Patien ts receiving pra yer had "le ss co ngestive heart failure, required les s diuretic
and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episode s of pne umonia, had f ewer cardiac
arrests, and w ere less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).
B.A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words sh ould appea r (without quotation
marks) apa rt from the su rrounding tex t, in bloc k format, with each line indented
five spa ces from the left margi n.

VII.Referen ces: All sources inclu ded in the Re ferences section must be cited in the bod y of
the paper (an d all so urces cited in the pape r must be in cluded in the Re ferences se ction).
A.Pagination: The R eferences se ction begins on a new page.
B.Heading: References (c entere d on the fir st line below the manu script page
head er)
C.Format: The referen ces (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the
Reference s heading. En tries are org anized alph abeticall y by surnames of f irst
author s. Most re ference entrie s have three com ponents:
1.Authors: Authors ar e listed in the same order as specified in the source,
using surnames and initials. Comma s separate all author s. When there
are seve n or more authors, list the fir st six and then use "et al." for
remainin g autho rs. If no autho r is identified, the ti tle of the document
begin s the re ference.
2.Year of Publication: In parenthe ses following authors, with a period
follow ing the closing parenthe sis. If no publi cation date is identifi ed, use
"n.d." in parenthe ses following the author s.
3.Sour ce Reference: Inclu des ti tle, journal, volume, pages (f or jou rnal
article ) or title, city of pu blication, publishe r (for book). I talicize titles of
books, titles of pe riodical s, and periodic al volume number s.
D.Examp le of APA-format ted References: Go to
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/references.pd f
E.Official APA "Electronic Referen ce Format s" document: Go to
http://www.apast yle.org/elecr ef.html
F.Examp les of sources
1.Journal article
Murz ynski, J., & Degelman, D. (199 6). Body language of women and
judgments of vulne rabilit y to sexual as sault. Journal of Applied Social
Psycholog y, 26, 1617-1 626.
2.Book
Palout zian, R. F. (199 6). Invitation to the ps ycholog y of religion (2nd
ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
3.Web document on uni versit y program or department W eb site
Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000 ). APA style essentials. Retrieved
May 18, 2000, from V angua rd Universit y, Dep artment of Psycholog y
Web
site: http://www.vanguard.edu/f acult y/ddegelman/index.aspx?do c_id=
796
4.Stand-alone W eb document (no date)
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Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psycholo gy of religion. Retrieved
August 3, 2001, from http://www.psywww.com /psyrelig/ps yrelpr.htm
5.Stand-alone W eb document (no author, no date )
Gende r and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from
http://www.trinity.edu/ ~mkea rl/gender .html
6.Journal article from database
Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug ab use-
maternal aggr ession link. Journal of Interpersonal V iolen ce, 15, 503-
522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from ProQuest databa se.
7.Abstract from secondar y datab ase
Garrity, K., & Degelma n, D. (1990 ). Effect of server introduction on
restaurant tippin g. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 20, 168-17 2.
Abstra ct retrieved Jul y 23, 2001, from PsycINFO datab ase.
8.Journal article, Intern et-onl y journal
Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend pla y in child ren's co gnitive
development. Early Child hood Re search & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved
February 1, 2004, from http ://ecrp.uiu c.edu/ v4n1/be rgen.html
9.Article or chap ter in an edited book
Shea, J. D. (1992 ). Religio n and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schuma ker
(Ed.), Religio n and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford
Univer sity Press.
10.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder s
American Ps ychiatric Asso ciation. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). W ashington, DC:
Author .
VIII.Appendixes: A common us e of appe ndixes is to present unpublishe d tests o r to
describ e complex equipment or stimulu s materi als.
A.Pagination: Each Appendix begins on a sep arate page.
B.Heading:If there is only one app endix, Appendix is center ed on the fi rst line
below the manu script page hea der. If there is more than one ap pendix, use
Appendix A (or B or C, etc.). Double-s pace and type the appe ndix title (centered
in uppercase and lowerca se letter s).
C.Format: Indent the fir st line 5-7 spaces.
D.Examp le of APA-format ted Appendix:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/appendix.pdf

IX.Footnot es: Content footnotes are oc casionall y used to suppo rt substantive information
in the tex t..
A.Pagination: Footnotes begin on a separate page.
B.Heading: Footnotes is centere d on the fir st line below the manu script page
head er.
C.Format: Indent the fir st line of each fo otnote 5-7 spaces and numbe r the
foonotes (s lightly above the line) as the y are identified in the tex t.
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D.Examp le of APA-format ted Footnotes:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/footnote.pdf

X.Tables: A common us e of tables is to present quantitative data or the re sults of
statistical anal yses (such as ANOV A). See the Publi cation Manual (2001, pp. 147-176) fo r
detailed examples. Tables must be re ferred to in the tex t.
A.Pagination: Each Table begins on a se parate page.
B.Heading:Table 1 (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left on the fir st line below the
manu script page hea der. Double -space and t ype the table title flush left (italicized
in uppercase and lowerca se letter s).
C.Examp le of APA-format ted Tables:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/p sycholog y/table2.pdf

XI.Figure Captions and Figures: A common us e of Figure s is to present graphs,
photogr aphs, or other illustration s (other than table s). See the Publi cation Manual (2001,
pp. 176-20 1) for detailed example s. Figure C aptions provide, on a single page, captions
for the fi gures that follow .
A.Pagination: The Figu re Captions pa ge is the fin al numb ered pag e of the pap er.
The Figure s that follow the Figur e Captions page do NO T have page number s or
manu script page hea ders.
B.Heading for Figure Cap tions: Figure C aption(s ) is centere d on the fir st line
below the manu script page hea der. Double -space and t ype Figure 1. (or 2 or 3,
etc.) italicized and fl ush left, followed by the caption for the figu re (not italicized),
capitalizing only the first letter of the fi rst word and any prop er noun s.
C.Examp le of APA-format ted Figure Cap tion and Figure:
http://www.vanguard.edu/uploa dedFiles/Fa culty/DDe gelman/ps ychfigur e.pdf
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