MASARYKmUNIVERSITYmINmBRNOm [606816]

MASARYKmUNIVERSITYmINmBRNOm
FacultymofmEducationm
DepartmentmofmEnglishmLanguagemandmLiteraturem
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ReflectionsgofgSocietygandgErag
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Supervisor:m m m m m m Writtenmby:m
PhDr.mIrenamPřibylová,mPh.D.mm m m ZuzanamJalovám
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Brnom2007m

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Declaration:m
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ImdeclaremthatmImhavemworkedmonmthismthesismonmmymownmandmhavemonlymusedmthemsourcesm
listedminmthembibliography.m
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Acknowledgment:m
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ImwouldmlikemtomthankmPhDr.mIrenamPřibylová,mPh.mD.mformhermkindmhelp,mconstructivem
advicemandmprofessionalmapproachmshemhasmrenderedmmeminmthemcoursemofmthemproduct ionmofm
thismthesis.mmm
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m 4m mCONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………5m
1.mHISTORYmOFmDETECTIVEmSTORY …………………………………………………………….6m
1.1 mTHEORYmOFmDETECTIVEmFICTION …………………………………………………….6m
1.2 mFIRSTmDETECTIVEmSTORIES ………………………………………………………………8m
1.3 mTHEmGOLDENmAGE …………………………………………………………………………..13m
1.4 mHARD,BOILEDmSCHOOLmOFmDETECTIVEmSTORY ……………………………15m
1.5 mRAYMONDmCHANDLERmANDmDASHIELLmHAMMETT ……………………..21m
2.mLITERARYmANALYSIS …………………………………………………………………………….26m
2.1 mMODERNISTmCONCEPTIONmOFmDETECTIVEmFICTION …………………….26m
2.2 mLANGUAGEmOFmHARDBOILEDmDETECTIVEmFICTION ……………………..31m
2.3 mINFLUENCEmOFmOTHERmAUTHORS ………………………………………………….35m
2.4 mTHEmTOUGHmGUY …………………………………………………………………………….38m
2.5 mPHILmMARLOWEmANDmSAMmSPADE …………………………………………………41m
3.mERAmREFLECTIONS …………………………………………………………………………………46m
3.1 mCRIMEmANDmSOCIETY ………………………………………………………………………46m
3.2 mURBANmENVIRONMENT ………………………………………………………………….50m
3.3 mGANGSTERS,mRACKETEERSmANDmBOOTLEGGERS …………………………53m
3.4 mPOLITICALmANDmSOCIALmCORRUPTION …………………………………………57m
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………………………61m
SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..63m
RESUMÉ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………64m
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………………..65m
WEBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………………68m
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………………………………………………71m

m 5m mINTRODUCTION
m
Detectivemfictionmismamgenremthatmdealsmwithmcrime,mitsmdetection,mrevelat ionmofmthem
criminalsmandmtheirmmotives.mThemmainmheromismusuallymamdetective,mactingmuponmthe mrulesm
ofmlogic,moftenmaccompaniedmbymamfriend,mamcompanion,mwhomhelpsmtomrevealmthemculprit.mIt m
mightmbemthemrulemofmlogicmandmratiomthatmattractsmsommanymreadersmandmmakesmdetec tivem
fictionmsompopular.mWhatmmoremcouldmmakemordinarympeoplemfeelmbettermandm morem
extraordinarymthanmamfeelingmthatmtheymsolvedmammysterymusingmtheirmownmbrains?m
Detectivemfictionmismbasedmonmreaders`mfeelingmtheymaremasmintelligent masmthemdetective.m
Suchmamfeelingmmakesmthemmextraordinarymandmleadsmthemmoutmofmtheirmgreymordinarymlive s.mm
Thempersistingmpopularitymofmdetectivemfictionmattractedmmemtominvestiga temthemgenre.m
Themambivalencemandmambiguitymofmapproachesmtowardsmthemgenremmademthemresearc hm
evenmmoremchallenging.mTheminvestigationmitselfmtookmovermthemrolemofmdetectionmandm
revealingmammystery.mImfocusedmgenerallymonmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmasmthemfor mulam
ismignoredmbymmanymacademicsmevenmthoughmitmismasmrichmandmvaluablemasmanymothermlite rarym
formula.mm
InmthempresentmworkmImwillmtrymtommakemamclearmandmgeneralmoverviewmofmAmericanm
detectivemfiction,mtogethermwithmthemEnglishminfluence.mInmmymopinion,mthemimportanc emofm
hard,boiledmfictionmandmitsminfluencemonmAmericanmsocietymismdisregardedman dmitmshouldmbem
retrieved.mThemcentralmaimmofmmymthesismismtomanalyzemsomemnovelsmofmtwomchiefm
representativesmofmhard,boiledmschool,mDashiellmHammettmandmRaymondmChandler.mI mwillm
focusmonmmodernisticmfeaturesmandmthemreflectionmofmeramdistinctminmthemnovelsmandmonmt hem
influencemofmsocialmchanges.mFurthermore,mImwillmtrymtomprovemthatmevenmthoughmpop ularm
literaturemismgenerallymapolitical,mhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmcom mentsmwidelymonm
socialmandmpoliticalmevents.mm
Academicsmandmliterarymcriticsminmgeneralmaremnotmmuchminterestedminmp opularm
literature.mTheymconsidermitmammarginalmfieldmofmliteraturemandmthereforemitmi smdifficultmtom
findmsomemcompetentminformationmandmcriticism.mImtriedmtomgathermallmattaina blemmaterials,m
butmImoftenmhadmtomdependmonmInternetmsources.mAllmthemusedmsourcesmaremlistedminmthe m
bibliography.mmm
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1. HISTORY OF DETECTIVE STORY
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1.1 THEORY OF DETECTIVE FICTION
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Comparedmwithmothermtypesmofmnovels,mdetectivemfictionmdoesmnotmendmwithmthemclimax,m
asmusual,mbutmitmgivesmmoremexplanationsmandmrationalizationsmofmthemsoluti onmtomprovemitm
justmandmlogic.mFreemanmcallsmsuchmamlayoutm“dualmcharacter”m[Škvoreckým55].mDetectivem
fictionmdoesmnotmconsistmonlymofmamdramaticmstory,mbutmitmalsomcontainsmamlogicalm problemm
thatmdoesmnotmneedmtombemsolvedmtogethermwithmthemstory.mThatmismwhymthemdetectivem
presentsmthemevidencemandmanalyzesmthemsolution.mThemdetectivemstorymusuallymends mwithm
confessionmofmthemcriminalmandmitmismnotmfollowedmbymthemactmofmpunishmentmormtrialmv erym
often.mAmsimilarmideamcanmbemfoundminmthemworkmofmLauramMarcusmwheremshemmentionsmtha tm
themliteraturemofmdetectionmcontainsm“itsmcomplexmdoublemnarrativeminmwhichm anmabsentm
story,mthatmofmamcrime,mismgraduallymreconstructedminmthemsecondmstorym[theminvesti gation]”m
[245].mShemdistinguishesmtwomdifferentmstoriesmwithinmamnovel,mwhereasmFreemanm
distinguishesmamstorymandmamlogicalmproblemmandmitsmsolution.mInmgeneral,msuchmamdualm
charactermormdoublemnarrativemcanmbemcomparedmtom“themRussianmformali stmdistinctionm
betweenmsjuzet mandmfabula m[‘discourse’mandm‘story’]”m[Marcusm245].mThemRussianm
Formalismmdistinguishesmbetweenm fabula ,mthemstory,mandm sjuzet ,mthemplot.mThemstorymism
formedmbymamchronologicalmsequencemofmevents,mwhereasmthemplotmcanmbemformedminmnon ,
chronologicalmorder,mi.e.minmthemsequenceminmwhichmthemeventsmwerempresentedminmli terarym
workm[Lium“Russianmformalism”].mTomconclude,mthemstory,mthemcrime,mismusuallymdes cribedm
inmchronologicalmorder,mbutmthemplot,mthemdiscoursemandmtheminvestigationmcanmbemde scribedm
inmnon,chronologicalmordermtomachievemmoremattractivenessmtomthemreader.mmm
MarcusmalsommentionsmthemimportancemofmChesterton`smconceptionmofmdetectivemsto riesm
[247].mItmismamcomplexmofmsignsmandmsymbolsmconcealingmsomemsecretsmandmwaitingmformthe m
detectivemtomrevealmthem.mChestertonmdefendsmthemdetectivemstorymwhenmhemclai msmthatmitm
“ismthemearliestmandmonlymformmofmpopularmliteratureminmwhichmismexpre ssedmsomemsensemofm
thempoetrymofmmodernmlife.”m[Marcusm247].mThismideamismechoedminmworkmofmRaymondm
Chandlermwhomexcellentlymdescribedmthemcitymofmhismtimemfullmofmsecretsmandmhiddenm
symbolsmandmthemdetectivemfightingmalonemagainstmthemevilmandmchaos.m
Themapproachmofmacademicsmtowardsmdetectivemfictionmismrathermnegative.mAmB ritishm
literarymcriticmNicholasmBlincoemadmitsmthatm“allmthemgreatmcrime mwritersmaremun,literary,matm

m 7m mleastmasmfarmasmthemwordm‘literary’mismunderstoodminmanmacademicmcontext”m[“ ThemCriminalm
Heart”].mThatmismwhymanymliterarymcriticismmconcerningmdetectivemfictionmandm popularm
fictionminmgeneralmismsomrare.mHowever,mBlincoe,mamcrimemwritermasmwell,msug gestsminmthem
samemworkmamdivisionmbetweenmthemwhodunnitsm[orm‘cozies’masmhemcallsmthem]mandm‘noir ’m
traditionmofmdetectivemfiction.m‘Noir’mfictionmmeansmhard,boiledmdetective mfictionmasmtakenm
frommthemtitlem BlackSMask ,mampulpmmagazinemfocusedmonmthemstyle.mBlincoemtriesmtommakem
clearmwhymdivisionsmandmsubdivisionsmofmcrimemfictionmaremgenerallymavoidedmbym
academics.m“Themdivisionmintomcoziesmandmnoirmismdifficultmtomsustainmwhenmonem
contemplatesmthemextraordinarymvarietymofmcrimemfictionmproducedminmBritain .”m
However,mJohnmScaggs,mamLecturerminmthemDepartmentmofmEnglishmatmMarymImmaculate m
CollegeminmLimerick,mIreland,mtriesmtommakemamshortmsubdivisionmofmcrimemficti on.mHem
focusesmmainlymonmthemGoldenmAgembothminmBritainmandmAmericamandmhemdistinguishesm
betweenmthemBritishmwhodunnitmnovel,mtogethermwithmthempolicemprocedural,mandmthem
Americanmhard,boiledmmode.mFurthermore,mScaggsmsubdividesmthemwhodunnitmnovelmintom
severalmsubgenresmvaryingmaccordingmtomthemsetting:mthemlocked,roommmystery,m them
country,housemmystery,mthemsnow,boundmmystery,morm‘murdermafloat’m[51,4].mmm
Themapproachmofmthemreadersmofmcrimemfictionmandmthemfansmdiffers.mAnminternetmsour cem
focusedmrathermonmreadersmandmfansmdistinguishes mseveralmcategoriesmofmcrimemfictionm
accordingmtomitsmcontentmandmprocedurem[“CrimemFiction”].mFirst,mitmismdet ectivemfictionm
whichmcanmbemsubdividedmintomtwomdifferentmcategories,mthemwhodunnitmandmhard,boile dm
fiction.mm
Detectivegfiction mismam“formmofmfictionmwhosemmainmstructuralmcharacteristicmismam
reversalmofmthemsequencemofmevents:mthemcatastrophe,mgenerallymammurder,mismt ypicallym
presentedmfirst,mfollowedmbymthemintroductionmofmsuspectedmcriminalsmandmofmamser iesmofm
cluesmwhosemsignificancemthemreadermismnotmsupposedmtomgraspmuntilmthemstory mismendedmbymam
climaxmofmexplanation,minmwhichmthemdetectivemheromshowsmhowmthemcrimemwasmcommitt ed,m
themmotivesmformit,mandmfinallymthemidentitymofmthemcriminal.”m[Hartm197]mSuchmambackwardsm
constructionmofmamstorymwasmanalyzedminmdetailsmbymamfamousmAmericanmauthormEdgar m
AllanmPoe.mm
Thegwhodunnit m[them1920smtomthem1940s]mismonemofmthemmostmpopularmsubgenresmofm
detectivemfictionmwhichmbecamemfamousmmostlymthanksmtomitsmmainmrepresenta tivesmsuchmasm
AgathamChristie.mThemwhodunnitmismbasedmonmcrime,musuallymammurder,mandmitsm
investigationmdonembymamdetective.mTheminvestigation,mfollowingmofmcluesmandmdiscoveringm

m 8m msmallmdetails,mleadsmtomthemrevelationmofmthemcriminalmandmthembackgroundmandmmoti vesmofm
themcrime.mm
Hard.boiled mfiction m[them1920smtomthem1940s]mismanothermsubgenremofmdetectivemfictionm
whichmismrepresentedmmainlymbymDashiellmHammettmandmRaymondmChandler.mHard,boil edm
fictionmdiffersmfrommthemwhodunnitminmthemfrequentmusemofmviolencemandmrealisticm
descriptionsmofmfights.mThemdetectivemismtough,mconfrontsmthemdanger,mismoftenmbroughtmin m
fightsmandmverymoftenmworksmonmhismown,mwithoutmanymcompanion.mm
Spygfiction,g amsubgenremofmcrimemfiction,mbecamemfamousmmainlymformthemseriesmofm
novelsmaboutmamBritishmspy,mJamesmBond,mwrittenmbymIanmFleming.mSpymfictionmfocuses m
mainlymonmspying,mthemheroesm–mspies,mandmthemmethodmofmworkmofmamspy.mSpymfictionm
becamemmostmpopularmduringmthemWorldmWarmIImandmthemColdmWarmasmitmdescribe dmthem
waysmofmspyingmusedmduringmthemwarsmandmitmusedmcontemporarymtopics.mm
Themcriminalgnovel mismtoldmfrommthempointmofmviewmofmthemcriminal.mItmdiffersmfromm
detectivemfictionminmthemabsencemofmdetection,mofmtheminvestigation.mThemnovelmismconce rnedm
withmthempsychologymofmthemcriminalmwhomismrevealedmtomthemreadermfrommthembeginning. m
Themcriminalmnovelmdealsmwithmthemsocial,psychologicalmdevelopmentmofmthemcri memandmitm
canmbemalsomusedmtomcommentmonmthemsociety.m
Theremaremsomemmoremsubgenresmofmcrimemfictionmbut,masmBlincoemsuggested,mwi thinm
themvarietymofmcrimemnovelsmandmstoriesmthemsubdivisionsmblur.mm
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1.2 FIRST DETECTIVE STORIES
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18 th mcenturym m GayotmdemPitavalminmFrancem
m m m m BowmStreetmRunnersminmEnglandm
1773m–m1830sm m NewgatemCalendarmstoriesm
Earlym19 th mcenturymm SûretéminmFrancem
1828m m m ThemMetropolitanmPolicemActminmEnglandm
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmE.mF.mVidocq`sm Memoires minmFrancem
mmmmmm1840sm m m E.mA.mPoem
1860sm m m E.mGaboriauminmFrancem
m m m m W.mCollinsminmEngland,mfirstmdetectivemnovelm
Turnmofm19 th mcenturym SirmA.mC.mDoylem m m m

m 9m mFirstmdetectivemstoriesmstartedmtomariseminmEnglandmandmFrance,msomamgreatmim portantm
influencemofmEnglishmdetectivemliteraturemonmAmericanmismprominent.mThemfirs tmattemptsmofm
crimemstories,maccordingmtomJohnmScaggs,mcanmbemretracedmbackminm1770sminmLondonmwhenm
theg Newgate Calendar mwasmissuedm[1773].mItmwasmamcollectionmofmtalesmfrommNewgatem
prisonmfullmofmdescriptionsmofmcriminals,mtheirmworkmandmpunishmentm[13].mThemcol lectionm
keptmitsminfluencemandmsomcalledmNewgatemCalendarmstoriesmarosemceleb ratingmthemthiefmasm
hero.mTheminfluencemremainedmremarkablemuntilmthem1830smwhenmanotherminfluentialm
documentmappearedminmFrance.mAmformermbanditmandmamsuccessfulmpolicemanm Eugeneg
FrancoisgVidocq mpublishedmhism Memoires m[1828],mwhichmmeantmamshiftm“frommthemrobberm
heromtomthempolicemanmasmhero”m[Scaggsm17].mmmm
ThemdetectivemgenremasmamliterarymworkmoriginatedminmthemworkmofmamfamousmAmer icanm
writermEdgargAllangPoe m[1809m–m1849].mInmthe1840smhemcreatedmfirstmdetectivemshortm
storiesmthatminfluencedmthemdevelopmentmofmallmsubsequentmdetectivemstorie smandmnovels.m
Poemusedmambackwardsmconstructionmofmamstorymsomasmtomkeepmthemreader`smattentionm tillmthem
end.mHemexplainedmthismmethodminmhismworkm“ThemPhilosophymof SComposition”mwheremhem
emphasizedmthatmthembackwardsmconstructionmdoesmnotmmeanmtomwritemfirstmandmt henm
analyze.mHemexplainedmthatm“nothingmismmoremclearmthanmthatmeverymplot,mwort hmthemname,m
mustmbemelaboratedmtomitsm denouementS beforemanythingmbemattemptedmwithmthempen”m[31].m
Poemclaimedmthatmanymauthormshouldmconsidermthemeffectmofmnarrativemfirst,monlymthenmt heym
canmusemelaboratemelementsmtomattractmthemreader.m“Itmismonlymwithmthemdeno uementm
constantlyminmviewmthatmwemcanmgivemamplotmitsmindispensablemairmofmconseq uence,morm
causation,mbymmakingmthemincidents,mandmespeciallymthemtonematmallmpoints,mtendmt omthem
developmentmofmthemintention.”m[31]mThembackwardsmconstructionmismsimilarmt omthem
originalmworkmofmthempolicemwhichmismfirstmtomdiscovermamcrimemandmsearchmthemcr imemscenem
andmonlymthenmtomstartmtheminvestigation,mlookmformthemcluesmandmrevealmthemmotivesmandmthe m
culprit.mSuchmamnarrativemwasmdeterminedmtominspireminmthemrealmworkmofmthem policemandm
detectivesmsomasmtombemattractivemandmsuccessful.mm
Poemcreatedmthemfirstmgreatmliterarymdetective,mC.mAugustemDupin,mwhombecam emthem
archetypemformallmsubsequentmdetectives.m Duping wasmamgreatmdetective,m‘Chevalier’,mwhichm
meansmhemwasmamknightminmthemLégionmd`honneur,mamFrenchmordermestablishedmbymNapoleonm
Bonaparte.mDupinmfoughtmagainstmcrime,mheminvestigatedmparticularmcrime smandmviam
analysismandmdeductionmhemrevealedmthemculprit.mPoemintroducedmhismdetectiveminmhis mthreem
detectivemstories,m TheSMurdersSinStheSRueSMorgue m[1841],mTheSMysterySofSMarieSRoget m
[1842]mandm TheSPurloinedSLetter m[1844].mScaggsminformsmthatmthemsecondmstorymwasm

m 10m mbasedmonmamrealmcrime,mthemmurdermofmMarymRogersminmNewmYork,mandmPoemtriedmtomsolvem
themcasemviamhismnarrativem[21].mPoemwasminfluencedmbymromanticismmwhenmhemcrea tedmthem
personalitymandmcharactermofmhismdetective.mDupinmwasmamknight,mhelpedmthemoppre ssedmandm
punishedmthemculprits.mOnemofmhismmainmfeaturesmwasmthemeccentricity.mHemwasmi ntelligent,m
eruditemand,mitmcouldmbemsaid,mamgenius.mPoemusedmthemmethodmofmdeductionmandmcommonm
sensemtogethermwithmhismexperience.mm
AnothermtypicalmsignmofmPoe`smdetectivemismhism companion ,mamfriendmwhomhelpsmhimmtom
findmthemculpritmandmwhomismusuallymthemnarrator.mInmthismcase,mthemreadermismnotmr evealedm
themnamemofmmDupin`smfriend.mScaggsmintroducesmthreemfunctionsmofmthemfirst,per sonm
narratorminmthemdetectivemstory:m“…theymactmasmamcontrastmtomthemabiliti esmofmthemdetective,m
emphasisingminmthemdetective`smgeniusmamdifferenceminmdegree,mrathermthanmamdiff erenceminm
kind;mtheymactmasmrecorders,mnotmonlymofmthemstory,mbutmalsomofmthemphysicalmdatamuponm
whichmthemdetective`smanalyticmabilitymdepends;mandmtheymembodymthemsocialmandm
ideologicalmnormsmofmthemperiod”m[21].mThemfeaturemofmcompanion/narratormismr epeatedlym
usedminmmanymothermdetectivemnarrativesmsuchmasmDoyle`smHolmesmandmWatsonmorm
Christie`smPoirotmandmHastings.mThemcompanionmismusuallymnotmasmclevermasmt hemdetective.m
SuchmamfeaturemcanmbemcalledmthemprinciplemofmcontrastmbetweenmDonmQuij otemandmSancham
PanzamasmŠkvoreckýmmentionedminmhismworkm[17].mm
ScaggsmsuggestsmamFrenchmdetectivemstorymwriter,m EmilegGaboriau m[1832m–m1873],mtom
bemanmimportantmlinkmbetweenmPoemandmSirmArthurmConanmDoyle.mGaboriaumintroducedmhis m
firstmdetectivemnovel,m L'AffaireSLerouge ,minm1866mand,mthus,mhemintroducedmhismmainmhero,m
ampolicemofficermandmamdetectivemamateur,mMonsieurm Lecoq .mGaboriaumtriedmtombringm
trustworthinessmbackmtompolicemwhenmhemusedmampoliceminvestigatormasmhe ro.mGaboriaum
echoedmVidocqminmhismhero,mbothminmhismcharactermandmname.mMoreover,mhemintroducedmthem
usemofmambiguitymofmmoralitymwhichmwasmlatermusedmnotmonlymbymDoylembutmalsombym
DashiellmHammettmandmRaymondmChandler.mGaboriaumusedm“presentationmofmmurder sm
whichmhavembeenmcommittedmtompreventmthemrevelationmofmsomemscandalousmpastmac tionmorm
indiscretion,mandm…mthemfrustratingmfailuremofmthemheromtombringmthemcriminalmtomjus ticemduem
tomthemclassmdifferencembetweenmdetectivemandmsuspect”m[Scaggsm22,3].mmmm
WilkiegCollinsg [1824m–m1889]mwasmthemauthormwhomcreatedmthemfirstmdetectivemnovelm
writtenminmEnglish.mHemwrotemseveralmdetectivemnovelsmandmnovellasmbutmhismmos tmfamousm
novelsmarem TheSWomanSinSWhite m[1859]mandm TheSMoonstone m[1868].mCollins`smnovelsm
becamempopularmandmtheymintroducedmthemmainmhero,mamdetectivem SergeantgCuff .mThem
charactermfollowsmsomemofmthemfeaturesmcreatedmbymPoe,mandmitmismthemeccent ricity.mCuffm

m 11m mwasmdeeplymfondmofmroses.mCollinsmusedmampolicemanmbutmalsomamdetectivemamateur masmhero.m
HemtriedmtomcarrymonmGaboriau`smeffortmtomshowmthempolicemtrustworthy.mPeople mceasedmtom
trustmthempolicemasmthempolicemofficersmverymoftenmdidmnotmsucceedminmarres tingmthemcriminal.m
Peoplemalwaysmdesiredmthemabsolutemjustice,mevenmwhenmwemlookmbackmatmthe mfolkmstoriesm
ofmRobinmHood.mAsmŠkvorecký msuggests,mthemabsolutemjusticemcannotmbemensuredmbym
humanmfactors,mi.e.mthempolice,mbecausemeverythingmhumanmismalsomfallible .mThatmismwaymthem
authors,mtomsatisfymthemreaders,mcreatedmprivateminvestigators,mdetect ives,mwhombecamem
symbolsmofmthemabsolutemjustice,mtheminfalliblemforcem[23].m
SirgArthurgConangDoyleg [1859m–m1930]mwasminfluencedmbymworkmofmbothmGaboriaum
andmCollins.mHempublishedmhismfirstmdetectivemnovelm ASStudySinSScarlet minm1887mandm
introducedmhismgreatmdetective,m SherlockgHolmes ,mandmhismclosem‘not,so,clever’mfriend,m
Dr.mWatson.mScaggsmsuggestsmthatmitmismpossiblemtomfindmsomemelementsmof mPoe`smDupinm
andmelementsmofmVidocqminmHolmes.mDupin,msimilarlymasmHolmes,mwasmanmanalyticm
eccentricmgenius,mandmVidocqmwasm“ammanmofmactionmandmammastermofmdisguise”m[25].m
Doyle`smcreationmofmHolmes`smcharacteristics,mespeciallymthemcharac termofmdetection,m
remindsmofmnaturalism.mTheminfluencemofmnaturalmsciencesmandmscientificmmet hodsmism
prominentm[Procházkam126].mProcházkamclaimsmthatmwithinmnaturalismmwritingmwas m“basedm
onmobservationmandmexperiment”m[126].mThemsamemcanmbemdepictedminmDoyle`smstylemofm
detectingmthemculprit.mŠkvoreckýmmasterlymshowsmthemshiftmfrommPoe`smliterarym
intellectualismmtomDoyle`smscientificmlogicm[35,9].mHemcomparesmtwomsim ilarmextractsmfromm
Poe`smTheSMurdersSinStheSRueSMorgue mandmDoyle`sm TheSSignSofSFour mandmshowsmthem
evidentminfluencemofmPoemonmDoylemandmhismdetective.mWheremDupinmusesmhismpreviousm
knowledgemofmliterature,mHolmesmusesmhismfaultlessmabilitymofmobservationmandmlogi calm
deduction.mAsmProcházkamsaid,m“scientific,mprogressive,mand,mabovemall,mmoralmhuma nm
beingmhasmbecomemamsubstitutemformGod”m[127].mm
ThempopularitymofmDoyle`smnarrativesmismstriking.mWhenmwemlookmatmSherlockmHolme s,m
wemcanmseemanmordinarymmanmlivingminmamshabbymflat,mamlonelymoddmfishmlivingminmamdrearym
foggymworldmwhosemonlymwaymoutmismcocaine.mAnmordinarymmiddle,classmreadermprojectsm
theirmromanticmdreamsmofmbecomingmfamousmandminteresting,mofmbecomingmamsortmofmam
knightgtomthemdetective.mThemdetectivemismexactlymwhatmthemordinarymreadermdreamsma bout,m
ordinarymbutmgeniusmandmbrave.m
ItmismdifficultmtomunderstandmwhymDoylemdidmnotmlikemhismhero.mŠkvoreckýmtriesmtom
explainmthemfactminmhismworkm[33,4].mDoylemwantedmtombemthemauthormofmhighmliteratu rembutm
hemexcelledminmwritingmdetectivemnovels.mHemcontinuedminmwritingmdetectivemficti onmonlymtom

m 12m mearnmenoughmmoney.mDoylemhatedmhismheromsommuchmthatmhemkilledmhimminmhismshortmstorym
TheSAdventureSofStheSFinalSProblem m[1893].mŠkvoreckýmgoesmevenmfurthermwhenmhemtriesm
tomdepictmthemproblemmofmgettingmridmofmthemherominmothermdetectivemstories.mDorot hymL.m
SayersmgotmridmofmhermLordmPetermbymammarriage.mErlemStanleymGardnermwantedmt omgetmridmofm
hismhero,mPerrymMason,minmthemsamemmannermasmSayers,mbutmhemfinallymchangedmhismmind.m
RaymondmChandlermwantedmtomkillmMarlowemasmwellmbutmaftermreconsideri ngmhismbusinessm
successmhemquitmit.mDoylemalsomrealizedmhemismablemtomearnmmoneymonlymthanksmtomHolmes m
andmthatmismwhymhemturnedmbackmtomSherlockmHolmesmadventuresmandmletmDr.mWatsonm
becomemthemnarratormofmhismmemories.mThismismevidentminm TheSHoundSofStheSBaskervilles m
[1902].mButmthemreadersmweremnotmsatisfiedmandmDoylemfinallymhadmtombringmHolmesmb ackminm
TheSAdventureSofStheSEmptySHouse m[1903],mwhichmismonemofmthemshortmstoriesmcollectedminm
TheSReturnSofSSherlockSHolmes m[Škvoreckým33,4].mm
Themrisemofmdetectivemstoriesmwasmsignificantlyminfluencedmbymthemrisemof mformsmofm
policempowerminmEnglandmandmFrance.mInmthem18th mcenturymamParismlawyerm Gayotgdeg
Pitaval mputmtogethermfamousmcasesminmParismundermthemtitlem NouvellesSCausesSCélèbres. m
ThismdocumentmbecamemanmimportantmsourcemformdetectivemwritersmsuchmasmColl insmorm
Dickens.mTheymusedmthemrealmsourcesmofmrealmcrimesmand,mthus,mbroughtmthemformulamofm
realisticmdescriptionsmofmthemsettingmtomdetectivemfictionm[Škvoreckým28].mInmthemea rlym19 th m
centurymthempolicemanm Vidocq mtookmovermthemrolemofmsourcemofmrealmcrimes.mMoreover,mhem
becamemthemfirstmchiefmofmFrenchmpolicemforcemcalledmSûretémandmlaterme stablishedmfirstm
modernmdetectivemagency,mLemBureaumdesmRenseignementsm[Scaggsm17].mInmthem18 th m
centuryminmEngland,mLondon,mthemfirstmorganizedmpolicemforcemwasmalsomestablished.mT hem
risemofmpolicemorganizationsmwasmcausedmmainlymbymthemrisemofmcrimes.mScaggsms uggestsm
thatmitmwasmthemIndustrialmRevolutionmthatmstartedmmoremfrequentmcrimes.mAsm peoplemmovedm
frommruralmareasmtomurbanmareas,mthemgrowthmofmunemploymentmrosemand,mthus,mthemgrowthm
ofmcriminalitymrosemasmwellm[17].mThemfirstmorganizedmpolicemforceminmLondonmwas m
establishedmbymthemmagistratemandmnovelistmHenrymFielding.mTheymweremcalledm BowgStreetg
Runners masmthemheadquartersmwasmatmBowmStreet.mScaggsminformsmthatmtheymwerem
“freelancem‘thief,takers’”,mwhichmunfortunatelymcausedmmanymoccasionsmformcorr uption.m
Thus,mThemMetropolitanmPolicemActmwasmpassedminm1828mtomestablishmthemfirst mmunicipalm
constabularyminmthemworld.mTheymweremorganizedmbymSirmRobertmPeelmandmtheymwer emfirstm
calledm‘Peelers’ ,mlatermbecamem‘Bobbies’m[18].mAsmBowmStreetmRunnersmdisintegrated,m
somemofmthemmembersmsetmupmprivatemdetectivemagenciesmandmwrotemtheirmm emoirs,me.g.m
WilliamsmRussellmknownmasm‘Waters’mwhompublishedmRecollectionsmofma mDetectivemPolicem

m 13m mofficerminm1856m[Škvoreckým29].mThemmemoirsmbecamemanothermsourcemofmrealmcrimesmfor m
detectivemnarratives.mm
1.3 THE GOLDEN AGE
m
1840sm–m1890sm m dimemnovelsminmAmericam
1920m m m A.mChristiemintroducesmPoirot S
1923m m m D.mL.mSayersmintroducesmLordmPeterm
1926m m m S.mS.mVanmDinemintroducesmPhilomVancem
1928m m m VanmDine`sm“TwentymRulesmformWritingmDetectivemStories”m
m m m m DetectionmClubminmEnglandm
1929m m m Knox`smrulesmofmfairmplaym
m m m m EllerymQueenmismintroducedm
1934mm m m R.mStoutmintroducesmNeromWolfem
1935mm m m N.mBlakemintroducesmNigelmStrangewaysm
g
ThegGoldengAge mdatesminmtheminter,warmyears,m1920smandm1930s.mItmdevelopedmmainlym
inmEngland,mhowever,mseveralmrepresentativesmcanmbemfoundminmthemUSAmasmwell.m
Furthermore,mAmericanmdetectivemwritersmcreatedmtheirmownmdifferentmst yle,mthemhard,
boiledmmode.mAnminternetmsourcemcitesmIanmOusby`sm TheSCrimeSandSMysterySBookS [1997]m
andmcharacterizesmthemclassicmGoldenmAgemdetectivemnovelmbymthemhappyminnocentm pointmofm
viewmandmthemnarrowmvisionmofmsociety.mThemdetectivesmaremtwo,dimensionalmandmthem
storiesmaremfullmofmconventionsmandmclichésm[“GoldenmAge”].mThemdetectivemnarrat ivesm
usuallymhavemthemformmofm whodunnits mandmthemauthorsmobeymparticularmrulesmofmdetection.mm
ScaggsmsuggestsmthatmthemGoldenmAgemoriginatedminmEnglandminm1920mwhenm Agathag
Christie m[1890m–m1976],mamfamousmBritishmdetectivemwriter,mpublishedmhermfirstmdetect ivem
novelmTheSMysteriousSAffairSatSStyles .SHemcanmseemherminfluencemonmthemdetectivemgenreminm
“themdevelopmentmofmthemcountry,housemmurdermwhichmismsynonymousmwithmthem
whodunnit”m[26].mChristiemcreatedmherm‘great’meccentricmdetectivem Poirot mwhomism
accompaniedmbymhism‘not,so,clever’mfriend,mHastings.mThemeccentricitymofmPoirotml iesminm
hismhypochondriasismandmhismrelishmformchocolatemandmdeliciousmfood.mChristiemalsomcre atedm
amfirstmfemalemdetectivem MissgMarple.mm
DorothygL.gSayers m[1893m–m1957]mismanothermfamousmrepresentativemofmclassicm
detectivemnovel.mShemintroducedmherm“cultured,maristocratic,mbutmslightlymdis tracted”m

m 14m m[Scaggsm26]mdetectivem LordgPetergWimsey minmhermfirstmnovelm WhoseSBody?S [1923].m
ScaggsmnotesmthatmLordmPetermbecamemammodelmformsomemfuturemdetectivemchar acters,mandm
evenmformtheirmparodiesm[27,8].mSayers`mdetectivem“developsmasmthemseriesm progresses”m
[Scaggsm26],mwhichmmeansmthatmthemauthormfocusedmmainlymonmthemmainmcharactermandmthis m
couldmbemthemreasonmwhymLordmPeterminspiredmsommanymdetectivemwriters.mRaymondm
Chandlermfocusedmonmhismdetectivemasmwellmandmbroughtmammoremelaboratemstylemthat mwasm
alsomfollowedmandmdeveloped.mm
AnthonygBerkeley m[1893m–m1971]mcontributedmtomthemdetectivemgenremnotmonlymbymhism
detectivemnovelsmbutmalsombymthemfoundationmofmthem DetectiongClub minm1928.mThem
membersmweremmajormauthorsmofmGoldenmAgemandmtheymsworemtomobeymrulesmofm‘FairmPla y’m
thatmweremestablishedmfirstmbymS.S.mVanmDineminm1928mandmamyearmlatermsummarize dmandm
reducedmbymFathermRonaldmKnox,mamCatholicmpriestmandmdetectivemstorymwriterm[Sca ggsm27,
8].m
NicholasgBlake m[1904m–m1972]mismanothermGoldenmAgemdetectivemfictionm
representative.mHismrealmnamemismCecil,DaymLewis,manmAnglo,Irishmpoet ,mandmhemusedmhism
pseudonymmtompresentmhismdetectivemnovels.mHemintroducedmhismdetectivem Nigelg
Strangeways minmhismnovelm ASQuestionSofSProofS inm1935m[Scaggsm27].mmmmmmmmmmmmm
ThemGoldenmAgeminmAmericamismrepresentedmmainlymbymJ.mD.mCarr,mEllerymQueen,mS.S.m
VanmDinemandmRexmStout.m JohngDicksongCarr m[1906m–m1977]mcontinuedminmthemBritishm
traditionmofmwhodunnitminmAmerica.mScaggsmclaimsmthatmCarrmfocusedmmainlymonmthem
locked,roommmystery.mCarrmcreatedmhismdetectivem DrgGideongFell mwhomismmostmfamousm
frommCarr`smnovelm TheSThreeSCoffinsS [1935].mm
EllerygQueen mismampen,namemofmtwomcousinsmfrommBrooklyn,mManfredmB.mLeem[1905m–m
1971]mandmFredericmDannaym[1905m–m1982].mTheymalsomfocusedmonmwritingmwhodunnits,m
obeyingmthemrulesmofmfairmplay,mandmcreatedmamdetectivemcalledmsamemasmthe irmpseudonym,m
EllerymQueen.mThemdetectivemwasmintroducedminmamnovelm TheSRomanSHatSMysteryS inm1929m
[Scaggsm28].mm
S.gS.gVangDine m[1888m–m1939]mismampseudonymmofmWillardmHuntingtonmWright,manm
Americanmjournalist,martmcriticmandmlatermalsomamclassicmdetecti vemfictionmwriter.mVanmDinem
firstmformulatedmthemrulesmofmdetectionminm1928minmhismworkm“TwentymRulesmformWritingm
DetectivemStories”.mHemcreatedmhismdetectivem PhilogVance mandmintroducedmhimminmhismfirstm
detectivemnovelm TheSBensonSMurderSCase m[1926].mPhilomVancemismanmupper,classm
detectivemamateurmwhomismcharacteristicmformhismelegant,mextravagant,mevenmsno bbishmandm
dandyishmapproachm[“S.mS.mVanmDine”].m

m 15m mRexgStout m[1886m–m1975]mismconsideredmtombemamlinkmbetweenmthemwhodunnitmtraditionm
andmhard,boiledmmode.mHemcreatedmamdetectivem NerogWolfe mwhomfollowsmthemHolmesm
tradition,mmoreover,mhemaddedm“amtough,mstreet,smartmassistant,mArchiemGoodwin”m[ Scaggsm
28,9].mStoutmintroducedmthemminmhismfirstmnovelm Fer-de-LanceS [1934]mand,mthus,msuggestedm
amconnectionmbetweenmthemtwomschools.mm
TomunderstandmthemrisemofmpopularitymofmdetectivemgenreminmAmerica,mitmismne cessarymtom
lookmbackmtomthem19 th mcentury.mPopularmfictionmofm1840smtom1890smappearedminmmanym
differentmforms.mMichaelmDenningmdistinguishesmthreemformatsminmhismworkm“ThemFigur em
ofmthemDimemNovelminmAmericanmCulture”;mitmismthemstorympaper,mthemdimemnove lmandmthem
cheapmlibrarym[82].mDenningmclaimsmthatm“them storygpaper mwasmanmeight,pagemweeklym
newspaper,mwhichmcostmfivemormsixmcents,mandmcontainedmanywheremfrommfivemtomeightm
serializedmstories,masmwellmasmcorrespondence,mbriefmsermons,mhumor,mfas hionmadvice,mandm
bitsmofmarcanemknowledge”m[82].mThem dimegnovel mwasm“ampamphletmofmaboutm100mpagesm
eachmknownmasm‘yellow,backs’”m[Denningm83].mThem cheapglibrary mwasmam“seriesmofm
nicklemandmdimempamphletsm…,mconsistingmofmeitherm16morm32mpagesmofmtwo,mormthree,
columnedmprint”m[Denningm84].mFrommthembeginningmthemdimemnovelsm[allmthreemforma tsminm
general]mconsistedmmainlymofmfrontiermandmwesternmstoriesmbutmlatermonmtheym becamemratherm
detectivemstories.mDenningmsuggestsmthatmthem“shiftminmthemdimemnovelmfrommwes ternm
themesmtomurbanmthemesmismbelievedmbymthemtremendousmpopularitymofmthem‘myst eriesmofm
themcity’minmthem1840s”m[87].mThemshiftmwasmalsomsuggestedmbymthemchangemofmsociety,mfromm
ruralmcountrymworkersmtomurbanmfactorymworkers.mThemdimemnovelsmbecamemmoremandm
morempopularmandminmthem1890smtheymconvertedmintommoremexpensivemqualitymmagazines,m
somcalledm‘pulp’mmagazines.mmmmm
m
1.4 HARD-BOILED SCHOOL OF DETECTIVE STORY
m
Hard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmdevelopedminmthemearlym1920smandmitsmpopularitym
continuedminmthem1930smasmwell.mScaggsmnotesmthatmhard,boiledmfictionmism“distincti velym
Americanmsub,genre”m[29],mevenmthoughmsomemrepresentativesmandmfollowersmcouldmbem
foundmalsominmEngland.mScaggsmreasonsmhismstatementmbymthreemtypicalmcharacteris ticsmofm
Americanmstyle.mItmismthem“Californianmsetting”,m“Americanmvernacular” mandm“them
portrayalmofmcrimesmthatmweremincreasinglymbecomingmpartmofmthemeverydaym worldmofmearlym
twentieth,centurymAmerica”m[57].mm

m 16m mŠkvoreckýmtriesmtomdistinguishmthemdifferencembetweenmactionmstorymandmhard,boil edm
storym[94,5].m Actiongstory musesmverymfastmpacemofmeventsmandmmoviemdrive.mItmresemblesm
moviemscenesmandmtheirmfastmchangingmandmreversing.mActionmstoriesmaremfullmofmshortman dm
fastmdialoguesmandmthrillingmactions.mButmtheymlackmthemusemofmexcessivemviolence.m Hard.
boiledgstory mcontentsmsimilarmfeaturesmasmactionmstorymbutmitmismbasedmonmthemphysica lm
violencemandmtoughmguysmwithmtoughmandmwittymtalks.mHard,boiledmstorymandmactionmstorym
havemamlotminmcommonmbutmactionmstorymwillmnevermbemincludedminmhard,boiledmstor y.mOnem
ofmhard,boiledmauthors,mErlemStanleymGardner,mkeptmwritingmalsomformpulpmmagazi nesmbutm
hismworksmcannotmbemconsideredmhard,boiledmasmtheymaremactionmstories.mTheymdescrib emthem
criminalmenvironmentmandmthemtrialmbutmtheymlackmthemphysicalmviolence.m
Themmostmimportantmtechniquemusedminmhard,boiledmfictionmismthemmoviemdrive,mthemfast m
scenesmandmshortmdialogues.mThemmainmheroesmusuallymusemtheirmwitmwhenmspeakingmtom
theirmenemies,mtheymusemsomcalledmwisecracks.mThemmainmheroesmaremtough,mnotmsoft,mthe ym
aremnotmafraidmofmviolence,mbeingmbeatenmandmtheymusuallymgetmintomseveralmfights.mThe ym
usuallymmeetmanmattractivemwomanmbutmtheymnevermhavemanmaffairmwithmher.mS omemofmthem
heroesmtalkmopenlymaboutmsexmbutmtheymusuallymremainmcoldmandmresistmthemwom an.mHard,
boiledmstorymismnotmonlymfullmofmviolencembutmalsomfullmofmorganizedmcrime.mNomlongermpla ysm
amcommonmcriminalmthemimportantmrole.mThesemaremthemgangstersmwhomtookmovermthemrolemof m
themrepresentativesmofmcrime.mThemmainmheromismmoremoftenmamprivateminvest igator,mam
privatemeye,mwhomdoesmnotmfollowmthemrulesmofmdetectionmsomstrictly.mThemprivatemeye m
mostlymencountersmthemcriminalsmaccidentallymand,mliterally,mstepsmonmormfall smovermam
corpse.mAndmtheremismnotmgenerallymonlymonemcorpse.mThemtaskmofmthemprivateminvest igatorm
ismnotmonlymtomusemlogicmandmreason;mitmismrathermtommonitormthemenvironment,mthemsocietym
andmitsmproblems,mmainlymthemcorruption,mandmsomtomcomemacrossmammurder.mThemmurder mism
nomlongermthemcentralmconcern,mitmismthemsocietymandmthempoliticalmintrigue s.mŠkvoreckým
callsmthemshiftedmconcernmsocialmsignificancem[75].mm
Thememphasismonmobjectivitymofmwritingmandmsocialmconcernmwasmtakenmovermfromm
previousmauthors,mjournalists,mcalledmmuckrakers. gTheymusedmmuckrakingmasmthemcentralm
technique,mi.e.m“thempracticemofmsearchingmoutmandmtellingmunpleasantmstories ,m…,maboutm
well,knownmpeople”m[LongmanmDictionarym893].mProcházkamexplainsmthatmthemnatur alistsm
beganmasmjournalists,m muckrakers ,mandmthatmtheymfocusedmmainlymonmdetailsmofmsocialmlifem
andmrevealingmcorruptionminmbusinessmandmpoliticsm[130].mTheymappearedminmthe mlatem19 th m
century.mProcházkammentionsmH.mL.mMenckenmasmamrepresentativemofmmuckrakersm[130]m
andmCaweltimcomparesmhard,boiledmstylemofmwritingmtomthemstylemofmanothermmuckr akerm

m 17m mLincolnmSteffensm[155].mCaweltimgivesmanmexamplemofmSteffens`mworkm TheSShameSofSOurS
Cities mtomillustratemthemresemblancembetweenmhard,boiledmandmmuckrakingmstyl e.mThem
objectivityminmwritingmmeansmstrictmdescriptionmofmeventsmwithoutmanymcommentsmor m
emotions.mThemaimmismtomwritemwhatmtheymsee.mm
Hard,boiledmdetectivemstoriesmweremfirstmpublishedmmainlyminm‘pulp’ mmagazines,mi.e.m
cheapmmagazinesmprintedmonmcheapmpoormqualitympaper.mScaggsmdefinesm pulpgmagazines m
asm“inexpensive,mweeklympublicationsmwithmluridmandmgarishmcoversmintendedmtomcat chmthem
attentionmofmamreadingmpublicmweanedmonmthemsensationalmstoriesmtypical mofmthem‘dimem
novel’”m[56].mm
Themfirstmpulpmmagazinemwasmpublishedminm1896mbymFrankmMunseymandmitsmtitle mwasm
ArgosySMagazine .mItmwasmcheap,mcostmaboutmtenmcents,mandmtompreservemthempricemthem
magazinemhadmneithermcolormcovermnormillustrations.mItsmsuccessor,m TheSPopularS
Magazine ,mwasmpublishedmbymStreet&Smithminm1903mandmexceededmitsmpredecessormbym
usingmattractivemcolormcovers.mThemcovermartmbecamemvitallymimportantmasm themreadersmwerem
firstmattractedmbymthemcover.mItmwasmpresumedmthatmsomemofmthemcoversmwere mdesignedmfirst,m
thenmshowedmtomthemauthorsmandmtheymweremsupposedmtomwritemamstorymthatmwouldmsuitmthem
coverm[“PulpmMagazines”].mAsmthempulpmmagazinesmbecamemsompopularmSt reet&Smithm
startedmtompublishmvariousmmagazinesmspecializedmonmsinglemgenres.mThesem magazinesm
weremmostmpopularminm1920smandm1930s.mm
BlackSMask mwasmfirstmpublishedmbymH.mL.mMenckenmandmG.mJ.mNathanminm1920mandmitmism
consideredmthembirthplacemofmthemhard,boiledmdetectivemstory.m DimeSDetective mwasmalsom
concernedmwithmdetectivemfictionmandmitmwasmfirstmpublishedminm1931.mItmismveryms imilarmtom
BlackSMask mandmitmcombinedmthemauthorsmofmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmandmactionm
stories,msuchmasmE.mS.mGardner,mC.mJ.mDalymormJ.mA.mDunn.mAnothermmagazineminvolvedminm
detectivemfictionmism SpicySDetective mthatmwasmfirstmpublishedminm1934mandmitmwasm
characteristicmformambitmtoughermandmmorem‘spicy’mstoriesmbyme.g.mR.mL.mBell emmormA.m
Wallace.mMorempulpmmagazinesmexistedmandmtheymdealtmmainlymwithmsciencemf ictionmorm
fantasy,msuchmasm AmazingSStories,SOrientalSStories,SWeirdSTales,SMarvelSTales,SPlane tS
Stories,SStartlingSStoriesS ormUnknown.S Theremweremalsompulpmmagazinesmconcernedmwithm
supernaturalmandmhorror,msuchmasm HorrorSStoriesS ormThrillingSWonderSStoriesS [“Pulpm
Magazines”].mmm
Black Mask mwasmthemmostmimportantmmagazinemthatmintroducedmthemnewmgenremofm
hard,boiledmandmtoughmdetectivemfiction,masmanmInternetmsourcemdevotedmtom BlackSMaskS
informsm[Deutschm“BlackmMaskmmagazine”].mWhenmitmwasmfirstmpublishedm bymH.mL.m

m 18m mMenckenmandmG.mJ.mNathanminm1920mitmofferedmmoremgenres,msuchmasmadventuremstories,m
romances,mlovemstoriesmormstoriesmofmthemoccult,mtogethermwithmmysterymandmdetecti vem
stories.mLater,minm1926,mamnewmeditormcamemtomthemmagazinemandmdiscoveredmthemgreatness m
ofmthemtoughmdetectivemstories.mItmwasmJosephmShawmwhomhimselfmwasmanmunsuccessful m
adventuremstorymwritermandmperhapsmhismpreviousmexperiencemhelpedmhimmtomre vealmthem
secretmandmtompredictmthemimportancemofmhard,boiledmdetectivemfiction.mm
Themfirstmtoughmdetectivemstories,masmDeutschmnotesminmhismwebsite,mwerem“Th reemGunm
Terry”m[1923]mbymCarrollmJ.mDalymandm“ThemRoadmHome”m[1922]mbymDashiellmHammett ,m
writtenmundermnamemPetermCollinson.mInm1923mE.mS.mGardnermwrotemhismfirstmtoughm
detectivemstory,m“ThemShriekingmSkeleton”,mpublishedminm BlackSMask mundermhismpen,namem
CharlesmM.mGreen.mInm1927,minmhismeditorial,mJosephmShawmexpressedmhismpassionmandmt hem
importancemofmtoughmdetectivemstoriesmandmsincemthenmhemgavemprioritymtomthemmandm
subsequentlymdroppedmothermgenres.mHammettmopenedmamnewmdimensionmofmthemtoughm
storiesmasmhemcreatedmthreemdimensionalmcharacters.mThismwasmextendedmandmevenm
improvedmbymRaymondmChandlermwhosemfirstmtoughmstory,m“BlackmailersmDon`tmShoot”,m
wasmfirstmpublishedminm BlackSMask minm1933m[Deutschm“BlackmMaskmmagazine”].mmm
CarrollgJohngDaly m[1880m–m1958]mismconsideredmthemfoundermofmhard,boiledmdetectivem
fiction.mInmhismshortmstorym“KnightsmofmthemOpenmPalm”m[1923],mhemintroducedmhismmainm
hero,mamtoughmguy,m RacegWilliams m[Hainingm31].mDaly,maccordingmtomhismshortmstories,m
couldmbemconsideredmthemauthormwhomsurpassedmthemgenremofmwesternmandmcowboysmandm
mixedmitmupmwithmthemtoughnessmofmthemprivateminvestigator.mScaggsmnotesmthatmDa lym
inventedmamprototypemofmamhard,boiledmdetective,m“amlarge,mtough,mviolentmman”mthat mwasm
usedmandmbroadenedmbymmanymauthorsm[55].m mm
DashiellgHammett m[1894m–m1961],monmthemcontrary,m“setmthemfoundationmform[hard,
boiled]mtypemofmfiction”m[Scaggsm55].mScaggsmnamesmthemcharacteristicsmofmt hemgenre;mitmism
“themcentralitymofmthemcharactermofmthemprivatemeye,mthemexistencemofmamclie nt,malongmwithm
themdetective`smevidentmdistrustmofmthemclient,manmurbanmsetting,mroutinempoli cemcorruption,m
themfemmeSfatale,manmapparentlym‘neutral’mnarrativemmethod,mandmthemextensivemusemofm
vernacularmdialogue”m[58].mInmhismshortmstoriesmhemusedmanmanonymousmdetectivemfromm
Continentalmdetectivemagencym[Hainingm65]mandmgatheredmfeaturesmlatermusedminmhismmost m
popularmhero,m SamgSpade .mm
RaymondgChandlerg [1888m–m1959]mismonemofmthemleadingmauthorsmofmhard,boiledm
detectivemfiction.mHemaccomplishedmthemstylemcreatedmbymHammettmandmaddedmmore mdeepm
andmphilosophicalmfeatures.mChandlermintroducedmseveralmprivatemeyes.mInmhi smsortmstorym

m 19m m“TroublemIsmMymBusiness”mJohnnymDalmasmismdescribedmasmthemtoughmtypemofmampr ivatem
detective;morminm“NevadamGas”mJohnnymDemRusemismintroduced,mwho,minmfact,mismnotmam
detectivembutmamgamblermwhomaccidentallymtookmovermthemrolemofmthemdetectivema mateur.m
Nevertheless,m PhilipgMarlowe mremainsmhismmostmoutstandingmprivatemeye.mItmismpossiblem
tomfollowmthemprocessmofmcreationmandmbirthmofmPhilipmMarlowe,mthemdeepestmcha ractermofm
detectivemfiction.mm
RossgMacdonald m[1915m–m1983]mismampseudonymmofmKennethmMillermwhomcreatedmhism
detectivemhero,m LewgArcher m[Hainingm132].mMacdonald`smstylemresemblesmChandler`sm
andmHammett`smstylemandmScaggsmevenmnotesmthatmMacdonaldm“broadenedmChandler`s m
horizons”m[29].mLewmArchermismanothermtoughmguymwhomaccidentallymfindsmcorpsesmandmism
beatenmloadsmofmtimes.mm
RobertgLesliegBellem m[1894m–m1968]mismmoremcontroversialmauthormofmdetectivem
storiesmandmhemcontributedmmainlymtom SpicySDetective .mHismprivatemeye,mthemHollywoodm
detectivem DangTurner ,mismmuchmmoremtoughmandmrudemnotmonlymtowardsmmenmbutmalsom
towardsmwomen.mHemalsomtalksmmoremopenlymaboutmsex.mm
W.gR.gBurnett m[1899m–m1982]mcreatedmamnewmstylemofmhard,boiledmdetectivemstories,morm
rathermamnewmpointmofmviewmfrommwhichmwemlookmatmthemstories.mHismmainmheroesmar em
mainlymthemcriminalsmandmgangsters.mInmhismshortmstorym“TravelingmLight”mBurnettmusesma m
not,so,importantmcriminalmwhommeetsmtwomtoughermcriminalsmormgangstersmandm
experiencesmvariousmadventuresmwithmthem.mUnfortunately,mthemheromismmixedmupmw ithm
moremseriousmcrimemcommittedmbymthemtwomgangsters.mmm
MickeygSpillane m[1918m–m2006]mismthemmostmcontroversialmAmericanmauthormofmhard,
boiledmdetectivemfiction.mSpillanemfollowedmthemhard,boiledmstylemcreatedm bymHammettmandm
Chandler,mbutminmcontrastmtomMacdonald,mhem“narrowedmthemformulamtomitsmbarestm
essentials”m[Scaggsm29].mHemcreatedmamfamousmdetective,m MikegHammer ,mwhombrokemthem
boundsmofmhard,boiledmprivatemeyesmandmrepresentedmsomeonemverymbrutal,mviolent,m
outrageousmusingmrudemandmsexistmtalks.m
Thempopularitymofmhard,boiledmdetectivemstoriesmcamemalsomtomBritain.mBriti shmauthorsm
triedmtomwritemsimilarmdetectivemstoriesmasmwellmandm PetergCheyney m[1896m–m1951]mcanmbem
consideredmthemmostmoutstandingmrepresentativemofmEnglishmhard,boiledmstylem[Haini ngm
207].mCheyneymchosemamslightlymdifferentmenvironmentmandmheromwhenmhemstartedmtomwritem
aboutmsecretmcopsmandmagents.mHismmostmfamousmsecretmagentmism LemmygCaution mwhomism
notmafraidmofmpretendingmtombemamcriminalmsomasmtomcatchmsomemfearedmcrimina lmormgangster.m
Cheyneymdescribesmthemcriminalmenvironmentmwithmperfectmsensemofmaccuracyma ndmdetails.mm

m 20m mItmisminterestingmtomlookmclosermatmsomemhard,boiledmpulpmheroesmintroducedminm
detectivemshortmstories.mDaly`smRacemWilliamsmresemblesmamcowboymw homaccidentallymgotm
intomamhard,boiledmdetectivemstory.mHemprotectsm‘weak’mwomenmbutmremainsmcoldmsoma smnotm
tomstartmanmaffair.mAbovemall,mhemismhonest.mInm“ThemEgyptianmLure”m(1928)msim plifiedmandm
evenmhumorousmandmfoolishmdescriptionsmofmfightsmaremusedmbymDalymandmtheymmaym
resemblemspaghettimwestern.mThemfightsmaremnotmsomrealmandmcredible.mMore over,mtheremism
farmmoremshootingmthanmphysicalmfights.mWhenmwemlookmatmthemdenouementmwheremtwom
gangstersm‘accidentally’mshootmeachmother,mwemcanmseemitmismtoomsimplemandme asy.mItmism
evidentmDalymwasmthempioneeringmauthormofmhard,boiledmdetectivemfiction.mm
However,minm“TravelingmLight”m[1935]mBurnettmgivesmhismhero,mJohnny,msomemfeaturesm
thatmaremsharedmbymDaly`smRacemWilliams.mJohnnymismamcriminal,mindeed,mbutmhemis mgivenm
cowboy,likembehaviormasmwell.mHemismhonestmandmhelpsm‘weak’mwomen.mWemcouldms aymhem
isminnocent.mMoreover,mtheremismammentionmaboutmamsheriffmwhomwearsmtwomgunsmandm
resemblesmamcowboy.m‘Všimlimsi,mžemkroměmpistolemnamstehněmmámještěmve lkýmrevolverm
vmpodpažnímmpouzdře.m‚Chlápekmsmdvěmamkanónama,mtenmnášmšerif,mco?‘mřeklmZrzekma m
usmálmse.m‚Bejvávalo,‘modpovědělmšerif.m‚Pamatujumsimdoby,mkdymsemchlápcimpředms panímm
ovívalimpistolema.m…’m[BurnettminmHainingm262].mm
Macdonald`smLewmArchermresemblesmmoremthemstylemofmHammettmandmChandler .mThem
descriptionmofmfightsmismmorem‘real’mandmcredible;mitmismdescribedmwit houtmanymemotions,masm
objectivelymasmsomeonembeingmbeatenmcanmdescribemit.mShootingmismreducedmandmthe m
detectivemratherm‘collects’mgunsmfrommhismenemies.mFamousmwisecracksma remalsomused.m
Macdonald`smLewmArchermstoriesmdifferminmthempresencemofmcomplicate dmrelationshipsm
betweenmparentsmandmtheirmchildren.mThemgenerationmgapmcanmbemalsomfoundminm“Them
SingingmPigeon”m[1953]mwhenmamlostmdaughter,mEllamSalanda,mcomesmbackmhomemtomherm
fathermbutmbringsmcrimemandmgangstersmwithmher.mLewmArchermshowsmtombemsympa theticm
andmhelpsmthemdaughtermandmhermfathermtomgetmclosermagain.mm
Bellem`smDanmTurnermandmSpillane`smMikemHammermcouldmalsombemcompar ed.mDanm
TurnermseemsmlikemthempredecessormofmMikemHammer,mbeingmlessmoutrageousma ndm
misogynic.mBellemmusesmnaturalisticmdescriptionsmandmscenesmrightmfrommthe mbeginningmofm
hism“DeadmMan`smHead”m[1935]mwheremhemstartsmwithmthemdescriptionmofmamheadmcutmoffmam
deadmbody.m„Otevřelmjsemmbalíčekmamdomklínamsemmimskutálelamlidskámhlava.mM užskámhlavam
–msmdíroumpomkulcemmezimočima.“m[BellemminmHainingm116].mTurnermevenmbringsmamwomanm
tomthemheadmandmshowsmitmtomhermasmitmwasmsomethingmcommon.mBothmBellemmandmSpillanem
usemrudemcommentsmtowardsmwomenminmtheirmshortmstoriesmandmtheirmdetectivesmdomnot m

m 21m mbothermwithmremainingmcold.mMoremthanmonemlovemaffairmandmsexualmscenemappearsminm theirm
stories.mm
1.5 RAYMOND CHANDLER AND DASHIELL HAMMETT
m
BothmHammettmandmChandlermgotmtomwritingmaftermvariousmjobmexperiences.mC handler,m
formexample,mexperiencedmthemworkmofmamclerk,mshopmassistant,maccountant,msoldi ermormworkm
atmanmoilmsyndicatem[Hineym40,55],mwheremhemgatheredmamlotmofmappealingmexperiences .mItmism
absurdmthatmtwomgreatestmauthorsmofmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmstartedmth eirmcareermasm
authorsmofmfictionmonlyminmtheirmlatemthirties.mHammettmexperiencedmmanymvar iousmkindsmofm
jobsmbutmonemthatminfluencedmhismlatermliterarymworkmmostmwasmhismjobma tmPinkertonm
detectivemagencym[Škvoreckým69].mHemexperiencedmthemworkmofmamdetectivemandmthatm
probablymledmhimmtomdescribemthemprocessmofmdetectionminmsommanymdetailsmandmi nmsuchmam
realisticmway.mThismismhismusemofmdetailedmandmexactmdescriptionmofmsearchi ngmamflat,m
provingmHammett`smknowledgemofmpolicemwork: mm
Inmthemgirl`smapartmentmhemswitchedmonmallmthemlights.mHemsearchedmthempla cemfrommwallm
tomwall.mHismeyesmandmthickmfingersmmovedmwithoutmapparentmhaste,mandmwithoutmeverm
lingeringmormfumblingmormgoingmback,mfrommoneminchmofmtheirmfieldsmtomthemnext,m
probing,mscrutinizing,mtestingmwithmexpertmcertainty.mEverymdrawer,mcupboard,m
cubbyhole,mbox,mbag,mtrunkm–mlockedmormunlockedm–mwasmopenedmandmitsmcontentsm
subjectedmtomexaminationmbymeyesmandmfingers.mEverympiecemofmclothingmwasmteste dmbym
handsmthatmfeltmformtelltalembulgesmandmearsmthatmlistenedmformthemcrinkl emofmpaperm
betweenmpressingmfingers.mHemstrippedmthembedmofmbedclothes.mHemlookedmundermrugsm
andmatmthemundermsidemofmeachmpiecemofmfurniture.mHempulledmdownmblindsmtomseemt hatm
nothingmhadmbeenmrolledmupminmthemmformconcealment.mHemleanedmthroughmwindowsmtom
seemthatmnothingmhungmbelowmthemmonmthemoutside.mHempokedmwithmamforkmintompowderm
andmcream,jarsmonmthemdressing,table.mHemheldmatomizersmandmbottlesmupmaga instmthem
light.mHemexaminedmdishesmandmpansmandmfoodmandmfood,containers.mHememptiedmthem
garbage,canmonmspreadmsheetsmofmnewspaper.mHemopenedmthemtopmofmthemflush,boxminm
thembathroom,mdrainedmthembox,mandmpeeredmdownmintomit.mHemexaminedmandmtestedmthem
metalmscreensmovermthemdrainsmofmbathtub,mwash,bowl,msink,mandmlaundry,tub.m[MFm87 ,
8]m
m
ItmismobviousmthatmHammettmwasmfamiliarmwithmthempolicemprocedure.mHe mdescribesminm
detailsmweremexactlymtomlookmandmwhatmandmhowmexactlymtomexamine.mSuchmexactnessmism
raremamongmothermhard,boiledmauthors.mm
RaymondmChandler`smfirstmliterarymambitionsmweremsolelympoeticmandmintell ectual.m
HineyminformsmthatmhemwasmgreatlyminfluencedmbymhismstayminmBritainmandmespeci allymbymhism
studiesmatmampublicmschoolmnearmLondonmcalledmDulwichmCollege.mHemstartedmhi smstudiesm
thereminm1900mandmstudiedmclassicmliteraturemamongmothermsubjects.mHemwasmgreat lym

m 22m minfluencedmbymhismheadmaster,mA.mH.mGilkes,mwhomtaughtmhimmtomesteemmtradition,mmainlym
Britishmtradition,mdisciplinemandmmoralsm[20,22].mSuchmfeaturesmcanmbemdepicte dminmhism
mostmfamousmcharacter,mPhilipmMarlowe.m
Chandler`smliterarymstylemcompletelymchangedmitsmcharactermduemtomthemFir stmWorldm
War.mHineyminformsmthatmChandlermjoinedmthemCanadianmarmymandmfoughtminmFrancem
where,minmJunem1918,mhemexperiencedmandmsurvivedmbombingminmtrenches.mHemsustainedm
concussionmandmgreatmphysicalmpainm[47,8].mThismexperiencemchangedmbothmhismper sonalm
lifemandmhismwriting.mHemstartedmdrinkingmwhichmappearedminmhismstoriesmandmnove lsmverym
often.mHineymshowsmChandler`smdescriptionmofmhismexperiencemwithmalcohol:m“Jakomm ladým
mužmvmRAFmjsemmsemněkdymzlinkovalmtak,mžemjsemmdompostelemmuselmdoléztmpomčtyřech,m am
ránomjsemmsemvmpůlmosmémprobudilmsmlehkoummyslímjakomptáčekmamhulákal,mkdemmám m
snídani.m…”m[48].mAsmthemauthormofmMarlowe`smnovelsmChandlermseemsmevenmlessmopenm
andmnaturalistic:m“Thenmhempickedmthemglassmupmandmtastedmitmandmsighedmagainmandms hookm
hismheadmsidewaysmwithmamhalfmsmile;mthemwaymammanmdoesmwhenmyoumgivemhimmamdrinkmandm
hemneedsmitmverymbadlymandmitmismjustmrightmandmthemfirstmswallowmismlikemam peekmintomam
cleaner,msunnier,mbrightermworld.”m[HWm1068]mm
ThembombingmChandlermexperiencedmnaturallyminfluencedmhismliterarymstyle mandmhem
latermusedmdetailedmandmnaturalisticmdescriptionsmofmfights.mHineymshowsmhowmChandler m
firstmdescribedmthembombing:mm
Dělostřeleckýmpřepadm
Útokmzačalmprudčejimnežmobvykle.mPlamenemmsvíčkympřilepenémnampřilběmzat řáslomněcom
horšíhomnežmprůvan.mKrysymzampaženímmzákopumztichly.mUnavenýmmužmbymtomalem
prospal.mZačalmsimpovolovatmovinovačkumnamlevémnoze.mKdosimněcomzařvalmumvchodumam
paprsekmelektrickémsvítilnymzatápalmpomkluzkých,mvápnemmnatřenýchmschůdkách.mKdyžm
odhrnulmšpinavoumdeku,msloužícímjakomprotiplynovýmzávěs,mmohutnostmdělostřelbymhom
jakomklacekmpraštilamdomzátylku.mPlazilmsempodélmstěnymzákopu,mzmdetonacímmumbylomna m
zvracení.mZdálomsemmu,mžemjemsámmuprostředmvesmírumvyplněnéhomneuvěřitelněm
brutálnímmhlukem…m[49]m
m
WemcanmseemthatmdespitemthemhorrormofmhismexperiencemChandlermkeepsmhismdis tancemandm
usesmhumormandmfocusesmrathermonmdetails.mLatermChandlermusedmhismexperiencemtomdes cribem
fightsmbetweenmMarlowemandmhismenemies,me.g.minmhismshortmstorym“TroublemIsmMym
Business”:mm
Imlookedmbackmatmhermwithmamleer.mThatmwasmammistake.mHemwasmwild,mprobably,m butmhem
couldmstillmhitmamwallmthatmdidn`tmjump.mHemhitmmemwhilemImwasmlookingmbackmover mmym
shoulder.mItmhurtsmtombemhitmthatmway.mHemhitmmemplentymhard,monmthembackmendmofmthem
jawbone.mm

m 23m mImwentmovermsideways,mtriedmtomspreadmmymlegs,mandmslidmonmthemsilkmrug.mImdidmamnosem
divemsomewheremormothermandmmymheadmwasmnotmasmhardmasmthempiecemofmfurnituremitm
smashedminto.mm
FormambriefmblurredmmomentmImsawmhismredmfacemsneeringmdownmatmmeminmtriumph.mI m
thinkmImwasmamlittlemsorrymformhimm–mevenmthen.m
DarknessmfoldedmdownmandmImwentmout.m[528]m
m
Chandlermkeepsmusingmhyperbolesminmordermtommakemthemfightmlessmseriousmandmperha psmtom
makemthemreadermlessmsympatheticmwithmMarlowe.mItmismMarlowe`smfatem tombembeatenmupm
loadsmofmtimes.mMoreover,mMarlowemblacksmoutmverymoftenmwhichmresemblesmthemter riblem
Chandler`smexperiencemofmbombing.mItmalsomshowsmusmhowmshockingmandmunforgettablemt hem
experiencemwasmformChandler.mm
Chandler`smfirstmliterarymexperiencemwithmfictionmwasminm BlackSMask mwheremhemfirstm
publishedmhismhard,boiledmdetectivemstories.mHemconsideredmwritingmsuchmstor iesmgoodmwaym
ofmearningmsomemmoneymandmhemappreciatedmthemliterarymstylematmthemsamemtimema smhem
mentionedminmhismlettermtomHamishmHamilton:m“…mThismwasminmthemgreatmdaysmofmthem BlackS
Mask m[ifmImmaymcallmthemmgreatmdays]mandmitmstruckmmemthatmsomemofmthemwritingmwas mprettym
forcefulmandmhonest,mevenmthoughmitmhadmitsmcrudemaspect.mImdecidedmthatmthismmightmbema m
goodmwaymtomtrymtomlearnmtomwritemfictionmandmgetmpaidmamsmallmamountmofmmoneymatmthem
samemtime.m…”m[1040,1].mChandlermtookmhismwritingmseriouslymandmhemunderstoodmitmasmam
processmofmlearningmthatmmustmbemimprovedmonmeverymoccasion.mHemwasmgreatlymins piredm
andminfluencedmbymthemworkmofmHammettmandmGardner.mm
However,mthemstylemofmChandlermandmHammettmdiffersminmmanymways.mHammettm
focusedmmainlymonmthemobjectivitymandmdetailedmandmrealisticmdescriptionsmofmthems etting,m
charactersmandmthemprocessmofmdetection.mHemlaidmthemfoundationsmofmamnewmliteraryms tylem
butmitmwasmChandlermwhomembellishedmandmaccomplishedmthemnewmstyle.mChandlermwas mam
talentedmwritermwhosemambitionsmweremtomwritemhighmliterature,mpoetrym[H ineym31,2].mButm
despitemallmthismhemexcelledmandmbecamemfamousmthanksmtomhismdetectivemfictio nmwhichmwasm
consideredmlowmliterature.mHemusedmhismtalentmformwritingmandmaddedmdeepermfeat ures.m
Chandlermintroducedmmoremdetailedmandmpoeticmdescriptions,mmoremelaboratemandm
sophisticatedmcharacters,mhemevenmfocusedmrathermonmthemmainmheromthanmonmthemacti onmandm
plot.mm
Moreover,masmŠkvoreckýmsuggests,mChandlermputmphilosophicalmdimensionmintomthem
toughmstoriesm[80].mHemletmPhilmMarlowemuttermhismphilosophicalmreflecti onsmaboutmlifem
usuallymatmthemendmofmthemnovel,mtogethermwithmhismsolitarymdenouements:m“Whatmdidmitm
mattermwheremyoumlaymoncemyoumweremdead?mInmamdirtymsumpmorminmammarblemtowermonmtopm

m 24m mofmamhighmhill?mYoumweremdead,myoumweremsleepingmthembigmsleep,myoumweremnotmbotheredm
bymthingsmlikemthat.mOilmandmwatermweremthemsamemasmwindmandmairmtomyou.mYoumjustmsle ptm
thembigmsleep,mnotmcaringmaboutmthemnastinessmofmhowmyoumdiedmormwheremyoumfell.mMe,mIm
wasmpartmofmthemnastinessmnow.m…”m[BSm164]mAtmthemsamemtimemhemexplainsmthemtit lemofmthem
novel,mTheSBigSSleep ,masmwell.mThembigmsleepmismthemdeath.mm
Yet,mHammett`smandmChandler`smnovelsmhavemalsomamlotminmcommon.mBothmauthorsmusem
wisecracksmallmthemtime.mChandlermembellishedmthemmthanksmtomhismtalentmform poetics:m
“‘Twomcoffees,’mImsaid.m‘Black,mstrong,mandmmademthismyear.’”m[BSm104]mHemusedmblac km
humormasmwell.mChandler`smwisecracksmusedminmhismlatermnovel,m TheSHighSWindow ,maremam
bitmtougher,mmoremsarcasticmandmmoremorientedmonmthemcriticismmofmcops:m“‘Y oumboysmarem
asmcutemasmamcouplemofmlostmgolfmballs,’mImsaid.m[Marlowemtomcops]”m[1113]m m
WhenmwemlookmatmHammett`smandmChandler`smnovelsmwemnoticemthempresencemofm
amoralitymofmtheirmprivatemeyes.mWemcannotmbemsuremwhethermthemdetectivesm aremgoingmtom
staymatmthemrightmsidemofmthemlawmormwhethermtheymswitchmovermtomthemsidemofmcrime.mI nm
Hammett`smnovelm TheSMalteseSFalcon mhismdetective,mSammSpade,mpretendsmtomjoinmthem
gangstersmbutmhemismnotmreallymsuremwhethermhemshouldmhavemturnedmbackmtomthemright mside.m
Finally,mhemrendersmthemcriminalmtompolicembutmwemcanmfollowmhismdoubtfulmthoughts .m
ŠkvoreckýmnotesmthatmitmmaymresemblemMickeymSpillane`smstylemandmhismdetec tivemMikem
Hammerm[77,8].mHammer`smandmSpade`smroughnessmandmdeterminationmtomtakemthemlawminm
theirmownmhandsmismsomethingmthatmjoinsmthem.mHammettmshowsmthemamoralitymofmthem
detectiveminmhismshortmstorym“ThemGoldenmHorseshoe”mwheremhismanonymousmdetectivem
finallymsendsmthemcriminalmtomprisonmformsomethingmhemdidmnotmcommit.mDetective`s m
solutionmismbasedmonmthemfactmthatmthemcriminalmcommittedmcrimesmhemcannotmb emconvictedm
of.mm
Spillanembringsmthemideamofmamoralitymfurthermand,maccordingmtomŠkvorecký,mdevel opsm
somcalledmliterarymAmericanmfascismm[92,3].mSomethingmsimilarmbutmnotmsomstr ongmcanmbem
foundmagainminmHammett`smfictionmandminmChandler`smnovelsmasmwell.mDennismPortermca llsm
itmmoralmambiguity m[99]mandmhemmeansmthemunfinishedmendmofmthemnovels.mPortermmentionsm
Hammett`sm RedSHarvest mandmthemdenouementmwhichmismnotmsomclearlymandmunambiguouslym
solved:m“AlthoughmthemOpmhasmaccomplishedmhismmissionmofmcleansingmthemtownmofmthem
goonsmandmhoodlumsmwhomhadmoriginallymbeenmbroughtminmasmstrike,breakers,mthem
corrosivempoliticalmpowermofmthemmine,ownermhimselfmhasmnotmbeenmbroken.”m[P orterm99].m
SimilarmambiguitymcanmbemfoundminmChandler`smshortmstorym“TroublemIsmMymBusine ss”m
wheremthem‘head’mthatmledmthemmurderermtomkill,moldmMr.mJeter,mismnotmaccusedm asmhemhasmam

m 25m mstrokemandmgoesmmentallymdisabled.mWhenmwemlookmatmChandler`smnovels,me.g.m TheSHighS
Window ,mthemdenouementmcanmbemconsideredmambiguousmasmwell.mMarlowemrevealsmthatm
onemofmthemmurderersmismhismclient`smson,mMr.mMurdock,mbutmconcealsmitmasmitmwoul dmnotmbem
loyalmofmhim.mMurdocksmaremkeptmoutmofmtheminvestigationmandmpolice.mm
mmm
m
m
m
m
m

m 26m mm
2. LITERARY ANALYSIS
2.1 MODERNIST CONCEPTION OF DETECTIVE FICTION
m
Thembestmexamplesmofmpopularmliteraturemaremhard,boiledmdetectivemf iction,msciencem
fictionmandmromance.mTombemablemtomunderstandmthemprinciplemofmhard,boile dmfictionmitmism
necessarymtomdistinguishmthemdifferencembetweenmpopularmandmhighmliterat ure.mHighg
literature mismanalyzedmbymnumerousmliterarymcriticsmandmismconsideredmvaluable,m
intellectualmandmartistic.mTomgraspmthemmessagemitmismverymoftenmnecess arymtombemwell,
educated,mparticularlyminmliterature,mandmtomanalyzemthemtextmproperl y.mHighmliteraturemism
usuallymunderstoodmaftermdecades,mbutmitmlastsmformcenturies.mOnmthemothermhand,m popularg
literature mprovidesminformationmwithoutmcomplicatedmcodesmandmsymbols,mthemmessagemism
perfectlymavailablemandmitmhasmdirectmeffects.mPopularmliteratur emdoesmnotmexperiment.mItm
usesmwell,provenmstereotypesmandmpopularmhappymendings.mItmasksmquestionsmandmalsom
givesmanswers,mwhereasmhighmliteraturemdoesmnotmgivemanswersmandmitmismthemrea dermwhom
hasmtomanswermthemquestions.mMoreover,mpopularmliteraturemismavailablema ndmaffordablemform
themreadersmasmitmismprintedmonmcheapmpapermandmpublishedminmcheapmmaga zinesmandm
paperbacks.mHowever,msometimesmitmismpossiblemtommixmupmpopular mandmhighmliteraturembym
usingmspecificmliterarymfeaturesmasme.g.minmChadler`smnovels.m m
Hard,boiledmschoolmofmdetectivemfictionmismconnectedmmainlymwithmmodernistm
movement.mProfessormJohnmLyempointsmoutmsomem modernistgattributes minmthismkindmofm
fictionm[Lyem“SomemAttributesmofmModernistmLiterature”].mStylisticminnovat ionsmusedmtom
breakmtraditionalmconceptionsminfluencedmthembasicmconceptionmofmhard,boiledmfi ction.mItm
originatedmbymviolatingmtraditionalmconceptionmofmdetectivemfictionmandmitmviolat edmthem
traditionalmrulesmofmdetectionmasmwell.mThemattributemofmreferencesmtomea rliermliteraturemism
alsomthembasismofmhard,boiledmfictionmasmitmusesmthemstereotypes.m‘Per spectivism’musedminm
modernismmrefersmtomindividualismmthatmdifferentiatedmhard,boiledmfictionmbymt hemusemofm
themfirstmperson.mNomlongermismitmthemnarratormwhomtellsmthemstory,mbutmitm ismusuallymthemmainm
hero.mThemprivatemdetectivemusuallymintroducesmhimselfmtomthemreaderminmordermt ombecomem
moremfamiliarmandmtrustworthy.mm
Itmwasmaboutmelevenmo`clockminmthemmorning,mmidmOctober,mwithmthemsunmnotmshiningm
andmamlookmofmhardmwetmrainminmthemclearnessmofmthemfoothills.mImwasmwearingmmym
powder,bluemsuit,mwithmdarkmbluemshirt,mtiemandmdisplaymhandkerchief,mblackmb rogues,m
blackmwoolmsocksmwithmdarkmbluemclocksmonmthem.mImwasmneat,mclean,mshavedmandm

m 27m msober,mandmImdidn`tmcaremwhomknewmit.mImwasmeverythingmthemwell,dressedmpriva tem
detectivemoughtmtombe.m…m[Chandler,mBSm3]m
m
Themreadermexperiencesmthemscenemfrommthemdetective`smpointmofmviewmandmt heymcanmfollowm
hismthoughtsmandmemotionsmasmwell.mm
Anothermattributemofmmodernismmismimpressionism,mfocusmonmthemprocessmofmpe rceptionm
andmthemimpressionsmthatmfollow.mRaymondmChandlermusedmimpressionismminmamwaym bym
whichmhemdistinguishedmhimselfmfrommothermhard,boiledmauthors.mHemfocusedmmainlymonm
hismprivatemeye,mhismthoughts,memotionsmandmimpressionsmandmexpressedmthemminms arcasticm
andmsometimesmevenmcynicalmway.mMarlowe`smdescriptionmofmamprivatemclubmta kenmfromm
TheSHighSWindow mismremarkable:mm
Amlotmofmlightmandmglitter,mamlotmofmscenery,mamlotmofmclothes,mamlotmofmsound,m…mYoum
couldmjustmmanagemtomwalkmonmthemcarpetmwithoutmwaders.m…mAtmthementrancemtomthem
diningmroommamchubbymcaptainmofmwaitersmstoodmnegligentlym…mHemhadmthemsortmofmfacem
thatmcanmturnmfrommampolitemsimpermtomcold,bloodedmfurymalmostmwithoutmmovingmam
muscle.m[1082,3]mm
m
Themconceptionmofmlanguagemismanmimportantmfeaturemtakenmfrommmodernistm
movement,masmProfessormLyemhighlights.mItmismcomplex,m‘thick’mandmitminvolvesmvariou sm
forces,mwhichmcanmbemunderstoodmasmthemusemofmvarietiesmofmEnglishmasmwellmasmthemuse mofm
ambiguities,minsinuationsmormwisecracks.m
Themattributemofminnermpsychologicalmrealitymcouldmbemfoundminmthemprivatemeye mhimselfm
andmitmgoesmbackmtomimpressionismmwithmhero`smthoughtsmandmemotions.mChandlerm
intellectualizedmhard,boiledmfictionmwhenmhemgavemMarlowemphilosophicalm questionsm
aboutmthemsensemofmlifemandmhismownmexistence.mMarlowe`smambiguousmfeelingsmofm
lonelinessmandmpersistencemofmhismjob`smresultsminm TheSHighSWindow maremstraightforwardm
whenmhem‘cured’myoungmMerlemandmbroughtmhermbackmtomhermfamily:m“Imhadmamfunnym
feelingsmasmImsawmthemhousemdisappear,masmthoughmImhadmwrittenmampoemmandmitmwasmve rym
goodmandmImhadmlostmitmandmwouldmnevermremembermitmagain.”m[1174,5]mThismismonemofmthem
momentsmwhenmpopularmandmhighmliteraturemmixmupmandmcreatemsomethingmnew,mvaluabl em
andmlasting.mm
Themattributemofmusemofmpsychologymdrawsmthemattentionmtompsychoanalysis.mItmismus edm
manymtimesmwhenmthemprivatemdetectivemanalyzesmthemcharactermofmthemculpr itminmordermtom
revealmandmcapturemthem.mThemattributemofmthemexistencemofmopenmormambiguousmendingsm ism
strikingmparticularlyminmHammett`sm RedSHarvest ,mormChandler`smshortmstorym“TroublemIsm
MymBusiness”mormnovelm TheSHighSWindow .mm

m 28m mThemlastmattributemofmmodernismmworthmmentioningmismthemcritiquemofmthemtradi tionalm
culturalmvaluesmthatmcouldmbemshiftedmtomthemcritiquemofmAmericanmdream.mHowe ver,mitmism
notmthemprivilegemofmhard,boiledmfiction.mm
Popularmliteraturemismspecificmformitsmusemofmtwomtypesmofm stereotypes .mFirst,m
stereotypesmborrowedmfrommhighmliterature.mSecond,mstereotypesmcreat edmwithinmeachm
specificmgenre.mPrimarily,mImwouldmlikemtomlookmclosermatmthemstereotypes mofmhighmliterature.m
Popularmliteraturemtookmsomemborrowingsmfrommdifferentmliterarymmovement smandmforms.m
Suchmamborrowingmofmdifferentmformsmismalsomcalledm‘pastiche’.mItmismonemofmthe musedm
devicesmofmmodernistmliterature.mRomanticmstereotypesminfluencedmespecial lymthem
descriptionmofmhero.mInmromanticismmitmismthemindividualmthatmismfocused .mItmismthemselfmandm
themfeelingsmthatmaremhighlightedminmthemstereotypes.mThemmainmhero,mi.e.mthemse lfm
conception,mismlonely;mthemreadermcanmfollowmhismfeelings.mHemismverymoftenmanmoutsi der,mhem
hasmnomormfewmfriends,mnomfamily,mnomlovemaffairsmandmhemismperceivedmandmunderstoodm
onlymviamhismwork.mThemconceptionmofmlovemismromanticmasmwell.mThemstereotypemofm
platonicmlovemismtakenmfrommromanticismmbutmhard,boiledmfictionmgoesmfurther .mAuthorsm
usemtoughmandmstraightforwardmhintsmwithmsexualmhiddenmmeaning;mhowever,mthemherom
keepsmromanticmformulamandmmostlymresistsmattractivemandmsexymwomen.mThempr ivatem
detectivemcouldmbemcomparedmtomamknight.mHemfights,mliterally,mformjustice,mformt hemtruth,mhem
protectsmthemweakmandmhuntsmthembad,mwhichmsometimesmmeansmthemrich.mMarlowe minmTheS
HighSWindow mevenmhelpsmamweakmandmabusedmwoman.mChandlermexplainsmMarlowe`sm
job`smaimsmandmcomparesmthemmtomthemaimsmandmresultsmofmthemworkmofmpolice:mm
‘Untilmyoumguysmownmyourmownmsoulsmyoumdon`tmownmmine.mUntilmyoumguysmcanmbem
trustedmeverymtimemandmalways,minmallmtimesmandmconditions,mtomseekmthemtruthmoutmandm
findmitmandmletmthemchipsmfallmwheremtheymmaym–muntilmthatmtimemcomes,mImhavemamri ghtmtom
listenmtommymconscience,mandmprotectmmymclientmthembestmwaymImcan.mUntilm I`mmsuremyoum
won`tmdomhimmmoremharmmthanmyou`llmdomthemtruthmgood.mOrmuntilmI`mmhauledmbeforem
somebodymthatmcanmmakemmemtalk.’m[1072]mmm
m
Othermimportantmstereotypesmweremtakenmfrommrealism.mMostminfluential mismthem
conceptionmofmplace,mtimemandmlanguage.mHard,boiledmfictionmismnotablemformthem
descriptionmofmplace,mthemrealmworldmaroundmus,mexteriormworld.mItmfocusesmonmdetai ledm
descriptionminmordermtommakemthemnarrativemasmrealmandmcrediblemasmpossib le.mItmspecializesm
entirelymonmthemWestmcoastmofmthemUnitedmStatesmandmitsmurbanmenvironmentmofmbigmci ties.m
InmthemdescriptionmofmHollywoodmandmitsmatmospheremChandlermdepicts mbothmrealisticm
focusmonmrealmdetailsmandmromanticmdistortionmofmrealitymbymdetective`smfeeli ngs:mm

m 29m mThemrushingmsoundmofmthemtrafficmhadmdiedmamlittlemandmthemairmfrommthemopenm
window,mnotmyetmcoolmfrommthemnight,mhadmthatmtiredmend,of,the,daymsmellmofmdust,m
automobilemexhaust,msunlightmrisingmfrommhotmwallsmandmsidewalks,mthemremotem
smellmofmfoodminmamthousandmrestaurants,mandmperhaps,mdriftingmdownmfrommthem
residentialmhillsmabovemHollywoodm–mifmyoumhadmamnosemlikemamhuntingmdogm–mam
touchmofmthatmpeculiarmtomcatmsmellmthatmeucalyptusmtreesmgivemoffminmwarmm
weather.m[HWm1055]m
m
Chandlermnevermforgetsmtomaddmamhintmofmsarcasmmandmwit.mThemusemofmtimemism
chronological,masmthemprocessmofmdetective`smworkmfollows.mRealisticmappro achmmademusem
ofmcommonmlanguagemofmcommonmpeople.mThemsamemcanmbemappliedmtomhard,boiledm
fiction.mAsmthemprivatemdetectivemismamprototypemofmamcommonmmiddle,clas smman,mhemusesm
commonmlanguage,mvernacularmandmgreatmamountmofmslangmexpressions .mm
Regionalism,mbranchmofmrealism,mismalsomreflectedminmhard,boiledmfiction.mW estmcoastmism
typicalminmhard,boiledmfictionmandmsomemauthors,mamongmthemmChandler,mfocusmmainlymonm
LosmAngeles.mChandlermdescribesmnotmonlymthemgeneralmatmosphere,mbutmalsomrea lmnamesm
ofmstreetsmandmdistricts.mSometimesmitmismdifficultmtomdistinguishmbe tweenmamrealmnamemofmam
streetmandmthemfictitiousmone.m“4212mCabrillomStreet,mMontemarmVista”m[193]mis mthemplacem
wheremLindsaymMarriottmlivedmandm“615mCahuengamBuilding,mHollywood”m[237]mismthem
placemwheremMarlowemhadmhismoffice,mbothminm Farewell,SMySLovely .mAsmAlanmM.mPavlikm
[“JustmAbovemSunset”]mclaims,mthemlattermaddressmismactuallymthemaddres smofmthemPacificm
SecuritymBank.mm
Anothermcommonmfeaturemofmregionalismmandmhard,boiledmfictionmismthatmthemstori esm
aremsetminmcontemporarymtimemandmthemspeechmismthatmofmcommonmpeople.mThemf ollowingm
extractmprovesmthemcontemporaneitymofmChandler`smnovelm TheSHighSWindow masmitmshowsm
themdatemwhenmthemnovelmwasmwritten:m“‘Vannier`smbeenmblackmailingmyoumformab outmeightm
years,mhasn`tmhe?mOnmaccountmofmsomethingmthatmhappenedmonmAprilm26 th ,m1933?’”m[1155]m
Whenmwemaddmthemmentionedmeightmyearsmofmblackmailingmtom1933,mwemgetm1941,mwhichmism
probablymthemyearmwhenmChandlermwasmwritingmhismnovelmasmitmwasmpublishe dminm1942.mm
Naturalismmalsombroughtmsomemofmitsmfeaturesmtomhard,boiledmfiction.mNa turalisticm
stereotypesmofmusingmpeoplemfrommthembottommofmsocietymasmthemheroesmcanmb emfollowedminm
everymhard,boiledmdetectivemstory.mCriminals,mgamblersmormalcoholicsmaremt hemmostm
frequentlymusedmcharacters.mThemmostmdisgustingmcharactermismamdrunkenmwomanm
alcoholic,mMrs.mJessiemFlorian,minm Farewell,SMySLovely :m“Hermeyesmstayedmonmthembottle.m
Suspicionmfoughtmwithmthirst,mandmthirstmwasmwinning.m…mImpouredmhermamslugmthatmwouldm
havemmademmemfloatmovermamwall.mShemreachedmformitmhungrilymandmputmitmdownmhermthroatm

m 30m mlikemanmaspirinmtabletmandmlookedmatmthembottle.”m[184,5]mChandlermalsomusedmamlot mofmluridm
detailedmdescriptionsmofmhumanmnastinessmandmmurders.m“Hemstuckmhismlittlemfinge rminmhism
earmandmworkedmitmaroundmandmbroughtmitmoutmwithmamlittlemdarkmwaxmonmit.mHemwipedmitmoffm
casuallymonmhismcoat.”m[HWm1032]mNaturalismmalsombroughtmthemideamofmviolencemusedmandm
particularlymdescribedminmdetails.mm
m Finally,mitmismlikelymtomgombackmtomonemofmthemmodernistmstereotypes,mthemusemofm
psychologymandmespeciallympsychoanalysis.mThembasicmandmvitalmfeaturemofmdet ectivem
fictionminmgeneral,mthemdenouementmandmrevealingmculprit`smheart,mismonemofmthem
psychoanalyticmdevices,mthem“re,narratizationmofmamperson`smlife”m[Lye ,m
http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/4F70/psychlit.html].mAtmthemendmofmever ym
detectivemstorymthemdetectivemcomesmoutmwithmthemsolutionmandmhemusuallymrevealsmt hem
culprit`smmotives.mItmismanothermpsychoanalyticmfeature,mthemfocusmonmmoti ves,mparticularlym
onmhiddenmones.mSurprisingly,minterpretationmofmdreamsmalsomappearsminmsomemhard,boil edm
detectivemnovels.mInmChandler`sm Farewell,SMySLovely mMarlowe,mwhomhasmbeenmforcedmtom
takemdrugs,mfallsmintomhismworldmofmdreamsmandmdescribesmhismvisionmofmbeingm“am pink,
headedmbugmcrawlingmupmthemsidemofmthemCitymHall”m[353].mThemcomparisonmtomambugm
appearsminmthemnovelmatmleastmthreemtimesmandmitmismleftmupmtomthemreade rmtomrealizemwhatm
hiddenmmeaningmcouldmbemrevealed.mmm
ProfessormJohnmLyem[“PsychoanalysismandmLiterature”]mclaimsmthatmpsychoana lysism
dealsmalsomwithmpoeticmandmliterarymelements,msuchmasmmetaphormandmmetonymy.m
MetaphorsmaremwidelymusedmbymChandler,mwhichmismalsominfluencedmbymhismliterar ymandm
poeticmtalent.mHemdescribesmsmokemasm“amgreymwebmwovenmbymamthousandmspiders”m[280] minm
Farewell,SMySLovely .mm
m Themspecificmgenremstereotypesmofmhard,boiledmfictionmaremmainlymurbanm
environment,mcontemporarymtimemtogethermwithmsocialmcriticismmandmthemfactmthat mthem
authorsmstemmedmfrommthemobjectivemjournalists,mmuckrakers.mThemmostmfre quentlymusedm
literarymdevicesmaremtechnologymofmfilmmcut,mobjectivity,mactionmandmtoughmplotmandm
language.mThemmostmfrequentmtopicsmaremviolence,malcohol,mpoliticalmandmpolic emcorruptionm
andmorganizedmcrime.mm
m Finally,mImwouldmlikemtomfocusmonmanmissuemidentifiedmbymŠkvoreckým[89]mand,mofm
course,mbymChandlermhimself,mthemdilemmamofmrealism,mwhichmwasmdescribedminm
Chandler`sm TheSSimpleSArtSofSMurder .mm
Imsupposemthemprincipalmdilemmamofmthemtraditionalmormclassicmorms traight,deductivem
ormlogic,and,deductionmnovelmofmdetectionmismthatmformanymapproachmtomperfectionmitm

m 31m mdemandsmamcombinationmofmqualitiesmnotmfoundminmthemsamemmind.mThemcool,
headedmconstructionistmdoesmnotmalsomcomemacrossmwithmlivelymcharacters,msharp m
dialogue,mamsensemofmpacemandmanmacutemusemofmobservedmdetail.mThemgrimmlogicianm
hasmasmmuchmatmospheremasmamdrawing,board.mThemscientificmsleuthmhasmamnice mnewm
shinymlaboratory,mbutmI`mmsorrymImcan`tmremembermthemface.mThemfellowmwhomcanm
writemyoumamvividmandmcolorfulmprosemsimplymwon`tmbembotheredmwithmthemcooliem
labormofmbreakingmdownmunbreakablemalibis.m[979,80]mm
m
Chandlermtriesmtomexplainmthatminmordermtommakemdetectivemstorymbothmcredibl emandm
attractive,mitmismnecessarymtomusemjustmthemrightm‘amount’mofmlogicmandmreal ismmasmwellmasm
vividmdescriptionmofmatmospheremandmcharacters.mWhenmthemauthormfabricatesmthems torym
withmtoommuchmimagination,mtheymcouldmspoilmitmbymmakingmthemstorymincrediblemandmt hem
plotmbreakable.mŠkvoreckýmsuggestsmtomusem‘Dickensmrealism’mwhichmismammixture mofm
criticalmrealismmandmromanticmillusionismm[137].mWhenmHammettmintroduc esmthemrealm
criticalmrealism,mChandlermusesmhismpoeticmtalentmandmaddsmthemromanti cmillusionistm
dimensionmwhichmmakesmhismnovelsmunforgettable.mHammettmdefendsmhismrealisticmp ointmofm
viewminmhism SuggestionsStoSDetectiveSStorySWriters mwheremheminsistsmonmwriters`mlearningm
atmleastmsomethingmaboutmthemsubjectmtheymaremwritingmaboutm[910].mChandlermnotmonlym
defendsmHammettminmhismessaym TheSSimpleSArtSofSMurder mbutmhemalsomsketchesmthemidealm
detectivemandmthemworldmrealisticmwritermshouldmwritemaboutm[991,2].mm
m
2.2 LANGUAGE OF HARDBOILED DETECTIVE FICTION
m
Themhard,boiledmschoolmofmdetectivemfictionmisminfluencedmbymsomemrealist icm
stereotypesmandmthatmismwhymthemauthorsmusemrealmlanguagemofmcommonmpeople.mT hemmostm
famousmstylemofmusingmandmformingmlanguagemintomsomcalledm wisecracks mwasmprimarilym
introducedmandmflourishedmbymRaymondmChandler.mSuchmclevermwittymremarksmaremusuall ym
utteredmbymPhilmMarlowe.mHowever,mitmdoesmnotmmeanmothermhard,boiledmauthorsmdomnotm
trymtomusemwisecracks.mDashiellmHammettmmakesmanmattemptminmhismnovelm TheSMalteseS
Falcon :m“‘Peoplemlosemteethmtalkingmlikemthat.’”m[91]mSammSpademdiffersmfrommM arloweminm
manymwaysmandmonemofmthemmismhismmannermofmspeaking.mSpademismnotmsomwitty,mhemismmuchm
harder.mMarlowemkeepsmhismwitmandmfrivolitymevenmthoughmhemhasmbeenmattacked:m“‘Allm
right,’mImyelled.m‘I`llmgomupmwithmyou.mJustmlaymoffmcarryingmme.mLetmmemwalk.mI`mmfine.mI `mm
allmgrownmup.mImgomtomthembathroommalonemandmeverything.mJustmdon`tmcarrymme.’”m[FMLm
169]mSometimes,mChandlermchoosesmnarrativemreportminsteadmofmdirectmspee chmtomexpressm
Marlowe`smthoughtsmandmfeelings:m“ImfeltmasmifmImhadmbeenmthroughmammeatmgrinder.”m[ FMLm

m 32m m237]mSuchmwisecracksmaremusuallymusedmtomlightenmthemsituation,mthemviolencemandmtom
amusemthemreadermasmwell.mm
ChandlermusesmwittymremarksmtomexpressmMarlowe`smattitudemtowardsmwome nmasmwell:m
“‘…mShe`smamcharmingmmiddle,agedmladymwithmamfacemlikemambucketmofmmudmandmifmshemhasm
washedmhermhairmsincemCoolidge`smsecondmterm,mI`llmeatmmymsparemtyre,mrimmandmal l.’”m
[FMLm190,1]mTomdefendmChandlermImshouldmaddmthatmthemladymismammiddle,agedmwidowm
alcoholic.mHowever,mamcopmreactedmonmsuchmwordsminmfollowingmway:m“‘Skipmthem
wisecracks.’”m[FMLm191]mAnothermwisecrackmusedmtomdescribemanmoldmcuriousmneigh bor,m
Marlowemcalledmherm‘OldmNosey’,mshowsmMarlowe`smattitudemtowardsmwomenmhe mdidmnotm
likemformsomemreason.m“Imleftmhermlaughing.mThemsoundmwasmlikemamhenmhavingmhiccups.”m
[FMLm242]mHowever,mChandlermalsomshowedmsomemmorempositivemattitudemtowardsm
women,mevenmthoughmitmwasmdonemrathermfrommman`smpointmofmview:m“Hemstaredmatmmemandm
hismleftmhandmbeganmtomedgemtowardsmthemgun.mHembelongedmtomthemWanderingmHandm
Society.mThemgirlsmwouldmhavemhadmamtimemwithmhim.”m[FMLm289]mAgain,mhemusedm
wisecracksmtomlightenmthemsituationmofmincomingmfight.mMoreover,mMarlowemspentmfewm
daysmlockedminmambuildingmbeingmbeatenmupmandmforcedmtomtakemdrugs.mYet,mhemkeepsmhism
humor.mFinally,mitmismnecessarymtommentionmthatmChandlermdoesmnotmusemwisecracks monlym
formMarlowe`smexpressionsmbutmalsomtomdescribemthematmosphere:m“Themc offeemshopmsmellm
wasmstrongmenoughmtombuildmamgaragemon.”m[FMLm231]mThismismwhymChandler`smnovelsm
becamemsompopular.mHemdoesmnotmoffermonlymamcomplexmplotmfullmofmdangermandmtoughness;m
hemalsomoffersmsomethingmtomamuse,mtomlaughmat.mm
Chandler`smstylemismenrichedmwithmelaboratemwisecracksmandmalsomwithmhisms pecificmusem
ofmpoeticmstylemandm metaphors .mHemusuallymusesmsuchmstylemtomdescribemamplacemorm
situationminmmoreminterestingmwaymthanmjustmrealistic,mthemwaympeoplemsee mit.mHemthusm
createsmhismspecificmatmosphere:m“Themsmokemhungmstraightmupminmthemair,m inmthinmlines,m
straightmupmandmdownmlikemamcurtainmofmsmallmclearmbeads.”m[FMLm279]mChandler`smt alentm
tomseemthingsmandmplacesminmdifferent,mmorempoeticmwaymbuiltmhismownmspeci ficmstyle.mHem
couldmdescribemamcommonmviewmofme.g.m‘BaymCity’matmnightminmamwaymresemblingm
supernatural:m“Scatteredmpointsmofmlightmdrewmtogethermandmbecamemamje welledmbraceletm
laidmoutminmthemshowmwindowmofmthemnight.mThenmthembrightnessmfadedmandmtheymweremamsoftm
orangemglowmappearingmandmdisappearingmovermthemedgemofmthemswell.”m[FMLm332]mm
Simile mismanothermfrequentlymusedmlinguisticmform.mChandlermusesmthemmusuallymtom
lightenmthemsituationmandmtombringminmwit.mThemeffectmismthusmverymsimilarmtomthe monemofm
wisecracks.mChandlermusesmsplendidmsimileme.g.minmhismshortmstorym“TroublemI smMym

m 33m mBusiness”:m“Imfeltmterrible.mImfeltmlikemanmamputatedmleg.”m[533]mItmdemonstr atesmthatm
Chandlermusesmallmthemspecificmlinguisticmformsmbothminmhismshortmstoriesma ndmnovels.mThem
examplemofmsimilemtakenmfrommChandler`smnovelm TheSHighSWindow mdemonstratesmalsom
somethingmmore,mandmitmismamkindmofmsocialmcommentary:m“Hemsatmtherempeacef ully,mwithm
themhalf,smokedmcigarettemdeadmbetweenmhismlipsmandmthemgaudymbrownmandmyellowmba ndm
onmhismhatmlookingmasmquietmasmamcigarettemadmonmthembackmpagemofmthemSaturdaymEvening m
Post.”m[1027].mItmevokesmthatmamcigarettemadminmthemnewspapersmwasmsomethingmcommonm
andmnotmstriking.mm
Chandlermusesm irony mtomexpressmMarlowe`smcharacter,msuchmasminm Farewell,SMyS
Lovely :m“Themhousemitselfmwasmnotmsommuch.mItmwasmsmallermthanmBuckinghammPalace,m
rathermgreymformCalifornia,mandmprobablymhadmfewermwindowsmthanmthemChryslerm
Building.”m[249]mThemnovelmismtoldminmthemfirstmpersonmandmMarlowemhimselfmismthem
narrator.mAllmthemmentionsmandmdescriptionsmofmplacesmandmsituationsmaremexpres sionsmofm
Marlowe`smattitude,mfeelingsmandmcharacter.mm
ThemusemofmvarietiesmofmEnglish,mvernacularmandmslangmexpressionsmismthemmostmdistinc tm
featuremcommonmformmostmofmthemhard,boiledmauthors.mFirst,mImwillmfocusmonmthemusemof m
varietiesgofgEnglish minmChandler`smnovels.mHemwasminterestedmmainlyminmthemAfricanm
AmericanmEnglish,mtermmusedmbymLisamJ.mGreenm[27],mprobablymbecausemtheremw eremlotsmofm
Afro,Americansmworkingminmservices.mHemusedmAfro,Americanmcharactersmb othminmhism
novelsmandmshortmstories.mInm Farewell,SMySLovely mMarlowementersmamclubmdevotedmmainlym
tomAfro,Americans,mcalledm‘amcolouredmjoint’.mThemAfro,Americanmethnicm groupmism
perfectlymrecognizablemfrommthemtext:m“‘Velmamyoumsays?mNomVelmamheah,m brother.mNom
hooch,mnomgals,mnomnothing.mJes`mthemscram,mwhitemboy,mjes`mthemscram.’”m[170]mInm
Chandler`smshortmstorym“NevadamGas”mamsimilarmusemofmAfricanmAmericanmE nglish mcanmbem
depicted.mItmismamdoormanmatmamclubmgivingmsomeminformationmtomDemRuse,mandmhemismnotm
afraidmofmtakingmmoneymformthat:m“‘Whatmtimemhemleave?’m‘Hemleavem`boutmsix,thi rty,mAhm
reckon.’m‘DrivemhismbluemLincolnmlimousine?’m‘Shuah.mOnlymhemdon`tmdrivemitmhisself.m
Whatmformyoumask?’”m[161]mThemtypicalmfeaturemofmthemvarietymofmEnglishmismthemspec ificm
usemofmgrammar,mwhichmismevidentmfrommthemextract.mmm
AnothermusemofmethnicmbackgroundmcanmbemdistinguishedminmChandler`smnovelm
Farewell,SMySLovely .mTheremismanmIndianmwhomworksmformampsychiatristmAmthormandmhism
specificmusemofmlanguagemismremarkable:m“‘Huh,’mhemsaid.m‘Comemquick.mComemnow.’ m…m
‘Comemwhere?’mImsaid.m‘Huh.mMemSecondmPlanting.mMemHollywoodmIndian.’m…m‘Hemsaym
comemquick.mGreatmwhitemfathermsaymcomemquick.mHemsaymmembringmyouminmfierymchariot.m

m 34m m…’”m[262]mChandler`smperiodmstereotypemusedminmthemdescriptionmofmIndian`smlangua gemcanm
bemrecognized.mInmthemsamemnovelmChandlermusedmanothermcharactermofmdifferentm
nationality,manmAsiaticmwoman,mwhomismamsecretarymofmAmthor.mHermlanguagemismsp ecificmasm
well:m“‘Ah,mMeestermMarlowe,msomver,rymgoodmofmyoumtomcome.mAmthormhemweelmbemsom
ver,rympleased.’”m[266]mHermusemofmlanguagemdiffersmmainlyminmthemaccentmandm
pronunciationmofmsomemofmEnglishmwords.mAnothermcharactermofmdifferentmnationalitymc anm
bemdepictedminmChandler`smnovelm TheSHighSWindow .mItmismanmItalianmbusinessman,m
Palermo,mwhomismverymlikelymtombemammembermofmmafia:mm
‘That`samfine.mOkay.mImcomemofmlargemfamily.mManymsistersmandmbrothers.mOnemb rotherm
verymbad.mAlmostmsombadmasmTony.m…mOkay,mtheesmbrothermlivemverymquiet.mAcrossmthem
street.mGottammove.mOkay,mthemcoppersmfillmthemjointmup.mNotmsomgood.mAskmtoommanym
questions.mNotmgoodmformbusiness,mnotmgoodmformtheesmbadmbrother.mYoumgetmthemidea?’m
[1120]m
m
Chandlermusesmvariousmexamplesmofmdifferentmnationalitiesmtomportraymthemm ulti,culturalm
featuremofmthemtwentieth,centurymAmericanmsociety.mHemalsomobeysmthemmodernist icm
formulamandmusesmstereotypesmofmthemnationalitiesmrathermthanmthemrealmtypes .mHemdoesmsom
especiallyminmhismportrayalmofmIndianminm Farewell,SMySLovely .mmmm
Slanggexpressions maremwidelymusedminmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmandmImwillmfocusm
onmtheirmusembymRaymondmChandler.mAmshortmlistmofmsomemslangmexpressionsmmostlymus edm
inmhard,boiledmfictionmandmtranslatedmintomformalmEnglishmismavailablemonmtheminte rnet.m
[Collinsm“HardmBoiledmSlangmDictionary”]mSlangmexpressionsmfrequentlymusedma reme.g.mthem
expressionsmdenotingmmoneymandmthemsumsmofmmoney,msuchmasm‘dough’,m‘buck’morm‘grand’.m
Theremaremusuallymvariousmexpressionsmusedmformguns,me.g.m‘gat’morm‘rod’.mOfmcourse,mther em
ismanmexpressionmformalcohol,mespeciallymwhisky,msuchmasm‘hooch’.mThemnamemofm
Chandler`smshortmstorym“NevadamGas”mismveryminteresting.mItmcontainsmslangmexp ressionminm
itself.m‘Nevadamgas’mismthemexpressionmformcyanide,mwhichmismthemcentralmp ointmofmthemplot.m
Finally,mthemusemofmslangmaddressingmismalsomspecific.mInm Farewell,SMySLovely mvariousm
addressesmaremusedmbymcommonmlow,classmpeople,msuchmasm‘laddy’,m‘bo’morm‘p al’.m[333,4]mmm
Chandlermwasmdevotedmtomthemstudymofmslangmexpressions.mHineymevenmaddsmthatm
Chandlermcollectedmslangmexpressionsmandmmademamlistmofmcommonmslangmexpressi onsmhem
heardminmthemstreetsm[75].mItmwasmChandler`smtalentmandmsensemofmlanguagemthat mchallengedm
himmtomattendmtomvariousmspecificmusesmofmEnglish.mNomothermhard,boiledmauthormcouldm
mastermsuchmaimminmsuchmanmexemplarymway.mm

m 35m m2.3 INFLUENCE OF OTHER AUTHORS
m
RaymondmChandler,mthemgreatestmauthormofmhard,boiledmdetectivemfiction,mexcelle dmatm
writingmandmcreatingmhismownmliterarymstyle.mHemwasminfluencedmbymmanymliter arymstylesm
andmauthors.mHowever,mtwomauthorsmofmhard,boiledmdetectivemstoriesminfluencedmhismwor km
most.mThesemweremhismcolleaguesmfromm BlackSMask ,mDashiellmHammettmandmE.mS.m
Gardner.mTheymbroughtmhimmtowardsmthemcriminalmenvironmentmandmHammett,mbesides ,m
showedmhimmthemwaymofmusingmcommonmtoughmlanguagemfrommthemstreets.mItmismimportantm
tomunderlinemtheminfluencemofmhismcontemporarym ErnestgHemingwayg [1899m–m1961]mandm
hismshortmstoriesmasmwell.mm
BothmHemingwaymandmChandlermwereminfluencedmprimarilymbymthemworkmofm
muckrakersmandmtheirmusemofmobjectivity.mHowever,mmoremsimilaritiesmbetw eenmthemworkm
ofmHemingwaymandmChandlermcanmbemdepicted.mWhenmwemlookmatmthemformalmstructuremofm
theirmnarratives,mtheymbothmusemamnarrator,mi.e.mtheymtellmthemstoryminmthemfirst mperson,mI,
narrative.mInmHemingway`smshortmstorym“FiftymGrand”mthemnarratormismJerry,mt hemtrainermandm
bestmfriendmofmthemmainmhero,mJack,mamboxer.mOnmthemothermhand,mChandlermusuallymusesmt hem
mainmheromasmthemnarrator,msuchmasminmMarlowe`smnovels.mTheymusemobjectivemstyle mandmitm
ismobviousmthatmtheymknowmperfectlymwellmwhatmtheymwritemabout.mHemingw aymsetsmhism
shortmstoryminmboxingmenvironmentmandmhemshowsmgreatmknowledgemofmthemprocessmofmthem
matches.mHemdescribesminmdetailsmweighingmofmboxersmbeforemthemmatch,mthe mprocessmofm
preparingmbeforemthemmatchmandmalsomthemwaymofmbandagingmboxers`mhands:m“Jackm putsmhism
thumbmthroughmthemslitminmthembandagemandmthenmwrappedmhismhandmnicemandmsmooth.mIm
tapedmitmaroundmthemwristmandmtwicemacrossmthemknuckles.”m[FGm139]mItmcouldmbemcompa redm
tomthemwaymChandler,mMarlowe,mreconstructsmhowmthingsmcouldmhappen:mm
Imlookedmacrossmtomthemlightedmbeachmclub.mFrommitsmuppermwindowsmammanmwithmam
goodmnightmglassmcouldmprobablymcovermthismspotmfairlymwell.mHemcouldmseemamcarmc omem
andmgo,mseemwhomgotmoutmofmit,mwhethermtheremwasmamgroupmofmmenmormjustmone.mSittingm
inmamdarkmroommwithmamgoodmnightmglassmyoumcanmseemamlotmmoremdetailmthanmyoumwouldm
thinkmpossible.m[FMLm207]m
m
Hammett`smabilitymtomdescribemcriminalmworkminmdetailsmismshowedminmhis mTheSMalteseS
Falcon mwhenmhismprivatemeye,mSammSpade,msearchesmamflat.mm
Whenmwemfocusmonmthemusemofmlinguisticmforms,mwemfindmoutmHemingwaymusesm
commonmlanguagemofmcommonmpeoplemasmwell.mHemusesmsimilarmslangmexpressions,msuc hm
asm‘dough’,m‘grand’morm‘buck’,msamemasmChandler.mHemingwaymusesmsimilemasmwellm butmnotm
inmsuchmamgreatmamountmasmChandler.mAbovemall,mhismsimilesmusedminm“FiftymGrand” Saremnotm

m 36m msomwittymasmthemChandler`s:m“‘He`smstalemasmpoorhousemcake.’”m[121]morm“Jac kmwasmasmsafem
asmamchurch…”m[141].mThembeautymandmwitmofmsimilemwasmbroughtmonlymbymChandlerm
himself.mAnothermlinguisticmformmthatmwasmeternalizedmbymChandlermismwis ecracks.mItmism
veryminterestingmtomlookmatmamformmusedmbymHemingwaymwhichmcouldmbemconsideredmanm
attemptmtomcreatemamwisecrack:m“Walcottmwasmbleedingmbadmandmleanedmh ismnosemonmJack`sm
shouldermsomasmtomgivemJackmsomemofmitmtoo,m…”m[FGm141]mReadersmcouldmhesitatemwhether m
itmismanmattemptmatmwisecrackmormnot,mbutmdefinitelymitmismamkindmofmemotional itymbroughtm
intomHemingway`smbrief,mobjectivemstylem[unfortunatelymnotmmuchmsuccessfu l].m
Hemingway`smsimplemandmbriefmstylemofmwritingmmaymresemblemrathermH ammett`smliterarym
style,mwithoutmpoeticminsertions,morminmPorter`smwordsm‘chandlerisms’m[105].m m
BothmHemingwaymandmChandlermfocusmmainlymonmthemmiddlemclass,msometimesmwithm
exceptionsmsuchmasminmChandler`sm TheSBigSSleep mwithmthemSternwoods.mThismcouldmbemalsom
consideredmtheminfluencemofmrealismmandmthemfocusmonmcommonmpeople.mCharactersmare m
mostmoftenmordinarymworkers,mbarmenmandmdrivers,mprivatemdetectivesmwithmfewmcl ientsmandm
alsomgangstersmandmothermcriminals.mBothmauthorsmusemalsomdifferentmnationali tiesmtomshowm
themrealmstructuremofminhabitantsmofmthemUnitedmStates.mInmtheirmfictionmthe remaremusuallym
Afro,Americans,mcalledm‘niggers’,mandminmHemingway`sm“FiftymGrand”mtheremi smevenmanm
Irishman,mthemmainmhero,mandmammentionmofmJews,mcalledmpejorativelym‘kikes’m[116].mm
Chandler`smnovelsmaremfullmofmgangstersmandmvariousmgamblersmormracketeers.mHemi ngwaym
inmhism“FiftymGrand”mdepictsmtwomgangsters,mHappymSteinfeltmandmLewmMorgan,mwhomow nm
ampool,roommandmtrymtom‘double,cross’mtheirmboxerm[125].mm
Finally,mthemmainmcharacters,mmalemusually,mbehaveminmmasculinemwaymandmaremc alledm
machombymHemingwaymandmprivatemeyesmormtoughmguysmbymChandlermandmHammett.mTheym
aremstrong,mbrave,mdrinkmamlot,mlikemwomenmandmtheymaremnotmafraidmofmfight.mChandlerm
distinguishedmhismdetectivemwhenmhemchangedmhismgeneralmattitudemtowardsmwomen.m
Marlowemresemblesmamnewmtoughmknight.mHemkeepsmhismtoughmattitudemandmtalk,mbutmhem
hurriesmtomrescuemamweakmwoman,mwhenmshemdeservesmit.mSuchmanmexamplemcanmbemfoundminm
TheSHighSWindow mwhenmMarlowemrescuesmMerlemfrommexploitationmbymMrs.mElizabethm
BrightmMurdock.mMarlowemismdescribedmbymamdoctormasmam“shop,soiledmGalahad”m[1136] ,m
whomwasminmfactmamknightmofmKingmArthur`smRoundmTable.mMarlowemhelpsmMerlemwhom
looksmambitmlikem“anmanaemicmperson”mandmwhosem“wholemfacemhadmamsortmofmoff,keym
neuroticmcharmmthatmonlymneededmsomemclevermmakeupmtombemstriking”m[990].mFemalem
characters,mwhomaremnotmusuallymworthmrescuingmandmwhomverymoftenmbecomemmurderers morm
atmleastmthemcausemofmmurder,marempretty,mwell,dressed,mwearmmake,upmandmt heymaremfirstmofm

m 37m mallmsexymandmcute.mHemingway`smfemalemcharactersmarempretty,mwell,dres sedmandmsexymasm
well,mbutmtheymaremalsomfrivolousmandmindependent,mbothminmdrinkingmandmsex.mHemingwaym
wasmablemtomusemtoughmtalksmasmwell,mespeciallyminmhismshortmstorym“ThemKille rs”,mwhichmis,m
asmthemtitlemsuggests,mbasedmonmtoughmguys,mcriminals,mgangstersmorm‘killers’.mm
HemingwaymhasmamlotmofmfeaturesminmcommonmwithmChandler,mbutmtheremaremalsom
somemdifferencesmthatmaremobviousmatmfirstmsight.mItmismmainlymthemstructur emofm
Hemingway`smnarratives.mHemusesmgreatmamountmofmfastmdialogues,mdirectmspeec h,mandmhem
avoidsmdescriptionsmofmenvironment,msituationmandmplotminmgeneral.mSuchmamstructuremism
sometimesmconfusingmandmthemreadermismlostminmthemtrapmofmdialogues.mFewmdescrip tionsmarem
orientedmparticularlymonmthemactionmandmonmthemplotmasmwell.mAnymdetailedmport rayalmorm
poeticmdepictionmismabsent:m“Wemrodemdownminmthemelevatormandmwentmoutmthroughmthem
lobby,mandmgotminmamtaximandmrodemaroundmtomthemGarden.mItmwasmrainingmhardmbutmtheremwasm
amlotmofmpeoplemoutsidemonmthemstreets.”m[FGm137]mThemdescriptionmismsimple,mb riefmandmdry.m
Itmlacksmemotionsmandmdescribesmonlymonemactionmaftermanother.mAmsimilarmapproac hmcanmbem
alsomdepictedminmHemingway`smdescriptionmofmamfight,mboxing,mwheremhemshowsmactionm
aftermactionmwithoutmanymsubjectivemcomments:m“Walcottmcamemtowardmhimma ndmthym
touchedmglovesmandmasmsoonmasmWalcottmdroppedmhismhandsmJackmjumpedmhismleftmintomhism
facemtwice.mTheremwasn`tmanybodymevermboxedmbettermthanmJack.”m[FGm140]mThemre aderm
learnsmnothingmaboutmthemboxer`smfeelings,mfearsmandmthoughts.mMoreover,mthemreadermism
notmevenmamusedmwithmanymwittymremarks.mHemingwaymstrictlymobeysmthemrulesmofm
muckrakersmandmfocusesmrathermonmthemartmofmfastmdialogues.m
ChandlermshowsmambiguousmfeelingsmtowardsmHemingway,mparticularlyminmhism
novelmFarewell,SMySLovely .mChandlermusesmthemnamemHemingwaymasmamswear,word.m
MarlowemcallsmamcopmHemingway,mandmhemcharacterizesmthemcopmasm“themkindmofm copmwhom
spitsmonmhismblackjackmeverymnightminsteadmofmsayingmhismprayers”m[274].mWhenmM arlowem
ismaskedmwhatmkindmofmpersonmism“thismHemingway”,mhemanswers:m“Amguymthatmkeepsm
sayingmthemsamemthingmovermandmovermuntilmyoumbeginmtombelievemitmmustmbemgood.”m[278]mIm
suggestmChandlermrefersmtomHemingway`smusemofmrepetition.mOnmthemothermhand,mChandlerm
seemsmtomgetminspiredmbymHemingway`smrepetitivemstyle.mInm Farewell,SMySLovelyS
Chandlermusesmrepetitionmasmwell:m
Imthoughtmofmdeadmeyesmlookingmatmammoonlessmsky,mwithmblackmbloodmatmthemcornersm
ofmthemmouthsmbeneathmthem.mImthoughtmofmnastymoldmwomenmbeatenmtomdeathm
againstmthempostsmofmtheirmdirtymbeds.mImthoughtmofmammanmwithmbrightmblondmhairm
whomwasmafraidmandmdidn`tmquitemknowmwhatmhemwasmafraidmof,mwhomwasmsensitivem
enoughmtomknowmthatmsomethingmwasmwrong,mandmtoomvainmormtoomdullmtomguessm

m 38m mwhatmitmwasmthatmwasmwrong.mImthoughtmofmbeautifulmrichmwomenmwhomcouldmbem
had.mImthoughtmofmnicemslimmcuriousmgirlsmwhomlivedmalonemandmcouldmbemhadmtoo,minm
amdifferentmway.mImthoughtmofmcops,mtoughmcopsmthatmcouldmbemgreasedmandmyetmwerem
notmbymanymmeansmallmbad,mlikemHemingway.m…m[329]mmm
m
Chandlermcouldmalsombemcomparedmtomanothermgreatmauthormofmthemtwenties,m
FrancisgScottgFitzgeraldg [1896m–m1940].mAsmDennismPortermsuggestsmthemmostmstrikingm
resemblancemcanmbemfoundminm TheSGreatSGatsby mandmFarewell,SMySLovelyS [107].mBothm
novelsmaremtalesm“ofmold,fashionedmromance”mwheremthemmainmcharacter,mNickmCar rawaym
ormMoosemMolloy,mlongsmformandmquestsmformhismlove,mDaisymormVelma,mwhomdoesmnotm
deservemit.mInmChandler`smstorymthemdenouementmismfurthermmoremdramaticmasmV elmam
shootsmMolloymandmthen,mtomsavemhermpresentmhusband,mshootsmherself.mDaisymhadmnomsuchm
loveminmherself.mWhenmwemcomparemthemworkmofmFitzgeraldmtomthemworkmofmChandler,mam
commonmthememcanmbemrevealed;mitmismthemAmericanmDream.mFitzgeraldmdesc ribesm
AmericanmDreammfulfilledmwithinmthemhighmclassmandmalsomthemdarkmsidemofmit,mwhe reasm
ChandlermfocusesmonmthemdarkmsidemofmAmericanmDreammwithinmthemmiddlemclassmandmit sm
negativemimpact.mFitzgeraldmwrotemhismnovelsminmthemtwentiesmandmChandlermsta rtedmtom
writemhismnovelsmatmthemendmofmthemthirties,mwhichmdefinitelyminfluencedmtheirmp ointsmofm
view.m
ThoughmtheminfluencemofmChandler`smcontemporariesmismremarkable,mhemcreatedmhism
ownmspecificmliterarymstylemandminmmanymwaysmexceededmhismcolleagues.mAbovemall ,mitmwasm
theminfluencemofmeramandmthemimportantmhistoricalmeventsmthatmformedmsuchmgrea tmauthormofm
hard,boiledmdetectivemfiction.mNevertheless,mChandlermremainsmthemwhitemc rowmthatmlinksm
highmandmlowmliteratureminmsuchmanmexcellentmway.mmmmmm
m
2.4 THE TOUGH GUY
m
Amnewmtypemofmheromwasmintroducedmbymhard,boiledmauthors.mHemismcalledmamtoughmguym
andmhismmainmfeaturesmandmcharacteristicsmaremgreatlymanalyzedminmChandler`s messaymTheS
SimpleSArtSOfSMurder .mThemprivatemeyem“ismnotmhimselfmmean,m…[he]mismneithermtarnishedm
normafraid.m…mHemismthemherom…”m[992].mWhenmthemprivatemeyembecomesmamrealmheromofmthe m
story,mhembecomesmthemmostmimportantmcharacter.mThismismChandler`smpoin tmofmview.mHem
focusesmmainlymonmthemprivatemeyemandmdevelopsmhismcharactermandmpersonalit y.mMoreover,m
asmwemfollowmthemnovels,mwemfollowmthemprocessmofmdevelopmentmofmthemhero.mSuchmamhero m

m 39m mismnommoremstatic.mThismismthemspecificmfeaturemofmChandler`smnovels.mOtherm hard,boiledm
authorsmchangemtheirmheroesmverymoften.mChandlermkeepsmhismonlymfictionalmdetect ive,mPhilm
Marlowe.mChandlermalsomcommentsmonmthemlanguagemhismprivatemeyemuses:m“Hemtalks masm
themmanmofmhismagemtalks,mthatmis,mwithmrudemwit,mamlivelymsensemofmthemgrotesque ,mamdisgustm
formsham,mandmamcontemptmformpettiness.”[SAMm992]mInmothermwordsmthemheromismnommorem
setminmindefinitemtime.mHembelongsmtomhismage,mtomthemrealmtime.m
DennismPortermdevotesmamwholemchaptermtomthemphenomenonmofm“Themprivatemeye”,m
whichmismthemtitlemofmhismworkmasmwell,mandmhemclaimsmthatmitmismthemtimemof mam“disabused,m
anti,authoritarian,mmuckrakingmhero,mwho,minsteadmofmfleeingmtomEurope,mlikemthem
sophisticatesmofmlostmgenerationmfiction,mstayedmatmhomemtomconfrontmcrimemandmcor ruptionm
onmthemincreasinglymunlovelymstreetsmofmmodernmurbanmAmerica”m[96].mm
Chandlermsuggestsmthatmhismprivatemeyemismamkindmofmanmideal:m“Ifmthere mweremenoughm
likemhim,mImthinkmthemworldmwouldmbemamverymsafemplacemtomlivemin,mandmyetmnotmtoomdullmtom
bemworthmlivingmin.”[SAMm992]mHowever,mWillmHutton,mwritermandmcolumnistmform TheS
ObserverS inmLondon,mshowsmampointmofmviewmofmthemclassicalmutopianmAmericanmideal.mItmism
tomworkmhard,mbemresourceful,mhard,workingmandmflexiblemand,mthus,mtomachievemthemdreamym
placeminmthemsun.m[“ThemWritingmonmthemWall”]mChandler`smidealmdoesmnotmlongmformp owerm
andmwealth.mHismgoalmismthem“searchmofmamhiddenmtruth”m[Chandler,mSAMm992]mandm
subsequentlymandmperhapsmunintentionallymbettermworld.mChandlermwantedmtompointmout m
thatmthemworldmormthemcivilizationmbroughtmmurdersmandmviolencemandmthatmpeoplemsi lentlym
agree:m“Itmismnotmfunnymthatmammanmshouldmbemkilled,mbutmitmismsometimesmfunnymthat mhem
shouldmbemkilledmformsomlittle,mandmthatmhismdeathmshouldmbemthemcoinmofmwhatmwemcallm
civilization.”m[SAMm991]mm
JimmCullen,mamteachermatmHarwardmUniversity,msuggestsmamdifferentmpoint mofmview.mInm
hismworkm“ThemFirmamentmofmStardom”m[2001]mhemdepictsmthemAmericanmDreamma smthem
idealmAmericansmwantmtomachieve.mHemsubmitsmthatmmoremthanmonemAmericanmDr eamm
exists.mItmdevelopsmtogethermwithmsocietymandmpeople.mThemdreammofmthem18 th mcenturymhadm
themformmofmstatesmanship,mwhereasminmthem19 th mcenturympeoplemdreamtmaboutm“them
creationmofmgrandmindustrialmempires”.m[204]mThem20 th mcenturymdiffersminmthemformmofmthem
dreammasmwellmasminmitsmcontent.mPeoplemdreammaboutmbeingmpopular,mtheymar eminfluencedm
bympopularmculturemwhichmimpressedmsociety.mCullenmdefinesmitmasm“themposs ibilitymofmam
poormgirlmfrommamsmallmtownmbecomingmtransformedmintomamHollywoodmprincessmonmthem
silvermscreenm…”m[204]mThemAmericanmDreammbecomesmmoremindividualisticma ndmalsom
moremsuperficial.mItmismstillmhuntmformpowermandmwealthmbutmitmcontai nsmamfeaturemofmfamem

m 40m mandmpopularitymasmwell.mPeoplemaremself,centeredmandmwantmtomshowmoff.mSimila rmfeaturesm
ofmdisplaymcanmbemdepictedminmtoughmguys.mThemusemofmwittymwisecracksmevokesmdisplay.m
Themprivatemeyemwantsmtomshowmoffmhismwitmandmsagacitymtomhismenemies.mm
AlexismdemTocquevillem[1805m–m1859]manalyzesmthemAmericanmDreamminmslightlym
differentmtermsminmhismworkm“WhymthemAmericansmaremsomRestlessminmthemMidst mofmtheirm
Prosperity”.mHemunderstandsmit,mevenmthoughminmthem19 th mcentury,masmamconstantmsearchmform
somethingmthatmescapesmagainmandmagain.mHemwondersmwhymtheymdomnotmenjoymwhatmtheym
possess.mTheymaremgreedymandmcannotmbemhappymasmtheym“…maremforevermbroodingmoverm
advantagesmtheymdomnotmpossess.”m[230]mSuchmampointmofmviewmismstillmup,to,date.mHem
claimsmthatm“besidesmthemgoodmthingsmthatmhem[themAmerican]mpossesses,mhe meveryminstantm
fanciesmamthousandmothersmthatmdeathmwillmpreventmhimmfrommtryingmifmhemdoesmnotmtr ymthemm
soon.”m[230]mThismmaymresemblemthemaimmofmdetective,mespeciallymMarlowe.mHemse archesm
formthemhiddenmtruthmwithoutmrest.mHemhasmnomtimemtomsleep,mormeat.mThemonlymthingmhemdoesm
ismhismjob,msearch,mfollowingmclues,mandmconsumptionmofmalcohol.mHemcannotmstopmandm
relax.mHemmustmfollowmhismhuntmformthemtruth,mceaselessly,mevenmthoughmwhatmhemismlookingm
formkeepsmescaping.mm
DemTocquevillemdetectsmthatmthemAmericanmsubsequentlymfeelsm“anxiety,mfea r,mandm
regret”m[230]mandmturnsmtommelancholymandm“disgustmofmlife”m[232].mMarlowe,mtoo,mstartsmtom
bemtiredmofmthemhuntmandmstartsmtombemscared:m“‘I`mmafraidmofmdeathmandmdespair,’ mImsaid.m‘Ofm
darkmwatermandmdrownedmmen`smfacesmandmskullsmwithmemptymeyesockets.mI`mmafraidmofm
dying,mofmbeingmnothing,m…’”m[Chandler,mFMLm338]mMarlowe`smaimmismtomsolvemthem
mystery,mthemmurdermcase,mbutmwhenevermhemdoesmso,mamnewmmurdermormcrimemappears.mIt mism
amstrangemresemblancembetweenmsolvingmmurdermcasesmandmfulfillingmthemA mericanm
Dream.mItmismamnever,endingmprocess.mDemTocquevillemsuggestsmthatm“deathmismoft enmlessm
dreadedmbymthemm[themAmericans]mthanmperseveranceminmcontinuousmeffortsmtomone mend”m
[231].mToughmguysmaremnotmafraidmofmdeathmeither.mTheymrisk,mprovokemtheirmenemiesmandm
shootmamlot.mStill,mtheymaremnotmafraidmofmdeath.mChandler`smgreatmcontributionmlies minmhism
remarkmofmpresencemofmdeath.mHemremindsmthemreadermdeathmismsomethingmwemshouldmbe m
awaremofmandmwemshouldmrestmformamwhilemandmthinkmaboutmwhatmwemhavemalreadymachieved.mmmmmmmmmmmmmm m
Theremaremseveralmreasonsmtombemtough.mŠkvoreckýmsuggestsmthatmthemsourcemofm
toughnessmliesminmAmericanmhistory.m[73,5]mHemtalksmaboutmthemperiodmofmthemfirstmse ttlersm
inmAmerica.mThempioneers,mthemfirstmscouts,mhadmtomfightmagainstmthemtoughmenvironmentm
andmnature.mLater,mtheymhadmtomfightmevenmagainstmthemNativemAmericans,mwhateverm
reasonsmtheymhad.mThemfeaturemofmtoughnessmcanmbemdepictedminmwesternsmasmwell .m

m 41m mCowboysmhavemtombemtoughmtomprotectmthemweakmfrommtheirmenemies.mZanemGreymillustr atedm
realmcowboysminmhismnovelsmandmhemdefinedmthemmasmtough,mbutmhonest.mInmhismnovelm
Nevada mGreymintroducedmamcowboy,mJimmLacymaliasmNevada,mwhomhadmtombemtoughmtom
revealmthemleadersmofmanmevilmbandmofmPinemTreemevenmthoughmhismbehaviormhurtmhismfri endsm
andmwomanmhemloved.mCowboys,mandmsubsequentlymprivatemeyes,maremtoughmonlymtomfitm
theirmtoughmenvironment.mSomemofmthemhard,boiledmauthors,mDalyminmhism“ThemEgyptianm
Lure”mormBurnettminmhism“TravelingmLight”,mevenmusedmsomemspecificmfeaturesmofmc owboys,m
whichmismthemvisibleminfluencemofmwesterns.mm
Škvoreckýmsuggestsmanothermreasonmformbeingmtough.mItmismthemexperiencemofmthem
SecondmWorldmWarm[74].mAmericanmsoldiersmweremtough,mwearingmheavymhelmets,m
chewingmtheirmchewingmgumsmandmtheymweremundisciplined.mŠkvoreckýmgoesmevenmfurtherm
whenmhemclaimsmthatmtheirmtoughmbehaviormwasmjustmamposemtomcovermtheirmuncertaint ym[74,
5].mChandlermdrewmfrommhismexperiencemofmwar,mthemFirstmWorldmWar,mtoo.mHemdesc ribedm
realmfightsmandmviolence,mbutmhemsoftenedmthemeffectmusingmwittymremarks.mOnmthemcontr ary,m
MickeymSpillanemfullymusedmnaturalisticmdescriptionsmandmitmseemsmhemenjoyedmthe m:m“Them
littlemguy`smfacemwasmambloodymmess.mBetweenmthempuffballsmofmblue,bla ckmfleshmthatmusedm
tombemeyelids,mthemdullmgleammofmshock,deadenedmpupilsmwatchedmDilwickm
uncomprehendingly.”m[TTm9]mTheminfluencemofmwar,mthemSecondmWorldmWar,mism
remarkablemnotmonlyminmSpillane`smdetective`smmannersmandmbehavior,mbutm alsominmhism
educationmwhichmism“armymbasicmtraining”m[Sweneym198].mm
m
2.5 PHIL MARLOWE AND SAM SPADE
m
ThemdifferentmandmcommonmfeaturesmofmHammett`smandmChandler`smprivatemeyes marem
evidentminmtheirmnovels.mImwillmfocusmonmHammett`smandmChandler`smapproachmtowar dsm
describingmthemappearancemandmcharactermofmtheirmdetectives.mWemwillmlookmc losermatmtheirm
attitudemtowardsmthempolicemandmwomen.mThemlevelmofmemotionsmandmchivalrymshowedminm
themnovelsmwillmbemdiscussedmasmwell.mHammettmandmChandlermaremcontemporar iesmandmitmism
obviousmtheyminfluencedmtheirmwork.mHowever,mitmisminterestingmtomlookmclosermalsomat mthem
workmofmMickeymSpillanemandmhismconceptionmofmtoughnessmandmman`smcharacter.mmm
HammettmintroducedmhismprivatemeyemSammSpademinmhismnovelm TheSMalteseSFalcon. mItm
ismremarkablemhowmSpademdifferedmfrommChandler`smPhilmMarlowe,masmdescribe dminm
Chandler`smearliermnovelsmsuchmasm TheSBigSSleep mormFarewell,SMySLovely .mTheirm

m 42m mappearancemcanmhardlymbemcomparedmasmSpademismdescribedmfrommthempoint mofmviewmofmam
narratormwhereasmMarlowemusesmhismownmwordsmtomdescribemhimself.mHammettmc hosemthem
meansmofmnarrator,mwhichmgavemhimmgreatermfreedommofmdivemintomSpade`smcharac termandm
resemblance.mm
SamuelmSpade`smjawmwasmlongmandmbony,mhismchinmamjuttingmvmundermthemmoremflexiblem
vmofmhismmouth.mHismnostrilsmcurvedmbackmtommakemanother,msmaller,mv.mHismyellow,
greymeyesmweremhorizontal.mThemvm motif mwasmpickedmupmagainmbymthickishmbrowsmrisingm
outwardmfrommtwinmcreasesmabovemamhookedmnose,mandmhismpalembrownmhairmgrewmdownm
–mfrommhighmflatmtemplesm–minmampointmonmhismforehead.mHemlookedmrathermpleasant lym
likemamblondmsatan.m[MFm1]m
m
Chandler,monmthemothermhand,mchosemthemformmofmI,narrative,mwhichmgavemhimmhigherm
reliability,mevenmthoughmhemcouldmnotmdivemsomdeeplymintomMarowe`smresemblance.mThus,m
Marlowemremainedmamkindmofmmysterymuntilmfirstmmoviesmweremshot.m“Imwasmwearingmm ym
powder,bluemsuit,mwithmdarkmbluemshirt,mtiemandmdisplaymhandkerchief,mblackmb rogues,m
blackmwoolmsocksmwithmdarkmbluemclocksmonmthem.mImwasmeverythingmthemwell,dressedm
privatemdetectivemoughtmtombe.”m[BSm3]mThemreadermlearnsmmoremaboutmMarlowemfr ommhism
thoughtsmandmopinions.mOnmthemothermhand,mthoughtsmofmSammSpademaremsometimesm
difficultmtomfollow.mHismcharactermseemsmtombemunbalanced.mm
Marlowe`smattitudemtowardsmthempolicemismrathermlenient.mChandlermwantedm tomshowm
howmuselessmcopsmaremandmhowmusefulmprivatemdetectivemismwhenmhemletmMarl owemsay:m
“‘Seventeenmhundredmandmfiftymcopsminmthismtownmandmtheymwantmmemtomdomtheirmlegmworkm
formthem.’”m[FMLm196]mHammettmwasmnotmsomstraightforward.mHemshowedmthemreadersmth atm
hismprivatemeyemismnotmomniscientmandmthatmhemsometimesmneedsmsomeminformati onmfromm
thempolice,mamcopmcalledmPolhausmhere,masmwell:m“Polhaus`smshrewdmsmallm brownmeyesm
studiedmSpade`smface.mSpademexclaimedmirritably:m‘ImwishmtomGodmImknowmhalfmasmm uchm
aboutmthismbusinessmasmyoumsmartmguysmthinkmImdo!’”m[MFm138]mm
HammettmprovedmunbalancemofmhismliterarymtalentmwhenmhemcreatedmSpademwi thmhism
unbalancedmcharacter.mSpademgetsmangrymandmirritatedmverymoftenmandmhemalsomactsm inm
violentmmanner.mThismsometimesmcausesmviolentmreactionsmofmpeoplemaroundmhi m.mInmTheS
MalteseSFalcon mSpademgetsmintomstrugglemwithmcopsmmainlymthanksmtomhismviolentmtemper.m
WhenmhemtalksmtomthemDistrictmAttorney,mhemrevealsmtombemtoomself,confident,mevenmrud e:m
“‘Mymguessmmightmbemexcellent,mormitmmightmbemcrummy,mbutmMrsmSpademdidn`tmra isemanym
childrenmdippymenoughmtommakemguessesminmfrontmofmamdistrictmattorney,manmassistant mdistrictm
attorney,mandmamstenographer.’”m[141].mWhenmChandlermwantsmtomdepictmMarlow`smse lf,
confidence,mhemusesmamkindmofmironymrathermthanmrudeness:m“Amlovelymoldmwoman.mImlikedm

m 43m mbeingmwithmher.mImlikedmgettingmhermdrunkmformmymownmsordidmpurposes.mImwasmamswellmguy.m
Imenjoyedmbeingmme.”m[FMLm188]mm
Spademismgenerallymtoughermprivatemeye.mHammettmallowsmhimmtomshowmhismfee lingsm
andmemotions,mbutmonlymthemtoughmones.mSpademgetsmirritatedmandmtoomexcitedmandmhemevenm
cursesmaftermbeingmhitmbymamcop:m“Redmragemcamemsuddenlymintomhismfacemandmhe mbeganmtom
talkminmamharshmgutturalmvoice.mHoldingmhismmaddenedmfaceminmhismhands,mglaringmatmthem
floor,mhemcursedmDundymformfivemminutesmwithoutmbreak,mcursedmhimmobscenely,m
blasphemously,mrepetitiously,minmamharshmgutturalmvoice.”m[MFm79]mChandlermhidesm
Marlowe`smemotionsmandmcoversmthemmupmwithmirony.mMarlowemnevermgetsmasmexcitedma ndm
irritatedmasmSpade.mWhenmhemfindsmoutmhismclientmwasmdoingmharmmtomanminnocentmgirlmform
longmtime,mandmwantsmhimmtomconcealmthemfactsmfrommthempolice,mhemstillmremainsmc almmandm
balanced:m“‘I`mmworkingmformyou,’mImsaid,m‘now,mthismweek,mtoday.mNextmweekmI`llmbem
workingmformsomebodymelse,mImhope.mAndmthemweekmaftermthatmformstillmsomebodymelse.mInm
ordermtomdomthatmImhavemtombemonmreasonablymgoodmtermsmwithmthempolice.mTheymdon`tmhavem
tomlovemme,mbutmtheymhavemtombemfairlymsuremImammnotmcheatingmonmthem.m…’”m[HWm1100]mm
Spade`smandmMarlowe`smattitudemtowardsmwomenmdiffersmasmwell.mMarlowemis mpolitem
towardsmwomenmthatmdeservemitmandmtoughmtowardsmonesmthatmaremtoughmasmwell,musuallym
culprits.mOnmthemothermhand,mSpademismtoughmtowardsmallmwomen.mInm TheSMalteseSFalcon m
readermdiscoversmSpademhasmamlover,mIvamArcher,mwhomismhismpartner`smwife.mMor eover,mhem
getsminvolvedmwithmhismclient,mMsmO`mShaughnessy.mActually,mtheymbecomemlovers:m
“Spade`smarmsmwentmaroundmher,mholdingmhermtomhim,mmusclesmbulgingmhismbluemsleeves ,mam
handmcradlingmhermhead,mitsmfingersmhalfmlostmamongmredmhair,mamhandmmovingmgropingm
fingersmovermhermslimmback.mHismeyesmburnedmyellowly.”m[MFm86]mThismismthemlimi tm
Chandlermnevermviolates.mMarlowemremainsmcalmmandmnevermhasmanmaffairmwithmanym
woman,mespeciallymhismclient.mInm TheSBigSSleep mhismclient`smdaughtermtriedmtomvampmhim,m
butmMarlowemusedmhismironymtomprotectmhimself:mm
Shemtookmthemphotomoutmandmstoodmlookingmatmit,mjustminsidemthemdoor.m‘Shemhasmam
beautifulmlittlembody,mhasn`tmshe?’m
‘Uh,huh.’m
Shemleanedmamlittlemtowardsmme.m‘Youmoughtmtomseemmine,’mshemsaidmgravely.mm
‘Canmitmbemarranged?’m
…m‘You`remasmcold,bloodedmambeastmasmImevermmet,mMarlowe.mOrmcanmImcallmyoumPhil? ’m
‘Sure.’m
‘YoumcanmcallmmemVivian.’m
‘Thanks,mMrsmRegan.’m
‘Oh,mgomtomhell,mMarlowe.’m[44]m

m 44m mSuchmambehaviormcouldmbemconnectedmwithmtheirmlevelmofmhonesty.mChandlermdescribesm
hismprivatemeyemasm“ammanmofmhonor”m[SAMm992]mandmmakesmMarlowe`smattitudemtow ardsm
womenmclear:m“…mImthinkmhemmightmseducemamduchessmandmImammquitemsuremhemwouldmnotm
spoilmamvirgin;mifmhemismammanmofmhonorminmonemthing,mhemismthatminmallmthings.”m[SA Mm992]m
Thismmaymresemblemthemphenomenonmofmamknightmandmchivalry.mDennismPortermwouldm
commentmonmthemtermsmofmchivalry,masmhemsays:m“Inmprivatemeyemcrimemfiction,mchival ry,m
towardmamcertainmkindmofmwomanmatmleast,mclearlymhasmitsmlimits.”m[100]mInmCha ndler`sm
novelsmMarlowemplaysmthemrolemofmamcontemporarymknightmwithmtoughmmannersmandmtoughm
language.mHowever,minmHammett`smnovelm TheSMalteseSFalcon mthemprivatemeyemhasmanm
affairmwithmhismclient,mwhomturnsmoutmtombemthemmurderer,mandmstillmhemdecides mtomrevealmthem
truthmandmcommitmhermtomtrial:mm
“Spadesmfacemwasmyellow,whitemnow.mHismmouthmsmiledmandmtheremweremsmile,
wrinklesmaroundmhismglitteringmyes.mHismvoicemwasmsoft,mgentle.mHemsaid:m‘I`mmgoingmtom
sendmyoumover.mThemchancesmaremyou`llmgetmoffmwithmlife.mThatmmeansmyou`llmbemoutm
againminmtwentymyears.mYou`remanmangel.mI`llmwaitmformyou.’mHemclearedmhismthroat.m‘ Ifm
theymhangmyoumI`llmalwaysmremembermyou.’”m[207]m
m
Hammett`smprivatemeyemismnotmsomhonestmasmChandler`smMarlowe.mEvenmthoughmSpade m
becomesmamlovermofmhismclient,mhemsearchesmhermflatmtomfindmoutmmoremaboutmhermandmthe m
case.mHemdoesmnotmhavemsomstrongmmorals.mThismcouldmbemthemreasonmwhymHammettmchosem
tomgivemhismprivatemeyemamsecretary,mEffiemPerine.mShemismSpade`smconscien ce.mWhenmMsmO`m
Shaughnessymgetsmintomtrouble,mSpademdoesmnotmseemmtombemmuchminterested.mHismsecr etarym
hasmtomforcemhimmtomgomandmhelpmhismclient:m“Shembeatmhismchestmwithmhermfists,mcryi ng:m‘No,m
nom–myou`vemgotmtomgomtomher.mDon`tmyoumsee,mSam?mHemhadmthemthingmthatmwasmhersmandmhem
camemtomyoumwithmit.mDon`tmyoumsee?mHemwasmhelpingmhermandmtheymkilledmhimmandmnowm
she`sm–mOh,myou`vemgotmtomgo!’m‘Allmright.’”m[MFm155]mSpade`smattitudemtowardsmhism
secretarymshowsmhismunbalancemasmwell.mHemcanmbemnicemandmpolitemtomherma ndmaftermfewm
pagesmhemismrudemandmtough.mEffiemismsomethingmlikemhismmothermandmSpademismlikemamspoi ltm
child.mHemismexcitedmandmoffensive. mHemlacksminquisitivenessmandmdevotion.mmm
ThemprocessmofmdevelopmentmofmamprivatemeyemcanmbemfollowedminmworksmofmHamm ett,m
ChandlermandmSpillane.mHammettmstudiedmthemstylemofmdetectivemworkmandmwantedmt ombringm
realitymtomreaders.mChandlermfocusedmrathermonmhismhero,mthemprivatemeyemofmhismage ,mandm
studiedmmainlymthemvarietymofmliterarymstructuresmandmforms,mandmthemusemofmpsychologyma sm
well.mSpillane`smworkmwasmgreatlyminfluencedmbymthemagemandmthemSecondmWorldmWar.m
Spillane`smfirstmnovelmwasmpublishedminm1947mandmitmwasmsetmtomnewmsocietyma ndmwrittenm
formnewmreaders.mSweneymstudiesmtheminfluencemofmthemsocietymonmSpillane`smw orkminmhism

m 45m mworkm“AmericanmHomomDepraved:mMikemHammermasmAmericanmHero”m[2005].mHem
highlightsmreaders`mterriblemexperiencemofmviolence,mruthlessnessmandmdisg racefulmdeathminm
themSecondmWorldmWarmandmthemwayminmwhichmitmchangedmAmericanmreadersm[197].mMoralm
andmhonestmMarlowemwouldmnotmfit.mChandlermunderstoodmthemchangemandmhismMarlowem
changedmasmwell.mStill,mSpillanemdepictedmthemtruemviolentmatmospheremtha tmfitmbestmtomthosem
whomexperiencedmthemwar.mm
Asmthemsocietymandmreadersmchanged,mthemreasonsmofmprivatemeyesmformbeingmtoughmhadm
tomchangemasmwell.mSpillanemshiftedmthemtoughmurbanmenvironmentmevenmfurthermwhenmhem
comparedmNewmYorkmtomjunglemandmlifeminmitmtomanmuncasingmwarm[Sweneym201].mHem
explainedmitminmhismnovelm MySGunSIsSQuick :m“…mYoumhavemtombemquick,mandmyoumhavemtom
bemable,mormyoumbecomemonemofmthemdevoured,mandmifmyoumcanmkillmfirst,m…,myoumcanmlivem
andmreturnmtomthemcomfortablemchairmandmthemcomfortablemfire.m…”m[inmSweneym201].m
SweneymalsomanalyzedmthemmainmdifferencesmbetweenmMarlowemandmHammer.mMa rlowemism
honest,mamkindmofmcontemporarymknight.mSpademismnotmsomhonest,mbutmHammermismviolent,m
brutalmandmfullmofmhatredmandmdesiremformrevenge.mSweneymsuggestsmthatmHammermismamkindm
ofmcrusadermwhomleavesmthempeoplemhemmeetsmdeadmaroundmhimm[198].mm
ThemshiftmofmSpillane`smhard,boiledmfictionmdoesmnotmliemonlyminmthempresencemof mbrutalm
violence,mitmalsombringsmamchangeminmdetective`smcharacter.mThemphenomenonmofmm acho,m
broughtmbymHemingway,mremains,mbutmitmtransformsmitsmshape.mHammer,maccor dingmtom
Sweney,mis:m
…mamman`smman,mwhichmmeansmhemdrinksmaboutmfourmwhiskeysmandmcountlessmbeersmam
day,mhismfavouritemmealmismfriedmeggs,msteakmandmcoffee,mhasmfrequentmcasualmsex,mli kesm
tomtauntmqueers,mhasmampre,Christianmmoralmcode:manmeyemformamfinger,mamheadmformanm
eye,mnevermapologizes,mfearsmlong,termmfemalemrelationships,mandmdreadsmcomi ngmintom
themoffice.m[200]m
m
SuchmanmimagemismmuchmeasiermtomfollowmandmitmismthemreasonmwhymAmericanmmenmlovedmit .m
Themimagemevenmovercamemthemnewmcenturymandmsomemmen,mnotmonlyminmthemUSA,mstillm
keepmitmasmtheirmideal.mmm

m 46m m3. ERA REFLECTIONS
3.1 CRIME AND SOCIETY
m
Hard,boiledmdetectivemfictionminmgeneral,mandmDashiellmHammett`smandmRaym ondm
Chandler`smfictionminmparticular,mcommentsmwidelymonmpoliticalmandmsocialmcha ngesminmthem
twentieth,centurymAmericanmsociety.mNicholasmBlincoe,mEnglishmnovelistmandmcrit ic,m
admitsmthatm“crimemfictionmmightmbempolitical”m[“ThemCriminalmHea rt”].mVariousmexamplesm
ofmcriticismmofmAmericanmdemocracy,mmaterialism,mpoliticalmandmsocia lmsystemmandm
corruptionminmpolicemandmpoliticsmcanmbemfoundminmhard,boiledmfiction.mm
Revolutionarymandmprotestmliteraturemofmthem1920smandm1930smwasmproducedmtom“makem
artmsociallymresponsiblemtomthemeconomicallymandmraciallymoppressivemtime s”m[Norrisminm
Elliottm327]mandmitmobviouslymeffectedmandminfluencedmHammett`smandmChandler`smw ork.m
RaymondmChandlermdefinesmthemworldmhemlivesmin,minmhism TheSSimpleSArtSofSMurderS
[1944],mandmhemexplains:m
Themrealistminmmurdermwritesmofmamworldminmwhichmgangstersmcanmrulemnationsmandm
almostmrulemcities,minmwhichmhotelsmandmapartmentmhousesmandmcelebratedmres taurantsm
aremownedmbymmenmwhommademtheirmmoneymoutmofmbrothels,minmwhichmamscreenmstarmcanm
bemthemfingermanmformammob,mandmthemnicemmanmdownmthemhallmismambossmofmthemnumbersm
racket;mamworldmwheremamjudgemwithmamcellarmfullmofmbootlegmliquormcanmsendma mmanmtom
jailmformhavingmampintminmhismpocket,mwheremthemmayormofmyourmtownmmaymhavem
condonedmmurdermasmanminstrumentmofmmoney,making,mwheremnommanmcanmwalkmdownm
amdarkmstreetminmsafetymbecausemlawmandmordermaremthingsmwemtalkmaboutmbutmrefr ainm
frommpractising;mamworldmwheremyoummaymwitnessmamhold,upminmbroadmdaylightmandmse em
whomdidmit,mbutmyoumwillmfademquicklymbackmintomthemcrowdmrathermthanmtellmanyone,m
becausemthemhold,upmmenmmaymhavemfriendsmwithmlongmguns,mormthempolicemmaymnotm
likemyourmtestimony,mandminmanymcasemthemshystermformthemdefensemwillmbemallowedmtom
abusemandmvilifymyouminmopenmcourt,mbeforemamjurymofmselectedmmorons,mwithoutmanymbutm
themmostmperfunctoryminterferencemfrommampoliticalmjudge.m[991]mmm
m
ThemworldmdescribedmbymChandlermhadmitsmrootsminmthemEighteenthmAmendmentmtomthem
Constitution,mwhichmwentmintomeffectminm1920,mandmwhichm“prohibitedmthemmanufacture ,m
sale,mormtransportationmofmintoxicatingmliquors”m[Boorstinm77].mThemeramofmProhibitionmga vem
birthmtommanymillegalmactivitiesmfirstmconcentratingmonmthemsalemofmliquors,m butm
consequentlymconcerningmthemincreaseminmcrime.mBoorstinmevenmnotesmthatm“nomearli erm
piecemofmfederalmlegislation,m…,mwasmsomproductivemofmwidespreadmillegalmente rprisem…”m
[81].mThempublicmwasmnotmsatisfiedmwithmthemlegislationmasmitsmeffects mweremonlymnegative.m
BoorstinmcitesmFranklinmP.mAdams`mpoemm“ThemWickershammReport”m[1931]mthatm
expressesmthempublicmopinionmonmProhibition:m

m 47m mProhibitionmismanmawfulmflop.m
m m Wemlikemit.m
Itmcan`tmstopmwhatmit`smmeantmtomstop.m
m m Wemlikemit.m
It`smleftmamtrailmofmgraftmandmslime,m
Itmdon`tmprohibitmworthmamdime,m
It`smfilledmourmlandmwithmvicemandmcrime,m
m m Nevertheless,mwe`remformit.m[78]m
m
ChandlermcommentsmonmProhibitionmandmitsmenforcementminmhism TheSBigSSleep mwhenm
MarlowemdescribesmEddiemMars`smclub,mamkindmofm‘speakeasy’m[anmillegalmdrinki ngmplace]:m
“‘Themlawmenforcementminmthismtownmismterrific.mAllmthroughmprohibitionmEddiemMa rs`sm
placemwasmamnightmclubmandmhadmtwomuniformedmmenminmthemlobbymeverymnightm–mtomseemthatm
themguestsmdidn`tmbringmtheirmownmliquorminsteadmofmbuyingmitmfrommthemhouse.’”m[105].mm
DuringmProhibitionm[1919m–m1933]mandmlaterminmthemwartimemthempowermofmthem
governmentmbecamemweakermandmthem“accommodationmbetweenmgovernment,mbusiness ,m
andmlaborm…m[was]mgenerallymfavorablemtomtheminterestsmofmbusinessmen,mwhomm anagedmtom
fightmoffmmostmseriousmchallengesmtomtheirmcontrolmofmthemproductionmproce ss”m[Brinkleyminm
Fonerm134].mThemexistencemofmcapitalistmsocietymcanmbemalsomdepictedminmScaggs` mreasoningm
ofmthemrisemandmpopularitymofmhard,boiledmdetectivemstories:mm
Suchmgangstermstories,minmwhichmanmindividualmfrommamdisadvantagedmbackgroundm
becomesmrichmandmpowerfulmfrommamlifemofmcrime,monlymtombecomemamvictimmofmt hem
criminalmworldmthatmcreatedmhismsuccess,msprangmfrommthemrealitymofmthemattr actionmofm
crimemasmanmunderstandablemcareermchoiceminmanmincreasinglymaggressivemc apitalistm
society.m[29]mmmm
m
Themattractionmofmcrimemismunderstandablemwhenmthempoliticalmsystemmallow edmillegalm
enterprisemallmovermthemUSA.mm
Duringmthem1930smAmericanmsocietymsufferedmfrommanmeconomicalmandmsocialmshockm
whenmWallmStreetmCrashmonmthemstockmmarketmcameminm1929.mO`mCallaghanminforms mthatm
peoplemtookmrisksmandmkeptmbuyingmsharesmonmcreditminmthem1920sm[96].mThemWallmStree tm
Crashmcausedmthatmpeoplembecameminvolvedminmdebtsmandmrisemofmunemploymentmandm
homelessnessmstarted.mThemsituationmmeantmamdownfallmofmindividualsmwhomoccasi onallym
startedmtomlookmformjobmandmmoneymbymillegalmmeans.mCaweltimnotesmthatmhard,b oiledm
detectivemfictionmportraysm“themdownfallmofmanmindividualmwhomhadmsoughtmwealthmandm
powermbymimmoralmandmillegalmmeans”m[77].mCaweltimaddsmthatmthemdownfallmofmthe m
individualmledmtomthemrisemofmcollectivempowermandmorganizationm[77],mmeaningmthemri semofm
organizedmcrime.mScaggsmuttersmsupportivemremarksmaboutmthemrisemofmorganizedmc rimem
duringmthemGreatmDepressionm[57].mm

m 48m mChandlermnoticesmthemchangemofmsocietymasmwellmwhenmhemcommentsmonmleisuremtimem
activitiesminmEddiemMars`smclubminm TheSBigSSleep :m“Itmwasmstillmambeautifulmroommandmnowm
theremwasmrouletteminmitminsteadmofmmeasured,mold,fashionedmdancing.”m[97]mBri nkleym
highlightsm“themexpensivemandminefficientmSocialmSecuritymsystem”m[130]mwhi chmwasm
establishedminmthem1930s.mChandlermcommentsmonmthemlackmofmsafetyminmsocietyminmhism
Farewell,SMySLovely mwhenmanmelderlymwomanmnicknamedm‘OldmNosey’mbymMarlowemsays:m
“‘Folksmain`tmsafemamminuteminmthismtown.mWhenmImcomemheremtwenty,twomyears magomwem
didn`tmlockmourmdoorsmhardly.mNowmit`smgangstersmandmcrookedmpolicemandmpoliticiansm
fightin`meachmothermwithmmachinemguns,msomI`vemheard.mScandalousmismwhatmitmis,myoungm
man.’”m[240]mm
ChandlermmademanmattemptmtomcriticizemAmericanmdemocracyminmhism TheSHighSWindow m
whenmhemcommentedmonmthemfactmthatmemployeesmofmprivatemclubsmcanmcarrymgunsmandm
forcemthemvisitorsmtomdomwhatmismrequired:m“Imlookedmatmthemgunmstrappedmtomhismhip,mth em
specialmbadgempinnedmtomhismshirt.m‘Andmtheymcallmthismamdemocracy,’mImsaid. ”m[1081]m
BrinkleymprovidesmopinionsmofmsomemhistoriansmonmmodernmAmericamandmthem“decli nemofm
genuinemdemocracy”mandmhemhighlightsmthemincreaseminmthempowermofmprivateminsti tutions,m
theirmgrowingminfluencemovermgovernmentmandmthemdecliningmabilitymofmindividualsmtom
controlmtheirmlivesm[122].mChandlermgoesmfurtherminm TheSBigSSleepS andmcriticizesmthemwaym
ofmexecutingmcriminalsminmthemUSAmwhenmMarlowemtalksmaboutmthemprocessmofmexe cutingm
inmgasmchamberminmSanmQuentin.mMarlowemuttersmamcomment:m“‘Andmthat`smwhatmtheymc allm
humanemexecutionminmourmstatemnow.’”m[73]mm
ChandlermtriesmtomfindmamcausemofmcrimeminmAmericanmsociety.mCaweltimusesmanmext ractm
frommChandler`sm TheSLongSGoodbye mtomexplainmthemrelationmbetweenmcrimemandmsociety:m
“‘Crimemisn`tmamdisease.mIt`smamsymptom.mWe`remambigmroughmrichmwildmpeop lemandmcrimemism
thempricemwempaymformit,mandmorganizedmcrimemismthempricemwempaymformorganiz ation.’”m
[Caweltim150]mHowever,mChandlermblamesm“Americanmmaterialismmandmgreed ”m[Caweltim
150]mandmfocusesmonmthemcriticismmofmthemrichmhighmclass.mŠkvoreckýmexplainsmChandler` sm
pointmofmviewmandmnotesmthatmthemvicemportrayedminmChandler`smnovelsmismcausedmb ym
bustlingmandmoftenmunreasonablemandmnonsensicalmdollarmchasem[88].mChandler`smcri ticismm
ofmthemrichmismevidentminmhismportrayalmofmthemprivatemeyemwho,maccordingmtomCaw elti,m
“demonstratesmthatmthosemwhomhavemachievedmwealthmandmstatusmaremweak,mdishonourable,m
andmcorrupt”m[157].mm
InmTheSBigSSleep mChandlermportraysmamwealthymhigh,classmfamily,mthemSternwoods,m
andmhemfinallymrevealsmthatmCarmen,mthemyoungermdaughter,mismamlunaticmmurderer,mwherea sm

m 49m mVivian,mthemoldermdaughter,mismamgambler.mInmthismwaymChandlermdemonstratesmhowm
dishonourablemandmdemoralizedmthemrichmcanmbe.mInm TheSHighSWindow mChandlermportraysm
anothermwealthymfamily,mthemMurdocks,mandmfinallymhemrevealsmthatmLeslie,mthemson,misma m
counterfeitmandmmurderermandmhismmother,mMrsmElizabethmBrightmMurdock,manmexploite rm
andmmurderermasmwell.mChandlermdemonstratesmthemdifferencembetweenmthe mhighmclassmandm
middlemclassmonmthemrelationshipmbetweenmMrsmElizabethmMurdockmandmhermexploi tedm
secretarymMerle.mHemmightmthusmimplymthatmthemhighmclassmexploitsmthemmiddle mclass.mItmism
strikingmthatmChandlermwasmbroughtmupminmEnglandmatmamprivatemschoolmandmhemfeltmcl assm
consciousness.mHowever,masmHineymsuggests,mChandler`smexperiencematmtrenchesmdurin gm
themFirstmWorldmWarmerodedmhismclassmconsciousnessm[50].mInm Farewell,SMySLovely m
ChandlermportraysmBaymCitymasmamcorruptedmcitymformthemuppermclasses:mm
AstermDrivemhadmamlongmsmoothmcurvemtheremandmthemhousesmonmtheminlandmsidemwerem
justmnicemhouses,mbutmonmthemcanyonmsidemtheymweremgreatmsilentmestates,mwithmtwel vem
footmwallsmandmwroughtmironmgatesmandmornamentalmhedges;mandminside,mifmyoumcouldm
getminside,mamspecialmbrandmofmsunshine,mverymquiet,mputmupminmnoise,proofmcontainers m
justmformthemuppermclasses.m[247]mmm
m
Racialmissuesmweremamverymcontroversialmtopicminmthem1930s.mBrinkleymnotesmtha tmthem
NewmDealmofmPresidentmRooseveltmhadm“modestmrecordmonmracialmissues”mandmthat mthem
administrationmfailedm“tomtakemmoremactivemmeasuresmonmbehalfmofmracialm equality”m[129,
30].mTommWilliams,m theSObserver m[2006],mnotesmthatmChandlermdeliberatelymavoidedmracialm
issuesm[“It`smcriminal…”].mInm Farewell,SMySLovely mChandlermgetsmtomthemenvironmentmofm
Afro,Americansmandmhismapproachmismrathermcontradictory.mAtmthembeginningmofmthe mnovelm
Chandlermusesmsuchmpejorativemexpressionsmasm‘colouredmjoint’morm‘negroes’ m[169].mOnmthem
othermhand,mhemtriesmtomsuggestmtheminvertedmracismmwhenmMarlowemutters:m“‘ Theymwon`tm
servemyou.mImtoldmyoumit`smamcolouredmjoint.’”m[169]mChandlermgoesmfurthermandmletsmambla ckm
manminmthempubmsay:m“‘Nomwhitemfolks,mbrother.mJes`mfo`mthemcolouredmpeople .mI`semsorry.’”m
[170]mThus,mitmcanmbemsaidmthatmChandlermtriesmtomadoptmamneutralmattitude.mHemus esm
pejorativemexpressionsmfamiliarmformthemreadersmandmusedminmthemstreets,m andmhemimpliesmthem
existencemofmracismmagainstm‘themwhite’masmwell.mThus,mTommWilliams` msuggestionmcouldm
bemaccepted.mChandlermtriesmtomreflectmthemrealmsituationminmthemstreet smand,matmthemsamem
time,mtomadoptmneutralmstand,point.mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
mmmmmm
m

m 50m m3.2 URBAN ENVIRONMENT
m
Them1920smandmconsequentlymthem1930sminmAmericammeantmamtremendousmrisemofmnewm
technology,mnewminventionsmandmnewmlifestyle.mPeoplemwhomlivedminmthemcountrymandmruralm
areasmstartedmtommovemtomthemcitymandmurbanmareasmtomgetmwork.mThemshiftmofmenvironment m
ismevidentmalsominmliterature.mHollywoodmandmboommofmfilmmindustrymhadmamgreatminfl uencem
onmsocietymasmwell.mAccordingmtomBrinkleymthemnationalmsocialmvaluesmweremdefinedm bym
“materialmabundance,mthemincreasingmavailabilitymofmconsumermgoods,mthempervasi venessm
ofmadvertising,mandmthemhomogenizationmofmmassmculture”m[126].mThem1920smhighlightedm
“consumerism”mandm“personalmfulfillment”m[BrinkleyminmFonerm126]masmthemmainminter estm
ofmmodernmsociety.mThem1930smweremshapedmbym“urbanizationmandmthemgrowingmpolitical m
powermofmthemcity”m[BrinkleyminmFonerm133].mThemurbanmforcesmaremevidentlymportraye dminm
hard,boiledmdetectivemfiction.mThemfocusmonmtoughmurbanmenvironmentmandmconsequentm
toughmbehaviormofmcitizensmdeterminedmanothermnamemformhard,boiledmfiction,m‘noir ’m
fiction.mm
However,mthemnewmmodernmculturemandmchangemofmsocietymdidmnotmpassmwithoutm
problems.mBrinkleymspeaksmaboutm“ambroadmconflictmbetweenmamnew,msecularmur banmculture,m
committedmtomculturalmpluralismmandmmodernistmideas,mandmanmoldermruralmA merica,m
weddedmstillmtomtraditionalmvalues”m[124].mSuchmamconflictmcanmbemfoundminmsomem
Chandler`smnovels.mChandlermexcellentlymdescribesmandmcharacterizesmthemurba nm
environment;monmthemothermhand,mhemseemsmtomadheremtomtraditionalmvalues.mMarlowe`sm
charactermismthembestmexamplemofmsuchmperseverancemonmtraditionalmvalu es,mthemvaluesmofmam
knight.mChandler`smtraditionalmBritishmeducationmismrecognizableminmhismstyle.mH emseemsmtom
havemproblemsmwithmthemmodernistmideamofmpluralism,mi.e.m“themprincip lemthatmpeoplemofm
differentmraces,mreligious,mandmpoliticalmbeliefsmcanmlivemtogetherm peacefullyminmthemsamem
society”m[LongmanmDictionarym1030].mItmcouldmbemthemreasonmofmChandler`smelusivemsta nd,
pointmtomracialmissues.mHemmightmhavemfeltmlostminmthemnewmcrackedmworld.m
Scaggsmopensmanotherminterestingmtopic.mHemspeaksmaboutm“‘unreality’mofmChandl er`sm
LosmAngelesmandmHammett`smSanmFrancisco,mwhichmaremcharacterizedmbymimi tation,m
artifice,minsubstantiality,mfakery,mandmfacades”m[71].mHemdoesmnotmmeanmunrealm
descriptions.mHemtriesmtomdrawmattentionmtom‘unreality’mofmthemrealmworldma ndmmodernm
society.mInm Farewell,SMySLovely mChandlermportraysmBaymCitymandmdepictsmthemurbanm
atmosphere:mm

m 51m mOutsidemthemnarrowmstreetmfumed,mthemsidewalksmswarmedmwithmfatmstomachs .mAcrossm
themstreetmambingomparlourmwasmgoingmfullmblastmandmbesidemitmamcouplemofmsa ilorsmwithm
girlsmweremcomingmoutmofmamphotographer`smshopmwheremtheymhadmprobablymbeenm
havingmtheirmphotosmtakenmridingmonmcamels.mThemvoicemofmthemhotmdogmmerchantmsplitm
themduskmlikemanmaxe.m[330]mmm
m
ChandlermtriesmtomdepictmthematmospheremofmfakeryminmmodernmAmerica.mPeoplemwa ntedmtom
bemsomeonemelse,mormtomlivemsomewheremelse.mChandlermdescribesmthempopular itymofm
photographsmandmthemfactmthatmpeoplempreferredmhavingmphotosmtakenmasmifmfro mmdifferentm
countrymandmtime.mm
ThemmodernmurbanmAmericanmworldmwasmfullmofmimitation,mfakerymandmillusion.mThem
boommofmfilmmindustry,mHollywood,msignificantlymcontributedmtomthemshiftmofmsocie tym
towardsmfakery.mO`mCallaghanmnotesmthatmHollywoodmactorsmbecamemfamousmstarsma ndm
newspapersmweremfullmofmtheirmstoriesm[94].mItmprobablyminfluencedmordi narymAmericansm
andmtheymdreamtmaboutmbeingmstars.mChandlermfocusedmonmdescriptionmofmarchitecturema ndm
itsmartificialmfeaturesmfullmofmexoticmelements.mInm TheSLadySinStheSLake mChandlermdescribesm
ostentatiousmplacemofmDeracemKingsleymfullmofmexoticmelements:m“Theirmre ceptionmroomm
hadmChinesemrugs,mdullmsilvermwalls,mangularmbutmelaboratemfurniture,msharpmshinym bitsmofm
abstractmsculpturemonmpedestalsmandmamtallmdisplayminmamtriangularmshowcas eminmthemcorner.”m
[3]mChandlermadoptsmslightlymnegativemattitudemandmhemchoosesmsuchmwordsminmordermtom
highlightmthemillusion.mInm TheSHighSWindow mChandlermportraysmamhigh,classmclubmandmhem
demonstratesmthemillusivempicturemofmwealth,mpowermandmhappiness:mm
Themlobbymlookedmlikemamhigh,budgetmmusical.mAmlotmofmlightmandmglitter,mamlotmofm
scenery,mamlotmofmclothes,mamlotmofmsound,manmall,starmcast,mandmamplotmwithmallm them
originalitymandmdrivemofmamsplitmfingernail.mUndermthembeautifulmsoftmindirec tmlightingm
themwallsmseemedmtomgomupmforevermandmtombemlostminmsoftmlasciviousmstarsmthatmrea llym
twinkled.mYoumcouldmjustmmanagemtomwalkmonmthemcarpetmwithoutmwaders.mAtmthembackm
wasmamfree,archedmstairwaymwithmamchromiummandmwhitemenamelmgangwaymgoingmupminm
widemshallowmcarpetedmsteps.mAtmthementrancemtomthemdiningmroommamchubbymc aptainmofm
waitersmstoodmnegligentlymwithmamtwo,inchmsatinmstripemonmhismpantsmandmamb unchmofm
gold,platedmmenusmundermhismarm.m[1082,3]mm
m
Chandlermusesmhismmasterlyminstrument,mironymandmwisecracking.mHemtriesmtomindic atem
themluxurymandmbadmtastemand,mthus,mmovesmtomcriticismmofmhighmclassminmgeneral.mScaggs m
explainsmthatm“socialmclimbersmattemptmtomimitatemthemexpensiv embadmtastemofmthemwealthy”m
andmhemaddsmthatm“Marlowe`smeyesmpiercemtheseminsubstantialmfacade smwithmnomgreatm
difficulty”m[71].mChandlermdescribesmthemcitymofmCaminomdemlamCostaminm Farewell,SMyS
Lovely mandmexpressesmthemfailuremofmimitatingmefforts:m“Wemslidmdownmambroadmavenuem

m 52m mlinedmwithmunfinishedmelectroliersmandmweed,grownmsidewalks.mSomemrealtor `smdreammhadm
turnedmintomamhangovermthere.”m[206].mm
Themfeaturemofmimitationmandmfakerymcanmalsombemappliedmtompeoplemandmchara ctersminm
hard,boiledmdetectivemfiction.mScaggsmmentionsmHammett`sm TheSMalteseSFalcon mandmthem
counterfeitm[72].mHammett`smprivatemeyemSammSpademismhiredmbymamclient,mM issmWonderlym
aliasmMissmO`mShaughnessymtomfindmampreciousmstatuette,m‘falcon’.mThemreade rmlearnsmthem
storymofmthemfalconminmthemsecondmhalfmofmthemnovelmand,mstill,mthemtruemmotivationmandmst orym
ofmSpade`smclientmismnotmrevealed.mBrigidmO`mShaughnessymliesmfrommthembeginningmt omthem
endmofmthemnovel.mThemfalconmrevealsmtombemamcounterfeitmatmthemendmofmthemnovel.m
Moreover,mSpademhimselfmliesmtomhismenemiesmandmpretendsmtombemtheirmfriend.mH ammett`sm
novelmismfullmofmlies,mfakemstoriesmandmfakemidentities.mCarlmD.mMalmgrenmcomme ntsmonmthem
featuremofmHammett`sm TheSMalteseSFalcon minmhism“ThemCrimemofmthemSign:mDashiellm
Hammett`smdetectivemfiction”m[1999].mMalmgrenmcallsmthemlyingm‘role,playing’ morm
‘metamorphosis’mandmhemspeaksmaboutm‘ontologicalmconfusion’m[“ThemCrimemofmthe mSign:m
DashiellmHammett`smdetectivemfiction”].mThemmetamorphosismcanmbemf ollowedminmthem
charactermofmBrigidmO`mShaughnessymasmshemismintroducedmasmamclient,mamyoungminnocentm
girl,mperhapsmasmamvictim:mm
Shemwasmtallmandmpliantlymslender,mwithoutmangularitymanywhere.mHermbodymwasmere ctm
andmhigh,breasted,mhermlegsmlong,mhermhandsmandmfeetmnarrow.mShemworemtwomshadesmofm
bluemthatmhadmbeenmselectedmbecausemofmhermeyes.mThemhairmcurlingmfrommundermhe rm
bluemhatmwasmdarklymred,mhermfullmlipsmmorembrightlymred.mWhitemteethmglistene dminmthem
crescentmhermtimidmsmilemmade.m[2]mm
m
Finally,mshemrevealsmtombemammurderer.mHammettmusesmmoremthanmonemnamemformBrigidm tom
distinguishmthemchangesminmhermcharacter.mm
Malmgren`sm‘ontologicalmconfusion’mcouldmbemdistinguishedminmHammett`smportr ayalm
ofmthemrelationshipmbetweenmBrigidmandmSpade.mTheymstartmanmaffairmandmtheymarem
confidentialmtomeachmother:m“Spademcombedmhermredmhairmbackmfrommhermfacemwi thmhism
fingersmandmsaid:m‘I`mmsorry,mangel.mImthoughtmyou`dmsleepmthroughmit.m…’”m[89].mOnmthem
othermhand,mtheymbothmliemandmdomnotmtrustmeachmother.mAtmthemendmofmthemnovel,mthemreaderm
cannotmbemsuremwhethermtheirmrelationshipmwasmrealmormjustmpretended.mSpa demlovesmher,mbutm
hemdecidesmtomsendmhermovermtompolice.mMalmgrenmexplainsmthemfeaturemofmHamme tt`sm
fiction:m“Inmamworldmofmnonstopmrole,playing,mitmismoftenmimpossiblemtomdistingui shm
betweenmactingmandmbeing.mThismconfusionmofmappearancemandmrealitymopensmupminm

m 53m mHammett`smworldmamzonemofmcognitivemindeterminacy.”m[“ThemCrimemofmthemSign:mDas hiellm
Hammett`smdetectivemfiction”].mm
However,mChandlermdoesmnotmusemthemfeaturemofmontologicalmconfusionminmhismnovels.m
Though,mhismcharactermofmCarmenmSternwoodminm TheSBigSSleep mmightmresemblemthemstylem
ofmmetamorphosismwhenmshemfirstmappearsmasmamyoungminnocentm‘child’mandmthenmre vealsmtom
bemamlunaticmmurderer.mAllmthemsame,mChandlermgivesmhismcharactermsuchmsignsmthat mthem
readermmightmpresumemshemismevilmormstrange.mm
m
3.3 GANGSTERS, RACKETEERS AND BOOTLEGGERS
mm
Them1920smandm1930sminmAmericamweremyearsmofmwidespreadmillegalmenterprise,m
gamblingmandmcrime.mInmthem1920smpeoplemtriedmtheirmluckmatmthemstockmmarketmand,m
accordingmtomO`mCallaghan,mtheymusedmtombuymsharesmonmcreditmandmborrowmmoneymfromm
thembanks.mSuchmamwaymofmbuyingmsharesmwasmcalledm‘onmthemmargin’mandmpeoplembecame m
gamblersm[96].mHowever,mBoorstinmgoesmfurthermandmtriesmtomexplainmthemoriginmofm
gamblingminmAmericanmsociety:m“…mtheremwasmanmelementmofmgambleminmallmAme ricanmlife,m
whichmmademitmhardmtomdistinguishmthemprudentmplannermfrommthemmanmwhomwonmbymtakingm
chancesm–monmthemfertilitymofmunknownmland,monmthemsalabilitymofmhalf,knownmnewm
minerals,monmthemprospectsmofmunbuiltmrailroadsmandmunpopulatedmcities.”m[ 78]mInmotherm
words,mthemAmericanmhistorymofmnewmlifeminmamnewmworldmhasmalwaysmbeenmfullmofmchances m
andmgamble.mProhibitionmofm1920m–m1933mreinforcedmthemfeaturemofmAmericanmlifemandm
finallym“mademlaw,breakingmamhabit”m[O`mCallaghanm95].mm
Boorstinmpointsmoutmthatmpopularitymofmcrimemcanmbemalsomprovedmfrommthe mAmericanm
languagemwhichmwasmfullmofmnewmwordsmconcerningmcrime.mHemgivesmanmexample,mthem
wordm‘gangster’,m“whichminmthemlastmyearsmofmthemnineteenthmcenturymhadmcomemintomus emtom
refermdisparaginglymtomcrookedmpoliticiansmwhomformedmgangs,m[and]mbecamemobsol eteminm
thatmsensemandmbymaboutm1925mreferredmtomcriminals”m[82].mHineymalsomnotesmthatmthe m
readersmweremfascinatedmwithmthemfastmgrowthmofmItalianmandmIrishmgangsm[86].mMore mnewm
expressionsmdeveloped,msuchmasmam‘bootlegger’,mi.e.msomeonemwhommakes,mcarriesma ndm
sellsmalcoholmillegallym[LongmanmDictionarym136],mormam‘racketeer’,mi.e.msomeone mwhom
usesm“amdishonestmwaymofmgettingmmoney”m[LongmanmDictionarym1097].mm
Chandlermgivesmsomemexamplesmofmvariousmracketsminm TheSBigSSleep :m“Shemwasn`tm
livingmwithmEddiemMars,mdidn`tmlikemhismrackets.mEspeciallymthemsidemline s,mlikemblackmail,m

m 54m mbentmcars,mhideoutsmformhotmboysmfrommthemeast,mandmsomon.”m[118].mChandlermalsomgivesm
somemexamplesmofmracketsmofmamdoctorminm Farewell,SMySLovely :m“Mymguessmismthatm
Sonderborgmwillmhavemamrecord,mnotmlocal,msomewheremelse,mformabortion,mormtrea tingm
gunshotmwoundsmormalteringmfingermtipsmormformillegalmusemofmdope.”m[314].mChandlermnotm
onlymgivesmexamplesmofmrealmrackets,mhemalsomexpressesmhismopinionmonmthemillega lm
enterprisem[aboutmEddiemMarsminm TheSBigSSleep ]:mm
Oncemoutsidemthemlawmyou`remallmthemwaymoutside.mYoumthinkmhe`smjustmamgambler.mIm
thinkmhe`smampornographer,mamblackmailer,mamhotmcarmbroker,mamkillermbymremote mcontrol,m
andmamsubornermofmcrookedmcops.mHe`smwhatevermlooksmgoodmtomhim,mwhatevermhasmthem
cabbagempinnedmtomit.mDon`tmtrymtomsellmmemonmanymhigh,souledmracketeers.mTheymdon`tm
comeminmthatmpattern.m[138]mmm
m
Chandlermshowsmanmopenmcriticismmofmthatmkindmofmgettingmmoney.mHemevenmdeprivesm
racketeersmofmanymgoodmcharacter.mm
Caweltimdiscussesmthempossibilitymofmrelationmbetweenmcrimemandmgovernm ent.mHem
suspectsmthatm“theremismamdefinitemrelationmbetweenmthemfascinatio nmwithmlimitlessmcriminalm
powerminmthemnewmcrimemformulasmandmthempublic`smreluctantmawarenessmofmthe m
uncontrollablempowermofmviolenceminmthemhandsmofmthemgovernment”m[78].mHemalsom
mentionsmthem‘family’mandmthemfactmthatmsocietymmovedmitsminterestmandmconfidence mfromm
themindividualmtomthemfamily,mthemorganizationsmandmorganizedmcrime.mCaweltimsugg estsm
thatm“am‘family’mofmcriminalsmmightmbemmoremhumanlyminterestingmandmmorallym
satisfactorymthanmamsocietymofmemptymroutines,mirresponsiblympowerfulmorgani zations,m
widespreadmcorruption,mandmmeaninglessmviolence”m[79].mThatmcouldmbemthemdarkmmess agem
ofmhard,boiledmdetectivemfiction.mm
BoorstinmspeaksmaboutmthemrisemofmorganizedmcrimeminmChicagomandmhemintroducesm
MontmTennes,mthemleadermofmgamblingminmChicago,mandmmentionsmthemfirstm“warmbetween m
rivalmgamblingmsyndicates”minm1907m[79].mChandlermcommentsmonmthemproblemminm TheSBigS
Sleep mandmhemtalksmaboutmthemdifficultymofmstoppingmit:m“‘Youmoughtmtomstopmsomemofmthatm
flashmgambling,’mImsaid.m‘Withmthemsyndicatemwemgotminmthismcounty?mBemyourmage,m
Marlowe.m…’”m[44].mHowever,minm Farewell,SMySLovely m[1940]mChandlermexpressesmhism
opinionmonmgangsters,mBrunetteminmthemnovel,mandmhemseemsmtomhavemamlikingmformthem:mm
‘…Thesemracketeersmaremamnewmtype.mWemthinkmaboutmthemmthemwaymwemthinkmaboutm
oldmtimemyeggsmormneedle,upmpunks.mBig,mouthedmpolicemcommissionersmonmthemradiom
yellmthatmthey`remallmyellowmrats,mthatmthey`llmkillmwomenmandmbabiesmandmhow lmform
mercymifmtheymseemampolicemuniform.mTheymoughtmtomknowmbettermthanmtomtrymtomsellmthem
publicmthatmstuff.mThere`smyellowmcopsmandmthere`smyellowmtorpedoesm–mbutmd amnmfewm
ofmeither.mAndmasmformthemtopmmen,mlikemBrunettem–mtheymdidn`tmgetmtherembymmurderingm
people.mTheymgotmtherembymgutsmandmbrainsm–mandmtheymdon`tmhavemthemgroupmcouragem

m 55m mthemcopsmhavemeither.mButmabovemallmthey`rembusinessmmen.mWhatmtheymdomismfor m
money.mJustmlikemothermbusinessmmen.mSometimesmamguymgetsmbadlyminmthemway.mOkey.m
Out.mButmtheymthinkmplentymbeforemtheymdomit…’m[340]mm
m
ChandlermseemsmtombemstronglyminfluencedmandminspiredmbymthemfatemofmAlmCapone.m
BoorstinmcitesmAlmCapone`smdefencemofmhism‘job’:m“‘Immakemmymmoneymbymsup plyingmam
publicmdemand.mIfmImbreakmthemlaw,mmymcustomers,mwhomnumbermhundredsmofmthembestm
peopleminmChicago,maremasmguiltymasmImam.mThemonlymdifferencembetweenmusmismthatm Imsellm
andmtheymbuy.mEverybodymcallsmmemamracketeer.mImcallmmyselfmambusinessmman.m…’ ”m[84].m
ResemblancembetweenmChandler`smfictionmandmamrealmcasemismevident.mHoweve r,mChandlerm
makesmclearmthatmhemcanmunderstandmgangsters,mbutmhemdoesmnotmapprovemofmtheirm‘j ob’:m
“‘Don`tmthinkmIm like mthesembastards,’mhemsaid.m‘Imhatemtheirmguts.’”m[FMLm341].mAlmCaponem
tookmovermthemrolemofmthemleadermofmorganizedmcrimeminmChicagominm1925mandminm1931mhem
wasmconvictedmandmsentmtomprison.mInm1939mhemwasm“releasedmbecausemofmpoormhealth”m
[Boorstinm83,4]mandmonlymamyearmaftermthatmChandlermpublishedmhismnovel.mm
Chandlermdepictsmthemimportantmfeaturesmofmgangster`smjob,mamongmthemmsolvi ngm
problemsmbymmurders.mInm TheSBigSSleep mChandlermspeaksmaboutm‘trouble,shooting’:m“‘…m
HemdoesmamjobmformEddiemMarsmwhenmMarsmneedsmhimm–mtrouble,shooting.mHe`dmbumpm am
guymoffmbetweenmdrinks.m…’”m[119].mInm Farewell,SMySLovely mChandlermuttersmamremarkm
aboutmthemwaymofmmurderingmproblematicmpeople:m“‘…mMymideamismthatmwhoevermdi dmitmismam
deadmmanmhoursmago,mwithmweightsmonmhismankles,mdeepminmthemPacificmOcean.m…’”m[231].mm
AftermthemendmofmProhibitionmorganizedmcrimemcarriedmonmand,maccordingmtomO`m
Callaghan,mgangstersm“usedmthemmoneymtheymhadmmademasmbootleggersmtomsetmupmotherm
criminalmbusinesses”m[95].mChandlermkeepsmthemfeaturemofmorganizedmcrimeminmhismf ictionm
andminmTheSBigSSleep mhemspeaksmaboutmgangstermEddiemMarsmandmhismclub,morminm Farewell,S
MySLovely maboutmgangstermandmmayormBrunettemandmhismclubmandmgamblingmshipminmone.m
Boorstinmcommentsmonmthemdevicesmusedmbymgangsters,msuchmasmTennes,mandmhemsaysmthatm
“hem[Tennes]musedmfire,mdynamite,mandmsometimesmthempolicemthemselves,mtompersua dem
othermgamblersmtomusemhismservice”m[79].mChandlermportraysmthemusemofmthempolice minmTheS
BigSSleep :m“‘…mImknowmyou,mMrmMars.mThemCypressmClubmatmLasmOlindas.mFlashmgamblingm
formflashmpeople.mThemlocalmlawminmyourmpocketmandmamwell,greasedmlinemint omL.A.mInmotherm
words,mprotection.m…’”m[52].mm
AmkindmofmresemblancemcouldmbemdepictedmbetweenmAlmCaponemandmChandler`sm
gangstermBrunetteminm Farewell,SMySLovely .mBoorstinminformsmthatmCaponem“wasmcarefulmtom
keepmhimselfm‘clean’”mandmthatmhe,m“notmtomriskmhismownmcapital,mallowedmothersmtomow nmthem

m 56m mspeakeasies,mthemhousesmofmprostitution,mandmthemgamblingmcasinos”m[83].mMoreover,m
Caponemhadm“largemandmloyalmpersonnelmwithmspecialmqualifications”mwhomwerema llowedm
bymcrookedmcopsmtomcarrymgunsm[Boorstinm83].mThemcorruptedmrelationmbetweenmCaponem
andmthempolice,mormpoliticians,mismexplainedmbymBoorstin:m“Chicago`smMayor mBigmBillm
ThompsonmhadmhelpedmCaponemlaymthemfoundationmofmallmhismenterprises.mInmthemlat em1920sm
somemnationalmpoliticalmleadersmweremreportedlymenlistingmCapone`smaidm inmthem
managementmofmfederalmelections.”m[83].mChandler`smBrunetteminm Farewell,SMySLovely mismam
gangstermandmbusinessmanmasmwell.mChandlermhighlightsmmanymtimesminmthemnovelmthat mBaym
CitymismBrunette`smtownmasm“ammobmofmgamblersmheadedmbymammanmnamedmLairdmBrune ttem
electedmthemselvesmammayor”m[227].mChandlermgoesmfurthermandmdefinesmthemamountmofm
moneympeoplempaymtombemelectedmandmhemnamesmBrunette`smrackets:m“‘Whomr unsmthism
town?’m…m‘ImheardmamgamblermnamedmLairdmBrunettemputmupmthirtymgrandmtomelectmt hem
mayor.mImhearmhemownsmthemBelvederemClubmandmbothmthemgamblingmshipsmoutmonmthem
water.’”m[328].mm
Gamblingmshipsmmeantmamrealmproblemminmthemtwentieth,centurymAmerica.m Gamblingm
ShipmActmdefinesmwhatmamgamblingmshipmmeans:m
§g1082.gGamblinggships m
mm (a)mItmshallmbemunlawfulmformanymcitizenmormresidentmofmthemUnitedmStates,morma nym
othermpersonmwhomismonmanmAmericanmvesselmormismotherwisemundermormwithinmthem
jurisdictionmofmthemUnitedmStates,mdirectlymormindirectly—mm
(1)mtomsetmup,moperate,mormownmormholdmanyminterestminmanymgamblingmshipmormanym
gamblingmestablishmentmonmanymgamblingmship;mormm
(2)minmpursuancemofmthemoperationmofmanymgamblingmestablishmentmonmanymgamblingm
ship,mtomconductmormdealmanymgamblingmgame,mormtomconductmormoperatemanymgamblingm
device,mormtominduce,mentice,msolicit,mormpermitmanympersonmtombetmormplaymat manymsuchm
establishment,mm
ifmsuchmgamblingmshipmismonmthemhighmseas,mormismanmAmericanmvesselmormotherwisem
undermormwithinmthemjurisdictionmofmthemUnitedmStates,mandmismnotmwithinmthem
jurisdictionmofmanymState.m[Humphreym“U.S.mGamblingmShips”]m
m
BrunettemownsmtwomgamblingmshipsmnearmBaymCitymandmthanksmtomcorruptedmpolicemhem
managesmtomgetmawaymwithmit.mChandlermdefinesmthemconditionmundermwhichmgamblingm
shipsmcanmexist:m“‘Themmgamblingmshipsmaremsupposedmtombemoutmbeyondmcitymandmst atem
jurisdiction,’mhemsaid.m‘Panamamregistry.m…’”m[FMLm328].mHineymrefersmtomthemfa ctmthatm
SantamMonicamwheremChandlermlivedmwasmamplacemwheremgamblingmshipsmexist edmandm
corruptedmpolicemandmcitizensmapprovedmofmitm[91].mChandlermusedmhismexperience mwithmlifem
inmsuchmamcitymandmmockedmSantamMonicambymdescribingmandmcriticizingmBaymCity.mmmm
m

m 57m m3.4 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CORRUPTION
m
Hard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmwidelymcommentsmonmthemstatusmquomofmthemAmericanm
society.mBrinkleymspeaksmaboutmthem1930smandmhemclaimsmthatm“mostmofmthemfederalm
bureaucracym…mwasmtoomsmallmandminexperiencedmtombemablemtomundertakemlargemt asks”m
[131].mSuchmamstageminevitablymledmtomthemfactmthatmmostmofmthemimportantmtasksmf ellm“intom
themhandsmofmbusinessmen”mandmBrinkleymillustratesmitmbymthemfatemofmthemNati onalm
RecoverymAdministrationm[131].mThemsituationmmightmopenmthemwaymtomcorruption.mThem
politicalmsituationminmthemUSAminmthem1930smmeantmamchangemfrommthemleftmtomthemright m
wingmwhenminm1932mPresidentmHoover,mamRepublican,mwasmreplacedmbymPresidentm
Roosevelt,mamDemocratm[O`mCallaghanm98].mm
Variousmopinionsmofmthempoliticalmsituationmappearedminmthemhard,boiledmficti on.m
Scaggsmnotesmthatm“themideologicalmpowermofmthemhard,boiledmmodemismalmostmce rtainlym
onemofmthemreasonsmformitsmappropriationmonmpoliticalmgrounds,m…”m[74].mHemaddsmthatm“t hem
politicalmagendas,meithermovertmormcovert,mthatmaremevidentminmhard,boiledmf ictionmrangem
frommthemmoremright,wingmparanoiamandmmisogynymofmMickeymSpillanemtomthemincre asinglym
liberal,reformistmagendamofmRossmMacdonald,m…”m[74].mm
Chandler`smpointmofmviewmcanmbemrecognizedminm Farewell,SMySLovely mwheremMarlowem
andmamcopmcalledmHemingwaymmeditatemovermthemsystemmofmgovernmentmandmpolitics .mTheym
mentionmthatm“‘Copsmdon`tmgomcrookedmformmoney.mNotmalways,mnotmevenmoften.mTheymgotm
caughtminmthemsystem…’”.mWhenmtheymwantmtomexplainmthemsystemmtheymgetmtomcorruptio n.m
AndmChandler`smsolutionmtomthemviciousmcirclemofmcorruptionmandmneedmofmmoneymismthatm
“‘…mwemgottammakemthismlittlemworldmallmovermagain…’”m[325].mSuchmamsolutionmseemsmt om
bemradical.mOnmthemothermhand,mitmismthemonlymradicalmthoughtminmthemnovelmwhenmcomparedm
tomaggressivemstylemofmMickeymSpillane.mm
Hammett`smpoliticalmviewsmcanmbemfollowedminm TheSGlassSKey mwhichmconcernsmthem
electionsmofmthemMayormandmallmthemcorruptionmaround.mHammettmgoesmfurthermandmuses mthem
realmnamemofm TheSObserver .mHemaccusesmthemnewspapermofmbeingmcorruptedmandmbribedm
whenmamgangstermO`mRorymdecidesmtomhavemliesmaboutmthemMayormprinted:m“‘I`l lmhavem
Hinklem–mhe`smthem ObserverS guym–mputmthemstuffminmshape.mYoumjustmgivemhimmthemdopemandm
letmhimmwritemit….’”m[79].mHammettmtriesmtomexplainmthemreasonsmofmthemj ournalistmtombem
bribed.mHemrefersmtomthemDepressionmandmneedmofmmoneymformamliving:mm
‘Youmknowmamlotmaboutmit.mMathewsmismupmtomhismearsminmdebt.mThemStatemCentralmTrust m
Companymholdsmbothmmortgagesmonmhismplantm–monemonmhismhouse,mtoo,mformthatmmatter.m

m 58m mThemStatemCentralmbelongsmtomBillmRoan.mBillmRoanmismrunningmformthemSenatemagainst m
Henry.mMathewsmdoesmwhatmhe`smtoldmtomdomandmprintsmwhatmhe`smtoldmtomprint.’m[103]mm
m
Finally,mHammettmsummarizesmthemsituationminmhismcountry:m“‘Politicsmis mamtoughmgame,m
…,mthemwaymit`smbeingmplayedmheremthismtime.mThem ObserverS ismonmthemothermsidemofmthem
fencemandmthey`remnotmworryingmmuchmaboutmthemtruth…’”m[103].mm
Caweltimsuggestsmanothermpointmofmviewmonmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmandmitsm
message.mWhenmhemspeaksmaboutmthemcriminalmhemnotesmthatmhem“ismcommonlymampe rsonmofm
considerablempoliticalmandmsocialminfluence”m[143,4].mCaweltimthusmreveals m“themcorruptm
relationshipmbetweenmthempillarsmofmthemcommunitymandmthemcriminalmunderground”m[148 ,
9].mSuchmamcorruptmrelationshipmcanmbemfoundminmbothmChandlermandmHammett.mInm TheSBigS
Sleep mChandlermintroducesmamwealthymandmpowerfulmfamily,mthemSternwoods,mandmfinallym
discoversmthatmbothmdaughtersmaremcriminals.mInm TheSHighSWindow mChandlermintroducesm
anothermpowerfulmfamily,mthemMurdocks,mandmagainmdiscoversmthatmthemsonmismamcriminal. mm
Onmthemfieldmofmpoliticsmamsimilarmcorruptedmrelationshipmcanmbemfoll owedminm
Chandler`smandmHammett`smnovels.mInm TheSGlassSKey mHammettmintroducesmShadmO`mRorym
whomismampoliticianmandmamgangstermasmwell.mHemownsmamgamblingmclub,mhowever,mhemis m
nevermconvicted:m“‘Sincemthemthirdmtimemtheymknockedmhismplacemoverm–mwhenmthemtwom
coppersmweremkilledm–mhe`smbeenmlayingmlow,mthoughmtheymdon`tmseemmtomhavemamhellmofmam
lotmonmhimmpersonally.’”m[173].mSomethingmsimilarmcanmbemdepictedminmChandler`sm
Farewell,SMySLovely mwheremgangstermBrunettemismsaidmtomrunmamgamblingmshipmand,matmthem
samemtime,mcorruptsmpoliticiansmandmthemMayor:m“‘Somthemtownmismasmcrookedma smallmthat?’mIm
said.m‘It`smLairdmBrunette`smtown.mTheymsaymhemputmupmthirtymgrandmtomelectmammayor.’ ”m
[305].mChandlermevidentlymdescribedmamrealmeventmasmHineymsuggests.mHineyminformsmt hatm
inm1933mthemLosmAngelesmMayormShawmgotmmoneymformhismcampaignmfrommtwomgangstersm
and,mmoreover,minm1937mamdetectivemHenrymRaymondmwasmseriouslyminjuredmbymambombminm
ordermnotmtomtestifymagainstmthemMayor`smofficialsm[87].mm
Politicsmandmpoliticians,mthus,mseemmtombemamhotmissueminmhard,boiledmdetectivemf iction.m
Hammett`smnovelm TheSGlassSKey mismthembestmexamplemofmcriticismmofmthempoliticalm
situationmandmcorruption.mThemaristocraticmSenatormHenrymfinallymrevealsmtom bemthem
murderermofmhismsonmwhomwasmlikelymtomscandalizemhismfather`smreputation.mHamme ttm
explainsmthemforcesmaroundmelectionsmandmwhatmpoliticiansmaremablemandmwil lingmtomdominm
ordermtomwinmthemelections.mNedmBeaumontmismampoliticalmfixermformPaulmMadvi g,mthem
Mayor,mandmhemuttersmthemexplanation:m“‘Ifmhem[O`mRory]mcanmupsetmyoumthismelect ionmhe`llm

m 59m mbemfixedmtomsquaremanythingmhemhasmtomdomtomwin.m…mYou`remusingmthempolicemonmhim.m
He`llmhavemtomfightmbackmatmthempolicemandmhemwill.mThatmmeansmyou`remgoingmtomhavem
somethingmthatmcanmbemmademtomlookmlikemamcrime,wave.m…’”m[69].mHammettmshowsmbothm
sidesmofmthemproblem.mNotmonlymO`mRorymismcorrupted,mbutmalsomthemMayormusesmvari ousm
twistsmandmhemharnessesmfrommhismconnections.mBeaumontmadvisesmthemMayormtom“‘seem thatm
itmcomesmupmbeforemthemrightmjudgem–mPhelps,msaym–mandm[they]mcanmkeepmthem Observer moutm
ofmthemfightm–mexceptmonm[their]msidem–mtillmaftermelection’”m[132].m
Themproblemmofmbribingmismalsomfrequentlymdiscussed.mHineyminformsmaboutmt hemhistorym
ofmLosmAngelesmfromm1915mtom1923:m“…msloužilomosmmnáčelníkůmpoliciemčtyřemmskandálym
sužovanýmmsprávámmměsta.mBěhemmtěchtomletmstarostové,mstátnímnávladnímamměs tštímradním
bralimpenízemnamkampaněmamněkdymúplatkymodmmajitelekmnevěstinců,mpašerákůmam
hazardníchmhráčů”m[45].mHammettmportraysmthemsituationminm TheSGlassSKey mwheremhem
showsmthempricemofmwonmelection:m“‘Im[O`mRory]`llmgivemyoum[Beaumont]mtenmgrandminmcashm
rightmnowmifmyou`llmcomeminmandmtenmmoremelection,nightmifmwembeatmPaulm[themMayor]’ ”m
[78].mHammettmalsomhintsmthatmtheremismanmopportunitymtomcooperatemwithmt hempolicemandmtom
getmprotection:m“‘AftermelectionmI`llmstakemyoumtomthemfinestmgambling,house mthismstate`sm
evermseenmandmletmyoumrunmitmtomsuitmyourselfmwithmallmthemprotectionmyoumevermheardmof ’”m
[77].m
ThemcorruptionmofmthempolicemismmentionedmbymHineymasmwell.mHemdescribesmamreal mcasem
ofmC.mC.mJulianminmLosmAngelesminmthem1920s.mItmismamcasemofmamdeceitfulmbusinessmanmwh om
raisedmmoneymfrommthemcitizens.mFinally,mthembubblemburstmandmhemfled.mHismacc omplicesm
weremtombemconvictedmbutmthemDistrictmAttorneymwasmcorruptedmandmtheminves tigationmwasmam
fake.mInm1927mthemSenatormGeraldmNyemcommentedmthemscandalmthatmitmism“výmluvnýmm
důkazem,mžemmilionmdolarůmnelzemvemSpojenýchmstátechmusvědčitmzmtrestnéhomčinu”m[ 61,2].m
NearlymthemsamemstatementmcanmbemfoundminmChandler`smshortmstorym“TroublemIs mMym
Business”m[1934]:m“‘Youmcan`tmconvictmamcouplemmillionmbucksmofmmurderminmthismman` sm
town’”m[567].mHammettmshowsmthemcorruptionmofmthemDistrictmAttorneyminm TheSGlassSKey m
wheremthemD.mA.mFarrmismwillingmtomstopmtheminvestigationminmordermnotmtomcausempro blemsm
tomthemMayor:m“‘Ofmcoursemyoumknowmifmyoum–mifmPaulm–mImmeanmifmthere`smanymreasonmwhym
Imshouldn`tm–myoumknowm–mwemcanmletmitmgomatmthat.’”m[54].mm
Hineymdemonstratesmanothermexamplemofmthempolicemcorruption.mInm1929mthemChiefmofm
LosmAngelesmPolicemDepartmentmJamesmEdgarmDavismdiscreditedmthemcriticmo fmthempolicem
andmhismadministrationmcounselormCarlmJacobsonminmordermtomgetmhimmoutmofmthemway.m
Fortunately,mthemtruthmcamemoutm[67].mThemabsolutempowermofmthempolicemismevident minmbothm

m 60m mChandler`smandmHammett`smnovels.mInm TheSGlassSKey mHammettmusesmthempoliticianmandm
gangstermO`mRorymandmletsmhimmdiscreditmthemMayor,mPaulmMadvig,minmtermsmofm
irresponsiblemcharges.mInm TheSBigSSleep mChandlermdemonstratesmthempowermofmthempolicem
asmwell:m“‘It`smobviousmtomanybodymwithmeyesmthatmthatmstoremismjustmamfrontmfor msomething.m
ButmthemHollywoodmpolicemallowedmitmtomoperate,mformtheirmownmreasons.’”m[81].mm
Chandlermleavesmammessageminmeachmofmhismnovels.mThemurgentmmessagemofmhismtwom
novels,mTheSBigSSleep mandmFarewell,SMySLovely ,mismthatmitmismalmostmimpossiblemtomstaym
honestminmthemtwentieth,centurymUSA:mm
‘I`mmamcopper,’mhemsaid.m‘Justmamplainmordinarymcopper.mReasonablymhonest.mAs mhonestm
asmyoumcouldmexpectmammanmtombeminmamworldmwheremit`smoutmofmstyle.m…mBeingmamcopperm
Imlikemtomseemthemlawmwin.m…mYoumandmmembothmlivedmtoomlongmtomthinkmI`mmlikelymtom
seemitmhappen.mNotminmthismtown,mnotminmanymtownmhalfmthismsize,minmanympartmofmthism
wide,mgreenmandmbeautifulmU.S.A.mWemjustmdon`tmrunmourmcountrymthatmway.’m[BSm145]mm
m
mmmmmmmm

m 61m mCONCLUSION
m
InmmymthesismImfocusedmonmpopularmliteraturemandmitsmsubgenremhard,boiledmde tectivem
fiction.mImanalyzedmnovelsmandmshortmstoriesmofmtwomprominentmrepresentativesmR aymondm
ChandlermandmDashiellmHammett.mMoreover,mImdiscussedmthemmodernisticmfeatur esmandmthem
commentsmonmthemsocialmandmpoliticalmeventsminmtheirmnovels.mm
Popularmliteratureminmgeneralmandmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionminmpar ticularmism
consideredmbymacademicsmammarginalmfieldmofmliterature.mHowever,mImtriedmtompr ovemthatm
variousmliterarymitemsmcommonmtomhighmliteraturemaremwidelymusedminmhard,boiledmdet ectivem
fiction.mThus,mImmademcertainmthatmthemhard,boiledmmodemshouldmnotmbemdisregardedmandm
thatmitmismasmworthmreadingmandmcriticizingmasmothermliterarymgenres.mm
Moreover,mImprovedmthatmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmcommentsmwidelymonmsocial m
andmpoliticalmeventsmofmthem1920smandm1930s.mThemprovedmfactsmconcerningmpoliticalm
situation,mvariousmscandalsmonmsocialmfieldmandmcorruptionmamongmpoliticians,moffici alsmorm
policemofficersmweremidentifiedminmhard,boiledmnovelsmofmRaymondmChandlermandmDas hiellm
Hammett.mThus,mImprovedmthatmhard,boiledmmodemofmpopularmliteraturemismgenuinel ym
political.mm
Evenmthoughmhard,boiledmschoolmofmdetectivemstorymflourishedmmainlyminmthem1920s,m
1930smandm1940s,mitsmimpactmonmmodernmAmericanmsocietymismstillmrecognizable.mHard,
boiledmmodemcanmbemdistinguishedminmallmactionmmoviesmandmmodernmdetectivemseries.mThem
schoolmofmthem1920smwasmsurpassedmlongmago,mandmstill,mthemoriginsmofmnowadaysmtoughm
aggressivemstylemofmartsmdatembackmtomthemtimemofmhard,boiledmboom.m
Detectivemfictionmasmamdistinctivemgenremofmpopularmliteraturemismonemofmt hemfavoritem
genresmreadmbymordinarympeople.mThemreasonmwhymdetectivemstoriesmaremsomwidel ymreadm
couldmbemthemfactmthatmreadersmgainmnotmonlymanmeasymsourcemofmentertainmentmbutmal somanm
elaboratemsourcemofmvaluablemliterarymsatisfaction.mItmismremarka blemhowmmanymdetectivem
seriesmappearmonmtelevisionmthesemdays.mPeople`smhungermformrewardingmfeedmformthe irm
brainsmis,mthus,mevident.m
Themhungermformtoughmsetting,mtoughmcharactersmandmtoughmplotmismevidentmasmwell.m
Today`smworldmchangesmfrommdaymtomdaymandmthempersistentmchangemcouldmbemcomparedmtom
themimmensemchangemofmworldmandmsocietymatmthembeginningmofmthemtwentiethmcentury.m
Thus,mwemcanmsaymthatmthempersistentmpopularitymofmhard,boiledmdetectivems toriesmcanmbem

m 62m mcausedmbymthemresemblancembetweenmtoday`smsocietymandmonemofmthemearlymtwent iethm
century.mmmmmmmmmmmm
Peoplemsupposemthatmhard,boiledmmodemmightmbemmoremlikelymtombemreadmbymme n.m
Nevertheless,mthemtoughmmanlympointmofmviewmcanmbemverymimpressivemandminstructive malsom
formwomen.mReadingmhard,boiledmtoughmstoriesmandmnovelsmofferedmmemamnewmpointmofm
viewmnotmonlymonmmenmbutmalsomonmAmericanmsociety.mHard,boiledmfeaturesmaremstill m
remarkableminmmanymcontemporarymliterarymworksmandmTVmprogrammesmasmwell .mItmcouldm
bemthemproofmofmthemfactmthatmhard,boiledmmodemandmbehaviormismnaturalmformus .mm
Onemmaymaskmwhympeoplemtendmtomreadmtoughmdetectivemstories.mThemevidentm
popularitymofmdetectivemfictionmcouldmstemmfrommthemlifestylemofmordinarym peoplemandmthem
needmofmrelax.mPeople`smlivesmaremfullmofmduties,mchargesmandmtaboos.mWorldmandmsoc ietymism
becomingmmoremandmmoremintellectualized.mThatmmightmbemthemreasonmwhympopularm
literaturemismsomwidelymread.mPeoplemfeelmthemneedmofmamkindmofmescapemfrom mthemgreym
reality.mSuchmamfeaturemismcalledmescapism.m
mm
mm
mmm

m 63m mSUMMARY
m
InmmymthesismImfocusedmonmthemfeaturemofmpopularmliteraturemandmthemhard,boiledms choolm
ofmdetectivemstory.mThemaimmofmmymthesismwasmtomdemonstratemthatmpopularmf ictionminm
generalmandmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionminmparticularmshouldmbemconsideredml iterarym
genremcomparablemtomhighmliterature.mImmademanmoutlinemofmdetectivemfictionmi nmgeneral.mIm
devotedmthemfirstmchaptermtomthemdevelopmentmofmdetectivemgenreminmAmerica nmandmEnglishm
literaturemwithmthememphasismonmAmericanmhard,boiledmmode.mImnotmonlymgavemthemoutline m
ofmdetectivemliterarymworksmandmtheirmauthorsmbutmImalsompresentedmamcrit icalmviewmofmhard,
boiledmdetectivemstoriesmandmnovels.mmmm
Imhighlightedmthemmodernisticmliterarymfeaturesminmhard,boiledmdetectivemfic tionmofm
RaymondmChandlermandmDashiellmHammett.mImfocusedmonmthemusemofmborrowingsmfromm
highmliteraturemandmtheirmexamples.mImanalyzedmthemusemofmvarietiesmofmEnglishma ndm
highlightedmthemexcellentmskillmofmRaymondmChandler.mInmonemsectionmImconcentratedmon m
themtypemofmhard,boiledmheromandmcomparedmtwomaccomplishedmprivatemeyesmofmDas hiellm
HammettmandmRaymondmChandler.mm
Tomprovemthatmhard,boiledmdetectivemfictionmcommentsmwidelymonmthempoliticalma ndm
socialmevents,mImdemonstratedmsomemrealmcasesmandmeventsmofmthem1920smandm1930smandmthem
waymhowmtheymweremreflectedminmthemnovels.mImfocusedmmainlymonmthemurbanmenvironmentm
ofmthemtwentieth,centurymAmerica,mthemprosperitymofmcrimemandmgangstersma ndmthem
phenomenonmofmpoliticalmandmsocialmcorruption.mThus,mImmanifestedmthemimmensemimp actm
andminfluencemonmAmericanmsociety.mm
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
Keygwords :mpopularmliterature,mdetectivemfiction,mhard,boiledmdetectivemfict ion,mpulpm
magazines,mcorruption.m

m 64m mRESUMÉ
m
Vemsvémdiplomovémprácimjsemmsemzaměřilamnampopulárnímliteraturumamz vláštěmnamryzem
americkýmdetektivnímžánrmdrsnémškoly.mCílemmdiplomovémprácembylomprokázat,mžem
populárnímliteraturamamzvláštěmdetektivkamdrsnémškolymbymmělambýtmpova žovánamzamliterárním
žánrmsrovnatelnýmsmakademikymuznávanoumliteraturou.mPokusilamjsemmsemvytvořitmobecn ým
přehledmdetektivnímtvorby.mPrvnímkapitolumjsemmvěnovalamvývojimdetektivníhomžánrum
vmamerickémamanglickémliteratuřemsmdůrazemmnamamerickoumtechnikumdrsnémškoly.mPokus ilam
jsemmsemnejenmompřehledmautorůmamliterárníchmdělmdetektivníhomžánru,malemtakémomkr itickým
pohledmnamdetektivkymdrsnémškoly.mm
Snažilamjsemmsemvyzdvihnoutmmodernistickémprvkymvmdetektivkáchmdrsnémškolymam
zaměřilamjsemmsemnamdvamvýznamnémpředstavitelemtohotomžánru,mDashiellam Hammettamam
RaymondamChandlera.mZaměřilamjsemmsemnamjejichmpoužitímvypůjčenýchmprvkůmz mjinýchm
uznávanýchmliteraturníchmžánrů.mPokusilamjsemmomanalýzumrůznýchmprvkůmjazykamužitýc hm
vmdílechmRaymondamChandleramamtímmjsemmsemsnažilamvyzdvihnoutmjehomúžasnýmcitmprom
jazyk.mDálemjsemmsemzabývalamtypickýmimrysymhlavníhomhrdinymdetektivekmdrsnémškolymam
porovnalamjsemmdvamnejznámějšímsoukromémdetektivymvytvořenémDashiellemmHammette mm
amRaymondemmChandlerem.mm
Abychmdokázala,mžemdetektivkamdrsnémškolymreflektujemdůležitémpolitickémam
společenskémudálosti,msnažilamjsemmsempředložitmcomnejvícemskutečnýchmpř ípadůmzm20.mam30.m
letm20.mstoletímamjejichmodrazmvmliterárnímtvorbě.mZaměřilamjsemmsempř edevšímmnamměstském
prostředímamrozkvětmzločinumamkorupcemvmAmericemnampočátkum20.mstoletí.mm
Oblíbenostmdrsnéhomstylumvmliterárnímtvorběmampředevšímmvmteleviznímprodukci mhojněm
sledovanémdnešnímpopulacímdokazujemnesmírnýmvlivmdrsnémškolymnejenmnamamerickoum
společnost,malemnamlidskoumspolečnostmobecně.mmmmmmm
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
Klíčovágslova :mpopulárnímliteratura,mdetektivky,mdetektivkamdrsnémškoly,msenzačnímplátky,m
korupce.m

m 65m mBIBLIOGRAPHY
m
Primarymsources :m
m
Grey,mZane.m Nevada .mTranslatedmbymJosefmVorel.mPraha:mCedr,m1992.m
m
Haining,mPeter.m PulpSFrictions,SHistorkySdrsnéSškoly .mTranslatedmbymMartinmSichinger.m
Praha:mTalpress,m2006.mm
m
Hammett,mDashiell.m CrimeSStoriesSandSOtherSWritings. mNewmYork:mThemLibrarymofm
America,m2001.m
mm
Hammett,mDashiell.m“ThemGoldenmHorseshoe”.mInm CrimeSStoriesSandSOtherSWritings .m
NewmYork:mThemLibrarymofmAmerica,m2001.mm
m
Hammett,mDashiell.m“Women,mPoliticsmandmMurder”.mInm CrimeSStoriesSandSOtherS
Writings .mNewmYork:mThemLibrarymofmAmerica,m2001.mm
m
Hammett,mDashiell.m TheSGlassSKey .mNewmYork:mVintagemBooks,m1972.mm
m
Hammett,mDashiell.m TheSMalteseSFalcon .mLondon:mOrionmBooks,m2002.mm
m
Hemingway,mErnest.m SelectedSStories .mMoscow:mProgressmPublishers,m1971.m
m
Chandler,mRaymond.m“NevadamGas”.mInm StoriesSandSEarlySNovels .mNewmYork:mThem
LibrarymofmAmerica,m1995.mmm
m
Chandler,mRaymond.m“SelectedmEssaysmandmLetters”.mInm Later mNovelsSandSOtherS
Writings .mNewmYork:mThemLibrarymofmAmerica,m1995.m
m
Chandler,mRaymond.m“TroublemIsmMymBusiness”.mInm StoriesSandSEarlySNovels .mNewm
York:mThemLibrarymofmAmerica,m1995.mm
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LongmanSDictionarySofSEnglishSLanguageSandSCulture. mHarlow:mPearsonmEducationm
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Norris,mMargot.m“ModernistmEruptions”.mInmElliott,mEmory.m TheSColumbiaSHistorySofStheS
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