Towards experiments at the new ELI-NP facility [601746]

Towards experiments at the new ELI-NP facility
D. L. Balabanskia,G.Cata-Danil,D.Filipescu,S.Gales,F.Negoita,O.Teieanu,C.A.Ur,
I. Ursu, N. V. Zamfir, and the ELI-NP Science Team
ELI-NP , IFIN-HH, Reactorului Str. 30, 077125 Bucharest – Magurele, Romania
Abstract. The Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) Pan-European initiative represents a
major step forward in quest for extreme electromagnetic fields. The Extreme Light In-
frastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) laboratory is one of the three pillars of the ELI
project, that aims to use such extreme electromagnetic fields for nuclear physics and
quantum electrodynamics research. At ELI-NP two ten petawatt high-power laser sys-
tems together with a very brilliant narrow-width γbeam are the main research tools. Here
the current status of the project and the experimental program related to nuclear research,
which is under preparation at ELI-NP, are presented.
1 The ELI-NP project
ELI-NP [1] is one of the three laboratories under construction, related the ELI project [2], the other two
being laser-driven secondary beams in Prague, the Czech Republic [3] and attosecond pulsed lasers
in Szeged, Hungary [4]. In 2012 the 293-million-euro ELI-NP project was approved by the European
Commission. ELI-NP will host two ultra high-power 10 PW lasers and a gamma beam system (GBS)
which will deliver laser and γ-ray beams with parameters beyond those available at the present-state-
of-the-art machines. The main laboratory building covers an area of more than 12000 m2. Its lay-out
is displayed in Fig 1. The high-power laser system (HPLS) and the gamma beam system (GBS) are
placed in the laboratory building, adjacent to the corresponding experimental areas. They will be
mounted on an anti-vibration slab, damping vibrations to frequencies ≤10 Hz with amplitudes down
to±1μm.
The HPLS will have six output lines – two at 10 PW with a frequency of ≥1/60 Hz, two at 1 PW
with a frequency of ≥1 Hz and two at 100 TW with a frequency of ≥10 Hz. Each output will have its
optical pulse compressor. The duration of the pulses from each of the six outputs of the HPLS shall be
tunable from the best compression level to at least 5 ps pulse duration, with both positive and negative
chirp. The HPLS outputs will be synchronized with accuracy below 200 fs [5]. The laser system will
deliver pulses synchronously with the GBS electron and γbunches.
The GBS is designed and constructed by the European consortium EuroGammaS, led by the Ital-
ian INFN LNF, including research and industr ial partners from eight European countries. It will
produce highly polarized ( >95%) tunableγbeams of spectral density of 104photons/s/eV in the
range from 200 keV to 19.5 MeV with a bandwidth of >0.3% [6, 7]. Theγbeams will be produced
through laser Compton backscattering (LCB) o ffan accelerated electron beam delivered by a linear
ae-mail: [anonimizat]: 10.1051 /
C/circlecopyrtOwned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2014,
/00 0 ( 2014)
201 epjconfEPJ Web of Conferences
47 07
88 00
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits
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Article available at http://www.epj-conferences.org orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20147806001

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Figure 1. Layout of the ELI-NP laboratory building. The dimensions are in meters. The red contour indicates
the borders of the anti-vibration slab.
accelerator. In the LCB process maximum up-shift is achieved in head-on collisions, producing γrays
with energies Eγ∼4γ2
e·EL,w h e r eγe=(1−(ve/c)2)−1/2,veis the electron velocity and ELis the
energy of the laser photons. For a green-light laser, EL=2.4e V ,L C Boff300-MeV electrons results
in aγbeam of Eγ<3.5 MeV , while LCB o ff720-MeV electrons yields γrays with Eγ<20 MeV .
The process has a relatively low cross section ( σCBS≈10−25cm2), which needs to be compensated
by high photon and electron densities at the interaction point.
The solution for the electron accelerator is a a high-brightness normal-conducting electron Linac,
combining S- and C-band accelerating cavities with the electrons provided by a photo-injector. The
Linac produces high peak brightness in the single bunch, as well as a multi-bunch beam with e ffective
high repetition rate, which inc reases the average current [8]. It will run at the maximum radiofre-
quency (RF) repetition rate achievable (100 Hz), injecting from the photo-injectors into the booster
Linac trains of bunches which are filling the available RF pulse time duration, typically, 32 bunches
separated by 16 ns over a 512 ns flat RF pulse.
To optimize theγ-beam quality, an optical system preserving the spectral bandwidth while maxi-
mizing the flux must be provided at the Compton interaction point (IP). A passive optical system able
to recirculate and focus several tens of time a single laser pulse at the Compton IP was designed [9].
The LINAC length and capabilities and the γ-ray beam characteristics impose strong constraints on
the interaction laser. For the ELI-NP GBS the st ate-of-the-art high-power y tterbium laser technol-
ogy [10] was adopted, e.g. laser beam wavelength λ=515 nm, and maximal laser pulse energy
U=400±5% mJ at the high-energy IP ( U=200±5% mJ at the low-energy IP) with a pulse width
σt=5±5% ps and pulse repetition rate 100 ±5H z .EPJ W eb of Conferences
06001-p.2

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/g92/g72/g68/g85/;#2323#2323#2323
/g47/g49/g37/g47/;#2323#2323#2323
/g51/g47/g40/g44/g36/g39/g40/g54 /;#2323#2323#2323
/g43/g44/g42/g54/;#2323#2323#2323
/g55/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/g53/g40/g59 /;#2323#2323#2323
/g48/g40/g42/g36/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/g85/g68/g92 /;#2323#2323#2323
/g40/g47/g44/g177/g49/g51/;#2323#2323#2323
/g37/g85/g76/g79/g79/g76/g68/g81/g70/g72 /;#2323#2323#2323
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/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323
/g47
/g83/g75/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/g80
/g83/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323
/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323
/g68/g71
/g71
/g71
/g71
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/g69/g90/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323
/g69/g90/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323
/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323
/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323#2323/;#2323#2323#2323
Figure 2. Comparison of the performance of the ELI-NP GBS with existing and planned CBS γ-beam facilities.
The ELI-NP GBS is superior to the existing or planned CBS γ-beam facilities in terms of bril-
liance and bandwidth, as demonstrated in Fig. 2. This becomes possible by taking advantage of
several cutting-edge achievements in electron-beam and laser technologies, namely, by combining
the delivery of high-intensity low-emittance electron beams with a very brilliant, high repetition-ratelaser. The interaction takes place in a small volume, resulting in a brilliant narrow-width γbeam.
2 The ELI-NP Nuclear Science Programme
The nuclear physics research program at ELI-NP consider both, experiments with ultra high-power
lasers at the HPLS and experiments with brilliant γbeams at the GBS. A large number of detectors and
other instruments are being designed to achieve the goals of the ELI-NP experimental program [11].
2.1 HPLS Nuclear Physics Experiments
The HPLS, which was described in Sect. 1, will deliver every minute laser-light intensities on the
target in the range of 1023W/cm2. This will allow to develop experiments using laser-driven heavy-
ion nuclear reactions. For a recent review see Ref. [12]. Of special interest is to test the proposed
fission-fusion reaction mechanism [13]. In this reaction, laser-accelerated actinide ions, e.g.232Th,
impinge on a232Th target, where the target-like and the beam-like Th ions will fission. Due to the very
high beam intensity, exceeding existing classical ion beams by many (up to 15) orders of magnitude,
high-temperature high-ion density will be created. As a result, subsequent fusion of neutron-rich
fragments will occur, resulting in a very neutron-rich fusion product. The most important scientificobjective in this case is the study of neutron-rich nuc lei in the region of the r-process waiting point
N=126, which can be achieved through fusion of two light neutron-rich fragments. Such experiments
require huge experimental development in the field of laser driven ion acceleration.
2.2 Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Experiments with Narrow-Bandwidth γ-Ray Beams
The advances inγ-ray beam brilliance and bandwidth and at ELI-NP , as discussed in Sect. 1 will
increase the sensitivity of NRF experiments and thus it o ffers the opportunity to perform nuclear res-
onance fluorescence (NRF) studies on small target samples. This opens up an entire new area of
applicability of the NRF method to materials that may be available only in quantities of a few mil-
ligrams. For example, studies the low-energy dipole response in the actinide region will be possible.
The low-lying dipole strength, such as the scissors mode, and of the fragmentation of the strengthWigner 111 – Colourful & Deep Scientific Symposium
06001-p.3

of soft modes, such as the pigmy dipole resonance (PDR), will be studied, too. The brilliance of
theγ-ray beam will enable γγcoincidence experiments, which provides an opportunity for detailed
investigation of the decay of photo-excited states. Studies of the ground-state transition width Γ0with
the self-absorption method [14] will benefit from the narrow bandwidth of the γbeam. This will allow
measurements of nuclear lifetimes in a model independent way with a very high precision. All these
studies will benefit from the high polarization of the γ-ray beam.
2.3 Photo-fission studies at the GBS
The availability of a brilliant narrow-width γ-ray beam opens an avenue for photo-fission research,
since it makes possible high-resolution studies in γ-ray induced reactions. This program will ad-
dress high-resolution photo-fission experiments in the actinides, investigation of the second and third
potential minima through studies of transmission resonances [15–17], angular and mass distribution
measurements of fission fragments, measurements of absolute photo-fission cross-sections, studies of
rare photo-fission events, such as ternary fission, highly asymmetric fission, etc. In addition, the pos-
sibility to produce exotic neutron-rich nuclei in photo-fission and study their structure and decays is
investigated. The GBS γ-ray beam will cover selectively energy region of the giant dipole resonance
(GDR) of the fissile target. The IGISOL technique [18] will be used for the extraction and selection of
the isotopes of interest. The nuclei of interest will be slowed down and neutralized in the gas of an ion
guide and will be separated by combining a laser-ion source and a mass separator. The isotope yield
distribution was estimated, based in the measured fission yields in low-energy projectile fission of
238Uo n208Pb [19], a process which takes place via the exchange of a virtual photon ( E∗<25 MeV).
Estimates indicate that ELI-NP will compete other laboratories in studies of isotopes of refractory
elements. In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy of fission fragments will be possible, too.
2.4 GBS Experiments above the Neutron Threshold
The brilliant, narrow-width, highly-polarized γ-ray beam which will be delivered by the ELI-NP
GBS. will open up new horizons for the investigation of the nuclear photo-response at and above the
separation threshold. An example for such studies is the detailed investigation of di fferent soft modes,
such as e.g. the PDRs at and above the particle threshold, which is essential for nucleosynthesis in
astrophysics. PDRs are placed much lower in energy than the GDRs and they represent only a small
fraction of the total E1 strength (few percent), wh ile GDRs exhaust almost fully the E1 strength.
Both, the GDR and the PDR can be covered within the energy range of the ELI-NP beams. The PDR
occurs close to the neutron emission threshold and its decay is governed by the coupling to the large
number of states around the threshold. These experiments will be complimentary to the PDR studies
which were described in Sect. 2.2. This experimental program will include also studies of ( γ,n) cross
section , e.g. p-process related measurements, such as the138La(γ,n)137La and the180mTa(γ,n)179Ta
reactions, which are of key importance for the understanding of the process and provide constraints
on the explosive dynamics of massive stars.
2.5 GBS Nuclear Astrophysics Studies
The principle of detailed balance allows the determination of the cross section of an ( α,γ) process
from the measurement of the time inverse ( γ,α) reaction withγ-ray beams. Studying reactions by
means of inverse photo-disintegration has the advantage of having di fferent systematic uncertainties
than those of charge-particle induced reactions meas ured at low energies of astrophysics interest.EPJ W eb of Conferences
06001-p.4

Several key nuclear astrophysics reactions were identified to be studied at ELI-NP . These include
the12C(α,γ)16O reaction at the Gamow peak (300 keV), which is related to the carbon-to-oxygen
ratio at the end of the He burning, one of the key open questions of nuclear astrophysics [20]. Other
proposed studies include the24Mg(γ,α)20Ne reaction, which governs the downward flow from24Mg
to4He. The22Ne(γ,α)18O reaction, which is related to the production of22Ne, which provides one
of the neutron sources for s-process nucleosynthesis in massive stars through the22Ne(α,n) reaction.
The19F(γ,p)18O reaction, which is a measure for the loss of catalytic materials from the CNO cycle,
providing at the same time a link to the NeNa cycle. The21Ne(γ,α)17O reaction will allow the
determination of the cross section at lower energies of the time-reversal17O(α,γ)21Ne reaction, which
is essential for determining the role of16O as a neutron poison in the CNO cycle.
3 Conclusions
The ELI-NP research center will host a HPLS and a GBS with parameters beyond nowadays state-of-the-art. The power of the HPLS lasers exceeds existing lasers by an order of magnitude and will
deliver every minute on the target intensities in the range of 10
23W/cm2. This makes it possible to
design and perform new classes of nuclear physics experiments, which cannot be done elsewhere. The
spectral density, brilliance and bandwidth of the γ-ray beams, which will be delivered by the GBS,
are orders of magnitude better compared to th e existing facilities. The outstanding performance of
theγbeam, combined with its high polarization, opens the possibility to carry out a versatile research
program in nuclear physics and tackle key problems in nuclear structure, astrophysics and reactions.
Acknowledgements
The Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) – Phase I project is co-funded by theEuropean Union through the European Regional Development Fund.
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