Gamma ray shielding and elastic properties of PbO -B2O3-P2O5 doped [600701]

Materials Chemistry and Physics
Manuscript Draft

Manuscript Number: MATCHEMPHYS -D-16-02778

Title: Gamma ray shielding and elastic properties of PbO -B2O3-P2O5 doped
with WO3

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: WO3, Tenth value layer, Oxide glass, Radiation shielding,
Mechanical properties

Abstract: In this study, WO3 based glass system in composition (100 –
x)[0.1B2O3 -0.4P2O5-0.5PbO]-xWO3 where x = 10, 20, 30, 4 0, 50 and 60 mol%
were prepared for gamma ray shielding and mechanical properties. The
detector. The obtained results indicate that the values of the mass
attenuation coefficient (µm), e ffective atomic number (Zeff), electron
density (Nel), longitudinal (L), shear (G), bulk (K) and Young's (E)
modulus of the glass samples increase with the increasing of WO3. The
layer (TVL) and Mean free path (MFP) of the investigated glasses were
found to decrease with the increasing of WO3 concentration. The µm
results have been observed a perfect agreement with the Xcom values for
all the glass samples.

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without the written content of the publisher
Response to Technical Check Results

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Gamma ray shielding and e lastic properties of PbO -B2O3-P2O5 doped with
WO 3

Shams A. M. Issa1,2,*, A.M.A. Mostafa1

1Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al -Azhar University, Egypt .
2Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

*Corresponding author: Shams A M Issa
Telephone number: 00966565182688
E-mail: [anonimizat]

Abstract
In this study, WO 3 based glass system in composition (100-x)[0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5-0.5PbO] -xWO 3
where x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 6 0 mol% were prepared for gamma ray shielding and
mechanical properties . The emitted gamma ray has been detected by 3 3 inch NaI(Tl)
scintillation detector . The obtained results indicate that the values of the mass attenuation
coefficient (µ m), effective atomic number (Z eff), electron density (N el), longitudinal (L), shear
(G), bulk (K) and Young’s (E) modulus of the glass samples increase with the increasing of
WO 3. The values of the Poisson’ s ratio (), half value layer (HVL) , tenth value layer (TVL) and
Mean free path (MFP) of the investigated glasses were found to decrease with the increasing of
WO 3 concentration . The µ m results have been observed a perfect agreement with the Xcom
values for all the glass samples .

Keywords: WO 3, Tenth value layer, Oxide g lass, Radiation shielding , Mechanical properties . *Manuscript
Click here to view linked References

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1. Introduction
Gamma radiations have been utilized in many applications like food irradiation, medical
diagnostics , medical therapy , manufacture, sterilization , manufacture, cultivation and elemental
analysis. On the other hand, the exposure for long times to the high penetrating radiation such as
gamma rays may cause genetic mutations, cancer and death . Hence , it is a n imperative errand to
improve be st radiation protecting compounds, which can utilize in high exposure regions [1-5].
Previously , due to the cheap and can be molded to any design, the concrete and building
materials have been used for radiation protection. Some researchers have been reported the good
radiation protection properties of barite , zeolite, colemanite , ordinary, cement portland in
composition the high -volume of admixtures of blast , with and without mineral and marble
concretes [7-13].
Despite the widespread use, there are numerous hindrances connected with the utilization of
concrete as protecting materials, for example, when the concrete is heated due to absorption the
radiation energy, the water is lost, significant variability in its compositio n and reduction both
density and structural strength of concrete . Furthermore, concrete is impermeable to visible light
and hence it is hard to see through the concrete base shield [14-16]. Glass materials are
transparent, have wide range of composition and can easily fabrication . Shielding materials must
be homogene ous in density and composition. Glass es are favorable materials in this status . The
tungsten oxide has the ability to make great glass -forming regions with high concentration. Due
to the ability to make large forming of glass regions and change its oxidation easily from 3 to 4,
the boron oxide is the very good host for a ssimilation metal ions. P 2O5 glass ha s high gamma
radiations absorption and thermal expansion coefficient s, low glass transition temperature and
optical dispers ion. Glass materials doped with heavy metal oxides such as lead are used in wide
range for radiation shielding [17-21].
The knowing of interacti ng factors such as m, Zeff and Nel is extremely significant due to rapidly
increasing usage of radioactive isotopes in agriculture, medicine and manufacture [22]. Hine [23]
suggested a number of composite changes with energy called effective atomic number ( Zeff) to
characterize the atomic number of mixed materials with energy [24]. The Z eff of composite
materials is a good importance because the µ m of material depends on Z eff. The aim of this work

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investigates on radiation shielding at 0.356 and 0.662 MeV and elastic properties of (100-
x)[0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5-0.5PbO] -xWO 3 where x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 6 0 mol%.
2. Materials and methods
The g lass samples of composite (100-x)[0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5-0.5PbO] -xWO 3 where x = 10, 20, 30,
40, 50 and 6 0 mol% were prepared by the fast melt quenching procedure utilizing high purity
chemicals PbO, WO 3, H3BO 3 and H 3PO 4. Accurate weight ratios of the reactants have been
mixed completely in an agate mortar . The mix was at first heated in a ceramic pot in an electric
furnace at 1200 șC for 60 min and the melt has been twirled a lot to assure suitable mixture and
homogeneity . The melt has been then quenched to room temperature. The obtained samples have
been annealed by moving them into another electric heater at 350 șC for 4 h to reduce the
cracking and thermal stresses of the glass samples [25]. The samples have been prepared with
different thicknesses ( 0.893–1.234 cm).
X-ray diffraction (XRD) implementing for (100-x)[0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5-0.5PbO] -xWO 3 where x =
10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 6 0 mol% powders of various structure s have been done utilizing Philips
type 1710 chart diffractometer. The patterns of x -ray diffraction analysis have been run in 2θ
scan with CuKα as a target and Ni as a filter (λ= 1.54178 Å) at 40 KV and 30 mA with scanning
speed of 2 degree s/minute. Nonattendance of crystallization peak in XRD results demonstrates
that the prepared specimen s are amorphous .
The gamma ray spectrometer has been used to measure the m ass attenuation coefficient, utilize a
scintillation detector (3×3 inch) (Fig. 1). It has the following specifications: resolution 7.5%
specified at the 662 keV peak of 137Cs, thickness of aluminum window is 0.05 cm, density is 147
mg/cm3, reflector oxide density is 88 mg/cm3 and 0. 16 cm thi ckness, magnetic/light shield –
conetic padded steel and positive applied voltage 902 V (DC). Genie 2000 software program
from Canberra has been used to implement the on -line analysis of all measured gamma -ray
spectrum. The energy calibration has been done ut ilizing 356.1 keV line emitted from 133Ba,
661.9 keV line emitted from 137Cs and 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV lines emitted from 60Co.
The experimental m of glass systems was measured by using the well -known Beer -Lambert
equation (1). All samples were set up in front of collimated gamma rays emitted from radioactive
point sources with 2 cm diameter and different thicknesses 0.893–1.234 cm (Table 1). The m of
the investigated samples was obtained for 2 energy lines (0.356 and 0.662 MeV) by using a

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narrow beam of gamma -rays which emitted from 5 μCi 133Ba, 137Cs sources. The measurements
have been taken 4 h, and have been repeated 5 times for each sample . The statistical error has
been found to be < 2%. The l ongitudinal (VL) and shear (V S) ultrasonic velocit ies have been
measured in the different glass samples utilizing pulse –echo technique. The accuracy of
longitudinal ultrasonic velocity was found to be ±2% and t he accuracy of shear ultrasonic
velocity was found to be ± 4%.
3. Theory
The experimental results of m were given as:
μ
(1)
Where I 0 is the intensity of bombard ing beam , I is the intensity of transmitt ing beam, is the
density of glass samples (g/cm3) and d is the thickness of the samples (cm). The t otal photon
interaction cross section ( t) of the samples has been calculated with the help of the µ m according
to the following equa tion [26]:
μ
(2)
where the molecular weight of the sample, A i is the atomic weight of the ith
element, n i is the number of the formula units of a molecule and N A is the Avogadro’s number.
Effective atomic cross section a is calculated using the following equation [27, 28] :

(3)
Total electronic cross section e is calculated by:

μ (4)
where f i indicates to the fractional abundance of the element i and Z i the atomic number of
constituent element. The Z eff is related to a and e through the following equation [29]:

(5)
The effective e lectron densit ies (Nel) of the oxide of lanthanides have been calculated from:

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(6)
Half Value thickness (HVL) is the thickness of any given material where 50% of the incident
energy has been attenuated and has been computed utiliz ing the linear attenuation coefficient (µ)
through the following equation [30]:

μ (7)
Similarly, Tenth Value Layer (TVL) is set as the thickness of a absorber required fo r attenuating
the gamma rays to 10% of its radiation level and is computed by:

μ (8)
One of the other values that are calculated in this study of oxide of lanthanides is the mean free
path (MFP) which is described in [31]. Kerma (K a) was calculated utiliz ing the (m)compound and
(m)air with the following expression:

(9)
The packing density ( Vt) values of the glasses have been computed utilizing the following
equation [32]:

(10)

(11)
where, for oxide A xOy, Vi is the packing factor, xi is the molar fraction of the component i, Vm is
the molar volume, RA is the ionic radius of metal and RO ionic radius of oxygen . The oxygen
molar volume ( Vo) and oxygen packing density (OPD) have been computed by using the
following equations:

(12)

(13)

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where, M, ni, C, are the molecular weight of the glass, number of oxygen atoms in each
constituent oxide, the number of oxygen atoms in each composite, respectively. Using the
longitudinal ultrasonic velocity (V L) and shear ultrasonic velocity (V S) the longitudinal (L), shear
(G), bulk (K), Young’s (E) modulus and Poisson’s ratio ( ), of the glasses have been calculated
[33, 34]:
(14)
(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)
4. Results and discussion
Chemical composition (mol%) , density (), molecular weight (M) , molar volume (Vm),
thickness, Packing density (V t), oxygen molar volume (V o), oxygen packing density (OPD) , and
fractal bond connectivity (d) of (100-x)[0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5-0.5PbO] -xWO 3 glass samples have
been listed in Table 1. It is clear that, the values of , M, Vm Vo and d increase from 5.34 to 6.17,
135.27 to 188.92 , 25.81 to 30.62 , 9.15 to 10.49 and 1.99 to 2.09, respectively with increasing
WO 3 concentration from 10 to 60 mol%. O therwise , the values of Vt and OPD decrease with
increasing tungsten oxide content. This may be attributed to the glass network becomes denser,
compact and cross -linking increases with increasing WO 3 content [35]. The fractal bond
connectivity (d) is a beneficial parameter relating the mechanical properties of glasses to their
structures . Since, the fractal bond connectivity gives the information about the effective
dimensionality and cross -links of the glass network [36]. The d is 1, 2, 3 for chain, lay er
structure and 3D networks of tetrahedral coordination polyhedral [37]. The values of dare listed
in Table 1 for all the investigated glasses .
4.1. Mass attenuation coefficients

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The vari ant of μ m results with the photon energy (1 keV -100 GeV ) is plotted in Fig. 2. It is clear
that, the m depends upon the photon energy and the composition of the investigated glass
samples. Photoelectric effect, C ompton Scattering and Pair Production mechanisms can be
explained the interaction of photons glasses. Low ener gy (photon energy is less than 0.8 MeV),
intermediate energy (photon energy is less than 8 MeV and is greater than 0.8 MeV) and high
energy (photon energy photon energy is greater than 8 MeV) are the three photon energy range
as shown in Fig. 1. In E< 0.8 MeV region, the results of m of samples decease s very rapidly
with the increas ing the photon energy, with the peaks due to the photoelectric effect around the
M-, L-, and K – absorption edges of P, W and Pb as shown in Table 2. The quick reduction in the
μm at E < 0.8 MeV may be attributed to that the cross section of the photoelectric absorption is
conversely relative to the photon energy (E3.5).
At 0.8 > E < 8 MeV, the values of m decrease gradually with the increment of the photon
energy and the variance between the results of the m become nearly zero . This might be credited
to the Compton Scattering process becomes the prevailing mechanism, and this was due to the
actuality that the cross section of the Compton Scattering process is conversely relative to the
photon energy (E-1) and it changes linearly with the nuclear number Z. At last , in the E > 8 MeV,
the mass attenuation coefficient values increase slowly and become almost c onstant . In this
region the pair production process begins ruling whose cross section relies on upon the atomic
number as Z2 [38-41].
The variation of theoretical and experimental µm values of glass samples in the photon energies
0.356 and 0.662 was listed in Table 3. The XCom has been utilized to calculate the theoretical
values of µ m [42]. It is clear that, the µ m values have been decreased with the increasing of
photon energy. In the energy range of 0.356 MeV to 0.662 MeV the µm values decrease sharply
as the photon energy increases . This may be attributed to the protruding reaction between the
investigated glass samples barriers and gamma ray was the photoelectric effect . Table 3 shows
that, the experimental values and the results were obtained from XCom are in a good agreement.
Fig. 3 shows that, the experimental results of µm against the cadmium oxide concentration. It is
clear that, the µm values increase as the WO 3 concentration increasing . Fig. 3 presents that, the
experimental µm values ar e higher than that for ordinary and steel -scrap concretes.
4.2 Half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP)

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The HVL , TVL and MFP results are the most suitable quantities describing the radiation
attenuation. For a best radiation shielding mixture , lower HVL , TVL and MFP values are
required. Fig. 4 shows the variation of half value layer (HVL with the photon energy of the glass
samples. The HVL values in the energy range 1-100 k eV, are almost composition samples and
photon energy independent . Thereafter , the values of HVL increase with increasing photon
energy up to 6 MeV. With further increase of photon energy the HVL value s decrease and then
become nearly constant and composition of the oxide glass dependent above 2000 MeV for all
samples .
The mean fr ee path (MFP) is the average distance traveled by a moving particle (such as an
atom , a molecule , a photon ) between successive impacts (collisions) . From Fig. 5, it is clear that,
the values of MFP increase with the photon energy increase. In the photon energy rang 1 -300
keV, the values of mean free path are very small (less than one cm). Also, the values of MFP
increase rapidly in this energy range. In the photon energy range 0.3 -6 MeV the values of MFP
of all samples increase slower than increase in the lower photon energy range. In the higher
photon energy (E > 10 MeV), the values of mean free path are independent on photon energy.
In order to test for practical usage, the selected tungsten glass samples were compared in terms
of experimental values of HVL, TVL and MFP with common shielding co ncretes (Ordinary (O),
ilmenite -limonite (I -L), ilmenite (I) and steel -scrap (S)) in the photon energy 0.356 – 0.662 MeV
and the results are shown in Figs. 6-8 respectively. The elemental composition as a percentage
by weight and densities of some concrete s are listed in Table 4 . From Figs. 6-8 it can be
observed that , the experimental values of HVL, TVL and MFP decrease with increasing tungsten
oxide concentration and lower than the standard shielding concretes for all selected glasses have.
4.3. Effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and electron densities (Nel)
The variations of Z eff are shown in Fig. 9 . It can be seen that , the behavior of Z eff with photon
energy is nearly identical for all glass samples. The Zeff values steady increase up to 20 keV, in
the photon energy range 10 -100 keV the values of Zeff are approximately independent of the
photon energy with the maximum and min imum values due to the photoelectric effect around the
M-, L-, and K – absorption edges of P, W and Pb as shown in Table 2. Thereafte r, in the energy
range 100 keV -1 MeV, the values of Zeff decrease quickly with photon energy increase. This may
be attributed to the dominance of the photoelectric effect in this low energy region . Then the

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values of Zeff increased sharply up to 100 MeV and in the energy range 100 MeV -100 GeV the
values of Zeff become approximately independent of the energy of the incident photon. This
behavior may be attributed to the dominance of pair production in this hi gher energy region .
The N el results of the investigated oxide of lanthanide s in the photon energ y 1 keV-100 GeV
have been computed according to Eq. ( 6). There is slight variation in N el results for various glass
samples where a higher result of N el would indicate an increased probability of photon –electron
energy transfer and energy deposition into the material. The N el results present identical photon
energy dependence to what was observed for Z eff [43]. This behavior has been confirmed in Fig .
10, which showing correlation of Z eff and N el. The experimental values of Zeff and N el are given
in Table 3. It is clear that, the experimental values of Zeff and N el increase with increasing WO 3
concentration and decrease with increasing photon energy from 0.356 to 0.662 MeV.
4.4 K erma (Ka).
The values of K a have been calculated utiliz ing eq. (9) and plotted against the photon energy in
Fig. 11. The values present a peak may be attributed to photoelectric effect around the K –
absorption edge of P, W and Pb (Table 2). It has a broad peak at about 40 keV for all glass
samples. It is clear that, the values of Kerma, below the K-absorption edge , are dependent on the
composition of the oxides of lanthanides .
4.5 Elastic modulus
Table 5 shows that, the dependence of both longitudinal (V L) and shear (V S) ultrasonic velocities
on the concentration of tungsten oxide. The values of V L and shear V S increase from 3914 to
4026 m/s and from 2142 to 2234 m/s with increasing WO3 content from 10 to 60-mol%. The
elastic modulus of the investigate glass samples have been calculated using equations 14-18. The
longitudinal (L), shear (G), bulk (K), Young’s (E) modulus and Poisson’s ratio ( ) values of the
glass samples are listed in Table 5. The L, G, K and E values increase from 80.29 to 100.02 ,
24.04 to 30.78 , 48.24 to 58.97 , 61.85 to 78.66 GPa, respectively, with the increasing of tungsten
oxide content from 10 to 60-mol% (see Fig. 12). The increase in the elastic modul us values of
the investigated glass samples may be due to increase in the density of cross -link, (will discuss in
detail below ), [44] and hence an increase in the rigidity of glass structure. The results of L and G
present large differences between them, due to the effect of volume. In case the glass sample has
the high density of cross like, it means that  must be in the range 0.1 -0.2. While if the glass

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sample has the low density of cross like, it means that  must be in the range 0.3 -0.5 [45]. Table
5 observes that, Poisson’s ratio values of the prepared glass samples decrease from 0.286 to
0.278 with increasing WO 3 concentration. The  values present the glass structure bonds become
tightening and therefore the increase in the glass structure rigidity.
5. Conclusion
The addition of tungsten oxide to glass samples leads to increase the density , molar volume ,
oxygen molar volume , mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, electron density,
Longitudinal ultrasonic velocity, shear ultrasonic velocity, longitudinal, shear, bulk and Young’s
modulus . Otherwise, the addition of tungsten oxide to glass samples leads to decrea se the
Packing density, oxygen packing density , Poisson’s ratio , half and tenth value layers and mean
free path . In the light of these results, one can conclude that tungsten glasses have shielding and
elastic properties that is better than, some standard concretes. This reflects the advantage of using
(100-x)[0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5-0.5PbO] -xWO 3 where x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 6 0 mol%, glasses in
radiation shielding.

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Table 1 Chemical composition (mol%) , density (), molecular weight (M) , molar volume (Vm),
thickness, Packing density (V t), oxygen molar volume (V o), oxygen packing density (OPD) , and
fractal bond connectivity (d) of (100-x)[0.5PbO -0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5]-xWO 3 glass samples.
WO 3
(mol% )  [25]
(g/cm3) M
(g/mol ) Vm
(cm3/mol) Thickness*
(cm) Vt
V0
(cm3/mol) OPD
(mol/L ) d

10 5.34 135.27 25.81 0.893 0.844 9.15 109.24 1.99
20 5.44 146.00 26.84 1.543 0.810 9.45 105.82 2.03
30 5.58 156.73 28.09 1.321 0.772 9.82 101.82 2.06
40 5.76 167.46 29.07 1.435 0.744 10.09 99.06 2.07
50 5.93 178.19 30.05 1.512 0.718 10.36 96.51 2.09
60 6.17 188.92 30.62 1.234 0.703 10.49 95.37 2.09
*The relative error in the thickness error was found as 0.002 cm .

Table 2 Photon energies (in KeV) of absorption edges for elements .
Element Z M5 M4 M3 M2 M1 L3 L2 L1 K
P 15 2.15
W 74 1.81 1.87 2.28 2.58 2.82 10.21 11.54 12.10 69.53
Pb 82 2.48 2.59 3.07 3.55 3.85 13.04 15.20 15.86 88.00

Table 3 Mass attenuation coefficient (µ m), effective atomic number (Z eff) and electron density
(Nel) of (100-x)[0.5PbO -0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5]-xWO 3 glass samples.
WO 2
(mol %) µm (cm2/g) Zeff
(electron/atom) Nel 1023
(electron/g)
0.356 MeV 0.662 MeV 0.356
(MeV) 0.662
(MeV) 0.356
(MeV) 0.662
(MeV) XCom
10-1 Exp.
10-1 XCom
10-2 Exp.
10-2
10 1.776 1.778±0.09 8.878 8.877±0.10 26.931 20.003 4.379 3.253
20 1.792 1.788±0.24 8.882 8.882±0.26 27.390 20.018 4.454 3.255
30 1.809 1.808±0.06 8.885 8.884±0.07 27.696 20.030 4.504 3.257
40 1.825 1.828±0.17 8.888 8.889±0.19 27.849 20.034 4.529 3.258
50 1.842 1.838±0.21 8.892 8.891±0.23 28.155 20.043 4.578 3.259
60 1.858 1.858±0.02 8.895 8.895±0.02 26.931 20.003 4.379 3.253

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Table 4 Elemental composition as a percentage by weight of Ordinary (O), Ilmenite -limonite (I-
L), Ilmenite and steel-scrap (S) concretes.
H C O Na Mg Al Si S Cl K Ca Ti Fe
O 0.94 0.09 53.66 0.46 0.12 1.32 36.74 0.08 – 0.31 5.65 – 0.63
I-L 0.66 – 36.45 – 0.15 0.8 3.06 0.08 – – 5.83 16.03 36.93
I 0.57 – 35.93 0.06 1.31 0.61 2.4 0.07 0.02 0.03 3.88 19.64 34.78
S 0.7 0.09 21.09 0.45 0.09 1.2 10.49 0.06 – 0.3 4.28 – 61.25

Table 5 Longitudinal ultrasonic velocity (V L), shear ultrasonic velocity (V S), longitudinal (L),
shear (G), bulk (K), Young’s (E) modulus and Poisson’s ratio ( ) of of (100-x)[0.5PbO -0.1B2O3-
0.4P2O5]-xWO 3 glass samples.
WO 2 (mol %) VL (cm/s) VS (cm/s) L (Gpa) G (Gpa) K (Gpa) E (Gpa) 
10 3914 2142 80.29 24.04 48.24 61.85 0.286
20 3935 2165 84.25 25.50 50.25 65.44 0.283
30 3956 2187 87.31 26.69 51.72 68.31 0.280
40 3985 2205 91.49 28.00 54.15 71.66 0.279
50 4003 2221 95.04 29.26 56.03 74.76 0.278
60 4026 2234 100.02 30.78 58.97 78.66 0.278

Table 6 Micro -hardness (H), Debye temperature ( D), softening temperature ( Ts) and thermal
expansion coefficient ( P) of (100-x)[0.5PbO -0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5]-xWO 3 glass samples.
WO 2 (mol %) H (GPa) D (K) Ts (K) P (K-1)
10 3.42 322.48 511.51 90802.35
20 3.69 321.65 573.85 91288.06
30 3.92 319.86 639.48 91754.92
40 4.12 318.80 707.01 92447.41
50 4.34 317.57 777.32 92863.30
60 4.56 317.35 848.80 93395.38

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Fig. 1. Narrow beam geometrical setup.

1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 10000010-210-1100101102103104
20000 40000 60000 80000 1000000.0680.0700.0720.0740.0760.0780.0800.0820.0840.086
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m (cm2/g)
Photon energy (M eV )
m (cm2/g)
Photon energy (MeV)WO3 mol%
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30
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50
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Fig. 2. Variation of mass attenuation coefficient ( m) as a function of photon energy in the range
of 1 keV to 100 GeV for the glass samples.

EHT MCA Amp 45 cm
Na(Tl) scintillation detector Pb collimator
2 mm Sample
15 cm Io I
15 cm Pb collimator
Radioactive source PA

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10 20 30 40 50 600.981.001.81.97.47.67.88.888.898.90
0.662 MeV
0.356 MeV XCom
This work
ordinary concretesteel-scrap concrete

WO3 (mol%)
ordinary concretesteel-scrap concrete m x10-1 (cm2/g) m x10-2 (cm2/g)
XCom
This work
Fig. 3. Experimental and theoretical mass attenuation coefficient ( m) against WO 3 concentration
of glass system and some concrete.

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10-310-210-11001011021031041050.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
HVL (cm)
Photon energy (MeV)WO3 mol%
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Fig. 4. Half value layer (HVL) against photon energy of glass samples .

10-410-310-210-110010110210310410510-510-410-310-210-1100101
20000 40000 60000 80000 1000001.92.02.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.8

50
6040302010MFP (cm)
Photon energy (MeV)

WO3 mol%
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60MFP (cm)
Photon energy (MeV)

Fig. 5. Mean free path (MFP) against photon energy of glass samples .

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10 20 30 40 50 600.51.01.52.02.53.01.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
glass systemsteel-scrap concreteilmenite concreteilmenite-limonite concreteordinary concrete
HVL (cm)
WO3 (mol%)glass systemsteel-scrap concreteilmenite concreteilmenite-limonite concreteordinary concrete0.662 MeV
HVL (cm)
0.356 MeV
Fig. 6. Half value layer (HVL) against WO 3 concentration in glass system and some concrete .

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10 20 30 40 50 602468100.662 MeV
468101214
glass systemsteel-scrap concreteilmenite concreteilmenite-limonite concreteordinary concrete
TVL (cm)
WO3 (mol%)glass systemsteel-scrap concreteilmenite concreteilmenite-limonite concreteordinary concrete
TVL (cm)
Fig. 7. Tenth value layer (TVL) against WO 3 concentration in glass system and some concrete .

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10 20 30 40 50 60012345123456
glass systemsteel-scrap concreteilmenite concreteilmenite-limonite concreteordinary concrete0.356 MeV
MFP (cm)
WO3 (mol%)glass systemsteel-scrap concreteilmenite concreteilmenite-limonite concreteordinary concrete
MFP (cm)0.662 MeV
Fig. 8. Mean free path (MFP) against WO 3 concentration in glass system and some concrete .

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10-310-210-1100101102103104105102030405060708090100
Zeff (electron/atom)
Photon energy (MeV)WO3 mol%
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Fig. 9. Variation of effective atomic number (Z eff) as a function of photon energy in the range of
1 keV to 100 GeV for the glass samples.

20304050607080

X= 10 mol%Ze f f (e l e c t r o n / a t o m)1 k e V – 1 0 0 G e V
R2 = 1
R2 = 1R2 = 1
R2 = 1
X= 30 mol%

1 k e V – 1 0 0 G e V
3 6 9 12 1520406080100
1 k e V – 1 0 0 G e V
X= 50 mol%
Ze f f (e l e c t r o n / a t o m)
Nelx1023 (electron/g)3 6 9 12 151 k e V – 1 0 0 G e V
X= 60 mol%

Nelx1023 (electron/g)

Fig. 10. Correlation between effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (Nel) of glass
samples .

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62
63
64
65 24

10-310-210-1100101020406080100120140160180
Ka
Photon energy (MeV)WO3 mol%
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fig. 1 1. Energy dependence of the kerma.

10 20 30 40 50 602030405060708090100 R2 = 0.995
R2 = 0.998
R2 = 0.988
R2 = 0.998Young’s modulus (E)
Bulk modulus (K)
Shear modulus (G)longitudinal modulus (L)
Elastic modulus (GPa)
WO3 (mol%)

Fig. 12. Variation of the longitudinal (L), shear (G), bulk (K), Young’s (E) modulus against WO 3
concentration in glass system.