Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the term that refers to intelligent machines and the branch of computer science that tries to achieve it .This area… [600650]

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the term that refers to intelligent machines and the branch of computer
science that tries to achieve it .This area was founded on the idea that one of the unique properties of the
human being, intelligence can be described and defined so precise that can be simulated on a computing
machine.
I.A.'s subdomains are centered around specific issues, such as reasoning, knowledge , planning, learning,
communication, perceptio n and the ability to move and handle objects.

A.I in Myths, fiction and speculation

Machines that think and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Tha los of Crete, the golden
robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea. The stories about these creatures and their fate put up the
same hopes, fears and ethical problems commonly associated with A.I .
Intelligent machines put the key question s in ethics: if a mac hine has intelligence, can it feel? And if it
can feel , does it have the same rights as humans?
The movie "Artificial Intelligence: AI " shows us a machine built as a boy who received the ability to
feel human emotions, among other things, the ability to suffer.
This problem is known as "robot rights" and is considered in the "Institute for the Future" in California,
although some critics think it's too early to call robot rights in to consideration.

Another aspect well explored by the science fiction wri ters and futuristics is the impact on human
society. The A.I. appears as a serva nt(droids from Star Wars), comrade s(Data from Star Trek),
conquerors (Matrix), exterminators(Terminator series) and a race of sentient beings(Asurans of Stargate
Atlantis).
On an academic level we re considered some consequences : lower demand for human labor, increasing
skills and human experience and a redefinition of human identity and its primordial values .
Some futurists claim that AI will transcend the limits of progress a nd transform humanity in a
fundamental way.

The philosophy behind A.I.

A.I. is a n inspiration for philosophy in that it says it can recreate the capabilities of the human mind but
it also raises a lot of questions: Do intelligent machines have limits? Is there a dif ference between
human and machine intelligence? Can machines have a soul and a conscience?
Turing's polite convention says if a machine behaves as a human, it’s as smart as a human. According to
Turing, we can judge the intelligence of a machine based only on its behavior.
Darthmouth’s proposal tells us that each component of the learning process or any other aspect of
intelligence can be described so precisely that we can teach a machine to simulate it.
Hans Moravec, Ray Kurzweil and others have said that it is possible to copy a brain perfectly in
software and hardware, and that such a simulation would be identical to the original. This argument
combines the idea that a machine powerful enough can simula te any process with materialistic idea
according to which the mind is the result of physical processes in the brain.

Knowledge representation

Knowledge representation and engineering are crucial to their A.I.
Many of the problems we want solved by machines require detailed knowledge about the world. This
complete representation of "what exists" is called ontology. Many of the things that people know, come
from assumptions. John McCarthy identified the problem in 1969, any general rule that the rese archers
were trying to implement in the A.I , there existed a huge number of exceptions. Almost nothing is just
false or true only in the manner required abstract logic. Number of general knowledge about th e world
that a normal person knows is astronomical. Researchers trying to create a large database of the world
for the A.I. require a enormous numbers of complicated ontological processes, they must manually enter
one concept at a time.
Artificial Intelligence must have the capability to fix their own goals and achieve them. They need a way
to view the future (must realize the current state of the world and predict how its actions affect the
world) and to make choices that make maximum use of the available utility or value of those available
choices .
Unsupe rvised learning is the ability to discover patterns in a number of inputs. In learning through
hardening the A.I. is "rewarded" for good answers and "punished" for bad ones. These could be
analyzed in the terms of the decision theory, using concepts like utility.

Mathematical analysis of learning based on algorithms and their performance is a branch of theoretical
computer science also known as computational learning theory

Natural Language Processing

Natural language processing allows the machine to rea d and understand the languages used by humans.
Many researchers hope that a sufficiently strong system of language processing could help the A.I learn
on its own, by accessing databases on the Internet. Some applications are derived from this information
indexing services and computerized translation.
Artificial Perception is the ability to use the product input sensors ( cameras , microphones, sonar , etc. ) to
deduce various aspects of the world. Computer Vision is the ability to analyze visual input. Sp ecial
problems are found in sub -problems such as speech recognition, facial and object.

Social Intelligence

Social intelligence means that the A.I. is able to predict the actions of others , by understanding the
motivations and emotional states. This involves elements of game theory and decision as well as the
ability to model human emotions and the perceptual skills necessary to detect them. For a decent human –
machine interaction , it must p resent her emotions, or at least appear polite and sensitive to t he people
that interact with it .

Conclusion
The pros and cons of artificial intelligence are still being debated.
In one hand we have the endless advances it offers, the possibilities of cre ating life, advancement of
human society . On the other hand we have humanity ’s ever greater reliance on technology and the fear
of our extinction by the hands of our own creation.
Whatever the future brings we must be mindful and open minded for as Icarus flu to close to the sun and
melted his wings so can humanity suffer the same fate.
Bibliografia :
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83
http://www.descopera.org/inteligenta -artificiala/