Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the term that refers to intelligent machines and the branch of computer science that tries to achieve it. This area… [600597]

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the term that refers to intelligent machines and the branch of computer
science that tries to achieve it.
This area was founded on the idea that one of the unique properties of the human being, intelligence can
be described and defined so precise that can be simulated on a computing machine.
IA's subdomains are centered around specific issues , such as reasoning , knowledge , the planning ,
learning , communication, perception and the ability to move and to handle objects .

A.I in Myths, fiction and speculation

Machine s that think and artificial beings appear in Greek myths , such as Thalia Crete , the golden robots
of Hephaestus and Pygmalion 's Galatea . The stories about these creatures and their fate put up the same
hopes, fears and common ethical problems IA comm unity.
Intelligent machines put the key question s in ethics: if a machine has intelligence , and might feel ? And if
he feels , he has the same rights as humans ?
The movie "Artificial Intelligence: AI " shows us a machine built as a boy who received the ability to
feel h uman emotions , among other things, the ability to suffer .

This problem known as "robot rights " is considered in the " Institute for the Future" in California,
although some critics think it's too early to call robot rights in to consideration .

Another aspect well explored by the science fiction writers and futuristic s is the impact on human
society.The A.I. appears as a servent ( droids from S tar Wars), comrade ( Data from Star Trek ),
conquerors (Matrix ), exterminators( Terminator series ) and a race of sentient beings( Asurans of Stargate
Atlantis ).
On an academic level were considered some consequences : lower demand for human labor , increasing
skills and human experience and a redefinition of human identity and its primordial values .

Some futurists claim that AI will transcend the limits of progress and transform humanity in a
fundamental way .

The philosophy behind A.I.

A.I. is a inspiration for philosophy in that it says it can recreate the capabilities of the human mind. Do
intelligent machines have limits? Is there a diference between humans and machine intelligence ? Can
machines have a soul and a conscience ?
Turing's polite convention says if a machine behaves as a human, it ’s as smart as a human. According to
Turing, we can judge the intelligence of a machine based only on its behavior .
Darthmouth ’s proposal tells us that each component of the learning process or any other aspect of
intelligence can be described s o precisely that we can teach a machine to simulate it.
Hans Moravec, Ray Kurzweil and others have said that it is possible to copy a right brain in software
and hardware, and that such a simulation would be identical to the original. This argument combines the
idea that a machine powerful enough can simulate any process with materialistic idea according to
which the mind is the result of physical processes in the brain.

Knowledge representation

Knowledge re presentation and engineering are crucial to their IA Many of the problems we want solved
machines require detailed knowledge about the world. This complete representation of "what exists" is
called ontology. Many of the things that people know, come from assumptions. John McCarthy
identified the problem in 1969, an y general rule that the researchers were trying to IA's outline, there are
a huge number of exceptions. Almost nothing is just false or true only in the manner required abstract
logic. Number of general knowledge about the world that a normal person he kno ws is astronomical.
Researchers IA's trying to create a large database of the world, they need enormous numbers of
complicated ontological processes, they must manually enter one concept at a time .
Artificial Intelligence must be able to fix their goals and achieve them. They n eed a way to view the
future (must realize the current state of the world and predict how its actions affect the world) and to
make choices that make maximum use of available choices utility or value. The ability of IA's learning
and it is an important fe ature. Unsupervised learning is the ability to discover patterns in a number of
inputs. In learning through hardening the A.I. is " rewarded " for good answers and "punished" for bad
ones. These could be analyzed in the terms of the decision theory, using concepts like utility.

Matematical analysis of learning based on algorithms and their performance is a branch of theoretical
computer science also known as computational learning theory

Natural Language Processing

Natural language processing allows the car to read and understand the languages used by hum ans. Many
researchers hope that a sufficiently strong system of language processing could learn on their own, by
accessing databases on the Internet. Some applications are derived from this information indexing
services and computerized translation .
Artificial Perception is the ability to use the product input sensors ( cameras, microphones , s onar , etc. )
to deduce various aspects of the world . Computer Vision is the ability to analyze visual input . Special
problems are found in sub – problems such as speech recognition , facial and object .

Social Intelligence

Social intelligence means that the agent is able to predict the actions of others , by understanding the
motivations and emotional states . This involves elements of game theory and decision as well as the
ability to model human emotions and the perceptual skills necessary to detect them . For a decent huma n-
machine interaction , it must present her emotions, or at least appear polite and sensitive to the people
that interact with it .