Scientific Paper At Discipline

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UNIVERSITY OF…………….

FACULTY OF EUROPEAN STUDIES

SPECIALIZATION: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN STUDIES

SCIENTIFIC PAPER AT DISCIPLINE…………………….

Scientific coordinator,

Professor

Name Surname

Student:

Name Surname

…………,

2018

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UNIVERSITY OF…………….

FACULTY OF EUROPEAN STUDIES

SPECIALIZATION: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN STUDIES

SCIENTIFIC PAPER AT DISCIPLINE…………………….

Scientific coordinator,

Professor

Name Surname

Student:

Name Surname

………….,

2018

Table of contents

§Chapter I. ……………………………………………………………………………………..5

1.1.How the colonial legacy in administration, policy or culture influence the contemporary aspects of development, integration and socio-political evolution of Latin American countries. 
1.2.How such aspects of community as race, ethnicity, gender, class, citizenship or transnational identity can act as elements of social cohesion and political action for the benefit of larger communities. 
1.3. How different activities of civil society or community groups respond to various social, economic or political issues.

§Chapter II. ……………………………….…………………………………………………..7

Compose a short essay of about 2 page in which to highlight and comment on the contemporary evolution of Latin America in international/global context. Refer in your essay to at least one chapter in Manuela Nilsson and Jan Gustafsson's Latin American Responses to Globalization in the 21st Century.
a) Internal political evolutions of Latin American countries. 
b) Foreign relations developed by Latin American countries with US or EU. 
c) Different approaches on development and democratization. 
d) Responses to globalization and typical problems affecting the region. 
§ References………………………………………………………………………….……………9

1. “Communities of Poverty, Bodies of Power” by Jonathan Barton (A Political Geography of Latin America, Chapter 5.

2. least one chapter in Manuela Nilsson and Jan Gustafsson's Latin American Responses to Globalization in the 21st Century.

Appendix………………….……………………………………………………………………10

SCIENTIFIC PAPER AT DISCIPLINE…………………….

§Chapter I.

1.1.How the colonial legacy in administration, policy or culture influence the contemporary aspects of development, integration and socio-political evolution of Latin American countries. 

1.2.How such aspects of community as race, ethnicity, gender, class, citizenship or transnational identity can act as elements of social cohesion and political action for the benefit of larger communities. 

1.3. How different activities of civil society or community groups respond to various social, economic or political issues.

From Chapter Five called: Communities of Poverty. The Body of Power, through Jhonatan Barton's book "A Political Geography of Latin America," was able to observe both the unwanted aspects of colonization over the native Latin American people and the benefits of this process for them. An cite characterise the administrative problem:´´The role of institutions is often painted in mostly negative terms, with attention to repression, exile, purges, and censorship. These are important but by themselves fail to capture the full range and dynamic of culture and power´´.

From a political point of view, the integration of indigenous groups was attempted. Different interests have led, throughout history, to local riots that have formed national heroes. Also, the regulatory system needed to adapt to new problems emerged especially at the outskirts of the territory, such as alarming alarming outbreaks in the 1960s and 1970s and drug trafficking and consumption. At the same time, the crisis of Cuban missiles, an outbreak of conflict that could have triggered the Third World War if it was not effectively managed. Although Barton particularly marks archaic history, we are following the impact that Latin America has had on a new set of rules of conquering civilization over a longer period of time. The state of Latin America states lies between two extremes: oppression and civilization. From a social point of view, Christian religion played an important role. He brought in his message ideals of freedom and the promise of salvation by faith. Misunderstood, sometimes it has given the tone of old mournful conflicts that have degenerated into rebellion. There have also been issues of rebellion even against the principles of religion: such as discrimination on the basis of race, sexual orientation and gender, which also brought about a new topic of discussion in the political and administrative sphere. The economic situation is not ignored in the need for reformation in the region throughout history. Increased demographic growth and a low per capita product are issues that have attracted the attention of the international community with response from humanitarian organizations. Corruption is a condition suffered by all the states of the world, more or less, but in Latin America, because of the complete lack of state values ​​and insufficient regulation, it has found good ground. Indeed, democracy itself has not been deeply rooted throughout history here, with the population being governed by authoritarian regimes, problematic in foreign relations, such as the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Although only in the 1970s and 80s women were allowed to participate in public life, until then there was a system of unwritten laws that involved a certain social order on gender. There were traditional roles in which natives were raised as the future family head and women as a good manager of private life and household chores. The differences of race, culture, gender, nationality are inevitable in a space with a diverse culture, in this case a territory colonized at the origins of history. These can be removed politically and socially by understanding unity and mutual benefit, despite differences. From the 1960s, new social movements began to respond to the so-called nationalist repression. In fact, for the issue of discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation or migration, also different local communities have formed who, through the power of the group, demand their rights. Social movements were also identified in the 1980s against dictatorship and continue today.

§Chapter II. Compose a short essay of about 2 page in which to highlight and comment on the contemporary evolution of Latin America in international/global context. Refer in your essay to at least one chapter in Manuela Nilsson and Jan Gustafsson's Latin American Responses to Globalization in the 21st Century.
a) internal political evolutions of Latin American countries

From Nilsson and Gustafsson 's work we can observe the importance of subnational variations in political institutions for understanding the outcomes of market-based reforms on variations in responses to the multiple economic crises that have afflicted the region over the past years, many of these contributions bring to the fore the role that existing political institutions play in shaping the economic and political consequences of the neoliberal reform agenda. Most notable among these trends is a shift in focus from the political determinants of reform to the political and economic aftermath of the region's dual transition. Rather than seeing politics as receding under the onslaught of a market-based economic development paradigm, much of the current political economy research finds that political factors have become even more essential to understanding the long-term consequences of the region's "dual transition" .As the region's "dual transition" is now in its third decade, with many countries still mired in a vicious cycle of "reform-growth-crisis-reform," many political economy scholars have begun to move beyond the initial, high-profile issues of why and how countries across the region adopted market reforms during a period of political opening.

b) foreign relations developed by Latin American countries with US or EU

World War II devastated Western European countries and its aftermath left chaos. In response, the United States developed a massive European aid program, and a similar one for Latin America, and in the succeeding years economic, social, and political conditions improved. The idea persists, in part, because of perceptions about the overwhelming success of the Marshall Plan* Dedicated to rebuilding Europe in the years following World War II, the Marshall Plan represented the first major foreign aid program. That there may not be a direct line between cause (the granting of aid) and effect (recovery) has mattered little to subsequent policymakers. Throughout the Cold War period, policymakers similarly imagined that foreign aid could create stability abroad. They believed that Communists would be unable to threaten countries with healthy economies; they also assumed that foreign leaders who received aid would be willing to support the United Sillies in the international arena. Though the Cold War is over, the idea that economic aid can be used as a foreign policy tool to create a particular kind of world lives on. The simplistic formulation that aid led to stability has inspired leaders over the past half century to attempt to recreate the programs elsewhere. Though some scholars have challenged the argument that U.S. aid was vital (or even helpful) in promoting Euro pean recovery, at first glance the program seems to have been a spectacular success.

c)different approaches on development and democratization

The group of Latin American welfare states had a longer history of continuous democracy and stronger left-labor movements than the group of non-welfare states. Still be fairly small and limited if compared with their Western European counterparts, unions and/or left-oriented parties in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and to a lesser extent Brazil were far more powerful and influential than in the rest of Latin America. On the other hand, these countries also enjoyed stronger left-oriented political parties and/or relatively better organized and powerful labor unions than the group of non-welfare states. On the one hand, democracy opened new channels of participation for different groups in civil society that could organize and press the state for social benefits; provided a structure of incentives for politicians that could use social spending to increase their popularity and thus enhance their chances for (reflection; and generated a certain inertia of gradual social change whereby even conservative governments could not roll bach social benefits easily. Despite the fact, the strength of the Left and union movements remains among these countries system.

d) responses to globalization and typical problems affecting the region. 

On mass contention prevails in the region. The "cooling of” period of diminished social movement activity observed in the early years of ihe democratic transition in the Americas is giving way to intensified protest campaigns against unwanted economic changes. Democratization seems to have a "lag effect". It appears that the new wave of anti-austerity protests throughout the region is driven at the macro-level by several years of democratization and the increasing economic threats associated with neoliberal globalization.

§ References

1. Jonathan Barton(1997), A Political Geography of Latin America, Chapter 5, “Communities of Poverty, Bodies of Power” , Routledge, London, p.153 and follow.
2. Nilsson M., Gustafsson J. (2012) Introduction. In: Nilsson M., Gustafsson J. (eds), Latin American Responses to Globalization in the 21st Century, DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1057/9781137003126_1, Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp.1-15, aviable at https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137003126_1#citeas

APPENDIX 1

(Barton, 1997)