Transofrmările Structurale ÎN Procesul DE Traducere A Unitîților Multiple (studiu DE Caz ÎN Baza Textelor Specializate)

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Transofrmările Structurale ÎN Procesul DE Traducere A Unitîților Multiple (studiu DE Caz ÎN Baza Textelor Specializate)

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

TRANSOFRMĂRILE STRUCTURALE ÎN PROCESUL DE TRADUCERE A UNITÎȚILOR MULTIPLE (STUDIU DE CAZ ÎN BAZA TEXTELOR SPECIALIZATE)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….……………………………3

I. THEORETICAL PART ……………………………………………………………6

I. 1. Translation Proper ……………………………………………………………….7

I. 2. The Difference Between Translation and Interpreting …………….………..……9

I. 3. The Skill Profile of Technical Translators ………………………….……………9

I. 4. Types of Translations …………………………………………………………….10

I. 5 Translation-quality Standards ………………………………….………………. 12

I. 6 Translation as a Process ………………………………………….……………….13

I. 7 Types of Text ………………..………………………………….…..……………14

I. 8 How Translation Works ………………………..…………………..…..…..……14

I. 9 Using Glossaries Effectively …………………………………….…….…….……16

II. PRACTICAL PART …………………………………………………..…..………18

II. 1. Structural Transformations of the Multiple Units ………….……..…….……..18

II. 2. Grammatical Transformations ………………………………………..……….…….19

II. 3. Lexical Transformations…………………………………………………..…..………20

II. 4. Lexico-grammatical Transformations ………………………………….……..…….20

CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………..………….26

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………………………….28

INTRODUCTION

“You can never understand one language until you understand at least two.”

‒Geoffrey Willans

The translation needs care and good understanding of linguistic, technical and educational issues. In my opinion the profession of a translator is one of the most important and indispensable in the present day, because translators are language professionals. The skills and experience for translation include the ability to read and understand the source language material very well, the ability to translate well in the target language and the ability to work with the latest word-processing and communications hardware and software.

The practice in translation was performed from November 15, 2013 till December 25, 2013 at the «Academy of Sciences of Moldova” as a translator of the English and Romanian languages. The Academy of Sciences of Moldova is the only public institution of national interest in the sphere of science and innovation and scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova has many branches, but I developed my abilities in translation at the laboratory of Landscape Ecology and my supervisor was Mr. Ghenadie Sirodoev, a scientist and environmentalist. The main aim of the Institute is to organize and conduct fundamental and applied scientific research on evolution, structure, and geographical and ecological functioning of their basic components, their changes under the action of biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors, efficient use of natural resources, estimation of human impact and ensuring of environmental security, sustainable development of the economy.

This case study based on the texts issued by the Institute of Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova was elaborated on the theme “Structural Transformations of the multiple units”. During this practice I realized the importance not only of a rapid and qualified translation but also the significance of keeping ethical relationships with colleagues and employers. I had the honor to meet special people and professionals in their fields, who helped and supported me in everything I needed. Also I had access to dictionaries and books that made my work easier.

The texts I was given for translation contained a lot of terms from the field of Landscape Ecology, Geography. My glossary consists of the terms selected in the process of translation.

Objectives

The objectives of this project in the field of science included:

to improve my translation abilities;

to work with new terms from different scientific fields;

to improve the quality of translation;

to develop the skills of quick and qualitative written translation of different documents;

to work with specialized terminology;

to cultivate a knowledge of the field we work in, because each field has its own vocabulary, syntax and style;

to consult terminological databases of dictionaries and electronic dictionaries;

to apply the obtained grammatical knowledge in practice;

to make the comparison between the English and Romanian structures in the process of translation;

As a result of this activity I have learned how to:

check translations of terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions;

identify and resolve problems related to the meaning of words, translation difficulties, equivalents and concepts;

adequate use of translation procedures and strategies;

translate correctly the text that includes different kinds of terminology that I operated with;

interact with the team where I did my translation practice;

operate with specialized terms of landscape and ecology fields;

identify the difficult grammatical phenomena and find the optimal variant of their translation;

perform correct, rapid and qualitative, specialized translations with or without a dictionary;

acquire practical translation skills.

Outline of the project

This project is the analysis of the multiple units and terminology in the domain of landscape ecology.

In this regard the first chapter of this project outlines the cognitive theories of specialized texts, terminology and translations in general. It includes a brief introduction about the profession of the translator. This is followed by the types of translation, translation difficulties and translation techniques.

Chapter two focuses on the morphological analysis of specialized terminology in the landscape ecology and geography.

Then the conclusions that can be derived from this project follow and the bibliography (19 sources).

I. THEORETICAL PART

Over the centuries, the translation is closely related to the development of culture, literature, as in the development of civilization. It is the same for the development of translation in the Romanian space.

The first monument in Romanian language was a letter dated 1521.With the same year which is dated the first official Romanian translations made by Sibiu City council.In the same year, the Wallachian prince Neagoe finished the moral synthesis ("Teaching to my son ‖) written in the Slavic language. In the late fifteenth century, Stefan cel Mare, had an Italian secretary who had close relationships with European countries (Poland, Italy) which were economically more developed, so he ordered the writing of the chronicles, which introduced the first national literatures. These reviews were written in Greek, Slavic and Latin. This movement of the spiritual values of culture brought from one hand to the use of languages and learning them at a higher level, on the other hand to the development and flourishing of translations.

The growth of translation studies as a separate discipline is a success story of the 1980s. The subject has developed in many parts of the world and is clearly destined to continue developing well into the twenty-first century. Translation studies brings together work in a wide variety of fields, including linguistics, literary study, history, anthropology, sychology, and economics. This series of books will reflect the breadth of work in translation studies and will enable readers to share in the exciting new developments that are taking place at the present time. Translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way. Rewriting is manipulation, undertaken in the service of power, and in its positive aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society. Rewritings can introduce new concepts, new genres, new devices, and the history of translation is the history also of literary innovation, of the shaping power of one culture upon another. But rewriting can also repress innovation, distort and contain, and in an age of ever increasing manipulation of all kinds, the study of the manipulative processes of literature as exemplified by translation can help us toward a greater awareness of the world in which we live [12, online].

I. 1. Translation Proper

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedlytedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist artial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.

Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations.

Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization.

Translation studies deal with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of translation. The word translation derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and fero, the supine form of which is latum, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across").

Jakobson has been closely associated not only with formalism but also linguistics, anthropology and psychoanalysis. He is known as being the founder of the Prague Linguistic Circle. He is also known to have coined the term Structural Linguistics.

In his essay, Jakobson states that the meaning of a word is a linguistic phenomena. Using semiotics, Jakobson believes that the meaning lies with the signifier and not in the signified. Thus it is the linguistic verbal sign that gives an object its meaning. Interpretation of a verbal sign according to Roman Jakobson can happen in three ways: intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic. In the case of intralingual translation, the changes take place within the same language. Thus a verbal sign (word) belonging to a particular language is replaced by another sign (word) belonging to the same language. Interlingual translation on the other hand can be seen as replacing a verbal sign with another sign but belonging to a different language.

The last kind of explanation of verbal sign that he talks about is the intersemiotic translation. Here more than focusing on the words, emphasis is on the overall message that needs to be conveyed. Thus the translator, instead of paying attention to the verbal signs, concentrates more on the information that is to be delivered. Roman Jakobson uses the term ‘mutual translatability’ and states that when any two languages are being compared, the foremost thing that needs to be taken into consideration is whether they can be translated into one another or not. Laying emphasis on the grammar of a particular language, he feels that it should determine how one language is different from another.

In the essay, Roman Jakobson also deals with the problem of ‘deficiency’ in a particular language. Jakobson believes that all cognitive experiences can be expressed in language and while translating whenever there is a lack or ‘deficiency’ of words’, ‘loan words’, ‘neologisms’ and ‘circumloclonging to the same language. Interlingual translation on the other hand can be seen as replacing a verbal sign with another sign but belonging to a different language.

The last kind of explanation of verbal sign that he talks about is the intersemiotic translation. Here more than focusing on the words, emphasis is on the overall message that needs to be conveyed. Thus the translator, instead of paying attention to the verbal signs, concentrates more on the information that is to be delivered. Roman Jakobson uses the term ‘mutual translatability’ and states that when any two languages are being compared, the foremost thing that needs to be taken into consideration is whether they can be translated into one another or not. Laying emphasis on the grammar of a particular language, he feels that it should determine how one language is different from another.

In the essay, Roman Jakobson also deals with the problem of ‘deficiency’ in a particular language. Jakobson believes that all cognitive experiences can be expressed in language and while translating whenever there is a lack or ‘deficiency’ of words’, ‘loan words’, ‘neologisms’ and ‘circumlocutions’ can be used to fill in this lack.

Reinforcing the fact that one of the factors that translation has to take care of is the grammatical structure of the target language, Jakobson believes that it becomes tedious to try and maintain fidelity to the source text when the target language has a rigid grammatical framework which is missing in the source language. Jakobson, in his essay also brings in the relationship between gender and the grammar of a particular language [13, online].

I. 2. The Difference Between Translation and Interpreting

Interpreting and translation are two closely related linguistic disciplines. Yet they are rarely performed by the same people. The difference in skills, training, aptitude and even language knowledge are so substantial that few people can do both successfully on a professional level.

On the surface, the difference between interpreting and translation is only the difference in the medium: the interpreter translates orally, while a translator interprets written texts. Both interpreting and translating presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one language [6, online].

I. 3. The Skill Profile of Technical Translators

The differences in skills are arguably greater than their similarities. The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, then using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials, to render that material clearly and accurately into the target language. In other words, while linguistic and cultural skills are still critical, the most important mark of a good translator is the ability to write well in the target language.

Even bilingual individuals can rarely express themselves in a given subject equally well in both languages, and many excellent translators are not fully bilingual to begin with. Knowing this limitation, a good translator will only translate documents into his or her native language. This is why we at Scientific Language absolutely require our technical translators only translate into their native language, in addition to their subject matter expertise.

An interpreter, on the other hand, must be able to translate in both directions on the spot, without using dictionaries or other supplemental reference materials. Interpreters must have extraordinary listening abilities, especially for simultaneous interpreting. Simultaneous interpreters need to process and memorize the words that the source-language speaker is saying now, while simultaneously outputting in the target language the translation of words the speaker said 5-10 seconds ago. Interpreters must also possess excellent public speaking skills and the intellectual capacity to instantly transform idioms, colloquialisms and other culturally-specific references into analogous statements the target audience will understand.

Language Scientific's interpreters possess the following skills:

Thorough knowledge of the general subject to be interpreted;

Intimate familiarity with both cultures;

Extensive vocabulary in both languages;

Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages;

Excellent note-taking techniques for consecutive interpreting;

At least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting [6, online].

I. 4. Types of Translations

Due to the continuing evolvement of the translation industry there are now certain terms used to define specialist translations that do not fall under a general category. This brief guide offers an explanation of some of the more common translation terms used [16, online].

Administrative Translation

The translation of administrative texts. Although the administrative text has a very broad meaning, in terms of translation it refers to common texts used within businesses and organisations that are used in day to day management. It can also be stretched to cover texts with similar functions in government.

Commercial Translation

Commercial translation or business translation covers any sort of document used in the business world such as correspondence, company accounts, tender documents, reports, etc. Commercial translations require specialiast translators with knowledge of terminology used in the business world.

Computer Translation

Not to be confused with computer assisted translations CAT, which refer to translations carried out by software. Computer translation is the translation of anything to do with computers such as software, manuals, help files, etc.
Economic Translation

Similar to commercial or business translation, economic translation is simply a more specific term used for the translation of documents relating to the field of economics. Such texts are usually a lot more academic in nature.

Financial Translation

Financial translation is the translation of texts of a financial nature. Anything from banking to asset management to stocks and bonds could be covered.
General Translation

A general translation is the simplest of translations. A general text means that the language used is not high level and to a certain extent could be in layman's terms. There is no specific or technical terminology used. Most translations carried out fall under this category.

Legal translation

Legal translations are one of the trickiest translations known. At its simplest level it means the translation of legal documents such as statutes, contracts and treaties.
A legal translation will always need specialist attention. This is because law is culture-dependent and requires a translator with an excellent understanding of both the source and target cultures.

Most translation agencies would only ever use professional legal to undertake such work. This is because there is no real margin for error; the mistranslation of a passage in a contract could, for example, have disastrous consequences.

When translating a text within the field of law, the translator should keep the following in mind. The legal system of the source text is structured in a way that suits that culture and this is reflected in the legal language; similarly, the target text is to be read by someone who is familiar with another legal system and its language.
Literary Translation

A Literary translation is the translation of literature such as novels, poems, plays, etc.
The translation of literary works is considered by many one of the highest forms of translation as it involves so much more than simply translating text. A literary translator must be capable of also translating feelings, cultural nuances, humour and other subtle elements of a piece of work.

Some go as far as to say that literary translations are not really possible. In 1959 the Russian-born linguist Roman Jakobson went as far as to declare that "poetry by definition [was] untranslatable". In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost in Translation," which in part explores this subject.
Medical Translation

A Medical translation will cover anything from the medical field from the packaging of medicine to manuals for medical equipments to medical books.
Like legal translation, medical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences.

Technical Translation

A Technical translation has a broad meaning. It usually refers to certain fields such as IT or manufacturing and deals with texts such as manuals and instructions. Technical translations are usually more expensive than general translations as they contain a high amount of terminology that only a specialist translator could deal with [16, online].

I. 5 Translation-quality Standards

Like any supplier of goods or services, a translator potentially bears ethical and legal obligations toward his patron or employer. This has turned to be of enormous importance with the development of the language industry at global scale. For the protection of both parties,standards have been developed that seek to spell out their mutual duties. There is, however, a view within the translation industry that, while not doing any actual harm, an over-reliance on such standards can give a false sense of security. Blindly following translation standards does not on its own provide real assurance regarding translation quality. The argument is that the path to quality in translation is by focusing more on providing on-going training and feedback to translators [14, online].

I. 6 Translation as a Process

Translation is a complex dichotomous and cumulative process that involves a host of activities drawing upon other disciplines related to language, writing, linguistics and culture. This multi-disciplinary process suggests that three major activities run concomitantly:

• Transfer of data from the source language to the target language

• Synchro-analysis of text and translation and research of subject-matter

• Continuous self-development and learning

Translation as communication

Translation is a communication process that involves the transfer of a message from a source language to a target language. Text linguistics, which is concerned with the way the parts of text are organized and related to one another in order to form a meaningful whole, is useful for the analysis of the translation process and the transfer of meaning from one language to another.

De Beaugrande and Dressler define the text as a communicative occurrence that meets seven standards of textuality. These standards of textual communication are: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality and intertextuality. However, according to Widdowson, a text cannot be an occurrence since it has no mechanism of its own, but can only be achieved by a human agency. It does not itself communicate, but rather provides the means of achieving communication. Moreover, Hatim defines a text as a stretch of linguistic material that maps on the surface a set of mutually relevant communicative intentions.

I. 7 Types of Text

Reiss suggests that there are basically three types of text, according to whether they place emphasis on content, form, or appeal. Similarly, Nida distinguishes between the expressive, informative and imperative functions of text, adding that the reader will often be totally reliant on context to determine how to interpret a particular text. Naturally, language is used for the framing of thoughts and for the conveyance of thoughts for some purpose in social interaction Halliday and Hasan. Language serves for the expression of the speaker's experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness. In the light of this definition of the purpose of language, the classification of text into three major contextual foci 1) exposition, 2) argumentative, and 3) instructional, and the breakdown of text into elements making a cohesive whole while maintaining an overall view of text in context provide a synchro-analytical approach to the translation process [15, online].

I. 8 How Translation Works

The most important step in translation theory is to go beyond the comparison of different textual versions and linguistic systems towards an understanding of how translation operates in totality of all communicative interaction, how communication can take place when different codes are involved, and what the mediating translator does to bring about communication in the target language. According to Catford, meaning is the property of a language. A source language text has a source language meaning and a target language text has a target language meaning — a Japanese text, for instance, has Japanese meaning (as well as Japanese phonology, graphology, grammar and lexis), and an English equivalent has an English meaning. Taking this a step further, concepts are the property of the mind – they have no language.

Meaning which is the property of a language is manifested through language and embodied in language. Concepts on the other hand, reside in the mind, outside language. As such, they are universal and therefore transferable and translatable.

A view of the translator's mind In the translation process, the translator possesses two sets of parallel linguistic and cultural repertoires. Each repertoire has a subset of components and units with codes and flags embedded in each one of them. When the translation analysis begins, the two parallel repertoires move constantly to match and replace lexis, grammar, stylistics, phonology, cultural and situational equivalents and to give universal concepts language properties. In the transfer of text from the source language to the target language, all (or nearly all) the attributes of text/discourse travel from one repertoire to the other through the Concept "lens", which is also in constant focusing converting concepts invoked by the flagged attributes in context in the source language repertoire through the activation of matching attributes in the target language. This binary action-reflex mechanism results in the translation product. . The process can be further illustrated by the following model:

The travel path is not always in one direction. It is in fact bi-directional even when translation occurs in one direction. The action-reflex mechanism works like a pendulum shifting back and forth from one language set to the other, with the translator constantly referring back to the source text.

This process is a 3-dimensional activity involving:

• Text analysis; meaning, register, style, rhetoric etc.

• Translation

• Rearrangement

As mentioned earlier, translation is a cumulative process. The more experienced and better equipped a translator is, the faster the action-reflex movement will be. A decision-making process In this context, translation can be defined as a continuous decision-making process that is affected by the degree of indeterminacy a source language text might present. The clearer the information in the text the easier and more decisive the matching and focusing process becomes. With this in mind, analyzing the text in context determines the interrelationship of sentences in text and their overall communicative value [4, online].

I. 9 Using Glossaries Effectively

Glossaries are key to consistency between projects, and within large projects. In addition, glossaries can be a huge help in translator training over time, and in reducing translation cost for existing clients.

Correct use of terminology is the biggest perceived indicator of translation quality after the 'naturalness' of the text. However, 'correct' is often a judgement of the beholder – different companies in the same industry often develop their own preferred translations of common terms, and of course have their own marketing terms which are completely unique to them. It goes without saying that different industries often use the same term in different ways, and may commonly use terms which are not used at all outside the industry.

Very few translation clients use glossaries effectively. Why? It is hard work to create and maintain a glossary and the value is not always apparent to those who create and maintain it.

It may not easy to manage glossaries but the benefits certainly exceed the costs. One of the key benefits, especially when working with low literacy populations, is consistency. By using terms consistently, readers are less likely to be confused by unfamiliar words. Confused clients cost more to service as they are more likely to either call to ask questions or be non-compliant. Glossaries can reduce the time it takes to translate materials and reduce overall translation costs as well.
To effectively manage a glossary, there needs to be a glossary manager in charge; someone who has the responsibility for and ultimate authority over the content of the glossary. This authority will probably be challenged on a regular basis so the glossary manager will need to be prepared. It is best if this person is a linguist but having access to strong linguists can work as well.

The first step to create the glossary will be finding qualified linguistic resources for developing entries. Having well qualified internal resources or relying on your language company are both good solutions.

As translation projects are developed, identify terms to be included before the translation process begins. Terms which have more than one possible translation or which have a unique healthcare related meaning should be included. The best entries are developed through discussion and consensus.

In general, glossary entries should include:

the term in English,

the translation,

the definition in English

example(s) of usage

the date the term was included

a reference to the person who added the term.

Finally, the glossary manager will need to defend the glossary. It is not uncommon for new translators or reviewers to suggest that an existing entry is ‘incorrect’. Often, these corrections are nothing more than preferences. These suggestions should be taken seriously but changes should not be made lightly as there will be an existing translations using the established terms [17, online].

II. PRACTICAL PART

II. 1. Structural Transformations of the Multiple Units

Generally speaking, in traditional grammar, the concept of transformation was used mainly as a didactic means for developing the appropriate linguistic habit [5, online].

The theory of translation is a linguistic science; it teaches us how to translate. It teaches us by the means of laws and rules of translation, different analyses and various problems connected with process of translation. Translation is a tie of intraliguistic communication, it is a transfer of meaning across culture, cultures and people.

More specifically translation is the process and result of creating in a TL a text which has approximately the same communicative value as the corresponding text in a SL [6, online].

Thus, as we know the translation of a specialized text requires finding a word or a phrase in the target language which is similar to that in source language. But, translating such texts we can understand that it is not always possible to find a correct word or a correct phrase. In this case the content of the original expression can be modified by the means of transformations. This surely can help the translator to pass over this linguistic trouble.

Among transformations that are commonly applied in the process of technical translation are, on the one hand, general semantic and syntactic transformations that do not affect the syntactic type or the internal structure of the translated syntactic unit and, on the other hand, some varieties of syntactic replacement which involve changes in the internal syntactic structure of the translated unit. As translation practices reveal, these two types of transformations are mutually complementary and are frequently applied jointly for the purpose of achieving the requisite degree of precision in technical translation [8, online].

Transformation is a change of the Source text at different levels such as lexical level, syntactic level and semantic level of the language during the translational process. There are three types of transformations. These can be lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical transformations.

During my translational process I examined all these three types for better translating.

II. 2. Grammatical Transformations

In order to achieve translation equivalence we have to resort to different grammatical and lexical changes, which are called transformations. They can be of 4 types:

Transposition – it is characterized by the change in order of linguistic elements as for example phrase, word, sentence or clause. For example:

The main steps in the proposed hierarchies are summarased – Sunt rezumate principalele etape în ierarhiile propuse.

Replacement- it is a very important type of transformation which affect any kind of linguistic units such as: parts of speech, word forms, sentence elements, sentence types.

Speaking about word forms I have such example:

A Directive of water quality- Despre calitatea apei.

Speaking about parts of speech we cannot forget that very often, the English adjective is replaced by the Romanian noun:

Water status – Starea apei;

Speaking about sentence elements, very often it is called syntactic restructuring and it consists in changing of the functions of the words from the sentence.

Addition- is a device intended for the adding of structural elements implicitly not present in the S text and missing in the T language [6, online].

The delineation of water bodies should therefore be regarded as an iterative process – Prin urmare, delimitarea corpurilor de apă ar trebui să fie acceptată ca un process iterativ.

Omission – Omission means dropping a word or words from the SLT while translating. This procedure can be the outcome of the cultural clashes that exist between the SL and the TL. [9, online].

Apele de adîncime, de asemenea pot fi o sursă importantă pentru apă potabilă sau pentru alte utilizări – Deep groundwaters may be an important resource for drinking water or other uses.

Transposition – here we observe the change in word order in the Target text as compared to the Source text.

O influență esențială asupra formării și regimului apelor freatice are irigația – Irrigation plays an important role on the formation and growndwater regime.

II. 3. Lexical Transformations

Concretisation – is used when something in the TL is usually expressed using concepts with narrow meaning or when preserving the original text with broader meaning would result in an awkward translation [9, online].

There were land cadastres – Au fost prezentate cadastrele funciare.

Calque- is a part by part restorating of a word in another language.

Sub-divisions of an aquifer that cannot be based on geological boundaries should be based initially on groundwater- Subdiviziunile ale unui acvifer sau acvifere care nu se bazează pe limitele geologice, trebuie să se bazeze pe apele subterane.

II. 4. Lexico-grammatical Transformations

Antonymic translation – involves translating a phrase or clause containing a negation using a phrase or clause that doesn’t contain a negation and vice versa [9, online].

Have not to avoid this problem – E nevoie de atențe special față de problema dată.

By translator’s transformations are meant such major and minor alterations in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation. Not all sense units need to be structurally transformed in the process of translation, a considerable number of them are transplanted to the target language in the form, meaning and structure of the original, i.e., unchanged or little changed [9, online].

So, these are some examples from the texts which I translated:

Internationalism- is a loanword that occurs in several languages with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology (Oxford dictionary)

International –Internațional;

Ecosystem – Ecosistem;

Element – Element;

Status- Statut;

Criteria-Criteriu;

Proper nouns of various subclasses ( as geographical names)

Branishte-Braniște;

Norway- Norvegia.

Translating the texts, we have to keep in mind that a big number of proper nouns from different fields and in different languages do not maintain their form or even structure because of the historic tradition or lack of the corresponding sounds in the TL.

Kuzenko G.M in the book “Transformation in the Process of Translation” explains that the translation of sense units at the language level, hence, represents a process of constant transformations. The most regular of these are the following two:

1) Inner or implicit transformations taking place at the lexical/semantic level of the target language as compared with the corresponding source language units;

2) Outer or explicit transformations causing some alterations in the target language as compared with the structure of the corresponding sense units of the source language units [10, online].

That’s why, a lot of language units have partly or completely changed their outer form according to the requirements of the target language, as for example:

Aquatic – Acvatic;

Hydrologic – Hidrologic;

Basin-Bazin;

Geographic- Geografic;

Territory-Teritoriu.

It is necessary to specify that at the word level, Greek and Latin rooted words suffered changes.T hese changes may be called “adaptations” for the new language.

Aquifer-Acvifer;

Quantitative- Cantitativ;

Hydrological-Hidrologic;

Hypsometric-Hipsometric;

Lithological-Litologic;

Physico-mechanical- Fizico-Mecanic.

The syntagmatic structure of the terms in the English and in the Romanian languages differs. This difference may be shortly explained in the following examples:

The English form is Adj + Noun and the Romanian form is Noun + Adj

Strategic group- Grupul strategic;

Common strategy-Strategie comună;

Hierarchical process-Proces ierarhic;

International bazin-Bazin internațional;

Geographic area-Spațiu geographic;

Main unit – Unitate principală.

All the transformational procedures have different rules which form the possibility to translate correctly a text. The rule of translation of the attributive clusters explains that the care should be taken not to confuse the main word with its attribute, as in this example:

Control system- Sistemul de control vs System control- Control de system;

Identification process-Proces de identificare vs Process identification-Identificarea procesului.

It’s should be mentioned that f or an equivalent translation we do not need to mirror the gramatical forms of the Source text. Choose between the parallel forms and various grammar transformations. For example the translation of infinitive forms (perfect, active and passive, indefinite and continuous).

The Directive seems to provide the following definition of a body of surface water;

Directiva pare să ofere următoarea definiție a unui corp de apă de suprafață;

The Directive seems to have provided the following definition of a body of surface water.

Directiva pare să fi oferit următoarea definiție a unui corp de apă de suprafață.

However, at the lexical level, the syntagmatic structure in the language is the combination of words according to the rules of syntax for that language. For example English uses determiner + adjective + noun, e.g. the main step. Another language might use determiner + noun + adjective (Spanish la casa grande) and therefore has a different syntagmatic structure [8, online].

Thus, I analyzed a number of units from my translated texts by the means of the Syntagmatic analysis method.

Units composed from 2 elements

N1+N2= N'2 +prep+N'1

Surface element– element de suprafață

Surface element – element de suprafață

Water impact – impactul asupra apei

Environment objectives – obiective de mediu

II. N1+N2= N'2+ N'1

Water category – categoria apei

Water status – starea apei

Water situation – situația apei

III. Adjective+ Noun

A1+N2=N'2+ A'1;

Geological strata– stratul geologic

Water body – corp acvatic

Aquatic ecosystem – ecosistem acvatic

Transitional waters– ape tranziționale

Human factor – factor uman

Administrative burden–sarcini administrative

Significant quantity– cantitate semnificativă

Terrestrial ecosystem– ecosistem terestru

Significant flow– flux semnificativ

Main system – sistem principal

Iterative process– proces iterativ

Geological boundaries– limite geologice

High pressure – presiune înaltă

Geological regime– regim geologic

Hydraulic boundaries– Limitele hidraulice

Natural environment–mediu natural

Natural cycles– ciclurile naturale

Natural quality– calitate naturală

Units composed from 3 elements

Adjective +Adjective + Noun

A1+A2+N3=N'3+A'2+A'1;

Human economic activity– activitatea economică umană

Exogenous geologic factor–factor exogen geologic

Central Geophysical Observatory– Observatorul Central de Geofizică

Adjective +Noun + Noun

A1+N2+N3= A1+N2+N3=N'2+A'1+art.definit+N'3 ;

Global aspects development– aspecte globale ale dezvoltării

N1+N2+ N3= N'3+ N'2+prep+N'1;

Environmental impact assessment – Evaluarea Impactului asupra Mediului

Global climate change – schimbări climatice globale

A1+N2+N3=N'3+N'2+A'1;

Human development index – indicele dezvoltării umane

Noun + Noun + Noun

N1+N2+ N3= N'3+ N'2+prep+N'1;

Monitoring network index–indicele rețelei de monitoring

N1+N2+N3=N'3+N'2+N'1;

River terraces alluvium – aluviunile teraselor fluviale

Noun + Preposition + Noun

N1+prep+N2 =N'1+prep+ N'2;

Component of landscape– componente ale peisajului

N1+prep+N2=N'1+ A'2;

Water with chemicals– Apă chimică

CONCLUSION

This licence project aims to analyze morphological aspects of specialized terminology in the translation of the texts.

As such, the center of our analysis were word collocations, namely, combinations of the noun+ noun type, adjective+ noun type, adjective+ adjective+ noun type or noun+ noun+ noun type. Word order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages. In English it has peculiarities which have been caused by the concrete and specific way the language has developed. During this process, I observed that in the English texts, the adjectives are often placed before the noun they determine, but when we translate into Romanian the word order is changing, the adjectives are placed after the noun. It is a well-known fact that adjectives always go before nouns in English. In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun – for example, “Natural Territorial Complex”. We would like to briefly note that the observation undertaken allows us to demonstrate that word order and polysemy are the explanatory factors of the adequate morphological analysis.

Another question arising from the analysis referred to the specificities of specialized texts is the fact that the specialized text uses a special kind of language. Such a language needs special knowledge because it has its own lexicon and terminology. As for the terminology, it is based on specific terms, relevant to ecological and geographical fields. The specificity of the units of specialized meaning would not require a theory of terminology, but rather a theory about specialized terms and word combinations.

Study of the structural transformation of the multiple units demand an expert of knowledge of linguistic, technical and educational factors. It is not sufficient to have a degree in a language in order to translate properly.

Translators are language professionals. Translators need a variety of skills and features to be successful in their art. To be a good translator it is necessary to be fluent in two languages and cultures, to have and to know excellently the computer skills and to be willing to learn new technologies and every translator should have a deep interest to languages he works with.

True, talent and natural aptitudes play an important role, but professional guidance is more important, be it for the development of talent or instruction in technical procedures. The nature of the required training will differ according to the nature of the text under consideration. Different texts call for different translators, because knowledge of the field is essential to the success of the translation.

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