Tehnicile Aplicate In Traducerea Documentelor Oficiale

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Tehnicile Aplicate In Traducerea Documentelor Oficiale

Byadmin ianuarie 1, 2024

Tehnicile aplicate în traducerea documentelor oficiale

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION

I.1. Theoretical approach to the concept of translation

I.2. General view of the translation techniques

II. PECULIARITIES OF TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN TRANSLATING OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

II.1. Analysis of the direct translation techniques

II.2. Analysis of the oblique translation techniques

II.3. Comparative analysis of computerized and human made translation

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXES

INTRODUCTION

The practice in translation has been performed from November 10, 2014 till December 12, 2014 at the Korean Language and Culture Center Se Jong, Chisinau as a translator of official documents in English, Romanian and Korean languages. During this practice I understood more deeply how important the role of a translator/interpreter is and not just as a translator, but as a professional one.

From the first day, I visited the whole centre and tried to be responsible and to do all the tasks in a correct way. The first day was a little complicated for me, as every beginning of doing something, because of a large quantity of information, new notions and especially it was like a new challenge, being among foreigners and translating for them in Korean, English, Romanian and Russian languages.

After few days, when I managed to memorize everything and to be more flexible with the requirements and entourage, suddenly the difficulties disappeared and I could enjoy each moment. Working with foreigners was sometimes so tiresome, but I coped with the team not so bad.

While translating or interpreting, I met a lot of difficulties in speaking and expressing the ideas, words and so on, but I passed over them by consulting the internet, dictionary and other sources and in this way I learned a lot of interesting things. Another problem I met during this practice of translation was that of the use of synonyms. The existence of a great number of synonyms in the English language makes sometimes the work of the translator very difficult. They can be used in one text and can damage another text. Another not less important difficulty was the question with the use of the grammatical form ‘shall’, which sometimes can be translated in a context as something that will take place or exist in the future; or something, such as an order, promise, requirement, or obligation; the will to do something or have something take place; something that is inevitable. In these cases, I really needed consultation from a specialist or a meticulous use of different databases, such as www.linguee.com, www.hallo.ro, www.wordlingvo.com, www.google.com, Oxford Dictionary and others. Now I am completely aware of the fact that a translator must not simply work around words he does not know, but do careful research in reference literature and internet databases. There were situations while interpreting when I didn’t know how to translate a word from Romanian into English and I replaced everything by the explanation of words. So, I met such people from abroad that understood very little in English, and I would explain them almost all the words and sentences in a very usual and simple way. It was a real hard work, but a very good experience and practice.

The documents I was given for translation contained a lot of terms and professionalisms from the fields of economics, politics, law and from other official documents. My glossary consists of the terms selected in the process of translation. They are written in alphabetical order so that they would be easier to use or find.

This practice gave me a great experience from many points of view. I would say that translation is a two-edged instrument: it has the special goal of demonstrating the learner’s knowledge of the foreign language, either as a form of control or to exercise one’s intelligence in order to develop competence. It was a new opportunity for me to show, to develop and to evaluate my skills in this field. I learned to insist on the quality of translation but, nevertheless to make it quicker; to work with terms and dictionaries, trying to find the best translation for a word; “to feel” the text and its context. I also achieved a vast experience in the informational area. It also helped me to improve my translating abilities, typing, computer skills and last but not least, I saw and met different kinds of people from various parts of the world, having the chance to discuss with native speakers.

S. Basnett outlined that in the opinion of P. Newmark “a satisfactory translation is not always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied with it. It can usually be improved” [16, online]. It appears that there is no such thing as a perfect, ideal, or correct translation. A translator is always trying to extend his knowledge and improve his means of expression; he is always pursuing facts and words. Translators should in search of perfectionism for whole their life. Every time trying to be better, every time trying to find something new in their work. I choose to become a professional translator through permanent effort and loving my work.

The goal of my licence project “Techniques Applied in Translating Official Documents” is to determine techniques applied in the translation of official documents, based on various appropriate examples.

The objectives of my work are the following:

to study the classification of the translation techniques from a theoretical view point;

to use and understand new concepts, notions, techniques of translation ;

to establish the main issues related to the techniques applied in the translation of official documents in English, Romanian and Korean;

to acquire practical skills of correct and qualitative translation of official documents from English, Korean into Romanian and vice versa.

The structure of this licence project consists of an Introduction, two Sections, Conclusion, Bibliography and Annexes.

The first Section – “General features of translation and translation techniques” – where I have included the most essential aspects concerning the translation in general and the definition of the types of Translation Techniques.

The second Section – “Peculiarities of techniques applied in translating official documents” – deals with the direct and oblique translation techniques and the comparative analysis of the computerized and human made translation.

In Conclusion I have set forth the outcome of my theoretical and practical work in regard to this Licence Project.

The Bibliography includes the list of the used sources.

The Annexes comprise the tables of terms, diagrams and texts, which served as a solid ground for my research and practical work

GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION

I.1. Theoretical approach to the concept of translation

The 20th century has seen the deep study of translation, which is called in different ways: Theory of Translation, Science of Translation, Translation Linguistics, or even Translatology.

According to V.N. Komisarov and A.L. Koralova, “translation is a means of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the target language (TL or the translating language) a text which has an identical communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST). This target text (TT, that is the translation) is not fully identical with ST as to its form or content due to the limitations imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the source language (SL) and TL” [7, p. 4].

The main purpose of the Translation Theory is to determine the appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts giving insight into the translation process, into the relations between thought and language, culture and speech.

There are some aspects of this branch of linguistics:

general aspect: the theory of translation studies general notions typical of translation from any language;

specific aspect: the theory of translation deals with the regularities of the translation characteristic of particular languages – for example, translation from English into Romanian and vice versa;

special aspect: the theory of translation pays attention to texts of various registers and genres.

There are two terms corresponding to the Romanian word ‘traducere’: ‘translation’ and ‘interpretation’. The term ‘translation’ refers to the written text, and the term ‘interpretation’ to oral speech.

However, the terms are polysemantic: ‘to interpret’ means “to render or discuss the meaning of the text” [14, online]. Z. Proshina outlined that in the opinion of the outstanding British translation theorist P. Newmark “when a part of a text is important to the writer’s intention, but insufficiently determined semantically, the translator has to interpret” [5, p. 8]. The term to translate is often referred to any (written or oral) manner of expression in a different language. Furthermore, it is also important to note that: “we should also differentiate the terms translating and rendering. When we translate, we express in another language not only what is conveyed but also how it is done. In rendering, we only convey the ideas (the what) of the source text” [ibidem].

In what follows, I will enlarge upon some empirical aspects of the translator’s/interpreter’s work. As outlined by S. Basnett, Roman Jakobson distinguishes three types of translation: “(1) intralingual translation, or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs within one language); (2) interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs between two or more languages); and (3) intersemiotic translation or transmutation (an interpretation of verbal signs by signs from nonverbal sign systems)” [2, p 23].

S. Bassnett brings into view the following: “having established these three types, of which (2) translation proper describes the process of transfer from SL to TL, Jakobson goes on immediately to point to the central problem in all types: while messages may serve as adequate interpretations of code units or messages, there is ordinarily no full equivalence through translation” [ibidem]. Sometimes a dictionary of synonyms may give ‘perfect’ as a synonym for ‘ideal’, or ‘vehicle’ as a synonym for ‘conveyance’ but in both examples it cannot be said that there is a perfect equivalence, since each term contains within itself a set of non-transferable associations and connotations.

As translation, interpretation is the art and the profession, both being not well understood by people, being complex and varied. Even professionals in this field, practitioners or professors have sometimes doubts and questions about their craft. But it is a large and special world in which newcomers to this profession have a lot to learn.

I.2. General view of the translation techniques

In popular belief, a person that wants to translate something needs just good knowledge of a foreign language and a few dictionaries. Other people think that translating is just an intuitive process based on the creative capability of a translator or it is an activity given only to specialists like scientists or lawyers. But those who think in this way cannot make a distinction between factual knowledge and procedural knowledge. What is factual and procedural knowledge?

Factual Knowledge is the knowledge of special fields, as special terminology, resources available, foreign languages. But even if Factual Knowledge is essential, it is not enough. All translators need also the Procedural Knowledge.

Procedural Knowledge relates to a kind of method or procedure to help the translator in seizing the meaning of the ST and to re-express that meaning in the TT.

Generally, a translator/interpreter has two options for translating:

direct or literal translation;

oblique translation.

There are several translation techniques available under each option:

So, direct translatioal, it is not enough. All translators need also the Procedural Knowledge.

Procedural Knowledge relates to a kind of method or procedure to help the translator in seizing the meaning of the ST and to re-express that meaning in the TT.

Generally, a translator/interpreter has two options for translating:

direct or literal translation;

oblique translation.

There are several translation techniques available under each option:

So, direct translation techniques include borrowing, calque, literal translation, transliteration; oblique translation techniques include transposition, modulation.

Direct translation techniques are used when the structural and conceptual elements of SL can be transposed into TL. A direct translation might fail when there is no exact structural equivalent or a corresponding expression.

The borrowing is a process of taking, or borrowing words directly from one language into another without translation. Many English words are borrowed from other languages, as from Latin, French, Greek and other laguages, as ‘paper’ – ‘paper’ Lat, (papyrus, from Gr), ‘maegester’ – ‘master’ Lat; from the Law and government sphere – ‘attorney’, ‘chancellor’, ‘crime’, ‘government’, ‘jail’, ‘judge’, ‘prison’ – all are borrowed form French. Before Korean characters were invented, Korean people used Chinese characters. Until now, Chinese characters are still widely used in anthroponyms, toponyms. Then due to Japanese colonialization from 1945, Korean life and language was considerable affected. Today there are a lot of Korean words borrowed from Japanese. After World War II, Korea started to grow economically, that is why they opened up their doors for western economic, technological and cultural influence, including and English language, for example ‘스포츠’ (seupocheu) – sport, ‘샤워실’ (syawo sil) – bathroom, ‘컴퓨터’ (keompyuteo) – computer, ‘알리비’ (alibi) – alibi, ‘유네스코’ – UNESCO (yuneseuko), ‘나사’ (nasa) – NASA, ‘프로그램’ (peurogeuraem) – programe.

ST: 위 사람은 김천대학교 국제교류처에서 주관한 Big Brother & Big Sister 프로그램을 성실하게 수료하였음을 증명합니다.

TT1: Sus numita studentă a dat dovadă de seriozitate în completarea programului Big Brother & Big Sister, organizat de Departamentul de Relații Internaționale din cadrul Universității Gimcheon.

TT2: The above mentioned student showed seriousness in completing the Big Brother & Big Sister Program organized by the International Relations Department from Gimcheon University.

The calque originates from the French verb ‘calquer’ and is a special type of borrowing, where TL borrows a word or even a expression from SL based on a word-for-word translation. When taking a phrase in English, for example, and translate each word literally into Romanian or Korean, that is a calque. There can exist and half-calques in those cases when half of the word is borrowed through transcription or transliteration and the other half is translated: ‘South Korea’ – Coreea de Sud, ‘Old Jolyon’ – Vechiul Jolyon.

ST: (…) implementarea Registrului de Stat centralizat al Alegătorilor (RSA) și încetarea utilizării pașapoartelor ex-sovietice.

TT1: (…) the implementation of a Centralized State Register of Voters (SRV), and the cancellation of the ex-soviet passports.

TT2: 유권자의 중앙 집중화 된 국가 등록 및 전 소련 여권의 취소의 구현.

When tanslating Text no. 8 from Romanian into English, I found a combination of words ‘pașaport ex-sovietic’, which is translated as ‘ex-Soviet passport’, while in Korean this combination is totally changed ‘전 소련 여권’.

Literal translation is a word-for-word translation, which can be used in some languages and not in others, depending on the sentence structure. Please consider the following example: ‘나는 어제 도서관에 갔어요’ (naneun eojae dossogoan-ae gasseoyo). This simple sentence means ‘Yesterday I went to library’ in Korean. If translated this in a word-for-word manner, this sentence would sound in English as follows: ‘I [subject particle] yesterday library to went’. Given the fact that Korean is a language that varies a lot in word order as compared to English, word-for-word translations should be avoided in the case of translations involving the Korean language.

As for the oblique translation techniques, C. Calderon affirmed that they “are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly transposed without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language” [12, online].

Transposition is a process where the parts of speech change their place during the translation process. In other words, a shift of words takes place. Transposition can be often used between English and Romanian, Korean because of the position of the verb in the sentence: in English the position of the verb is often near the beginning of the sentence, but in Romanian and Korean it is closer to the end.

ST: Except if otherwise specifically agreed by the Parties, the following rules shall apply to intellectual property rights (…).

TT1: Exceptând cazurile în care părțile convin altfel, următoarele reguli se aplică drepturilor de proprietate intelectuală (…).

TT2: 특별히 당사자가 합의하는 경우를 제외하고, 다음과 같은 규칙들은 지적재산권에 적용된다.

The essence of modulation method is in using a phrase, though expressed differently in the SL and TL, but expressing the same idea. This is the case of the negated contrary, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation, from negative to positive or vice versa.

ST: It is not difficult to show (…).

TT1: Este simplu de demonstrat (…).

TT2: 보여주기는 어렵지 않다 (…).

If translated literally into Romanian, this sentence would sound like ‘Nu este dificil de demonstrat’; according to the modulation technique the English phrase ‘is not difficult’ is substituted with the Romanian phrase ‘este simplu’. In this way, the sentence sounds better in the TL. The same rules is possible for Korean language, too: ‘보여주기는 어렵지 않다’ or ‘보여주기는 쉬어요’.

My aim is to set a defining frame for each of the above-listed translation techniques, and to bring appropriate examples illustrating them. Therefore, the second Section of this licence project is dedicated to the practical approach to the topic under consideration.

II. PECULIARITIES OF TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN TRANSLATING OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

II.1. Analysis of the direct translation techniques

The borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. Many English words are borrowed from other languages. The translator has to find the suitable equivalent, because the translation is the re-expression of the ST which preserves the principal equivalents.

As stated by Y. Kang, “during the period of massive borrowing from Japanese (1890-1945), many Western words, English in particular, were transmitted to Korean through Japanese” [6, p. 1]. That is why, today, in contemporary Korean, there are numerous loan forms that have different degrees of Japanese influence. For example, the English word ‘meter’ is realized in Korean as ‘메다’ (meda) or ’미터’ (mitha), being a borrowing from Japanese (meetaa). A lot of borrowings come from Chinese language, too.

ST: Parlamentul unicameral cu 101 locuri este ales pentru un termen de patru ani (…).

TT1: The 101-member unicameral parliament is elected for a four-year term (…).

TT2: 101명의 단원제 의회 멤버들은 4년마다 선출된다 (…).

While translating Text no. 8 from Romanian into English, I found a Latin borrowing like ‘unicameral’, which was translated into English in the same way ‘unicameral’. The Online Dictionary.com gave a definition as “of or characterized by a single legislative chamber” [14, online].

Another text translated into English contains several Latin borrowings: ‘academic’, ‘cultural’, ‘socio-economic’ and French borrowing ‘artistique’, all being used in one sentence:

ST: Precum și datorită evenimentelor academice, cultural-artistice și socio-economice organizate în Republica Moldova.

TT1: As well as due to the academic, cultural, artistic and socio-economic events organized in the Republic of Moldova.

TT2: 뿐만 아니라 교육, 문화, 사회경제 사건들 때문에 몰도바에서 조직되었다.

The borrowing ‘a aplauda’ means “a bate din palme în semn de mulțumire, de aprobare, de admirație; a-și exprima mulțumirea, aprobarea, admirația față de cineva sau ceva prin aplauze” [13, online], that in English translation is ‘to applaud.’ This borrowing appeared in the Middle English, from Middle French or Latin; Middle French ‘aplaudir’, from Latin ‘applaudere’. Let us consider the following example:

ST: Mii de persoane au lucrat intens pentru desfășurarea alegerilor de ieri și aplaudă eforturile depuse de lucrătorii secțiilor de votare.

TT1: Thousands of people worked hard for the yesterday’s election and I applaud the efforts of the polling station workers.

TT2: 수천명의 사람들이 어제 선거를 위해 열심히 일했고 나는 투표소 직원들의 노력에 박수를 보냈다.

As we know, the English word ‘meeting’ is a borrowing used in many languages, as well as in Romanian, having few translations ‘miting’, ‘întrunire’, ‘ședință’, ‘reuniune’. But in the example given below, the borrowing ‘meeting’ should be translated not as ‘miting’, because the context requires another meaning, and that is why I used the word ‘ședință’.

ST: The OSCE PA will present its report during the Bureau Meeting on 3 December.

TT1: AP OSCE își va prezenta raportul pe parcursul Ședinței Biroului pe 3 decembrie.

TT2: OSCE PA 유럽안보협력기구는 12월 3일 Bureau회의에서 보고서를 발표할 것이다.

The German borrowing ‘seminar’ means “any group or meeting for holding discussions or exchanging information” and it is used in the same way in many languages, as well as in English, Romanian, Korean ‘세미나’ (semina:), for example:

ST: Information arising from seminars, meetings, assignments of staff (…).

TT1: Informațiile obținute în cadrul seminarelor, reuniunilor, misiunilor de personal (…).

TT2: 직원들의 세미나, 회의, 과제에서 발생하는 정보 (…).

The Romanian noun ‘program’ is an another word borrowed from English into Korean language – ‘프로그램’, which is translated into Romanian in the same form.

ST: 위 사람은 김천대학교 국제교류처에서 주관한 Big Brother $ Big Sister 프로그램을 성실하게 수료하였음을 증명합니다.

TT1: Sus numita student a dat dovadă de seriozitate în completarea programului Big Brother & Big Sister, organizat de Departamentul de Relații Internaționale din cadrul Universității Gimcheon.

TT2: The above mentioned student showed seriousness in completing the Big Brother & Big Sister Program organized by the International Relations Department from Gimcheon University.

Looking through all the translating techniques and giving examples from practice translating texts, I have found that this type of technique is the most used while translating. More information is in the diagram 1 in Annex 1.

Z. Proshina affirms that “some linguists consider calque ‘blueprint’ translation as mechanical copying. Since the calqued word is not just a mechanical borrowing of the form but it undergoes some changes, this device is, to some extent, an actual translation, which includes form transformations” [5, p. 35]. Here are presented some examples of calque from my translation practice texts:

ST: As a part of this exercise, science and technology cooperation – as a significant complement of cultural diplomacy (…).

TT1: Ca parte a acestui exercițiu, cooperarea științifică și tehnologică – ca completare importantă a diplomației culturale (…).

TT2: 이 실험의 한 부분으로써, 과학과 기술은 중요한 문화적 외교적 보완물로서 협력되었다 (…).

Of course, in Korean this technique cannot be often used, because generally all terms are translated using a different semantic and lexical structure.

ST: Inversely, cultural and scientific exchanges can also contribute to facilitating diplomatic relations.

TT1: Pe de altă parte, schimburile culturale și științifice pot contribui, de asemenea, la facilitarea relațiilor diplomatice.

TT2: 반대로, 문화 및 과학 교류도 외교관계 촉진에 기여할 수있다.

In order to prove that a word is a calque sometimes it requires a lot of documentation, maybe more than a loanword which is untranslated, because, in some cases, a similar sentence might have appeared in both languages independently.

ST: For the purpose of this Agreement, ‘intellectual property’ shall have the meaning given in Article 2 of the Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organisation, done at Stockholm on 14 July 1067.

TT1: În sensul prezentului Acord, “proprietatea intelectuală” are sensul definit la articolul 2 din Convenția privind instituirea Organizației Mondiale a Proprietății Intelectuale, încheiată la Stockholm la 14 iulie 1967.

TT2:이 협정의 목적상, '지적 재산권'은 1067년 7월 14일 스톡홀롬에서 열린 세계 지적재산권이 설립된 협약 제 2 조에서 주어진 의미를 가진다.

When tanslating Text no. 8 from Romanian into English, I found a combination of words ‘pașaport ex-sovietic’, which is translated as ‘ex-Soviet passport’, but in Korean this combination is totally changed ‘전 소련 여권’. And here we have an example of this calque:

ST: (…) implementarea Registrului de Stat centralizat al Alegătorilor (RSA) și încetarea utilizării pașapoartelor ex-sovietice.

TT1: (…) the implementation of a Centralized State Register of Voters (SRV), and the cancellation of the ex-soviet passports.

TT2: 유권자의 중앙 집중화 된 국가 등록 및 전 소련 여권의 취소의 구현.

The Romanian noun ‘delegație’ is translated in English as ‘delegation’, as shown in the example below:

ST: “Aplicarea legii trebuie să fie echitabilă și justă și nu ar trebui niciodată să fie selectivă”, a declarat în continuare Jean-Claude Mignon, șeful delegației APCE.

TT1: “The law enforcement must be fair and justice should never be selective”, said Jean-Claude Mignon, head of the PACE delegation.

TT2: 법 집행이 공정해야하고 정의로워야하는 것은 절대 선택적이지 않다고 PACE대표단의 대표인 Jean Claude Mignon이 말했다.

Calque has just 9% of usage in the translation practice texts (please refer to Annex 1).

Literal translation is a word-for-word translation, which can be used in some languages and not in others, depending on the sentence structure. A direct translation might fail when there is no similar structural equivalent or no corresponding expression. Idioms are the best examples in this respect. The English idiom ‘it is raining cats and dogs’ cannot be translated literally into Romanian or Korean Languages; the equivalent translation is ‘plouă cu găleata’ in Romanian and ’비가 억수같이 쏟아진다’ (biga eogsu gat-i ssod-ajinda) – ‘Rain is pouring down like a torrential downpour’ in Korean.

ST: Reclamațiile și contestațiile au fost, în general, soluționate satisfăcător și în termeni stabiliți.

TT1: Complaints and appeals were generally resolved satisfactorily and within the deadlines.

TT2: 불만과 이의제기들은 보통 기한 내에 만족스럽게 해결되었다.

According to S. Gendreau, „when learning a foreign language, especially one that differs dramatically in grammatical structure, it is tempting to translate word-for-word what you’re reading” [15, online]. For example, in Asian languages, especially in Korean, the verbs usually come at the very end of sentence. The word order is the exact opposite of English and most Western European languages. In most cases due to this, when people start learning such a language, they tend to translate word-for-word what they read or hear. Please consider the following example: ‘나는 어제 도서관에 갔어요’ (naneun eojae dossogoan-ae gasseoyo). This simple sentence means ‘Yesterday I went to library’ in Korean. If translated this in a word-for-word manner, this sentence would sound in English as follows: ‘I (subject particle) yesterday library to went’. While Korean is a language that varies a lot in word order as compared to English, word-for-word translations should be avoided.

ST: Alegătorii au avut oportunitatea să verifice listele de alegători în secțiile de votare cu 20 de zile înainte de alegeri, precum și să-și verifice datele online.

TT1: Voters had the opportunity to check the lists if voters in the polling stations 20 days before the elections, as well as to verify the data online.

TT2: 투표자들은 선거 전 20일동안 투표소에서 체크리스트를 확인할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 온라인으로 데이터를 확인할 수 있는 기회를 가졌다.

If, given two utterances – one in English and the other in Romanian or Korean – there is a certain correspondence of structure and signification between them, then the equivalence is ensured by way of the word-for-word method. However, the problem is that in the Korean language, this kind of translation technique cannot be used, that means, literal or word-for-word translation, cannot be achieved.

ST: Making recommendations to the Parties with regard to the implementation of this Agreement (…).

TT1: Efectuarea recomandărilor pentru Părți cu privire la aplicarea prezentului Acord (…).

TT2: 이 협정의 실행과 관련하여 당국의 권고사항들을 만들기 (…).

II.2. Analysis of the oblique translation techniques

In the opinion of K. Rowan, “oblique translation techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly transposed without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language” [22, online]. The oblique translation techniques include transposition and modulation.

Transposition is a process of grammatical changes during translation. It is like a shift of word class. As we know, grammatical structures are different in different languages.

ST: Ziua alegerilor a decurs în condiții pașnice, în pofida dificultăților tehnice considerabile în procesarea datelor alegătorilor (…).

TT1: The Election Day proceeded in peaceful conditions, despite considerable technical difficulties in processing voters’ data (…).

TT2: 선거당일은 유권자의 데이터 처리의 상당한 기술적인 어려움에도 불구하고 평화로운 상태에서 진행되었다.

Transposition can be often used between English and Romanian, Korean because of the position of the verb in the sentence: in English the position of the verb is often near the beginning of the sentence, but in Romanian and Korean it is closer to the end. Dr. Angelo Pizzuto stated that such approach “requires that the translator knows that it is possible to replace a word category in the target language without altering the meaning of the source text” [20, online].

ST: The implementation of arrangements, which set forth the details and procedures of cooperative activities under this Agreement, may be concluded between the Parties.

TT1: Părțile pot conveni asupra implementării unor acorduri, în care să stipuleze detaliile și procedurile activităților de cooperare în baza prezentului Acord.

TT2: 이 협정에 따라 만들어진 세부사항 및 협력활동의 절차들은 당사자들간에 체결될 수 있다.

Transposition takes 14% of usage. More information is presented in Diagram 1 (please refer to Annex1).

ST: CEC este un organ permanent compus din nouă membri care servește un mandate de cinci ani, în timp ce CEdC și BESV sunt formate pentru fiecare alegeri.

TT1: The CEC is a nine-member permanent body that serves a five-year term, while DECs and PEBs are formed for each election.

TT2: CEC는 다음 5년동안을 책임질 9명의 영구기관이다.

This procedure is the most frequent technique used by the translators, since it offers a variety of possibilities that help avoiding the problem of untranslatability. Besides, translators in most cases use transposition intuitively, while looking for ways to transfer the ST into the TT.

ST: Except if otherwise specifically agreed by the Parties, the following rules shall apply to intellectual property rights (…).

TT1: Exceptând cazurile în care părțile convin altfel, următoarele reguli se aplică drepturilor de proprietate intelectuală (…).

TT2: 특별히 당사자가 합의하는 경우를 제외하고, 다음과 같은 규칙들은 지적재산권에 적용된다.

With reference to modulation, P. Fawcett sustains that such translation technique consists in the following: “the signifier changes while the signified remains the same, and this is achieved by various forms of metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche” [3, p. 37]. There are few types of modulation, as negated contrary, abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, and geographical change. In my licence project I will only analyse the negated contrary type. The essence of such method is in using a phrase, though expressed differently in the SL and TL, but expressing the same idea. This is the case of the negated contrary, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation, from negative to positive or vice versa.

ST: Prin intermediul acestui sistem de ghișeu unic, procedura administrativă va fi mai simplă, mai ieftină și mai rapidă.

TT1: This one-stop shop system will make the administrative procedure simpler, less expensive and quicker.

TT2: 이 원 스톱 쇼핑 시스템은 행정 절차가 간단하고, 저렴하고 빠르게 만들 것입니다.

If translated literally in English, the Romanian phrase ‘mai ieftin’ would sound like ‘cheaper’; based on the modulation technique, such phrase was translated as ‘less expensive’.

ST: În plus, cadrul legal nu are măsuri de promovare a participării femeilor și a minorităților, care au fost plasate pe poziții inferioare pe listele de candidați.

TT1: In addition, the legal framework lacks measures to promote the participation of women and minorities, which were not placed on the top positions on the lists of candidates.

TT2: 또한, 참가자 리스트 상위권에 들어가지 못했듯이 법규는 소수민족과 여성의 참여를 충분히 지지하지 못하였다.

In this example the Romanian phrase ‘au fost plasate pe poziții inferioare’ could be translated in English as ‘were placed on lower positions’. Still, I used the modulation technique, i.e. the negated contrary, and translated the respective Romanian phrase as ‘were not placed on the top positions’. In TT2, this technique may be used in the same way.

ST: The provisions of this Agreement shall not prejudice the rights and obligations of existing and/or future agreements (…).

TT1: Dispozițiile prezentului Acord vor respecta drepturile și obligațiile acordurilor existente și/sau viitoare (…).

TT2: 이 협정의 규정은 권리와 기존 또는 미래의 계약의 의무를 침해하지 않는다 (…).

Modulation technique comes the second in the Diagram 1 from Annex 1. Going after the borrowing, modulation is the most used technique during my translation practice.

II.3. Comparative analysis of computerized and human made translation

As stated by Z. Proshina, the first ideas of machine translation have been expressed in 1933 by the Soviet engineer Petr Smirnov-Troyansky but the founding father of Machine Translation (MT) research is Warren Weaver. “Today, machine translation is often called computer-aided translation (CAT). CAT systems are divided into two groups: machine-aided human translation (MAHT) and human-aided machine translation (HAMT)” [5, p. 16]. The difference between these two lies in the roles of computer and human translator.

My intention was to examine two machine translations, (referred to as MT1 and MT2) and a human translation (referred to as HT) in order to compare the differences and similarities. From the first sentence of MT1, we can spot a mistake, which lies in the translation of the Romanian adjective ‘neobstrucționat’ that was translated as ‘unobstructed’, instead of ‘unimpeded’.or ‘unhindered’, as shown in the examples below:

ST: Deși candidații au avut acces neobstrucționat la mijloacele de informare în masă, influența politică în mass media radio-tv a dus la reflectări partinice.

MT1: Although candidates have unobstructed access to mass media, political influence in radio and television media led to reflections of party.

MT2: Although candidates have had unrestricted access to the means of mass information and political influence in the mass media radio, TV that has led to biased.

HT: Although candidates had unimpeded access to the media, political influence in broadcast media led to partisan reflections.

The first MT translation contains many errors, which alterate the meaning of the ST, for example: ‘mass media radio-tv’ was translated in MT1 as ‘radio and television media’ and in MT2 as ‘mass media radio’, TV, but the correct form is found in HT translation – ‘broadcast media’. As well as, ‘reflectări partinice’ was translated as ‘reflections of party’ by MT1, but in the MT2, the sentence was not even finished. The second MT translation is more appropriate to HT translation.

When considering the second sentence, we can observe other types of errors, too.

ST: Without prejudice to paragraph (a), the participation of legal entities established in Korea for indirect cooperative activities under the Framework Programmes shall be in accordance with the Rules.

MT1: Fără a aduce atingere alineatului (a), participarea entităților juridice stabilite în Coreea de activități de cooperare indirecte în cadrul programelor-cadru trebuie să fie în conformitate cu regulamentul.

MT2: Fără a aduce atingere alin. (a), participarea entitatilor juridice stabilite în Coreea pentru activitatile de cooperare in indirecte programelor cadru trebuie sa fie in conformitate cu normele.

HT: Sub rezerva alinineatului (a), participarea entităților juridice stabilite în Coreea la activitățile indirecte de cooperare în cadrul programelor-cadru trebuie să fie în conformitate cu Regulile.

In the MT translations there are sometimes different meanings, adding a lot of unnecessary words and the meaning has no correspondence with HT, for example ‘de activități, norme, în indirecte’. Also there are problems with the lack of grammar rules and namely endings, the articles, the number and many other features. Some words from the sentence do not form any meaning, they are just like separate words and nothing more (‘stabilite în Coreea de activități’, ‘în indirecte programelor’)

ST: Legal entities established in the community shall participate in Korea's research and development projects or programmes in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of Korea (…).

MT1: Persoanele juridice stabilite în Comunitate participă la proiecte sau programe de Coreea de cercetare și dezvoltare, în conformitate cu legile și reglementările din Coreea relevante.

MT2: Entități juridice instituite în comunitatea participa in Coreea de proiecte de cercetare și dezvoltare sau programe în conformitate cu legile și reglementările relevante din Coreea.

HT: Entitățile juridice înființate în Comunitate pot participa la proiectele sau programele de cercetare și dezvoltare finanțate de Guvernul Coreean.

In the MT1 above, the meaning of the ST is altered, because sentences are not structured in a correct form, and words are not articulated (‘programe de Coreea de cercetare’, ‘reglementările din Coreea relevante’).

There are some advantages and disadvantages of the machine translation. The first advantage is essential for translator’s work: it is the fast, time-saving speed of the translation process. The laptops are very convenient tools as they can accompany translators anywhere they go. On the other hand, computers are restricted to the materials. They can translate only clichéd texts. They cannot translate unpredictable texts, like fiction, for example. Usually computers provide a raw translation.

In conclusion, it should be stressed that machine translations are good only for translating separate words, but not entire texts or sentences. I believe in a good collaboration between human translation and machine translation. More details about the productivity of each type of translation – Human or Machine Translations – are presented in Annex 1, Diagram 2, which shows that the productivity of Human Translation reaches nearly 75%, while Machine Translation – 25%. The overall productivity of both Human and Machine Translations amounts to nearly 100%, which means the translation of the text is almost perfect when applying concurrently both types of translation.

In my opinion, the ideal course of the working process of a translator is the following:

1. reading the ST;

2. makings some enquiries / readings relevant for the field of translation;

3. re-reading of the ST;

4. translating the ST referring to paperback and online dictionaries, online databases, translation engines and tools, translators’ forums etc.;

5. reading the TT;

6. checking the spelling, grammar, style of TT;

7. proofreading the TT assisted by a native speaker or a highly professional translator.

CONCLUSION

Practice is a very important step for the future specialists. It gives real experience for developing masters. Due to it, we have the possibility to try our knowledge and our skills. During this period, every student is able to decide if he or she is ready to work in the real world and become good specialist. It is a kind of aim for checking the young specialists to get familiar with the field they practiced. It is a very important moment for students to develop certain professional values and to get ready to work in an integrated team. These habits provide new sensations and the ability to feel professionally responsible.

Having the possibility to perform my practice at the Korean Language and Culture Center Se Jong, I understood that it is not so easy to work as a translator/interpreter. I have coped with a lot of official documents. It was a new opportunity for me to develop, show and evaluate my skills in this field. I learned to insist on the quality of translation but, nevertheless to make it quicker; to work with terms and dictionaries, trying to find the best translation for a word; ’to feel’ the text and its context. I also achieved a vast experience in the informational area. It also helped me to improve my translating abilities, typing and computer skills, working with a wide variety of dictionaries. Working in this Center, I was able to meet new foreign visitors from different countries and to talk with them in English, or in Korean, which developed my communicative skills. It was a good opportunity to manifest myself in a new, professional way.

In the first section of my Licence Project I have carried out a research into “General features of translation and translation techniques”, where I have included the most essential aspects concerning the translation in general and the definition of the types of translation techniques. Then the second section was about “Peculiarities of techniques applied in translating official documents”, which deals with the direct and oblique translation techniques and the comparative analysis of the computerized and human made translation. Direct translation techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. A direct translation might fail when there is no exact structural equivalent or no corresponding expression. Here are included the following translation techniques: borrowing, calque and literal translation. These three types of translation are the most used in the practice translation texts (please refer to Diagram 1). Many English words are borrowed from other languages. The translator has to find the suitable equivalent, because the translation is the re-expression of the original text which preserves the principal equivalents. In order to prove that a word is a calque sometimes it requires a lot of documentation, maybe more than a loanword which is untranslated, because, in some cases, a similar sentence might have appeared in both languages independently.

The oblique translation techniques include transposition and modulation. Transposition can be often used between English and Romanian, Korean because of the position of the verb in the sentence: in English the position of the verb is often near the beginning of the sentence, while in Romanian and Korean it is closer to the end. Also, modulation is an interesting technique that used when translating the texts. It is about a phrase being expressed differently in the source and target language, but representing the same idea. It is the negated contrary, which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation, from negative to positive or vice versa.

The translating process is very intricate, demanding and yet exciting, because everything is linked, that is, the knowledge from high school, from university and from everyday life. We should know when and how to put together and make the best use of the material we know from the institutions above. Thus, every specialist should be trained for every predictable and unpredictable situation. Our mind should be ready at any moments, we have no time to relax or to miss something important, because a good specialist begins from gathering and mastering all the possible useful information: the more we know, the faster we grow.

The last topic was about making a comparative analysis between the machine and human translation. Machine translation gives good results only in the collaboration with human translation. Applied separately, they can cause a lot of errors and can damage the real value of the ST.

This practice provided me with a valuable experience, because I had the chance, first of all, to develop and improve my translation skills. Secondly, I met a lot of native speakers from abroad. And thirdly, I really enlarged my vocabulary, using a lot of complicated words and notions from economic and diplomatical fields.

There is no such thing as a perfect, ideal translation. A translator is always trying to extend his knowledge and improve his means of expression; he is always pursuing facts and words. The translators should be permanently in the search of perfectionism. Every time trying to be better, every time trying to find something new in their work. I choose to become a professional translator through permanent effort and loving my work. At this point, I believe that the words of Amara Lakhous are the most appropriate expression of my own position: “So many people consider their work a daily punishment. Whereas I love my work as a translator. Translation is a journey over a sea from one shore to the other. Sometimes I think of myself as a smuggler: I cross the frontier of language with my booty of words, ideas, images, and metaphors” [16, online].

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, Mona. In Other Words. A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge Group, 1992. 304 p.

Bassnet, Susan. Translation Studies. London: Routledge Group, 2002. 176 p.

Fawcett, Peter. Translation and Language. Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997. 160 p.

Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Apllications. London: Routledge Group, 2012. 366 p.

Proshina, Zoya. Theory of Translation (English and Russian). Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Press, 2008. 276 p.

Yoonjung, Kang; Michael, Kenstowicz; Chiyuki, Ito. Hybrid Loans: a Study of English Loanwords Transmitted to Korean via Japanese. Seoul, 2008. 32 p.

Комиссаров, В.Н.; Коралова, Д.Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. Москва: Высшая Школа, 1990. 110 p.

Dictionaries

Hornby, Albert S. Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London / New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 1440 p.

Lee Moon Su, Kim Seong Gi. Dicționar Român-Coreean. 루마니아어 – 한국어 사전. Coreea de Sud, Seul: Universitatea de limbă coreeană și limbi străine Chulpanbu, 2006. 1165 p.

Sperry, Len. Dictionary of Ethical and Legal Terms and Issues: the Essential Guide for Mental Health Professionals. New York / London: Routledge, 2007. 290 p.

Internet Resources

Bosco, Gabriela. Translation Techniques, available at http://www.interproinc.com/blog/translation-techniques (visited on 22.03.15).

Calderon, Carlos. Translation Techniques (2011), available at http://ru.scribd.com/doc/54439476/Translation-Techniques#scribd (visited on 06.04.15).

Dicționar explicativ al limbii române, available at www.dexonline.ro (visited on 12.05.15).

Free Online Dictionary, available at http://dictionary.reference.com (visited on 08.04.15).

Gendreau, Sam. Avoid Word-for-Word Translations in Language Learning (2013), available at http://www.lingholic.com/avoid-word-word-translations-language-learning/ (visited on 20.04.15).

Good Reads. Quotes on Translation, available at http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/.

Intercultural Studies Group, Spain (2014), available at http://isg.urv.es/publicity/masters/sample/techniques.html (visited on 30.03.15).

Korean Online Dictionary, available at www.dic.naver.com (visited on 24.04.15).

Online Etymology Dictionary, available at www.etymonline.com (visited on 24.04.15).

Pizzuto, Angelo. Translation Procedures: the Technical Component of the Translation Process (2010), available at http://www.slideshare.net/apizzuto/translation-techniques-presentation (visited on 06.04.15).

Professional Translations. Translate Free Online. World Lingo, available at http://www.worldlingo.com/ (visited on 28.04.15).

Rowan, Kiri. Translation Techniques: Battling Discrepancies between Languages (2014), available at https:// https://blog.udemy.com/translation-techniques/ (visited on 21.04.15).

SDL, Free Translation, available at http://www.freetranslation.com/ (visited on 28.04.15).

ANNEX 1. Translation techniques in diagrams

Diagram 1

Diagram 2

ANNEX 2. Candidate registration

ST: In an inclusive process, the CEC registered 26 candidates (21 political parties, electoral bloc 1 and 4 independents), which resulted in a variety of political alternatives for voters. On 22 November, one party withdrew stating their low rating in the opinion polls. The CEC excluded two candidates from party lists because they did not meet eligibility criteria. The final number of candidates was 1,885, of whom 31 percent were women. Few women were placed on winnable positions on candidates.

On 26 November, the CEC issued a decision with the Court of Appeals to cancel the registration of the Patria Party (PP) as an electoral contestant. The request was based on information presented by the General Police Inspectorate, which indicated that the PP received foreign funds in violation of the law. On 27 November, the Court of Appeal decided to deregister the PP. On 29 November, following an appeal, the Supreme Court sustained the decision. This accelerated process raised questions concerning the duration and circumstances of such a decision.

TT1 (Machine Translation 1 by www.freetranslation.com): În procesul, inclusiv un cec inregistrate 26 candidati (21 de partide politice, bloc electoral de 1 si 4 independenti), care a dus la o varietate de alternative pentru electorat. Pe 22 noiembrie, o parte a retras declarând lor scăzut rating in sondaje. CEC excluse doi candidati din listele de partid pentru ca nu indeplinesc criteriile de eligibilitate. Ultimul numar de candidati a fost 1,885, din care 31% au fost femei. Câteva femei au fost plasate pe poziții pe candidati winnable.

Pe 26 noiembrie, CEC a emis o decizie cu Curtea de Apel pentru a anula înregistrarea a partidului (PP) Patria ca un insipid electorale. Cererea se baza pe informatiile prezentate de catre Inspectoratul General de Politie, care a indicat că PP a primit fonduri externe în încălcare a legii. Pe 27 noiembrie, Curtea de Apel a decis să renunțați la PP. Pe 29 noiembrie, în urma unui recurs, Curtea Suprema a sustinut decizia. Acest proces accelerat ridică probleme privind durata și circumstanțele de o astfel de decizie [23, online].

TT2 (Machine translation 2 by www.wordlingvo.com): În procesul, inclusiv un cec inregistrate 26 candidati (21 de partide politice, bloc electoral de 1 si 4 independenti), care a dus la o varietate de alternative pentru electorat. Pe 22 noiembrie, o parte a retras declarând lor scăzut rating in sondaje. CEC excluse doi candidati din listele de partid pentru ca nu indeplinesc criteriile de eligibilitate. Ultimul numar de candidati a fost 1,885, din care 31% au fost femei. Câteva femei au fost plasate pe poziții pe candidati winnable.

Pe 26 noiembrie, CEC a emis o decizie cu Curtea de Apel pentru a anula înregistrarea a partidului (PP) Patria ca un insipid electorale. Cererea se baza pe informatiile prezentate de catre Inspectoratul General de Politie, care a indicat că PP a primit fonduri externe în încălcare a legii. Pe 27 noiembrie, Curtea de Apel a decis să renunțați la PP. Pe 29 noiembrie, în urma unui recurs, Curtea Suprema a sustinut decizia. Acest proces accelerat ridică probleme privind durata și circumstanțele de o astfel de decizie [21, online].

ANNEX 3. Certificate for completing the BBBS Programme – ST

Certificat pentru completarea programului BBBS – TT

2014-10-21

CERTIFICAT

PENTRU PROGRAMUL CU SCHIMB DE EXPERIENȚĂ

Departamentul de Limbă Engleză Sex: F

Data, anul nașterii: 1993.10.20

Nume: BEZEDICA CAROLINA

Sus numita studentă a dat dovadă de seriozitate în completarea

programului BIG BROTHER & BIG SISTER, organizat de

Departamentul de Relații Internaționale din cadrul

Universității GIMCHEON.

Durata de activitate: 2014.03.26 ~ 2014.06.13

2014.11.20

Rectorul Universității Gimcheon KANG Seong Ye

ANNEX 4. Principles concerning

the allocation of intellectual property rights – ST

DEFINITION

For the purpose of this Agreement, ‘intellectual property’ shall have the meaning given in Article 2 of the Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organisation, done at Stockholm on 14 July 1967.

2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE PARTIES IN DIRECT COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES

(a) Except if otherwise specifically agreed by the Parties, the following rules shall apply to intellectual property rights, except copyrights and related rights, generated by the Parties in the course of direct cooperative activities carried out under Article 3.1 of this Agreement:

1. The Party generating intellectual property shall have full ownership. In case the intellectual property has been jointly generated and the respective share of the work by the two Parties cannot be ascertained, the Parties shall have joint ownership of the intellectual property;

2. The Party owning the intellectual property shall grant the other Party the access rights to carry out any direct cooperative activities. Such access rights shall be granted on a royalty-free basis.

(b) Except if otherwise specifically agreed by the Parties, the following rules shall apply to copyrights and related rights of the Parties:

1. When a Party publishes scientific and technical data, information or results by means of journals, articles, reports, books or in other forms, including video tapes and software, arising from and relating to cooperative activities under this Agreement, the Party shall make utmost efforts to obtain, for the other Party, non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free licences in all countries where copyright protection is available, in order to translate, reproduce, adapt, transmit and publicly distribute such works;

2. All publicly distributed copies of a copyrighted work under the provisions of paragraph (b)(1) shall indicate the name(s) of the author(s) of the work unless the author(s) explicitly declines to be named. They shall also display a clearly visible acknowledgement of the cooperative support of the Parties.

(c) Except if otherwise specifically agreed by the Parties, the following rules shall apply to the undisclosed information of the Parties:

1. When communicating to the other Party on the information necessary to carry out direct cooperative activities, each Party shall identify the information which it wishes to remain undisclosed;

2. The Party receiving the information may, under its own responsibility, communicate undisclosed information to its agencies or persons employed through these agencies for the specific purposes of implementing this Agreement.

3. With the prior written consent of the Party providing the undisclosed information, the other Party may disseminate such undisclosed information more widely than otherwise permitted in paragraph (c)(2). The Parties shall cooperate with each other in developing procedures to request and obtain prior written consent for such wider dissemination, and each Party shall grant such approval to the extent permitted by its laws and regulations;

4. Information arising from seminars, meetings, assignments of staff and of the use of facilities arranged under this Agreement shall remain confidential when the recipient of such information is requested by its provider to protect its confidential or privileged character at the time such communication is made, according to paragraph (c)(1);

5. If one Party becomes aware that it will be, or may be reasonably expected to become, unable to meet the restrictions and conditions of dissemination of Article 2(c), it shall immediately inform the other Party. The Parties shall thereafter consult to define an appropriate course of action.

3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OF LEGAL ENTITIES OF THE PARTIES IN INDIRECT COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES

(a) Each Party shall ensure that the intellectual property rights of legal entities of one Party, participating in the research and development programmes operated by the other Party, and the related rights and obligations arising from such participation, shall be consistent with the relevant laws and regulations and international conventions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Annex 1C of the Marrakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation as well as the Paris Act of 24th July 1971 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Stockholm Act of 14th July 1967 of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

(b) Each Party shall ensure that, under its applicable laws and regulations, the legal entities of one Party, participating in the research and development programmes operated by the other Party, shall have the same rights and obligations with regard to intellectual property as possessed by the legal entities of the other Party, in the same indirect cooperative activity.

Principii privind atribuirea drepturilor de proprietate intelectuală – TT

DEFINIȚIE

În sensul prezentului acord, "proprietate intelectuală" are sensul definit la articolul 2 din Convenția privind instituirea Organizației Mondiale a Proprietății Intelectuale, încheiată la Stockholm la 14 iulie 1967.

DREPTURILE DE PROPRIETATE INTELECTUALĂ ALE PĂRȚILOR LA ACTIVITĂȚILE DIRECTE DE COOPERARE

Exceptând cazurile în care părțile convin expres altfel, următoarele reguli se aplică drepturilor de proprietate intelectuală, cu excepția drepturilor de autor și a drepturilor conexe, generate de părți în cursul activităților directe de cooperare efectuate în temeiul articolului 3.1 din prezentul Acord.

Partea care generează proprietate intelectuală are proprietate deplină. În cazul în care proprietatea intelectuală a fost generată în comun și cota respectivă a activității de către cele două părți nu poate fi constatată, părțile dețin în comun drepturile de proprietate intelectuala.

Partea care deține proprietatea intelectuală acordă celeilalte părți drepturile de acces să desfășoare activități directe de cooperare. Aceste drepturi de acces se acordă cu scutire de redevențe.

Exceptând cazurile în care părțile convin expres altfel, următoarele reguli se aplică drepturile de autor și drepturile conexe ale părților:

Atunci când o Parte publică date științifice și tehnice, informații sau rezultate prin intermediul unor reviste, articole, rapoarte, cărți sau prin alte forme, inclusiv casete video și software, care decurg din și cu privire la activitățile de cooperare în temeiul prezentului acord, Partea va depune toate eforturile necesare pentru a obține, pentru cealaltă Parte, licențe neexclusive, irevocabile, scutite de redevențe în toate țările în care protecția drepturilor de autor este disponibilă, în scopul de a traduce, reproducere, adapta, transmite și a distribui public astfel de lucrări.

Pe fiecare exemplar al unei lucrări protejate prin drepturi de autor, distribuit în mod public în conformitate cu punctul (b)(1), trebuie de indicat numele autorului (autorilor) lucrării, cu excepția cazului în care autorul (autorii) refuză în mod explicit să fie numit (numiți). Acestea vor afișa, de asemenea, o mențiune vizibilă cu privire la sprijinul de cooperare a Părților.

Cu excepția cazului în care părțile au convenit în mod expres altfel, următoarele reguli se aplică informațiilor confidențiale ale părților:

Atunci când comunică celeilalte părți cu privire la informațiile necesare pentru a efectua activități directe de cooperare, fiecare parte identifică informațiile pe care dorește să le păstreze confidențiale;

Partea care primește informațiile poate, pe propria răspundere, să comunice informații confidențiale unor agenții sau persoanelor angajate prin intermediul acestor agenții în scopuri specifice de implementare a prezentului acord.

Cu acordul prealabil scris al părții care furnizează informațiile confidențiale, cealaltă parte poate difuza aceste informații pe scară mai largă decât se permite la punctul (c) (2). Părțile vor coopera între ele în scopul elaborării unor proceduri pentru a solicita și pentru a obține acordul prealabil scris pentru astfel de diseminare mai largă, și fiecare parte va acorda această aprobare în măsura permisă de legile și reglementările sale.

Informațiile care rezultă din seminarii, reuniuni, misiuni de personal și de utilizarea instalațiilor organizate în temeiul prezentului acord rămân confidențiale atunci când destinatarul unor astfel de informații este solicitat de furnizor pentru a proteja caracterul confidențial sau privilegiat la data comunicării acestora, în conformitate cu punctul (c) (1).

În cazul în care una din părți realizează că nu va putea, sau se așteaptă în mod rezonabil să nu poată, să se conformeze restricțiilor și condițiilor de diseminare prevăzute în articolul 2(c), aceasta informează imediat cealaltă parte.

DREPTURILE DE PROPRIETATE INTELECTUALĂ ALE ENTITĂȚILOR JURIDICE ALE PĂRȚILOR LA ACȚIUNILE INDIRECTE DE COOPERARE.

Fiecare parte garantează că drepturile de proprietate intelectuală ale entităților juridice ale uneia dintre părți, care participă la programele de cercetare și dezvoltare derulate de către cealaltă parte, precum și drepturile conexe și obligațiile care rezultă din această participare, trebuie să fie în concordanță cu legile și reglementările relevante și convențiile internaționale, inclusiv acordul privind aspectele comerciale ale drepturilor de proprietate intelectuală, cu Anexa 1 C la Acordul de la Marrakech privind constituirea Organizației Internaționale a Comerțului, precum și Actul de la Paris din 24 iulie 1971 al Convenției de la Berna privind protecția operelor literare și artistice și Actul de la Stockholm din 14 iulie 1967 al Convenției de la Paris privind protecția proprietății industriale.

Fiecare parte se asigure că, în temeiul legislației sale în vigoare și a reglementărilor, entitățile juridice ale unei părți, care participă la programele de cercetare și dezvoltare derulate de cealaltă parte, au aceleași drepturi și obligații în ceea ce privește proprietatea intelectuală posedată de entitățile juridice ale celeilalte părți, în aceeași activitate indirectă de cooperare.

ANNEX 5. English-Romanian-Korean glossary of lexical items from official texts