Engleza In Afaceri
ENGLEZA
DE AFACERI
Notă asupra ediției.
"Engleza intensivă de afaceri" se adresează celor care doicse să învețe rapid limba engleză, cu deosebire limbajul economic și de afaceri. Indiferent de fonnuție sau preocupări. Lucrarea conține 66 lecții concepute și structurate astfel încât lexicul de profil și gramatica limbii engleze să poată fî însușite gradual și corect. La sfârșitul căi ții este o listă a vcrlxrlor neregulate și un indice funcțional, gramatical șl lexical, învățând primele 34 lecții, începu torul atinge un nivel intermediar, dobândind spontaneitate și autonomie ui exprimarea orală și scrisă. Următoarele 32 lecții sunt destinate fixării și sistematizării cunoștințelor anterioare.
După parcurgerea celor 66 lecții, cursantul este deju capabil de o comunicare exactă și pnxlucttvă în domeniul economic și dc afaceri, având posibilitatea de a-și introduce în conversație propriile idei. gânduri, păreri, îndoieli ctc. El este dc acum pregătit să abordeze noțiunile și conceptele de spcriulitate și să acceadă lu faza următoare – dc expert.
Toate aceste performunțe sunt posibile dacă sc ține scama dc următoarele recomandări:
Lecțiile trebuie studiate în ordinea dată, deoarece autorii nu urmărit o introducere gradata a problemelor gramaticale și a lexicului, dezvoltând prin exerciții aptitudinile de înțelegere și comunicare (scris și citit);
Predarea lexicului se face dc către profesor prin repetări multiple ale cuvântului pentru u i se crea cursantului deprinderea dc proiitmlmc corectă în engleză. Textul trebuie citit cu voce tare înainte dc a i sc cerc cursantului su-1 pronunțe. Principiul conform căruia în limba engleză nu putem pronunța până nu uuzim și nu putem scrie pună nu vedem guvernează predarea primelor 34 lecții.
Profesorul poate găsi căi multiple de predare u gramaticii, care este bine structurată și clar explicata în tobele simple, la fiecare lecție.
Fiecare lecție are două părți (lc vocabular; obligatoriu și adițional. Vocabularul adițional, exercițiile, traducerile, precum și indicele funcțional și lexical îl ajută pe cursant sâ-și fixeze cunoștințele dc limba engleză, să-și dezvolte creativitatea și autonomia de exprimare.
Fiecare lecție necesită 4-6 ore de studiu (predare in clusu și studiu individual). Textele, simt exemple de limbă engleza autentică; ele îl deprind pc cursant cu o exprimare precisă, cu utilizarea idioimuilor și u locuțiunilor specific englezești.
CONTENTS
formează din timpul corespunzător al verbului auxiliar "to be" și participiul trecut al verbului dc conjugat
COMPOUND NOUNS
Substantive compuse
EXERCISES
Răspundeți la întrebări-
Why did the shop-windows look so lovely? 2. For who were the presents displayed in the shops? 3. Why did we wander from one department store to another? 4. What does a department store sell? 5. What did we buy at the men's counter? 6. What did we buy at the perfumery department? 7. What can you buy at the yard-goods counter?
Denumiți persoana care vinde următoarele articole:
The man who sells books is a bookseller
who sells hats
who sells flowers
who sells cloth
who sells meat
who sells vegetables
who sells jewels
who mends watches
who makes bread
who deals in fish
Știți să formați cuvinte noi? încercați să adăugați cuvintele "ware" sau "wear". Scrieți cuvântul nou.
sports + ware – sportsware
home + –
hat + –
cloth + –
china » –
glass + *
iron + –
linen + –
cotton + –
Citiți cuvintele de mai jos șl formați adjective adăugând "y": mud, smoke, rain. snow, dirt, fun, cloud, glass, sweet.
Formați substantive compuse:
rings made of silver; bracelet made of gold; stockings made of silk; linen for the bed; cloth spun at home; store with many departments; wares for household; man who makes sales; requisites for toilet, shoes made of patent leather; a brush for the hair; this stamp is worth 20 p.; this cake is made of chocolate.
Următoarele cuvinte au fost omise din text Completați spațiile libere.
\. We had a very quick look at the yard goods counter… the first floor where…. were sold.
Tics were on …. on the racks so we …. see them all.
Every shop displayed suitable presents … friends …. home and…. friends
We wandered …. one department to…. looking at the articles on
Dați interogativul, negativul șl interogativ-negativul următoarelor propoziții:
1. The goods exhibited will be sold this afternoon. 2.! have been recommended this brand of pipe tobacco. 3. We had been asked a lot of questions before you came. 4. These cigars arc sold by the piece. 5. She was sent many flowers on her birthday. 6. The department store can be seen from the comer of the street. 7. The books were exhibited on a counter, in front of the bookshop.
înlocuiți infinitivul din paranteză cu timpul corect, la diateza pasivă:
1. These goods (to sell) at the department store round the comer. 2. Customers (to offer) a wide range of goods. 3. As we entered the house we (to meet) by Jane. 4. The letter (to sign) by the manager after it (to type) by the typist. 5. When I sent the parcel I (to hand) 3 receipt. 6. New blocks of flats (to build) in our district next year. 7. This museum alw ays (to visit) by many tourists. 8. The meeting (to hold) yesterday. 9. These paintings (to exhibit) in the Art Museum in our city. 10. All the mistakes made by the students (to correct) by the teacher after the test papers (to hand over).
Treceți din vorbirea directă în indirectă. Dați varianta corectă.
I’ll open the door. He said he’d • opened the door
• open
We’ll see you on Thursday. He said they’d • seen me on Thursday.
• see
gave her some money. He said he'd • given her some money.
give
I've learnt a lot of French. He said he’d • learnt a lot of French.
• learn
We had lunch together. He said he’d • have lunch together.
had
sent the parcel. He said he’d • sent the parcel.
• send
I'll begin my work. He said he’d • began his work.
• begin
Traduceți în limba engleza:
1. Mi s-a spus că la acest magazin universal se găsește o varietate mai mare de articole decât in alte magazine. 2. Până după amiază, se vor vinde multe din tricotajele expuse. 3. Această problemă tocmai a fost menționată. 4. Ni se vor arăta și alte confecții dacă vom mai aștepta.
Toate raioanele sunt în permanență bine aprovizionate. 6. Dicționarele s-au vândut într-o singură zi. 7. Pe rafturi și tejghele erau expuse o mulțime de mărfuri. 8. Au fost aleși numai cei mai bum studenți. 9. Aceste mărfun pot fi adesea văzute în orice magazin universal.
Mi s-a recomandat această marcă de țigări. 11. Vi se vor da și alte informații folositoare.
se va trimite acasă mobila pe care a cumpărat-o. 13. Doamna Brown n-a putut merge la cumpărături azi dimineață deoarece i s-a spus că magazinele sunt închise. 14. Atenție, se răstoarnă pahaiul cu lapte. 15. Jucăriile copiilor sunt foarte frumoase dar și foarte scumpe.
"Well, here it is the shortest night of the year… from sundown to son-up."
UNIT 31
STRAWBERRIES ARE
APRIL’S PICK FOR BEST
FOOD BUY
Going to a self-service shop saves you quite a lot of walk. You are no longer wandering from the baker’s to the grocer’s, from the grocer's to the greengrocer’s, then to the confectioner’s to get to the butcher’s at last.
You can find in one and the same store almost everything you need in the line of foodstuffs.
So strawberries will be April's best buy – and look for good prices on spinach, peppers, cucumbers and sweet com.
Onions, cabbage, carrots, lettuce and radishes are in good supply – and they'll be on special all month long.
You can also expect good buys on fresh fish, including shrimp, cod, haddock, carp, mackerel and whiting, plus freshwater catfish, pike, and trout. Imports of canned tuna are at low levels – and prices won’t dip lower.
At the meat counter, look for specials on hamburger, round beefsteak and pork roasts.
Chiken supplies are at record highs – with lots of specials on whole birds and barbecue cuts of the leg and thigh.
Turkey will also be low-priced. If you don’t want to buy the whole bird, look for specials on breasts and legs, plus sliced turkey in the Delicatessen Section.
Once football season opens, you'll see special promotion on hotdogs, Polish sausage and bratwurst.
April means spring cleaning – and cleaning solutions, window cleaner, buckets, mops and paper-towels will be on sale.
Look for good prices on noodles, salad dressing, macaroni and cheese, mayonnaise, tomato sauces, barbecue sauces, soft drinks, potato chips and catsup.
Pnces on diary products, including sour cream, yogurt, cheeses, cottage cheese and butter, will be reduced – and coffee and sugar prices will rise.
At the frozen food counter: mixed vegetables, okra and the peas and carrots combination will be featured.
Customer Good morning
Greengrocer Good morning, madam. What can I do for you?
Customer What early vegetables have you got today?
Greengrocer We've just received hothouse tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers and green peppers. Just look how fresh and beautiful they are!
Customer That's all right, The tomatoes and the lettuce do look fresh. I think 1 haven’t got any more tomatoes left at home, so let me have 2 pounds of tomatoes, but pick only big and ripe ones, please. Some of them are small and rather green, but see to it that they arc not spoiled, however.
Greengrocer What next, please? What about these radishes?
Customer No, thank you. They look withered and so do the cucumbers. I’d rather buy
2 pounds of green peppers, 3 bunches of carrots and 2 heads of cauliflower.
Greengrocer I’m sorry, madam. I have no carrots at the moment. All sold out. Any fruit?
A fresh consignment has just arrived.
Customer No, thank you. That's all for today.
These are genuine tears – each piece of onion reminds her of its price!!
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Răspundeți la întrebări exersând vocabularul adiționai
What are the advanteges offered by the self-service system?
At the self-service shop, the goods arc ready-weighed, ready-packed or ready-bottled and already pricc-markcd, so that the customers don’t waste too much time with their shopping.
All the goods are displayed, they are at hand; thus, the customer can closely examine them and select, from an entirely visible stock, the very item he needs.
Payment is effected for all the items at the same cash desk.
Consequently, the self-service system makes shopping easier, faster and much more convenient for the busy man of today.
2 What can you buy at the dry groceries counter?
At the dry groceries counter we can buy: noodles, macaroni, vermicelli, pepper, oats, flakes, maize, flour, vinegar, mustard, spices, pickles, stewed fruit, gherkins in bnne, tomato concentrate, lump sugar, castor sugar, powder sugar, fruit in heavy syrup, edible oil. semolina, detergents, laundry soap, paper napkins, ketchup, instant soups, sardines, etc.
What can you buy at the bakery counter?
At the bakery counter we can buy: wholemeal bread, rye bread, brown graham bread, crescents, jam omelette, salt poppy crackers, cheese pies, apple pies, meat pies, buns and rusks.
What can you buy at the diary counter?
At the diary counter we can buy: sour cream, cream cheese, Swiss cheese. Greek cheese, pressed cheese. Dutch cheese, ewe’s milk cheese, cottage cheese, rich cheese, bonled milk, buttermilk, fresh milk, powder milk, rich milk, loose milk.
Î What can you buy at the confectionery counter?
At the confectionery counter we can buy: candies, Turkish delight, toffees, nougat, candied sugar, candied fruit, honey, cocoa, khalva. ginger almonds, fancy cakes, vanilla, cinnamon, instant coffee, etc.
What can you buy at the butcher’s meat and poultry counters?
At the butcher's meat and poultry counters, we can buy: beef, veal. pork, mutton, lamb, chicken, duck, goose and turkey.
What can you buy at the greengrocery counter?
At the greengrocery counter we can buy: French beans, red cabbages, Brussels sprouts, ceyou?
Customer What early vegetables have you got today?
Greengrocer We've just received hothouse tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers and green peppers. Just look how fresh and beautiful they are!
Customer That's all right, The tomatoes and the lettuce do look fresh. I think 1 haven’t got any more tomatoes left at home, so let me have 2 pounds of tomatoes, but pick only big and ripe ones, please. Some of them are small and rather green, but see to it that they arc not spoiled, however.
Greengrocer What next, please? What about these radishes?
Customer No, thank you. They look withered and so do the cucumbers. I’d rather buy
2 pounds of green peppers, 3 bunches of carrots and 2 heads of cauliflower.
Greengrocer I’m sorry, madam. I have no carrots at the moment. All sold out. Any fruit?
A fresh consignment has just arrived.
Customer No, thank you. That's all for today.
These are genuine tears – each piece of onion reminds her of its price!!
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Răspundeți la întrebări exersând vocabularul adiționai
What are the advanteges offered by the self-service system?
At the self-service shop, the goods arc ready-weighed, ready-packed or ready-bottled and already pricc-markcd, so that the customers don’t waste too much time with their shopping.
All the goods are displayed, they are at hand; thus, the customer can closely examine them and select, from an entirely visible stock, the very item he needs.
Payment is effected for all the items at the same cash desk.
Consequently, the self-service system makes shopping easier, faster and much more convenient for the busy man of today.
2 What can you buy at the dry groceries counter?
At the dry groceries counter we can buy: noodles, macaroni, vermicelli, pepper, oats, flakes, maize, flour, vinegar, mustard, spices, pickles, stewed fruit, gherkins in bnne, tomato concentrate, lump sugar, castor sugar, powder sugar, fruit in heavy syrup, edible oil. semolina, detergents, laundry soap, paper napkins, ketchup, instant soups, sardines, etc.
What can you buy at the bakery counter?
At the bakery counter we can buy: wholemeal bread, rye bread, brown graham bread, crescents, jam omelette, salt poppy crackers, cheese pies, apple pies, meat pies, buns and rusks.
What can you buy at the diary counter?
At the diary counter we can buy: sour cream, cream cheese, Swiss cheese. Greek cheese, pressed cheese. Dutch cheese, ewe’s milk cheese, cottage cheese, rich cheese, bonled milk, buttermilk, fresh milk, powder milk, rich milk, loose milk.
Î What can you buy at the confectionery counter?
At the confectionery counter we can buy: candies, Turkish delight, toffees, nougat, candied sugar, candied fruit, honey, cocoa, khalva. ginger almonds, fancy cakes, vanilla, cinnamon, instant coffee, etc.
What can you buy at the butcher’s meat and poultry counters?
At the butcher's meat and poultry counters, we can buy: beef, veal. pork, mutton, lamb, chicken, duck, goose and turkey.
What can you buy at the greengrocery counter?
At the greengrocery counter we can buy: French beans, red cabbages, Brussels sprouts, celery, beetroot, egg-plants, horse radishes, early radishes, dill, parsley, lovage, parsnip, turnips, spinach, leeks, pumpkins, mild peppers, hot peppers, tomato-shaped peppers
GRAMMAR
RULES FOR CHANGING FROM-ACTTVE INTO PASSIVE
Reguli de trecere de la diateza activă la diateza pasivă
Spre deosebire de limba română, în limba engleză nu numai verbele urmate de complement direct și indirect, ci și cele urmate de complement prepozițional pot fi trecute la diateza pasivă.
Pentru a trece o propoziție din diateza activă în diateza pasivă, se fac următoarele modificări:
Complementul (direct, indirect sau prepozițional) din propoziția activă devine subiect în propoziția pasivă iar subiectul propoziției active devine complement de agent în propoziția pasivă (introdus prin prepoziția "by'7, complement ce poate fi omis;
Verbul din propoziția activă se trece la diateza pasivă, păstrându-sc timpul neschimbat; predicatul se acordă în număr și persoană cu noul subiect;
Unei propoziții cu două complemente directe sau cu un complement direct și unul indirect îi corespund două propoziții pasive.
EXERCISES
/. Răspundeți la tntrebâri:
Why do you prefer doing your shopping at a self-service shop? 2. Why does the grocer say that April offers the best food buy? 3. What vegetables will be on special all month long? 4. For what sorts of fish can you also expect good buys? 5. Why won’t the canned tuna prices dip lower? 6. What kind of chicken supplies are at record highs? 7. On what diary products will the prices be reduced? 8. Where can you also look for good prices in a grocery? 9. Say some frozen food featured at a grocer’s counter?
Dați antonime:
best buy; good prices; fresh fish; at low levels; to dip lower, sliced turkey.
Transformați combinațiile de cuvinte subliniate conform modelelor:
Model: A nule of five pounds.
A five-pound note.
A note of500 lei.
A bill of500 dollars.
Model: A building of 6 storeys.
A 6 storey-building.
A company of mo men.
An office with 5 windows.
Model: The confectionary made of flour.
The flour confectionary.
Products made of milk.
The sugar made of cane.
Model: A man who sails dairy products.
A dairy salesman.
The service which deals with home deliveries.
The decrease in meat price.
Model: The products meant for food.
Food products.
Wares meant for cooking.
Wares meant for cleaning.
Următoarele cuvinte au fost omise din text Completați textul
reduced, dairy products, low-priccd, canned, at low, dip lower, expect, bat bay, for, on.
Strawberries will be April’s – and look for good prices for. spinach and peppers.
You can also good buys fresh fish.
Imports of tuna arc levels and prices won't
Turkey will be
Prices on including sour cream and cheese will be
Traduceți următoarele propoziții tn limba engleză, conform modelului:
Model: Ridichile par veștejite, și castraveții la fel.
The radishes look withered, and so do the cucumbers.
Prefer să-mi fac cumpărăturile la magazinul cu autoservire și ea la fel. 2. Cumpărăm întotdeauna numai legume proaspete și ei la fel. 3. îi place să facă cumpărăturile dimineața și mie la fel. 4. Maria se duce la magazinul cu autoservire în fiecare zi și Elena la fel.
Roșiile par proaspete și ardeii la fel. 6. întotdeauna cumpăr apă minerală de la magazinul din colț și Ion Ia fel. 7. Alegem numai fructele mari și coapte și ei la fel. 8. Mă scol în fiecare dimineață la ora 7 și ea la fel. 9. în fiecare an ne petrecem concediul la munte și Maria la fel. 10. îmi bat singură scrisorile la mașină și Ana la fel.
VIL Completați spațiile libere cu unul dintre următoarele cuvinte:
bottle, head, piece, bunch, kilo, packet.
Eggs are sold by the 2. Cabbage is sold by the 3. Radishes are sold by the
Milk is sold by the 5. Butter is sold by the 6. Cauliflower is sold by the
Lettuce is sold by the 8. Flour is sold by the 9. Wine is sold by the
Meal is sold by the 11. Rolls arc sold by the 12. Biscuits are sold by the
13. Cheese is sold by the 14. Margarine is sold by the
MII. Traduceți fn limba engleză și alcătuiți propoziții:
Mi s-a cerut, ni se vor trimite, i se predaseră, mi se va răspunde, i se trimit, mi se dăduseră, li s-au arătat, mi s-a spus. i se va explica, vi vor cere. i s-a răspuns, ni se vorbise, li se va plăti.
IX Treceți următoarele propoziții din diateza activă in diateza pasivă:
We buy at the dry groceries counter. 2 The greengrocer sells fresh vegetables every day.
They have just received a consignment of fresh fruits. 4. The great variety of goods on display always attracts me. 5. The confectionery counter displays a wide range of goods.
The greengrocer has sold out all the cucumbers. 7.1 shall send the parcel by airmail 8 Yesterday, the teacher taught us a new grammar rule. 9. All my fellow students have already visited this museum. 10. They are building a new block of flats in our residential district.
We showed the tourist the way to the hotel. 12. They haven’t lived in this house for a year. 13. They took us sightseeing about the town. 14. They will invite us to the theatre.
X Treceți următoarele propoziții din diateza pasivă în diateza activă. Introduceți un subiect acolo unde este necesar:
She was seen doing her shopping in the self-service shop. 2. The customers were attracted by the wide range of goods exhibited on the counters. 3. We shall be given the address of the new self-service shop. 4. She was sent to the department store to buy some foodstuffs.
We have been told a lot of interesting things about this problem. 6. The goods were sold at a low price. 7. You will be handed the mail, when you return from your holidays. 8. Our tests were corrected by the teacher. 9. We were told not to be late. 10. A new museum has been opened in our town.
Traduceți în limba engleză:
1 Când intră in magazinul cu autoservire, clienților li se înmânează un coș. 2. Mărfurile sunt expuse pe rafturi. 3. Pastele făinoase se vând la raionul de coloniale. 4. Unde se vinde pâinea? 5. Este vreun raion de brutărie în acest magazin? 6. Ai grijă ca unele dintre roșii să au fie stricate, sunt prea coapte. 7. Aș cumpăra mai degrabă niște salată verde; pare proaspătă. 8. Nu cumpărați deloc fructe astăzi? Tocmai ne-a sosit un transport. 9. Cred că nu mai am deloc fructe acasă, așa incit aș vrea să cumpăr niște cireșe. 10. Magazinul cu autoservire din cartierul nostru este întotdeauna aprovizionat cu o gamă largă de articole.
Sosurile și maioneza se vând la prețuri reduse astăzi. 12. Vor crește prețurile la produse lactate luna aceasta. 13. La raionul de legume congelate simt prezentate noi sortimente dc preparate din legume.
UNIT 32
LET’S DINE OUT
1 think that someone should do something about the standard of some restaurants. Sometimes they don’t serve you properly. They keep you waiting for hours and when you get the food it is cold. These days everything is frozen or canned.
When we are in town we can eat in cafes, tea rooms, refreshment rooms, snack bars, lunch rooms, grill rooms, canteens, restaurants etc.
But sometimes, when we are in a hurry we have lunch at a self-service restaurant where cold-weather meals – soup, stews and casseroles arc always welcome at low prices. Most of the ingredients needed to make these hearty dishes are bargain-priced but they are finely cooked and you can serve them in no-time.
There are lunch rooms where they serve meat-and-potato meals and such restaurants are having specials on beef and vegetables around the week.
Those who are vegetarians or vegans preferring vegetables or dairy products can have their meals at a vegetarian restaurant.
Last Saturday, my wife and I went to the Butler’s Restaurant for dinner. They are operating a very good restaurant. They give the customers value for their money.
We were met by the head waiter, who showed us to the table we had reserved beforehand Wc sat down and we were handed the bill-of-fare. We studied it and ordered an hois d'oeuvre, meat with vegetables, coffee and wine. The waiter set plates, glasses, forks, knives and tea-spoons on the table. When we finished eating, the waiter cleared the table. Then, he made out the bill, wc settled it and left the restaurant. It was a nice evening, we had a good time listening to music, dancing and talking.
They believe that putting a good product at a good price in front of the customer likely means he’ll come back – and if he does, their business is a success.
The true-bom Englishman never thinks of making the restaurant, cafe or public house (pub) the center of his social life. He rarely spends more than half-an-hour over his lunch (which he usually takes at a lunch room near his office), over a cup of coffee or tea (in a cafe or tea room) or over a glass of ale (which he takes in a pub). When his business hours are over, he goes home, has his family dinner and usually stays at home, for the English are a home-loving people. The saying "No place like home" is to be heard quite often.
"This IS a martini, sir. We serve all our drinks with cute little umbrellas because of sea gulls."
"You cook just like my mother used to cook… just before my father left."
Mr.Smith Is this table engaged, please?
Waiter Yes. it is. It has already been reserved.
Mr.Smith Then, let’s take the table over there. Shall we dine â la carte or take the table d’hbtc?
Mrs.Smith Let’s dine â la carte and have a full course. I’m terribly hungry.
Mr.Smith So am I, and I am thirsty, too.
Mrs.Smith Then, let’s have iced orange juice, first. And what do they have for the first course?
Mr.Smith For the firet course there is a great variety of appetizers: caviare, herring, seafood cocktail, shrimps, and tomato juice.
Mrs.Smith I should take a seafood cocktail.
Mr.Smith (to the waiter): A seafood cocktail and shrimps, please. Now, what would you recommend for the second course, waiter?
Waiter Well, you may choose from among trout, mackerel, sturgeon and soup. Mr.Smith Trout and fried sturgeon, please.
Waiter Very well, sir. What would you like for the main course? We have grilled pork chops, liver, beefsteak, lamb, fried chicken and our roast beef, which is excellent. Will you try it?
Mrs.Smith We’ll have one roast beef well-done and one underdone with chips, peas, lettuce and tomatoes. As for dessert I’ll have vanilla ice cream and coffee.
Mr.Smith And what shall we drink?
Mrs.Smith Oh, mineral water for me. What about you?
Mr.Smith I think I’ll have some dry white wine.
Waiter Very well, sir.
VOCABULARY
stcw [s’tju:] s. – mâncate înăbușită, tocană casscrolc f’kaserol) – tigaie (cu toartă); cratiță de argilă arsă; un fel de musaca sau ghiveci cu came, legume, cartofi sau orez.
hearty [harți] adj. – prietenos, cordial, amical; (despre simțăminte) sincer, puternic; (despre mâncare) abundent, din plin
ingredient {in’gredjant) s. – ingredient to cook |ku:k) v. – a găti vegan ['virgonj s. – vegetarian to eat, ate, eaten [i:t, eit, ’i:tn] v. – a mânca ice cream [’ais'krirm] s. – înghețată dish [dij] s. – fd de mâncare
beforehand [bi’fo:ha:nd] adv. – dinainte, cu anticipație to order [’o:da] v. – a comanda to set, set, set (set. ~, -1 v. – a așeza, a pune plate [pleit] s. – farfunc glass [gla.s] s. – pahar fork [fork] s. – furculiță knife [naif] s. – cuțit tea-spoon [’ti:spu;n] s. – linguriță ale [eil] s. – bere (slabă) englezească hungry [’hAijgri] adj. – flămând thirsty [’Oorsti] adj. – însetat appetizer [’sepitaizo] s. – aperitiv (AE) shrimps [ jrimps] s. – creveți mackerel [’rmekrel] s. – macrou
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Răspundeți la întrebări exersând vocabularul adițional
Who are the people working in a restaurant?
the manager of the restaurant the headwaiter the waiter (waiters) the barman (bartender)
2 When laying a table for two (three, four etc.)? What does the waiter lay? table-cloth glasses
napkins cups and saucers
pepperbox plates
soup plates
mustard-pot spoons
bread-plate forks
knives
ash-tray
How can you express the quality of a meal?
underdone
sweet
sour
salty
spicy (highly-seasoned)
uneatable
undrinkable
4 What "language " can you use at a restaurant?
Please show me the bill of fares (the menu-card). Waiter! The menu-card, please!
Are there any vacant seats in the comet? b that table available?
Can I have a beefstake?
What meat-course have you today?
What would you advise me to take? waiter: salad or sandwiches? caviar or salmon? fruit water or juice? fried eggs or omelette? mineral water or soda? mutton or pork chop? beefsteak or rump steak? potatoes or cabbage? wine or brandy? tea or coffee? ice-cream or fruit salad?
BILL OF FARE
HORS D’OEUVRES FISH
Vegetables salad (salad in season) Cod chop
Caviare Trout
Salmon Sturgeon
Herring Pike
Olives Perch
Butter Carp
Cheese
Boiled eggs, mayonnaise dressing Jellied meat Jellied fish
GRAMMAR
THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
Condiționalul Prezent Simplu
THE CONDITIONAL MOOD – CONTINUOUS
Condiționalul Prezent – Continuu
THE PAST CONDITIONAL TENSE – SIMPLE
EXERCISES
Răspundeți la întrebări:
Where can we cal when we are in town? 2. When dc we have lunch at a self-service restaurant? 3. What can you have at a self- service restaurant? 4. How are the dishes there?
What can you eat at a lunch-room? 6. What can we cat at a vegetarian restaurant? 7. Who shows us to our tabic when wc enter the restaurant? 8. What arc we handed? 9. What does the waiter set on the table? 10. What does the waiter do after we have finished eating?
What must we do before leaving the restaurant? 12. Do Englishmen spend a lot of time in restaurants, cafes and pubs? 13. What does the saying "No place like home" mean?
Dați formele de bază ale următoarelor verbe:
to leave, to go, to set, to eat, to take, to let to choose, to try, to reserve, to think, to drink, to meet, to come.
Adăugați sufixele ful și less la următoarele cuvinte. Scrieți cuvântul nou.
salt
fruit
taste
spice
vegetable
Următoarele cuvinte lipsesc din text Completați textul de mai jos.
by. for, to. in, to, after, at, for, with, for, to, at, to, in, for, of, in, to, of, over, near, at.
1. Last Saturday, my wife and I went ta a restaurant…. dinner. 2. We were met…. the head waiter who showed us…. the table we had reserved beforehand. 3. When we are…. a hurry,
we have lunch…. a self-service restaurant. 4 we have finished our shopping example.
we may go …. a cafe. 5. What would you recommend …. the second course? 6. If an Englishman wants to spend a few hours…. his friends, he either asks them to come …. his
place, or to meet him…. his club. 7 the first course there is a great variety…. appetizers.
There are various places where wc can eat when we arc …. town. 9. Wc can have a bite …. refreshment room. 10. The true-born Englishman never thinks…. making the restaurant the centre…. his social life. 11. We had a good time listening…. music, dancing and talking.
An Englishman rarely spends more than half an hour …. his lunch, which he usually takes…. a lunch room …. his office.
Completați spațiile Obere m cuvinte dim text:
1 What would you …. for the »cc«d course? 2. When we finished eating, the waiter…. the table. 3. Those preferring …. products can have their meals at a vegetarian restaurant.
We …. the bill and left the restaurant. 5. At the …. we can also have breakfast. 6. If you
arc order some orange juice. 7. Wh« would you like for main ….? 8. You may…. from
among trout, mackerel and soup 9. Let's have a full course, as I am terribly
VI Aduceți obiecții următoarelor afirmații;
Model: No, it is not troc* the dessert is served ….
Dessert is usually served at the beginning of a meal.
English men never eat porridge in the morning.
Sandwich is a hot meal cooked on a frying-pan
Ihc menu-card is not given to the customers until the end of the meal.
Spices arc used to make meals sweet
Doctors advice people to have heavy supper before going to bed.
Dați interogativul, negativul ți interogativ-negatlvul următoarelor
propoziții:
should go for a walk tonight. 2. He would buy that dictionary. 3. She would like to have dinner at a restaurant. 4. We should like to listen to music. 5. You would like to have a bite at a snack bar. 6. They would have liked to spend their holidays at the sca-sidc. 7.1 should have liked to meet him.
VI//. Citiți, traduceți ți povestiți:
All Lan plages Spoken Here An Englishman arrives at a hotel m France. On the door of the hotel he reads the following words, "AH Languages Spoken Here”. He goes to the restaurant of the hotel and speakes to the waiter English. German, and Italian. No answer. Then, a little annoyed, he asks in French, "Who is it that speaks all languages here, then?”
"The hotel guests", answers the waiter quietly.
IX. Traduceți:
Aș vrea să luăm masa dc scară ta restaurant, ce zid? 2. Ar fi fost mai bine să comandăm prăjituri. în loc de înghețată. J. L-am fi invitat să ia masa în oraș, cu noi. dar nu era acari când i-am telefonat 4 Aș vrea dadut nota chiar acum. se poate? 5. Aș fi preferat să cinăm â la carte. (r. Cred că ar fi mai bine si luăm masa de prânz, la restaurantul cu autoservire, este mult mai rapid. 7. Aș comanda și niște vin. 8. Nc-am fi dus Ia bufet, dar era închis la ora aceea. 9. Am fi comandat șt un aperitiv, dar nu aveau nimic care să ne placă. 10. Nc-am fi rezervat o masă telefonic, dar au eram siguri dacă ne vom duce la restaurant în scara aceea 11. Ar fi venit si ne vadă, dar era prea ocupat. 12. Ți-aș împrumuta cartea, dar nu
cstc a mca. 13. Ar fi făcut un tur al orașului, dar erau prea obosiți. 14. I-am fi pus și alte inlrcbftri, dar era grăbit să plece. 15. Aș face o plimbare cu barca, vii și tu?
“We're having smorgasbordI I'm getting rid of all our doggie bags at once."
UNIT 33
ABOUT CLOTHING
Men and women have very different opinion about clothing. Mary’s husband, for example, has likely been wearing the same lounge suits for several years and intends to wear them for several more. Me only needs a few shirts, a sports coat, two pairs of trousers to match up with it, a rain coat and an overcoat. From time to time she buys for him a new tic. several pairs of socks, some underwear and she thinks he’s got enough clothes.
Last year the Whites had logo to a wedding, if Maiy hadn’t bought a new black three-piece suit, Mr.White wouldn't have thought he needed one for such an occasion.
But women, they always get a wide selection of dresses, blouses, jackets, tight, wide. Ilared or pleated skirts, two-piece suits, dressing gowns, rain-coats, light overcoasts, heavy overcoats, fur overcoats, and whenever they are planning to go out for the evening they have nothing to wear.
That time Mary knew quite well that one dress was out of style, another one was too small or too short, and the third one just didn’t appeal to her any more. Her husband was trying to pursuade her that something from her wardrobe looked good on her, but Mary insisted on buying a new stylish full-length evening gown and a pair of stiletto heeled shoes.
Mr. White, in fact, likes his wife to look attractive, when they go out or arc invited to special parties.
One
Shop-assistant May I help you, madam?
Customer I’d like to buy a blouse to match a smart, brown, velvet skirt.
Shop-assistant Silk or cotton?
Customer I'd rather have silk. I want to wear it at a party.
Shop-assistant What's your size? '
Customer 42. please.
Shop-assistant How do you like this pretty green on«? The colour suits you perfectly and it is the latest fashion this year. It has a modem cut and it’s pure silk.
Customer Yes, but it has short sleeves. I’d like a long sleeved blouse, if you have one.
Shop-assistant Will you have a look at this yellow blouse? It must l»c just your size
Customer No. thank you. I like the style, but yellow doesn’t suit me at all I should have bought such a blouse, if you had had it in green.
Shop-assistant We arc expecting a fresh consignment, so drop in again by the end of the week.
Salesman What size do you wear?
Customer 50.
Salesman Kindly step into the fitting-room and try one on.
(In the fitting-room)
Salesman How do you like it. Sir? Look, it's excellently cut and the material wears well, too.
Customer I’m afraid it isn’t quite what 1 want..I’d like something of better quality, and besides it doesn't look good on me, it doesn’t fit me very well: it’s a little tight in the waist and loo long in the sleeves, while the trousers are too wide and short.
Salesman That can be altered free of charge by our tailor shop.
Customer Haven’t you got anything else in grey of a higher quality to show me?
Salesman I'm afraid. I haven’t got anything else in your size at the moment, but we might get in some more suits in a few days.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Răspundeți la întrebări exersând vocabularul adițional.
1. How can you pick the best style, colour and cut for your hair?
It can be done with a combination of hair cut, styling, and colour that gets the very best You can have the following haircuts:
Layered cut around the crown when there is a baby-fine hair.
Add color high-lights.
Layered cut but still shorter on the crown for volume.
Medium straight cut.
Long straight cut.
What do men wear?
Men wear: singlets, pants, shirts with cuff-links, trousers, pullovers, jackets, singlc-and-doublc-brcastcd suits, business suits, two-piece suits, three-piece suits, overcoats, hats, fur caps, socks, shoes, belts, braces, tics, slippers, pyjamas.
What do ladies wear?
Ladies wear: underwear, dresses, frocks, pleated skirts, skirts with shoulder straps, pullovers, sweaters, short-sleeved and long-sleeved blouses, two-piece suits, fur overcoats, fur hats, (seamless) stockings, hats, handbags, low-heeled and high-heeled shoes, rubbcr-solcd shoes, rounded-toe shoes, squarc-toc shoes, kid shoes, chamois shoes, patent-leather shoes.
What are clothes made of?
Clothes may be made of: cloth, wool, cotton, linen, silk, velvet, corduroy, jersey, canvas, cashmere, calico.
What do we wear in the evening?
In the evening, ladies wear evening gowns, vanity bags and pumps, while men wear dinner jackets or tail coats, silk shirts and butterfly tics with tic pins.
What do we wear when it rains?
When it rains, wc wear raincoats or mackintoshes, waterproof galoshes and we take an umbrella.
What do we wear when we go swimming?
When wc go swimming, we wear bathing suits, bathing caps, bathing gowns and bathing shoes.
What do we wear in the mountains?
In the mountains we wear shorts, blouses and wind jackets in summer, skating and ski suits in winter.
GRAMMAR
SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN "IF CLAUSES"
Corespondența timpurilor "If Clauses"
Spre deosebire de limba română, unde atât in propoziția principală, cât și în cea secundară, în limba engleză se folosesc următoarele timpuri:
EXERCISES
/. Răspundeți la întrebări:
Why do wc say that men and women have different opinions about clothing? 2. Is Mr .White glad if his clothes last for a long time? 3. What does Mr. White buy from time to time? 4. Does he think he's got enough clothes? 5. What clothes has Mrs. White got?
What docs Mrs.White say when they plan to go out for the evening? 7. What docs she think about the clothes in her wardrobe? 8. What docs Mr. White try to persuade his wife?
Does Mr.White like his wife to look attractive when they go to the theatre or to a party?
Dați formele de bază ale următoarelor verbe:
to buy, to go out, to insist, to wear, to walk, to match, to know, to think, to cut, to do.
Completați spațiile libere cu prepoziții sau adverbe:
in. of, in, at. of, for, in, in, at, in, at. of, to, in. on, at. for.
1-,Haven’t you got anything else in grey …. a higher quality? 2. It is a little light …. the waist and too long…. the sleeves. 3.1 haven’t got anything else ….your size…. the moment, but we might get…. some more suits …. a few days. 4. Will you have a look ….'this yellow blouse? 5. Drop…. again…. the end…. the week. 6. It doesn’t look good …. me. 7. Kindly step …. the fitting-room and try one…. 8. Yellow doesn't suit me …. all. 9. What can I do …. you?
Adăugați terminația dată la cuvintele de mai jos. Scrieți cuvântul
grammar + ical
permit + ion
cloth + ing
4 divide + ion
plan + ing
persuade + ion
style + ish
expand + ive
science + ific
fact ♦ al
event + al
11 intellect + al
effect + al
jumper
Corectați afirmațiile de mai jos:
She’s middle aged, she's got long blonde hair. She’s wearing a mini skirt, a sleeveless bouse and gloves.
He's in his early seventies. He’s wearing a flared trouser-suit.
She’s about 60, she’s wearing a track-suit.
She’s in her teens. She’s wearing a long fur-coat, a grey woolen skirt and a woolen jacket.
She’s in her fifties, she’s wearing a t-shirt and jeans and a fadcd-denim-jacket.
Următoarele cuvinte au fost omise din text Completați textul
for, black three-piece, clothes, tie, underwear, likely, needed. longuc-suit, to.
1. Mary's husband has likely been wearing the same for several years. 2. He only
a few shirts and two pairs of trousers. 3. From time time she buys for him
a new some and she thinks he’s got enough 4. If Mary hadn't
bought a new suit. Mr.White wouldn't have thought he needed one such an
occasion.
înlocuiți infinitivul din paranteză cu timpul corespunzător:
(to buy) the blouse, if it (to match) my brown skirt. 2. She (to try on) the dress, if it (to be) her size. 3.1 (to wear) my new dress tonight, if I (to go) to the theatre. 4. The skirt (to
be altered), if it (to be) too tight. 5. He (to buy) the shirt, if they (to have) it in his size.
The skirt (to fit) her perfectly, if it (to be) a little wider. 7. If they (to get in) some new overcoats, she (can) find her size. too. 8. We (to go) swimming tomorrow, if it (to be) warm enough. 9. You (to make) fewer mistakes, if you (to be) more attentive. 10. He (to speak) English much better, if he (to study) more. 11. If it (to rain) this afternoon. I (not to go) anywhere)- 12. If the weather (to be) fine, we (to spend) this week-end in the country.
Continuați următoarele propoziții:
should buy this dress, if…. 2. He would wear this new suit, if 3. They will go to the
cinema, if 4. She would have aaswered his letter, if 5. You would type the letter
yourself, if 6.1 should have translated the article, if 7. Tonight we shall dine out.
if 8. She would go to the greengrocer's, if 9. We should have known English
grammar if 10.1 should read this book, if 11. You would get to your office earlier.
if 12. They would have gone to the swimming pool, if
X Citiți, traduceți și povestiți:
A Pair of Trousers
One a young man went to town and bought a pair of trousers. When he got home, he went upstairs to his bedroom and put them on. He found that they were about two inches too long.
He went downstairs where his mother and his two sisters were washing up the tea-things in the kitchen. "These new trousers are too long," he said. "They need shortening by two inches. Will one of you do this for me, please?" His mother and sisters were busy and nobody said anything. When his mother finished washing up. she went upstairs to her son’s bedroom and made the trousers shorter by two inches. Then she came downstairs, but she didn’t tell anything to her daughters.
After supper, one of the sisters remembered her brother’s trousers. She went upstairs and shortened them by two inches, and she didn’t tell anything to anybody. The other sister went to the cinema. When she came back from the cinema, she went to her brother's bedroom with her scissors, needle and thread and took two inches off the legs of the new trousers.
You can imagine the young man’s face when he put them on, the next morning.
Citiți reclama cu atenție. Folosiți dicționarul Rețineți 3 calități importante.
First quality 100% Cotton Benim Jackets with the same quality and features of similar jackets that sell for twice the prfee. Buy direct from our factory warehouse for unmistakable Savings! First come, first serve.
10 Quality Facts (besides our PHce) why You’ll Love our Jackets
Easy care "wash and wear" in cold water, no ironing, no expensive dty cleaning bills.
100% Cotton Flannel trim on collar, placket, and cuffs for chill stopping warmth
Easy fitting "comfort minded" Raglan sleeves, let you bend, stretch, and move.
Extra double snap pocket on sleeve.
Four front pockets – two deep slash pockets inset into two patch style double snap security pockets.
Adjustable triple snap comfort cuffs.
Sturdy reinforced double stitched scams throughout!
Front has slx snaps in all for top to bottom security.
Necessary drawstring at the bottom keeps the wind from creeping in.
Ladies model even has fashionable warm hood.
Traducrp:
Cc-ai fi cumpărat, dacă magazinul ar fi fost deschis? 2. Nu aș fi purtat această rochie, dacă ar fi fost demodată. 3. Și-ar cumpăra și o cămașă, dacă ar găsi vreuna care să se asorteze cu pantalonii săi cei noi. 4. Dacă sc va duce la petrecere, își va pune o rochie de seară.
Domnul Smith ar li foarte bucuros, dacfl nr purta aceleași haine mulți ani. 6. Doamna Smith ar fi vrut să-și cumpere și o poșetă care să se asorteze cu pantofii cci noi. 7. Dacă culoarea i-ar fi venit bine, aș fi sfătuit-o să-și cumpere rochia aceea. 8. Dacă voi avea timp, după amiază mă voi duce după cumpărături. 9. Dacă aș fi știut și răspunsul la ultima întrebare, aș fi primit o notă mai marc. 10. Dacă se vor duce la teatru. își vor rezerva locurile cu câtva timp înainte. 11 Dacă aș fi știut dinainte părerea ta. nu ți-aș mai fi telefonat.
UNIT 34
REVISION
WANT TO BE MORE
CREATIVE AT WORK?
JUST TAKE A BREAK
If you want to imptrove your job performance you will have to take short breaks throughout the workday – even if it’s spending a couple of minutes doodling.
Especially if there's an idea-generating process to your work, breaking up the process with regular intervals of private time to let your mind play can increase your creativity and concentration.
If you work at an unterrupted rate like yours, you will have burnt all that coal by the end of the month.
Therefore, by taking "job breaks" during the day. you can help avoid burning out your problem solving ability. You will return after your breaks with a fresh outlook on your task, with the ability to concentrate more because you have been away from it for a while.
Our best ideas don’t come when we’re trying hard to get them. They come when our mind is free to wander and free-associate. It is during this period when we’re most relaxed that creative breakthroughs are likely to happen.
Breaks should be two to five minutes long – taken up to six rimes a day.
Every day 1 would take my breaks simply browsing through a newspaper, day-dreaming for 2 minutes or just doodling for a couple of minutes, chatting with a friend on the phone or talking to others.
It’s a good idea to sometimes get up from your desk or workplace and walk around to get away from your work.
By putting Njob breaks" into your work schedule, you’ll improve your performance and keep your job fun – not drudgery.
"I'm raking a year’s leave of absence from my job so I can catch up on everything I've taped with my VCR. *
WOMAN Can I help you madam?
Mary Yes, I am the new temp. The ASTRA BUREAU sent me. I’m supposed to see Mi. Carp.
WOMAN Oh. Well, look you'd better go up to Personnel. It’s on the first floor. You can’t miss it.
Mr. Carp (on the phone) Anyway, I've got to ring off. There’s somebody waiting to sec me. (To Mary) Now what can I do for you?
Mary I'm Mary Newton from the ASTRA BUREAU.
Mr. Carp Yes. You arc the new secretary, Can you start straight away?
Mary Yes. certainly, Mr. Carp, if you want me to.
Mr. Carp That’s fine. Let’s go to the Tour Section. I hope you’ll enjoy working here In the travel business.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Răspundeți la întrebări exersând vocabularul adițional.
I. Which of these qualities are appropriate to a perfect boss? pleasant well-dressed
ambitious attractive
intelligent reliable
considerate
Which of these qualities are appropriate to a perfect secretary ?
well-dressed efficient
young and attractive hard-working
old and intelligent considerate
What should u secretary do? plan,type
organise, take shorthand make decisions, give speeches prepare reports, speak foreign language
GRAMMAR
I. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Viitorul anterior
VIITORUL ANTERIOR
Viitorul anterior se formează cu ajutorul auxiliarului shall (la persoana I singular și plural) și will (la persoanele a Il-a și a 11 Na sigulnr și plural) și infinitivul perfect al verbului dc conjugat.
f shall huve spoken – Eu voi fi vorbit.
II. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Pronumele reciproce
"SHOULD" AND "WOULD" AS MODAL VERBS Verbele modale "should" și "would"
Verbele "should" și "would" sunt nu numai verbe auxiliare, folosite pentru formarea modului condițional și al timpului "Future-in-the-Past" (când nu se traduc), ci și vcibc modale, cclc care au un sens propriu și se traduc.
FORMULAS OF POLITENESS
Formule de politețe
Please, give mc a cake of soap.
Give mc a cake of soap, please.
Will you give me a cake of soap?
Will you kindly give me a cake of soap?
Would you give me a cake of soap?
Would you kindly give me a cake of soap?
Would you be so good to give me a cake of soap? Would you mind giving me a cake of soap?
EXERCISES
Răspundeți la întrebări:
What would you do if you wanted to improve your job performance?
What is the tip to be used when there’s an idea-generating process to your work?
One – Revision
Why is it not advisable to work at your full rate?
4 What do "job breaks" help you avoid?
What sorts of "job breaks’ can you use?
Why do you put such "job breaks" into your work?
//. Pronunțați și copiați aceste cuvinte și expresii. Marcați accentul conform modelului • •
Model: jumper
• •
supplies
office, Wednesday, performance, associate, newspaper, breakthrough, ability, doodling.
Exiști doar un singur accent principal • • • • •
Model: filling cabinet
Următoarele cuvinte au fost omise din text. Completați textul
around, from, breakthroughs, get up, workplace, at full rate, at, after. by the end. with, ability, on your task, away, will have burnt.
If you work … an untemipted rate like youre, you… all that coal… of the month. 2. You will return after your breaks… a fresh outlook…, with the… to concentrate more because you have been … from it for a while. 3. It is during this period when we’re most relaxed that creative… arc likely to happen. 4. It's a good idea to sometimes … from the desk or… and walk… to get away … your work
Puneți verbele din paranteze tu timpul corect:
In a fortnight’s time we (take) our exam.
(finish) this book by tomorrow morning.
By this time tomorrow we (have) our car repaired.
I’ll still be here next summer but Tom (leave).
By next winter they (move) to the newly built house.
By this time next year I (save) £ 250.
By the time we get to the party everything (be) eaten.
If 1 continue with my diet I (Inse) 10 lb. by the end of this month.
Treceți următoarele propoziții de la diateza activă la diateza pasivă:
shall give you my new telephone number. 2.1 couldn't hear her at all when we spoke last. 3. The teacher is asking us a lot of questions. 4.1 sent her a letter yesterday. 5. She is going to tell her everything about it. 6.1 often sec her doing her shopping at the grocer's round the comer. 7. They are building a new factory in our region. 8.1 lent him a book.
They have never invited us to their dinner parties. 10. The shopassistant handed me a dress, to try on.
înlocuiți infinitivul din paranteză cu condiționalul prezent sau trecut:
(to be) very glad to meet him. 2. Our teacher (to know) how to explain that problem.
(to read) the book, but he didn’t want to lend it to me. 4. He (to be) very happy to come to the theatre with us. 5. It (to be) rather difficult to tell him everything now. 6. She (to buy) some tomatoes, but the greengrocer’s was closed. 7. We (to like) to see that film, but wc couldn’t find any tickets. 8. Wc (not to have) lunch at the restaurant, but we have no time, to go home for lunch. 9.1 (to answer) her letter, but I have no time today. 10. You (to ask) me any more question.
Treceți verbul din propoziția principală la Past Tense. Faceți toate modificările necesare:
know they have English classes three times a week. 2. She says she has never visited (he museum. 3. They say they have just returned from their summer holidays. 4. It is sure he will be late tomorrow again. 5.1 think I shan’t buy this suit, if 1 don’t find it in green. 6. They say they have been living in a new flat since last month. 7. We don’t know whether we shall dine out tonight. 8.1 know that the block of flats I live in was built two years ago.
He knows sl»e left for Predeal yesterday. 10. She says she will ring me up as soon as she gets home.
Schimbați următoarele propoziții, conform modelului:
Model: I didn't go shopping, because 1 was too busy. If….
If I hadn’t been so busy, I should have gone shopping.
didn’t type the letter, because I can’t type. If …. 2. We didn’t go to the theatre, because we had no tickets. If…. 3. The exercise was so difficult, that it was impossible for him to do it. If…. 4. There were so many mistakes in my dictation, that I had to rewrite it. If….
We didn’t go the mountains last week, because the weather was bad. If…. 6. I didn’t ring you up, because I didn’t know your new telephone number. If… . 7. 1 haven't yet translated the article, because I had no dictionary. If…. 8. Our T.V. set was out of order, that is why we couldn't watch the football match. If…. 9.1 didn’t attend our last English class, because I didn’t feel well. If…. 10. He doesn’t know anything about the date of their arrival, that’s why he is not going to wait for the. If….
X înlocuiți infinitivul din paranteză cu timpul corespunzător:
(to wait) for you for half an hour, when you came at last. 2. We should have visited the museum if it (to be open). 3. He said he (to be back) as soon as he could. 4. They will go for a hike, if it (not to rain). 5.1 (to introduce) you to Mr. Smith, if I knew him myself.
He told me he never (to visit) Great Britain. 7.1 shall be looking up his telephone number in the Telephone Dircctoiy, when you (to enter) the room. 8. We (to be) friends for two years. 9 He asked us how long it (to take) us to get to the office by bus. 10. The operator answered she (to put through) me in a minute.
Completați spațiile libere cu articole, traduceți ți povestiți:
… man came to… hotel, ordered … regular three-course dinner and asked… waiter,… very young lad to be quick. Time passed, but… lad with … dinner didn’t appear. … customer wondered how long he would have to wait. At that moment… boy came running with … plate of soup on … tray. … customer, both hungry and cross, asked him if he was … very lad to whom he had ordered … three-course dinner.
'Yes, sir, I am," answered… waiter.
"I failed to recognize you. You have grown quite … man since that time.”
Traduceți în limba engleză:
1. Dacă ai veni la ora 7, cu siguranță că ne-ai găsi acasă. 2. Dc când îl cunoști? 3. Ce vei face săptămâna viitoare pc vremea aceasta? 4. Unde ți-ai petrecut weck-endul trecut? 5. Tc-aș fi așteptat, dacă aș fi fost sigură că vei veni. 6. Plouă de trei ore. 7. Unde te duceai ieri când tc-am întâlnit? 8. Dacă voi avea timp, diseară voi termina cartea pc care o citesc dc o săptămână. 9. Dc ce nu mi-ai spus că ți s-a schimbat numărul dc telefon? 10. Dacă ți-aș fi știut noul număr de telefon, ți-aș fi telefonat. 11. Dc obicei facem vizite după amiaza, în zilele dc lucru. 12. Nu facem niciodată o vizită fără a da un telefon în prealabil.
Trebuie să facem lot posibilul să fim întotdeauna punctuali. 14. Un domn nu se va așeza niciodată înainte ca doamna pc care o însoțește să ia loc. 15. Când plecați de la petrecere, nu trebuie niciodată să uitați să-i mulțumiți gazdei pentru ospitalitate (hospitality).
Trebuie întotdeauna să evitați să vorbiți prea mult. 17. Dacă cunoaștem două persoane care nu se cunosc între ele. este de datoria noastră să le facem cunoștință. 18. Trebuie să vi îngrijiți ca oaspeții dumneavoastră să aibă tot ceea ce au nevoie în tot timpul petrecerii 19. Se ajută ca să-și termine mai repede lucrările. 20. în timp ce lucrează, învață unul dc la altul. 21. Când s-au despărțit și-au spus la revedere. 22. își scriau scrisori în fiecare săptămână. 23. Vreți să fiți mai eficient la slujbă? Luați o pauză. 24. După o scurtă pauză vă veți întoarce cu idei noi, cu o mai bună putere de muncă. 25. Până săptămâna viitoare veți afla cine va fi noul director.
u m it
AT THE RAILWAY STATION
Allhough wc al) seem io agree that there is nothing compared to modem air transport, railways today still cany the bulk of passenger and goods traffic.
Railway is still one of the cheapest ways of transporting freight over long distances. The Noithem railway station, one of the main entrance gates to the capital, is provided with
everything necessary to allow for the transport of passengers and goods in the best conditions. It is interesting to watch the constant rush in a railway station – numberless trains which arc coming and leaving – passenger trains, express, fast or slow and goods trains, local and long distance trains, commuting trains.
The passengers hurrying along the platforms getting on or off the trains, the porters carrying the luggage to the trains or pushing it on their trucks to the luggage van.
The luggage van is placed immcdiatclly behind the engine, then the mail van and finally the passenger-carriages with smoking and non-smoking compartments of the first and second classes, a dining-car that caters for all appetites and the sleepers with upper and lower berths.
These services arc available on all long-distance trains.
The passengers' compartments are very comfortable with numbered seats over the seats there is the rack for the luggage.
At intervals a guard or a special inspector checks the travellers^ tickets.
The railway station is also provided with a spacious waiting room, a restaurant, an inquiry office, parcels office where heavy luggage is registered and labelled, the left luggage office where luggage may be left for any period of time, book-stalls where you can buy books, magazines and newspapers, to read during the journey.
The trains arrivals and departures arc posted up in time, the passengers being also invited to the trains by loudspeaker.
Fred I'd rather consult the time table and sec which trains leave Bucharest for Sinaia then decide which one is more convenient to go by.
Ann Right, it seems there aVc two morning trains and three in the afternoon.
Fred The morning trains won't do because they arc slow trains. What about the afternoon ones, are they through trams? Otherwise it wood mean changing.
Ann Let me see. The six-fifteen is an express with first, business and economy class accomodation, a dining car. smoking and non-smoking compartments. I think we better decide on this one and go to the Booking Office for tickets.
Fred Good. If we have the chance of getting tickets. I would like first class seats at the window.
Ann And I want to travel light, so no packing as we won’t take much with us. Tomorrow evening wc shall enjoy our first vacation day in the mountains.
VOCABULARY
rail [reilj s. -șină railway [’reilweij s. – calc ferată station [’stei Jan] s. – stație, gară to carry, carried, carried [’kzeri] v. – a transporta, a căra carriage ['krcrid3] s. – transport bulk [brtlk] s. – majoritatea, cea mai marc parte
passenger ['ptcsinc^a] s. – pasager freight [freit] s. – încărcătură, marfă încărcată main [mein] adj. – principal
to enter, ed. ed fenta] v. – a intra, a pătrunde
entrance ['entrons] s. – intrare
gate [gcit] s. poartă, intrare
to provide, ed, ed [pro'vaid] v. – a înzestra, a aproviziona
rush [rxj] s. – grabă number [’uAmba] s. – număr numberless ['rumbolis] adj. – nenumărat to hurry, ed, ed ['luri] v. – a se grăbi platform [’pl*tfo:m] s. – peron, platforma, podium
to get on, got, got [get, got. -] v. – a urca to get off, got, got [get, got. *•] v. – a cobori porter [’pa:ta] s. – hamal, tregher
luggage l’lAgid3) s. – bagaj to push, ed, ed Ipu j) v. – a împinge truck Itr.vkJ s. – cărucior de bagaje engine [’endjin] s. * locomotivă, motor, mașină
to cater for. ed, ed I'kcilo) v. – a sc îngriji de (în alimentația publică) appetite [’a:pitait] s. – poftă de mâncare, apetit
sleeper [*sli:po] s. – vagon de dormit upper ['Apa] adj. – de sus, superior lower [Mouo] adj. – de jos, inferior berth fba:0] s. – cușetă, pat într-o cușctă available [a'veibbl] adj. – disponibil scat [si:t] s. – loc
rack [rark] s. – plasă (pentru bagaje) guard [ga:d] s. – conductor, șef de tren to check, ed, ed [t jck] v. – a controla, a verifica
to travel, ed. ed ftrtcvl] v. – a călători traveller (’trxvlaj s. – călător ticket l’tikit] s. – bilet to register, ed, ed frcdjisto) v. – a înregistra to label, ed, ed [’leibl] v. – a eticheta magazine [nuego’zi.n] $. – revistă journey [’djami] s. – călătorie, voiaj to arrive, ed, cd [a’raiv] v. – a sosi arrival [a'raivol] s. – sosire departure (di'pa:t ja] s. – plecare
to post up, ed/cd [poust] v. – a afișa loudspeaker ['laud’spfko] s. – megafon to consult, ed, ed [kon’SAlt] v. – a consulta accomodation [okoma'dcijn] s. – locuri;
confon. găzduire to pack, ed, cd [peck] v. – a împacheta, a ambala
packing [’parkiq] s. – împachetat, ambalaj to delay, ed. ed [di’lei] v. – a întârzia, a amâna
to enjoy, cd, ed [in'd3oi] v. – a se bucura de, a sc distra, a petrece
commuting train – tren de navetă goods traffic • transportul de mărfuri passenger train – tren de persoane express train – tren expres fast train – tren rapid slow train – tren personal goods train – tren marfar mail van – vagon dcypoștă luggage van – vagon de bagaje dining-car – vagon restaurant smoking compartment – compartiment pentru fumători
non-smoking compartment – compartiment pentru nefumători numbered scat – loc numerotat at intervals – din timp în timp waiting-room – sală de așteptare left-luggage office – birou de bagaje book-stall – stand de cărți
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
What kind of trains can passengers get on? train with sitting facilities
train with sleeping accomodation
express train
fast train
through train
slow train
night train
morning train
goods/freight train
incoming train
outgoing trains
north-bound train
What is a train made up of?
-cars
carnages
trucks
sleeping car/carnage
dining-car/carriagc
mail/postal van
luggage/baggage van
cnginc/locomotivc
What are the services in a railway station?
booking office for first, business and economy class accomodation
inquiry office
information bureau
left-luggage office
waiting room
post-office
telephone booth
Two
catering facilities (restaurant, snack bar, day b^rs, coffee rooms, tea rooms,
lunch rooms)
-shops
Verbs to be used.
the train pulls out of the station
the train pulls in to the station
th« train is due in
the trains is due out
the signal is down
the signal is up
the passengers put out/off the light
put on/off the light turn out/off the light turn on'off the light switch on/off the light
When might we use or hear the following? here is the luggage receipt; there will be overweight to pay; the dining-car steward is taking bookings for dinner; if you don’t mind I'll turn off the light: it is draughty in here; shall I close (pull down) the window?
What luggage do you usually have about you?
light luggage; heavy luggage; a valise; a suit-case; a mink;
apiece of luggage; many pieces of luggage.
Under what circumstances do you book?
a return, round trip ticket;
a platform ticket; a season ticket.
wonder whether you have watched the rush in a railway-station people looking up numbers in the Telephone Directory; people consulting the time-table; people booking in advance; people getting on and off trains; porters seeing to the passengers’ luggage; the incoming and outgoing trains; trains pulling out the station and picking up speed.
GRAMMAR
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
EXERCISES
Answer the questions:
Why do railways still carry the bulk of passengers and goods? 2. Which arc the facilities offered by a railway station? 3. What is each of these facilities used for? 4. What kind of railway carraiges do you know? 5. What can you sec in a compartment? 6 What do you call the man who checks the travellers’ tickets? 7. Which trains usually have dining-cars and sleepers attached? 8. How are trains’ arrivals and departures announced? 9. What are the merits and demerits of travelling by rail?
Give synonyms for:
spacious, numberless, cheap, passenger, interval, journey, to provide with, to depan. to cany, to hurry, to enter, to book, to avail oneself of, freight, bulk, constant rush, long-haul, to decide, to have a chance, to travel, light.
Supply the text with the missing prepositions.
of. over, with. for. of, in on, to, on. for. about, to at. from. to. in, to, at
I. Railway is still one of the cheapest ways… transporting freight… long distances. 2. The Northern railway station is provided … everything necessary to allow … the transport … passsengers and goods … die best conditions. 3. Services are available … all long distance trains. 4. The passengers are invited … the trains by loudspeakers. 5. Wc better decide … an express train and phone the Booking Office … tickets. 6.1 don't bother… the luggage, a porter will see… it. 7. Our train leaves… nine thirty… platform 1. 8.1 want two first-class tickets … Sinaia … a separate compartment. 9. I showed my ticket… the ticket collector.
Express trains arc more convenient as they stop only … larger stations.
Find the definition (1-6) for each of the words (a-f) below.
rail/railway I. US system using trains to carry passengers and goods
railroad 2. end of a railway line
railhead 3. B.E. system using trains to carry passengers and goods
Explain the meaning of the following:
through train, to secure accommodation, extra charge for overweight, to run on time, overnight train, railway fares, luggage receipt, season ticket, the train is due in/out
Complete the following sentences using vocabulary from the text:
consulted the time-table and it seems trains …. 2.1 want to book for an express train as slow trains stop…. 3. The luggage van is placed …. 4. We have too much luggage, we shall have to…. 5. While at a big railway station one can watch…. 6. As he walked along the platform he saw …. 7. We were lucky to get tickets …. 8. It was impossible to book tickets as all accommodation ….
Describe your last journey or trip by rail using the following: first-class sleeper, through train, booking office, to travel light, luggage rack, to run on time, to change trains, smoking carnage, return ticket, to be comfortable.
Make up questions to which the following sentences could be the answers: 1 AVe generally make a reservation at least a day in advance. 2.1 showed my ticket to the ticket collector. 3. There are smoking and non-smoking carnages on our trains 4. It is more difficult to get railway accommodation in summer time. 5. The express trains stop only at larger statioas. 6. The guard standing at the carriage entrance checks the tickets. 7. Railways still carry the bulk of passengers and goods. 8.1 would like to have this luggage registered.
Write the plural of:
match, box, city, hero, country, roof, life, safe, bus. bath, platform, porter, sleeper, carnage, class.
man, child, foot, Englishman, business, advice, information, bread, luggage, water, heat, courage, peace, gas.
school-mate, passer-by, mother-in-law, looker-on, dining-car, handful, overall.
datum, formula, crisis, phenomenon, analysis.
cloth, index, colour, pain, damage.
X Turn into the plural:
The hero of the story is not a very young man. 2. The country has a very vast network of railways. 3. The luggage was placed on the luggage rack. 4. The train usually leaves on
lime. 5. This passenger carriage is really comfortable. 6. The book you want is on the shelf.
shall keep the key of the box. 8. The passer-by stopped to see what was going on.
The sportsman trains a good deal for the Olympic games. 10. The formula is correct.
The fellow-worker has been highly apreciated. 12. The bench needs fresh painting.
They offered to help the old man carry his luggage.
XI. Using the information in the text below, write the answers to the questions in your copy-book. The questions are given below the text If need be consult a dictionary.
The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) came into being when rc-dcvelopment in Docklands made it essential to improve public transport – both for commuters and local residents. From the start it proved popular and already needs to expand to meet an increasing demand.
All stations are monitored by closed circuit TV. In addition, mobile staff patrol the stations, which are clean and bnghlly lit. The destination of trains is flashed on an Electronic Indicator on station platforms, and also announced on the public address system. Every train has a Train Captain, who checks tickets and can answer quenes whilst ensuring the smooth operation of the train. All stations have special lifts that take wheelchairs and space is allocated for wheelchairs on the trains. Trains were built to take wheelchairs easily. Each station is ețuippcd with a passenger alarm (emergency use only) which, when activated by a push button, establishes immediate contact with our control room. There are emergency buttons on trains for passenger use if warranted. Whilst engineering work is in porogress to improve and extend the railway (after 9.30 pm and and at weekends, until further notice) a special DLR substitute bus service is operated. The railway is controlled from the Operations and Maintenance centre adjacent to Poplar Station. Queries about the railway are also handled from here (telephone 01-583 0311) or from our 24-hour information service 01-222 1234.
Single journey tickets to all DLR and Underground stations can be bought on the day from the coinoperated ticket machines in station entrance halls. You must have a valid ticket before you travel. Any passenger without a ticket will be dealt with in accordance with the regulations. This may involve payment of an additional fare 10 times the value of the fare avoided, or may lead to prosecution. London Regional Transport and British Rail Tnvelcards and Capitalcards are valid on DLR trains and substitute buses provided they cover the right fare zones. DLR tickets are valid on the Underground and British Railways. Grtup and special tickets can be bought in advance by writing to the Docklands Light Railway. PO Box 154, London E14 9QA, and on the day from the DLR Information Centre» u Island Gardens stations (open 10 am to 4 pm weekdays) or at Tower Gateway station (open 10.45 am to 3.15 pm most days).
Questions
1. Where are tickets checked? I Who checks tickets?
What can wc do if there n an emergency on the station platform?
How do we get tickets for single journeys?
If we are planning a special journey for several people, where can we get tickets?
How do we know where the trains are going?
When docs the railway close on weekdays?
Can we use DLR trains if wc are working on Saturday?
Is it possible for disabled people to use the DLR?
What will happen if we are on a train and don't have a ticket?
11 ‘Can we travel by DLR without a ticket issued by the DLR?
If it is late at night and we need information about DLR services, how can we get it?
If we miss the last train, how can wc travel on the DLR service?
While we are waiting for train*, how are wc protected from thieves and other criminals who might enter the stations?
Can all British Rail Travxlcards be used on the DLR?
Translate into English:
I. Ți-am urmat sfaturile. 2. Ce vești ai? 3. Trebuie să învăț toate aceste formule. 4. Cunoștințele lor par a fi vagi. 5. Mărfurile s-au vândut repede. 6. Această regiune este cunoscuț i pentru varietatea de fructe. 7. Nu-mi place zgomotul din manie orașe. 8. S-au introdus o sene de utilaje moderne. 9. Progresele lor la matematică sunt remarcabile, 10. Folosesc ochelari numai la citit. 11. Noile locuințe tont prevăzute cu confort modem. 12. Au apărut câteva romane ale clasicilor români. 13. Sunt fenomene care nu au loc niciodată în această perioadă a anului. 14. Transportul mărfurilor pe calea ferată este convenabil. 15. Cușetclc în vagoanele de dormit sunt destul de confortabile. 16. Mersul trenurilor afișat în gări indică sosirile și plecările. 17. Nc vor povesti lucruri interesante din ultimele lor căl&toni. 18. in timp ce așteptăm sosirea trenului putem vizita gara sau nc putem opri la una din unitățile de alimentație publică (catering units) să servim un sandwich și o cafea. 19. Fiecare tren are un șef de tren (Train Captain) care poate rezolva problemele ce se ivesc legate dc bunul mers al trenului. 20. Se pot cumpăra bilete de tren și în gară la casieria gării în ziua plecării, cu cel puțin o oră înainte de începerea călătoriei.
U N I T U
ON FLIGHTS
Travelling by air is definitely the most confortablc and speediest of all other means of transport. Statistics show that travelling by air is as safe as any other means of transport and with the time-saving, an ever greater number of people prefer going by air.
Travelling by air may be great for one person, but boring, or a pain in the neck for others. How often wc travel by plane may, more often than not, depend on our pocketbook. International air-lines network lias been considerably increased to cope with the growing traffic. The Fast Fact Guides of International Airlines publish data regularly about their licet opcratcd.volume of traffic carried (passengers and cargo), capacity (available scat/available tonne), load factors, operations and. of course their yield.
Airlines arc constantly trying to improve their services. They are concerned about improving check-in facilities hiring well trained chcck-in personnel, providing excellent in-flight services such as: cabin service, seat conforl and in-flight entertainment and of course, good catering.
Generally there is no difficulty in booking, however it is advisable to book tickets in advance. You can book a First class (P) seat, a Business class (C) or an Economy class (Y) on any airline flight at least 10 days before the date of the flight.
Travellers can take a bus provided by the airline company to get to the airport and be there one hour before the plane is taking off. this is the check-in time. Before boarding the plane
the passenger» must have their tickets and passports checked, their luggage inspected by the customs officer to see whether there is anything liable to duty, then weighed and a tag attached to it from getting lost. The passengers can then avail themselves of the the various services offered by the airport: the exchange-office, the duty-free shop, the book-stall, the restaurant while wailing for the announcer calling the flight. The stewardess is waiting for them at the gate to take them to the concrete runway where the plane is ready to lake off. Every passenger gets confortable and ready for taking off. Soon the plane picks up speed and in a moment is off the ground and up in the sky.
A child on a farm sees a plane fly overhead and dreams of a faraway place. A traveler on the plane sees the farmhouse and dreams of home
Clerk Yes, sit?
Client I ’d like to usk about flights to New York next week. 1 need to be them for a meeting first tiling Tuesday morning.
Clerk I sec. You’d want to arrive on Monday 1 suppose.
Client Yes, but I won’t be able to leave until Thursday night at the earliest.
Clerk Let me check. We have a daily flight*at 10:00 a.m. via Amsterdam, and there’» our Monday Flight 321 leaving at 14:00 p.m. to New York. We have direct flight on Saturdays and Sundays leaving at 8:00 a.m. and arriving at 10.00 a.m. next day.
Client Could you book me on Sunday morning flight, return, please And Business Class (C). please
Clerk So that's Sunday 10th February for the outward journey. What about return?
Client Leave that open. I’ll be getting a direct flight back so the point-to-point round tup will be fine.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the questions using the additional vocabulary:
What do you mean by the capacity of a plane?
Available seal (in km/m)
Available tonne (km^m)
What do load factors mean in an airline Fact Guide?
passenger load factor (%)
break-even passenger load factor (%) – (the point at which sales cover cost but show no profit) – (punct critic) overall loading factor (%) break-even overall load-factor (%)
What do an aircraft/plane operation include?
Punctuality of the flight (5 within 5 minutes)
Regularity (%)
What is a FAST FACT GUIDE?
It is a statement published regularly by any airline operating internationally. The figures are related to the financial year. It carries: Fleet. Turnover; Volume of Traffic earned; Capacity; Load Factors; Operations; Yield.
What sort of classes and tickets can you book on any flight?
First Class (P)
Business Class (C)
Economy Class (Y) single (ticket) – one way (ticket) return (ticket) – round-trip (ticket) direct (rickct) – point-to-point (flight) open-dated return (ticket) a dated-ticket
Which are the airport formalities? flying ticket checking;
luggage weighing;, customs control formalities; passport control; security check.
Why are all these necessary when the plane takes off? fasten your seat-belt; stop smoking;
listen to the instructions given by the air hostess through the intercom.
What are these for in a big airport? the information desk; the currency exchange office; the public address system; telephone booth.
9 What does your fare include? all needs, gratuities in flight and on the ground.
What do you mean by stopover? one may break the journey at one or more places; cn route, retaining the benefit of a through fare.
What travel advice do you know? pack all you need in a cabin bag; carry your passport with you; carry valuables personally.
When is "OK" or "RQ" code used?
'OK' means confirmed seat;
"RQ" (requested seat) – the confirmation of the requested seat was not yet possible
Could you explain what is?
aircraft
aircrash
helicopter
non-stop flight
to hit an air-pocket
blind flying
blind landing
cross wind
to get an air sick
heavy-casualty accident
GRAMMAR
The Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives
Pronumele și adjectivele nehotărâte in limba engleză sunt: some – ceva, câțiva, unii, unele any – oricare
none – nici unul, nici una, nici unii, nici unele
COMPOUNDS OF SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY
Majoritatea prenumelor nehotărâte pot fi folosite și ca adjective nehotărâte.
Compușii: somebody, everybody etc. și none sunt numai pronume nehotărâte iar every numai adjectiv nehotărât.
Alte pronume nehotărâte: all- toți, toate, tot each – fiecare
either – unul din doi, oricare din doi, unul sau altul, ambii neither – nici unul din doi, nici unul nici altul
other, the other, others, the others – alt, alta, celălalt, cealaltă, alții, altele, ceilalți, celelalte
another – un altul, o altă
one – cineva, ceva. oricine, cel. cea, cei. cele
both – ambii, ambele
severaI – câțiva, câteva, mai mulți, mai multe
THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
EXERCISES
/. Answer these questions:
Why do most people prefer travelling by air? 2. On what may a travel by air depend? 3. What does the Fast Fact Guide of airlines publish regularly? 4. What are airlines concerned about? 5. What kind of seats can you book on any airline flights? 6. When must passengers be at the airport? 7. What are the check-in services provided for passengers in any airport?
What other services are there available for the passengers? 9. Who is taking the passengers to the plane? 10. What are the merits and the demerits of travelling by plane?
Give synonyms for:
definitely, travelling by air, to a large extent, a number of airplanes/aircrafts, profit, to render services, to book a ticket, to reach the airport, to examine passports, baggage, label, speaker, round trip, direct flight, single-ticket, book it now, a dated ticket.
Give the opposite to the following:
to get off the plane
to land
to book a ticket now
to decrease the network
the check-in facilities are unsatisfactory
the cabin services are poor
catering is excellent
seat confort is reduced
Find the definition (a-i) for the words or expressions (1-9).
1. a direct flight * ' «Ies cover costs, but do not make a profit
round-trip ticket
amount of weighed factor
long distance (of a plane flight)
to book a ticket leaving the date of the return open
supplying food ready to eat
a profit
places where passengers give in their tickets for a flight
Fill in the gaps in the text below wkh these words:
1. Travelling … may be great for one person, but… for others. 2. How often we travel … may depend … our pocketbook. 3. International … network has been … increased … the growing traffic. 4. The Fast Fact Guide publishes data regularly … their …. volume of…. capacity, … and. of course, their … . 5. There is no difficulty … booking, however it is advisable … tickets …. 6. Before … the plane, the passengers must have their tickets and passports …. their luggage … by the customs officer.
Give nouns derived from the following verbs:
to travel
to fly
to inspect
tocarry
to examine
to exchange
to cater
to load
to book
to announce
to facili
VIL Find a word or an expression from here below that words underlined.
inform, overall, satisfactory, of capacity, currently, concerned about, suggest, book
must tdi the clerk that
The IDUl passenger load factor
The in-flight entertainment is good-
Our planes are flying 455 full 5 Can you make any proposals?
There is little we can do about that am*.
You can reserve a ticket 10 days before
They are really preoccupied with improving.the i
Fill in the blanks with "every, each, either":
1. They come to the oftice… day. 2…. of them has his own work to do. 3…. problem should be solved properly. 4. You may take… of the two newspapers on the table. 5…. useful book is bought by the library. 6. Wc meet to discuss problems of common interest… other day.
There are wide plains on … side of the river. 8. Will you take a bus or a trolleybus to the airport? … will do. 9…. passenger must have his ticket and passport examined
Supply "one, other, another, the other":
1. Come and sec me … day, wc have not met for a long time. 2. Come … time, I am busy now. 3. May I borrow a dictionary? Yes, is this the… you need? 4…. cannot learn all these in such a short time. 5. The… text was more difficult. 6. Wc met the… day and had a long talk together. 7…. day, I am sure I shall be able to speak English fluently. 8.1 got… answer than the … 1 expected.
X Insert indefinite pronouns:
If… calls tell him I receive… today. 2. He may call at… moment. 3…. could give a better answer. 4. There is … I can tell you about this. 5…. tried hard … gave up. 6…. could tell me where to find you. 7. Have you bought… books recently? 8. He won’t listen to … she says. 9…. of us wanted to attend the conference. 10. they go there … week-end. 11.1 don’t need the book, I got…. 12. They shall… enter the contest. 13.1 don't understand… of what she says. 14. We spent… time trying to get here. 15. There are … passengers for this flight.
.. people prefer travelling by air. 17. Our airports leave … to chance.
Choose the correctform:
A.
* * *!! *C mcn ^ English. * ^jone the men are French.
• All • None
• Both . „ • None _ . . . ,
. Both of the • Neither °f «K w°'«n are .n the plane.
Both planes are landing. Neither • plane is taking olT.
• planes are taking off.
There arc two guard-officers at the gate. • Neither , . „ .
• Neither of "““““““W
several years’ experience in management activity
4
Languages:
excellent knowledge of English and French, with a good working knowledge of …
What should the employee information system contain:
controls to monitor leave and absenteism
checks to ensure pay increases, decreases and promotions
checks to ensure that pay levels are correct
review of jobs descriptions <țnd policies
application, interview notes
medical history and records
time sheets (hours worked, rate of pay shifts worked, overtime)
attendance records (sick time, vacation, overtime)
employment history (promotions, transfers, grievances)
GRAMMAR
THE MODAL VERBS (WILL-WOULD, NEED, DARE)
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
What is vital in your job setrch?
When is it advisable to start your job search?
Whom should your network of contacts include and why?
How can your work ethic and your ability in class help you?
What activities can provide contacts with business leaders?
How should you look al yourself when you begin to analyse yourself and why?
In what way might analysing your education help your decision?
What personal qualities should your self-analysis cover?
Why is emphasis on work experience important?
What special qualifications are employers generally interested in?
What are your prospects to further your career?
Has your specialized curriculum prepared you for your goal?
//. Give synonyms for:
job. contact, opening, benefit, path, valuable, properly, obviously, to search, to proceed, to attend, to select, right now, in fact.
Give adjectives corresponding to the following nouns:
end, commerce, job, impresion. attention, rest. form. mind. hope, occasion, point, prospect, education, confidence, reason.
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
in, by, with, of for. into. to.
Professors sometimes hear of position openings and… such cases they can refer you … the hiring executives.
.. attending meetings… professional associations you can meet the leaders… your field.
Participation… any activity that provides contacts… business leaders can open doors… you now and will… the future.
When you are ready to search… your career job, you should begin… analyzing yourself.
Qualities that relate … working… people arc especially important
Work experience … your career path deserves major emphasis.
Any work experience can help develop your skills… dealing… people.
The ability to speak a foreign language can be very helpful … certain international businesses.
Ask as many questions as possible:
Electronics seems to be one of the growth industries at the moment.
The applicant believed that work in the enterprise was pleasant and demanding.
Candidates with a first level university degree and at least 10 years of experience may be considered.
Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:
1. Of all… things you do in life, few are more important than getting …job.
You can begin your job search by building … network of contacts.
.. wider your circle of friends … more likely you are to make employment contacts
Professors can refer you to … hiring executives.
By attending … meetings of professional associations, you can meet… leaders in your field.
You should look at yourself much as you would look at… product or service that is for sale.
You should think about… qualities you have that enable you to do … work.
.. analysis might well begin with … education.
Self-analysis should also include qualifications that might he valuable to… employer.
Qualities that relate to working with … people are especially importam.
He is interested in … position of management trainee advertised in … current issue of BIJRSA.
It seems to me to be … kind of field that is expanding and one which is offering … opportunities we arc seeking.
Choose the proper modal verbs:
You (shall-will) not leave now. 2. 1 (shall-will) keep my promise. 3. He (shall-wil!) probably be present. 4. (Shall-will) you need a dictionary? 5. (Will-shall) someone give him a hand? 6. (Will-shall) the speech be translated into English? 7. (Should-would) you need my help, call me. 8.1 (should.-would) attend the conference if 1 had the oppoituuity
You (shall- will) have a day out next week. 10. You (shall-will) enjoy the play very much
I (shall-will) gladly assist you. 12. Only the best (will-shall) be selected for the championship. 13. You (shall-will) have to fill in an application form. 14. (Will- shall) the interview take place in front of a group of experts? 15.1 (should-would) follow a course in marketing in view of my future job. 16.1 fear 1 (shall-will) have to do pretty basic jobs. 17. She (should-would) not take the job as it wasn't very demanding.
Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the verbs "will, would, need, dare".
1. She… have to come. 2. They… not hear of leaving now. 3…. 1 tell you everything again and again? 4. How… you come so late? 5. He… be there by the end of the month. 6…. you listen to me please? 7.1 borrowed a dictionary as I… one. 8. He … not go there, if it isn’t necessary. 9…. you kindly shut that window? 10. She… say that she was tired. 11. Nobody … to disturb them. 12…. you say that to her? 13.1… say you arc wrong again. 14. Once a week they… come to visit us. 15. How … 1 know what their plans are? 16.1… not tell you how interesting everything was. 17. They … tell you, but you… not listen to them. 18. You … know better if you read more. 19. These colours … not fade. 20. You… have done that. 21. She … not ask permission to leave.
"Guess what. Ma? / got my first case today… The government is suing me for my tuition loans."
X Translate:
1. Vreți sa repetați întrebarea? 2. Vrei să vii cu noi la teatru? 3. Dacă îmi vei aminti să-ți
aduc canea iți voi fi recunoscător. 4. Obișnuiesc să-și petreacă vacanța la țară. 5. Nu vrea să recunoască dificultatea temei. 6. Vei fi liber numai după ce îți termini lucrarea. 7. Nu este nevoie să repeți exercițiul. 8. Nu trebuie să ici o hotărâre acum. 9. Nu am îndrăznit să ' intru. 10. L-am rugat să vină cu noi dar nu o vrut. 11. Vrei să citești cu voce tare? 12. Aveți nevoie de informații suplimentare. 13. întotdeauna are nevoie de sfatul tău. 14. Nu trebuie să te necăjești, se va rezolva. •
1. Pentru a ocupa postul, solicitantul trebuie să posede diplomă de studii universitare in domeniul administrației. 2. Solicitantului i sc cere să susțină un interviu, să facă un examen medical, să dea o probă de competență și să aibă experiență în administrație. 3. In majoritatea cazurilor sc cer cunoștințe temeinice de limba engleză și fiancc/J. 4. In coloanele diferitelor periodice apar anunțuri pentru posturi vacante în întreprinderi
Interviul trebuie pregătit cu multă seriozitate pentru a face o bună impresie in vederea obținerii postului. 6. S-a hotărât să urmeze un curs de administrație, întrucât domeniul i se pare atrăgător și de viitor.
UNIT 47
PRESERVING THE
ENVIRONMENT
An increasingly important issue of modem times is undoubtedly that of the environment and its preservation. Economic growth, especially over the past few decades of the 20-th century, has adversely affected the relationships between man and his natural environment. A series of activities related to development – such as industrialization, the all-out exploitation of mineral and other resources and the intensification of agriculture – have led to the degradation of the environment. Technological progress, apart from its undtsputably favourable effects, has contributed in certain respects to the deterioration of many people’s lives. Atmosphere and climate change, dcplotion of the ozone layer, the impoverishment of freshwater resources, the pollution of oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, reduction of the biological diversity arc but a few examples of the negative results brought about by modem economic growth.
Investigations have shown that ultraviolet radiation has a multitude of effects on man, animals, plants and materials, most of these effects are demaging. The ozone hole over the Antarctic region has been firmly established and the resulting increase of ultraviolet radiation has been confirmed by measurements.
Degradation of air quality will exacerbate problems related to human hoalth and welfare, will probably increase stress in the biosphere.
The oountry-side has also been affected by the large-scale use of insecticides. Many people are afraid that fnut and vegetables sprayed with chemicals may have poisonous effects upon the people who eat them.
Id areas polluted by refuse deposits, agriculture or mining, for example, the impact of pollution on ground water quality may be very pronounced.
Qevatcd concentration of heavy metals in ground water may affect drinking watar quality. Recently, however, more and more attention has been focussed on the problems of preserving the environment.
A mere rational use of energy andchanges in the pattern of energy consumption are efficient means for reducing emisaiews. Rivers fouled up with industrial chemical waste are now being cleaned.
Environment factors are taken into account m planning and developing human settlements «eluding tourism and its effects on the environment.
EirvtTo mental problema know of no frontiers. Economic growth must take into account the ■tlfere of present and future generationa.
At international and national levels the environmental consequences of economic policy decisions must be weighed and given their proper place in decision-making.
Senior Executive Robert, I happen to be in possession of an attractive vacancy announcement for a job at our Environment Division. As I know your qualifications, I was wondering whether you’d be interested.
Young employee Thank you, Mr. Spencer, it is very thoughtful of you. Much depends though on the details. What is it about?
Senior executive The division needs a programme officer with competence and skills in giving expert advice to our Board of Governors on the Company’s environmental policy.
Young employee As I know, I have an advanced university degree and some post-graduate experience in environmental matters, especially ecology, zoology, botany, agronomy and related sciences.
Senior executive This is what I thought but, Robert, there’s more to it. Apart from fluency in French, which is essential, working knowledge in Spanish or German is required.
Young employee That won’t be a problem. Sir. My French is all right and though my German, as my second foreign language, is getting a bit rusty, I could freshen it up in no time.
Senior executive 1 wurn you there’ll be a lot of work for you but if you come up to the expectations you may soon end up a promising junior executive.
Young employee I am not ufraid of work. Sir, and besides this is an excellent opportunity for me to put into practice the knowledge I acquired as a post-graduate trainee
Senior executive Very well, then. Give this offer serious consideration and in a couple of days let me hear about your final decision.
VOCABULARY
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
Answer the following questions using the additional words:
What measures are taken to limit and reduce air pollution ?
■ policies for combating the discharge of air pollutants
strategies for the control of major air pollutants
programmes for reducing sulphur and other noxious emissions
changes in energy consumption
updating anti-pollution legislation
economic incentives for non-polluting industries
major qualitative standards for air quality, fuel quality and emission limits
GRAMMAR
THE ADJECTIVE – DEGREES OF COMPARISON
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
What are the factors generating damage to environment? 2. What is the relation between technical progress and the quality of life? 3. What are the consequences of air pollution?
In what way has the country-side been affected? 5. What is the cfTcct of heavy metals concentration in ground water? 6. How can changes in the pattern of energy consumption help preserve the environment? 7. Why are planning of human settlements and the development of tourism important for preserving the environment? 8. Can you name a few international bodies concerned with environmental problems?
Give synonyms for:
impact, frontier, welfare, growth, opportunity, multitude, fundamental, final, to confimt. to focus, to weigh, to consider, to alter, to take into account, apart from, to be thoughtful.
Translute into Romanian and explain:
environmental protection
non-waste tcclmology and production
a wide-ranging study
decision-making
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
to, on, with, over, in, at, of upon, by.
I. Industrialization, the all-out exploitation of mineral and other resources, the intensification… agriculture have led … the degradation … the environment 2 Investigations have shown that ultraviolet radiation has a multitude … effects … man. animuls, plants and materials.
Degwidation… air quality will exacerbate problems related… human health and welfare
The ozone hole… the Antarctic region has been firmly established.
People arc afraid that fruit and vegetables sprayed … chemicals may have poisonous effects
lilcvatcd concentration … heavy metals … ground water may affect drinking water quality.
.. areas polluted … reftise deposits, the impact… pollution … ground water quality is very pronounced.
He has an advanced university degree and some post-graduate experience … environmental matters.
.. international and national levels the environmental consequences … economic policy must be given their proper place … decision-making.
V Fill in the blanks with articles:
.. quality of many people’s lives has deteriorated because of technological progress.
.. ozone hole over… Antarctic region has been established and … resulting increase of UV radiation has been confirmed. 3. Recently certain counter- measures against … destruction of… environment have been introduced. 4. Pollution control policies have both … direct and… indirect impact on employment. 5. Ultraviolet radiation has profound effects on … immune system particularly that of… skin. 6. Clean technologies may also provide for… reduction in investment costs. 7. In … number of countries energy policies include, or even focus on energy conservation. 8…. effects of UV radiation depend not only on… intensity and length of exposure to .. radiation but also on … quality of… radiation.
Ask as many questions as possible:
Clean technologies may also provide for a reduction in investment costs, mainly because of energy and raw material savings.
Add "over" to the words below and use them in sentences of your own: exposure, populate, sensitive, act, burden, charge, flow, cast, grow, come, do, night, seas, shadow.
Develop on these ideas:
The relationship between economic development and environmental impact was recognized at the first United Nation» Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm. 1972). It was also the focus of the work of the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, which was convened in 1987.
However, little was done to integrate, in practical terms, concerns for development and the environment in planning and decision-making. In December 1989, the United Nations General Assembly called for a conference that would take steps to reverse global environmental deterioration and establish the basis for a sustainable way of life as we move into the twenty-first century.
Select suitable adjectives for the following nouns:
environment – growth
pollution – atmosphere
– consumption – waste
– advanced
rapid – rational
healthy – considerable
X Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives: sad, gray, big, rich, lovely, heuvy, simple, mild, few, broad, hard, hot, yellow, serious, important, fresh, severe, powerful.
XL Use the adjectives in the brackets in the proper degrees of comparison:
1. Yesterday we had a very hot day, but today it is much (hot). 2. It isn’t any (cold) today than it was yesterday. 3. In spring flowers have (bright) colours. 4. In winter we have (low) temperatures. 5. Spring and autumn are (good) seasons in Bucharest. 6. Today we are (little) busy than usual. 7. In September we may have some of (lovely) autumn days. 8. This year we have (heavy) rains than usual. 9. Winters in Romania arc (severe) than in the southern parts of the continent. 10. Recently (much) attention has been given to the problems of environment. 11. Polluted atmosphere is (bad) in the intensely industrialized areas. 12. Economic growth must have in view (good) life for the present and future generations
Choose the correct form of adjectives given in brackets:
1. This is (newest, newer) residential distnet. 2. Mary is (younger, youngest) daughter of the two girls. 3. They decided that your composition is (best, better) of the two. 4. It was (worst, worse) example of all. 6. She is (tallest, taller) of the three sisters. 7.1 like tins part (best, better). 8. The (more, most) populated areas of the world are faced with serious problems generated by pollution. 9. It is (belter, best) to cpnsider the environmental factors in planning human settlements.
Mistress "You will cut and roll the luwn, weed the gravel path, pot some chrysanthemums, glen all those rose-bushes, clean out the greenhouse, and sec to the heating apparatus and…"
Wetv Gardner "Excuse me. madam, but this is a day’s work or a five-year plan?"
XIV. Translate:
1. Anul acesta am avut o iarnă mai aspră ca de obicei. 2. Noaptea trecută vântul a fost foarte puternic. 3. Toamna este tot atât de caldă ca primăvara. 4. Exercițiile sunt mai grele.
Știe tot atât de bine engleza ca toți colegii săi. 6. Astăzi a fost mai puțin cald ca icn
El rezolvă problemele cele mai grele. 8. Locuiesc în zona cea mai veche a orașului.
Este partea orașului cea mai bogată în monumente. 10. Se dă o importanță tot mai mare prevenirii degradării mediului înconjurător. 11. In prezent poluarea atmosferei este cu mult mai accentuată decât acum câțiva ani.
1. In ultimii treizeci de ani mediul înconjurător s-a deteriorat în marc parte datorită progresului tehnologic. 2. Dezvoltarea economică neîntreruptă a modificat radical relația dintre om și mediul înconjurător. 3. Cercetările au dovedit că expunerea excesivă la radiațiile ultraviolete are efecte dăunătoare asupra omului, animalelor, plantelor și materialelor. 4. în regiunile poluate de concentrări sporite de metale grele în apele freatice apa potabila este mult afectată. 5. Se iau măsuri pentru curățarea fluviilor infectate cu reziduuri industriale. 6. Specialiștii se preocupă de efectele negative asupra mediului legate de stratul de ozon din regiunea Antarcticei.
UNIT 48
LONDON
London, the capital of Great Britain, its political, administrative, economic, cultural and educational centre, occupies the site of a nucleus dating from pre-Roman times, stretching for nearly thirty miles from east to west.
The population of London with its suburbs is more than nine million.
Central London is mainly divided in four sections: the City, the Port, the East End and the West End. The City is the commercial and business centre of the United Kingdom. Within its square mile lie the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange. Lloyd's, the head offices of the principal banks and insurance companies, the Bankers’ Clearing House, the Head Quarters of the Port of London Authority.
London’s prime economic importance is ensured by its banking, commercial and financial activity, large scale industry – printing, clothing, food processing, paper, chemicals, furniture, electrical and mechanical, engineering, plastics, small scale specialized products. The most famous monument of the Middle Ages in the City are doubtlessly Saint Puul’s Cathedral with its Painters’ Comer and the Tower of London, a treasure of medieval architecture.
The Tower of London which was for centuries a fortress, a castle and a jail for political prisoners is today a barracks, an armoury and a museum.
Closely allied to the City, the Port of London has been extended and modernized to rank among the largest ports in the world.
The East End is the poorer section of London. It is mostly inhabited by workers and a large settlement of foreigners engaged in small businesses.
The West End is the fashionable residential district. In the West End we find Buckingham Palace, the royal residence, the Houses of Parliament (or Palace of Winstminster) with the great bell, commonly called Big Ben, and the beautiful Westminster Abbey with the Poets’ Comer.
Whitehall – the administrative centre of the United Kingdom and a synonym for government, as all government offices are situated here and the Broadcasting House (the
B.C.) arc also in the West End.
Nearby is No. 10, Downing Street, which for more than two centuries has been the official residence of the Prime Minister.
London is also famous for its art galleries and museums as the National Gallery housing the main European Schools of painting, the Tate Gallery’ exhibiting British painting, modem foreign painting and sculpture, and the British Museum with its famous library and one of the richest collections of antiquities in the world.
In the West End are also the largest cinemas and music halls, luxurious hotels and restaurants as well as large shops in Piccadiiy, Bond Street, Regent Street, Oxford Street, to mention only some of the busiest shopping centres.
London takes great pride in its parks and gardens. Hyde Park with its Speakers’ Comer, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park being among the best known so called "lungs of London".
Peter I finally arranged to go to London for a week. You have seen that city several times, Harry, what do you advise me to see first?
Harry The Guide Book will certainly tell you everything about it. Besides, it’s a matter of taste and special interest.
Peter Yes. I know. No doubt. I’ll go to sec the Tower. St. Paul's Cathedral, Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Westminster, Whitehall… Than what next?
Harry If you want to sec one of the best art museums and galleries in the world go and see the Tate Gallery and the National Gallery. Don’t miss the Wallace Collection, which is a gem in the way of fine arta.
Peter Do you think I'll have time enough to see other museums besides the British Museums and the Albert and Victoria Museum?
Harry Hardly. With luck and good organization you might just find a little time to have a glimpse of the Imperial War Museum.
Peter This is not much. I'm afraid.
Harry It's enough, considering the short time you’ll have at your disposal. But, after all, this is your first trip to London. It will open your appetite to come back some other time.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
1. If you are in a big city under what circumstances would you askT
Would you mind telling me the way to…?
Are there no trains tunning here?
Can you direct me to…?
Is this the right way to …?
Are we in the right bus for …?
Is it much of a walk?
Do 1 take this street or that?
Which is the quickest way to…?
Could you put me nght?
Wilt you find these answers helpful? State under what circumstances.
Turn to the left/right!
Go straight on!
Trolley busus. buses nin till… o’clock.
This way please!
Take the first turning to the right/left.
At the next crossroads turn to the left.
It is on the right hand side.
It’s just round the comer.
You are still someway off…
It's quite a distance.
Cross the street under the green light!
The red light is on.
Look out when crossing!
While in a big city why is it important to know something about: crossing; pedestrian crossing;
crossroads; crossroads with precedence;
roundabout; sign post;
traffic lights; rush hours?
GRAMMAR
THE ADJECTIVE – IRREGULAR DEGREES OF COMPARISON
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
1. Where is London located? 2. What is its population? 3. Which are the four sections of Central London? 4. What is the City of London famous for? 5. What is the Port of London7
What is the East End and who lives there? 7. What important buildings can be found in the West End? 8. What do you know about the cultural- artistic life of London? 9. Which are the best known shopping centres? 10. Why are Londoners proud of their parks?
//. Give synonyms for:
site, nearly, mainly, doubtless, commonly, famous, to stretch, to house, to take pride in.
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
within, in, for, of. by, with.
I. The City is the commercial and business centre of the United Kingdom. 2…. its square mile lie the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, Lloyd's and the head offices … the principal banks and insurance companies. 3. London's prime economic importance is ensured… its banking, commercial and financial activity. 4. The most famous monuments … the Middle Ages … the City are Saint Paul’s Cathedral… its Painters’ Comer and the Tower of London, a treasure … medieval architecture. 5. The East End is mostly inhabited … workers and a large settlement… foreigners engaged … small businesses. 6. London is also famous …its art galleries and museums. 7. No. 10, Downing Street has been the official residence … the Prime Minister … more than two centuries. 8. … the West End we find Buckingham Palace, the royal residence, the Houses … Parliament … the great bell, commonly called Big Ben and the beautiful Westminster Abbey … the Poets’ Comer.
Form words of the same root and state what part of speech they are: to divide, to doubt, to settle, commerce, centre, house, collection.
State the difference in meaning of:
stretcher
expcncc, expension extent, extension spreading
Insert articles wherever necessary:
.. Tower of Ixmdon which was for centuries … fortress … castle and …jail for political prisoners. 2…. West End is … poorer section of London. 3…. West End is … fashionable residential district. 4. No. 10, Downing Street has been for more than two centuries … official residence of… Prime Minister. 5. … National Gallery houses … main European Schools of painting. 6…. British Museum has one of… richest collections of antiquities in … world. 7…. Whitehall is… administrative centre of… United Kingdom.
Choose the correct adjectives:
my (older-elder) brother the (last-latest) news the (farthest-furthest) comer the (nearest-next) room the (oldest-eldest) street the (last-latest) exam
Use the proper degrees of comparison:
I. Mary is (old) John. 2. There no (many) twenty people present. 3. They said they could not walk any (far). 4. When did you meet him (late)? 5. He is waiting for you in (near) room. 6. The national art collection is (good) the European one. 7. His answer was (bad) mine. 8. It is (little) I can do. 9. She is going to give us (far) details. 10. He promised to join us (late). 11. The (near) house was built a year ago. 12. It was (bad) winter in years.
Have you nothing (far) to say? 14. That is of (little) importance of all.
Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of adjectives or adverbs in brackets:
1. (fast, good) the … you solve the problem the …. 2. (much, good) the … you read, the… your pronunciation. 3. (little, bad) the… she works, the …. 4. (good) You had… wTite the translation now. 5. (bad) if he doesn’t behave himself so much, the … for him. 6. (good) Did you notice that he speaks English… and…? 7. (little) She is… and… interested in doing this job. 8. (hard, good) the … she works the … her knowledge of English.
X Translate:
. 1. Cei mai mulți diotre noi sunt buni specialiști. 2. Astăzi am mai puțin timp. dar mâine voi trece să te văd. 3. S-au așezat în cel mai îndepărtat colț al camerei. 4. Cel mai mare dintre frați a hotărât să se facă doctor. 5. Dacă vii mai târziu mă găsești la bibliotecă. 6. Este ultimul său volum de versuri. 7. Am nevoie de material suplimentar ca să termin lucrarea.
Voi pleca în concediu nu mai târziu de 20 august. 9. Recent s-a publicat cel mai bun roman al său. 10. Această lucrare ai rezolvat-o mult mai bine. 11. în Londra sunt mai multe parcuri decât în alte orașe mari. 12. West End este cea mai bună zonă a Londrei.
Downing Street Nr. 10 este de peste două secole reședința primului ministru britanic.
în East End sunt mai puține locuri renumite decât în West End.
. Important încă din perioada saxonă, portul Londrei se întinde in prezent pe o suprafață de 25 mile dc-a lungul Tamisci, de la Tower Bridge până la Tilbury.
Principala importanță economică a Londrei decurge din rolul acesteia ca centru internațional bancar, comercial și financiar. în perioada ultimelor decenii marca industrie a fost mutată către periferia Capitalei și chiar mai departe. Printre industriile scoase din perimetrul orașului se numără cele din ramurile imprimeriei. îmbrăcăminții. prelucrăm alimentelor, hârtiei, produselor chimice, mobilei, ingineriei electrice și mecanice, plasticelor etc.
Londra ocupă de mult o poziție unică în viața națiunii britanice ca centru politic, administrativ și juridic, precum și ca centru educațional, artistic și cultural. Capitala Regatului Unit adăpostește numeroase instituții de cultură, știință și artă printre care British Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Tate Gallery și The National Gallery. De multe secole Londra a reprezentat principalul centru al vieții artistice britanice. William Shakespeare și-a prezentat o mare parte din tragediile și comediile sale pe scena vestitului teatm Globe din Londra.
UNIT 49
SPORTS
The word "sports" generally means any physical activity that people do for pleasure. There are two general types of spoits. There are games like (1 ^basket ball, football, or track and field, which arc played by trained athletes, and (2) any kind of physical activity, such as swimming, hunting, fishing. The earliest loiown record of a formal athletic event is that of the games held at Olympia, Greece., beginning in 776 B.C. Organized spoit is a rather recent (late nineteenth-century) development, but informal sports seem to have had a place in the history of the whole world.
Modem sports may be put into five groups: athletics, ball games, war games, work games and transportation games.
Athletics: includes all contests in which athletes match their skills in speed, jumping, and strength. Sports belonging to this group are: all events of track and field, wrestling, weightlifting, swiraming, diving, figure skating and speed skating. Europeans usually see the term
7 warned you I was no match for him…
Your wife's divorce lawyer is one of the best in the country."
"athletics" to mean track and field events only; in the U.S.A. the word is used to mean almost any physical activity that is also a sport.
Ball games: This term means any game or contest in which some kind of ball is used. These ball games arc: football, rugby, basketball, volleyball, baseball, bowling, tennis, golf, lacrosse and ice hockey.
War Games: Among spoils which originated in war like activities are boxing, fencing, and the target sports such as archery and shooting.
Work Games: arc not organized sports *nd.Jjiey are not popular everywhere. Rodeo, chopping, and log contests are popular in certain places in North America. Hunting and fishing are still common sports, more popular sports in many parts of the world. Transportation Sports: Among these are: auto-racing, horee-back riding, skiing, rowing, climbing and airplane racing.
George What would you say about sports in Romania?
Paul Today in Romania there is a vast network of sports clubs and association; giving everybody a chance to go in for his favourite sport
George Well, I suppose you have some most popular games which are practised in your country?
Paul Yes, we have. The most important sporting event in Romania is the National Games in which teams compete in more than 20 diferent sports, like football, volleyball, baseball, tennis, boxing, skiing, gymnastics, etc.
George Well, Great Britain is the originator of many sports. National sport is cricket and football, that is soccer or rugger.
Paul What about tennis, golf and horse-racing?
George Oh, yes. Tennis and golf arc played all the year round – on hard courts, or grass courts in summer. Horse-racing is one of the most popular sports.
Paul I’ve been told that there arc no winter sports in England.
George Well, you see, the English winter isn’t very severe, we don’t often have the chance of skiing, or tobogganing as you have. But winter is the great time for hunting in England.
Verbal volleys
Can you match each of the numbered characters with an appropriate caption from below: A "Hey, watch where you’re pushing."
B — "Ladies and gentlemen, will you be quiet please?"
C — "Strawberries and crea only £ 10.00 a punnet!”
D — "It certainly looks like racquet abuse to me!"
E — "You’re nicked for illegal trading, John!"
F — "What’s happening, 1 can’t sec a thing through these dark glasses!"
G — “Hang on. one of my contact lenses has come loose."
H — “Oops, sorry mate!"
I — "Come on, this is boring, let’s go and have a pint!"
J — "Here it comes, sucker, ready or not!"
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional words:
1. What are your favourite sports? cycling; mountaineering;
horse-racing; table-tennis;
lawn-tennis; basketball,
athletics;
What English sports do you know? cricket; fencing;
soccer; golf;
draughts;
callisthenics;
diving.
What is cricket?golf?
A game played in the grass courts, by two sides of eleven players each, with a ball lot and wickets.
A game in which a small haul rubber ball must be driven into each series of (0 or 18) holes by striking a golf-club. The play is played on golf-links.
Is there any difference between football and rugby?
Are track and field events included in Olympic Games?
What sports do you go in for? high-jumping; long jumping;
race-running; diving;
swimming; javeline throwing;
pole-vaulting; skiing;
weight-lifting; wrestling;
gymnastics; water polo.
Here are some sports terms for general use: giving up – abandon
drop out – (a) abandona sports – activitate sportivă opponent – adversar enter – a se afilia
sport announcement/sporter – afiș sportiv
heat for time/time trial – alergare contra cronometru
record breaking • ameliorare
sport-antagonist – antisportiv
coach/traincr – antrenor
engine/sport apparatus – aparat sportiv
refereeing – arbitraj
judge/rcferee/umpire – arbitru
warning – avertisment
qualifying standards – harem
placing/ranking – clasament
disqualify – a descalifica
cup – cupă
challenge cup – cupă transmisibilă
GRAMMAR
THE NUMERAL
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
1. What docs the word "sports" mean? 2. How can sports be divided? 3. When and where was the earliest record of an athletic event held? 4. What are the five groups of modem sports? 5. What does athletics include? 6. What do you mean by ball games? 7. What arc work games? 8. What is interesting or good about practising judo?
Say it in English:
joc sportiv. înot. vânătoare. activitate fizici, atletism, ridicarea greutății, patinaj artistic, tenis de masâ. tenis de cânți, patinaj viteză, căline, ski, canotaj, box, senină, tir
(live synonyms for:
type, informal, term; severe winter; all the year round; most populat; grass courts; chance; togo in for; originator; strength; to play an injust part in; catching, terrible, to join a club
Use "for", or "since" in the blank space:
1. That man has been fishing … three hours. 2.1 haven’t played football… 1970. 3. Those 300 athletes have been training … four weeks. 4. That game has been going on … two o’clock. 5. Those two boys have been wrestling … about 1/2 an hour. 6. Those children have been skiing… they were six years old 7. That man has been watching you practising judo… 7 o'clock.
Give an ordinal number for the following:
2; 5; 83; 16; 116; 2.200; 601; 28.
Read the following telephone numbers:
663 10 28; 613 78 46; 312 41 81; 633 10 74; 311 06 01
Fill in the gaps with the words missing:
everywhere, sports, still, with, fishing, to, pain, about, you.
I. Work games arc not organized … and they arc not popular. 2. Hunting and … arc … common sports in many parts of the world. 3. It's wonderful to mix … people who don’t talk … you about their work. 4. What don't you like … it 5. Judo also teaches … that… is not so terrible.
X Look at the table below and ask and answer questions as follows:
What number is in box la? – It's…
What number is in box 3b? – It’s …
11 – eleven
78 "seventy-eight 324 – three hundred and twenty-four 412 – four hundred and twelve 6,911 – six thousand, nine hundred and eleven 47,433 – forty seven thousand, four hundred and thirty-three 964,010 – nine hundred and sixty four thousand and ten
Ask and answer questions as in A above
48.5 – forty eight point five
201.05 = two hundred and one point 0 five (or. zero five)
2 1/2 » two and a half, 2 1/4 – two and a quarter 2 4/5“ two and four fifths
Ask and answer questions as in A & B above
Translate the following words and phrases and group them according to "lawn tennis", "baseball" and "football".
choice of service, choice of sides, foot-fault, judge, advantage, order of receiving, side line ball, basket ball coach, jump ball, run with the ball, long shoot, shoot for a goal, multiple free throw, goal-average, offensive player, free thrower, unguarded player, to clear the ball first game, first round, grip, request for time-out. linc-up/composition. volleyball team, passing touch, push, pattern of attack front court, scorer, shifting/switching soccer.
Finish with a smile:
Read and remember:
b) Tlic champion athlete in bed with a cold was told that he had a temperature. "How high is it. Doctor?" he asked.
"A hundred and one".
"What’s the world's record?"
Translate into English:
1. Am douăzeci de ani. locuiesc în București pe str. Toamnei la nr. 320. 2. Repetă de două ori ca să fii auzit. 3. Am jucat cel de-al patrulea meci de fotbal 4. Poți să numești 6 jocuri cu mingea? 5. M-am născut la 30 martie 1940.6. Se întorceau acasă doi câte doi.
Am cumpărat douăzeci de echipamente pentru gimnastică. 8. Am văzut acest film de trei ori. 9. Tot la două zile își cumpără 2 kg de portocale.
1. Ce manifestări sportive vor avea loc la sfârșitul acestei luni? 2. Sportivii români au obținut la marile întreceri sportive internaționale rezultate remarcabile la gimnastică, handbal, volei, tenis de câmp și tenis de masă. tir, lupte și alte ramuri sportive. 3. In România există o rețea largă de clubun de sport și de asociații sportive oferind o gamă variată dc activități sportive iubitorilor dc sport. 4. Mii de spectatori ovaționând (cheering) au inundat (to pour out) terenul dc fotbal când fluierul final a pus capăt mult așteptatului meci cu scorul de 2 – 2. în prima repriză Steaua a dat primul gol; după cincisprezece minute de luptă intensă unul dintre centrii înaintași (centre forward) a marcat chiar din interiorul cercului și a egalat. A fost un șut (shoot) superb în colțul din dreapta al porții (net), deși portarul a făcut un salt (leap) să pnndă balonul, dar în zadar.
— Ce faci sâmbătă?
Nu știu încă. Dc ce?
Joc tenis cu câțiva prieteni și mă întrebam dacă n-ai vrea să joci și tu.
Păi, nu știu. Am nevoie de șort pentru tenis și probabil pantofi pcntni tenis.
Nu. Nicidecum. Un trening e suficient (tracksuit).
Dar dc fapt ce vreți să faceți? Nu vreau să joc în competiție.
Nici vorbă, nu c nimic serios. După aceea o să luăm masa în oraș.
HINTS OF POSSIBLE
LEISURE TIME
RADIO and the miracle of the XX century. TELEVISION, arc widely spread in today’s world. You can hardly find a comer where one cannot receive radio or T.V. broadcasts. Hundreds of stations speaking in every language of the world fill the air with electromagnetic waves. Radio and television arc undoubtedly the most powerful and quickest means of spreading news and information. What changes, advantages or disadvantages have been brought into the world by radio and television? Loudspeakers of pnvatc radios and T.V. sets give additional noise to the rather noisy atmosphere of modern apartment houses. There are, certain rules to control "private" electronic noise. A person may not put a rape recorder, a radio-set or a cassette on the window sill of his fiai and play loud music entertaining the public in the street.
The wide spreading of portable radios, "transistors", brought to life new rules of etiquette and behaviour. You may not switch on your transistor in a tram or bus and make the passengers listen to what they most likely don't like. But, if you arc a television viewer you can spend week-ends watching T V. programmes. There arc. of course, a range of programmes to be seen. News broadcasts arc given at regular intervals, there arc both national and international panel discussions of current events; dramatic presentations operas, symphonies and ballets are scheduled at various times. Comedy and quiz shows arc seen, home economics programmes and serialized dramatic skits commonly known as "Soap operas" can be watched.
T.V. stations cany special programmes for children, folk music and telecast major sports events. It could be argued that the radio performs these services just as well but on television everything is much lively, and much more real. Many people say that television in itself is neither good nor bad but its value to society is determined by uses to which it is pvt. However, staying at home you can devote much of your leisure time to hobbies. Almost anything can be a hobby; to collect things such as: statuary, paintings, coins or books or even match-book covers.
Two weekends ago I went to an exhibition of computer's and computer software in the Fair Pavilion. One of the companies at the show ABB, have a particularly range of computers, and computer games, which I found rather impressive. For one thing, these new games are rather expensive; and besides, some computer games are rather silly really.
But reading at home or on leaves is apparently at an all time high. Francis Bacon (one of the greatest English philosophers) said in one of his essays: Reading serves for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Reading makes a full man. conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man writes little, he needs have a great memory; if he confers little he needs have a present wit; and if he reads little he needs have much cunning to seem to know that he does not."
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using additional words:
1. What are the following used for? Which of them have you got in your houses?
a radi«ywircless-sct,
a T V set a record player, a tape-recorder; single (
L P I ,K°'d‘;
a cassette recorder;
What wave-lengths has your wireless-set got? short
long waves:
medium
ultra-short waves;
VIIF (very high frequency).
List the activities under two headings:
What is wrong with your T V. set?
Hashing; it has atmospherics;
hissing; distorsion of the picture;
stripes on the screen; the pictures go blank.
Which of these TV. programmes do you consider programmes of general interest?
GRAMMAR
THE ADVERBS
I. ADVERB FORMATION
N.B Nu toate cuvintele terminate in -ly sunt adverbe, unele sunt și adjective: a yearly meeting a lonely man a friendly act a monthly paper
II. Comparison of Adverbs
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
I. What can you say of radio and TV as a means of spreading news? 2. Are there advantages and disadvantages of these mass-media? 3. What programmes does a TV station carry?
Are you in favour of radio or TV programmes? 5. What kind of pastime activities can you have at your place? 6. What is a hobby? 7. What does reading serve for? 8. What is Francis Bacon’s philosophy on reading? 9. How did you find the computers exhibition?
If. Give the adverbs from the following adjectives:
regular, common, special, good, live, valuable apparent, beautiful, nice, happy, gay. hard, near. laic, early, noisy, little.
///. Give synonyms for the following words:
pastime, hint, widely, lo broadcast, undoubtedly, powerful, quickest, to argue, to contradict, radio-set. etiquette, current events, statuary, wit, conference, leave.
Fill in the blanks with one of the required prepositions:
1. Reading serves … delight… ornament, and … ability. 2. Loudspeakers … private radios give additional noise … the rather noisy atmosphere … modern apartment houses. 3. You may not put a radio set… the window still… your flat and play loud music entertaining the public … the street. 4. You may not switch … your transistor… a tram or bus and make the passengers listen … what they don’t like.
Fill in the blanks with one of the adverbs in brackets:
I. Wc have not turned on the T.V. set (late, lately). 2. Fr was (late, lately) when we listened in the radio. 3. She always works (hard, hardly). 4. She could (hard, hardly) watch the children’s programme. 5. She turned the knob so (short, shortly) that it failed. 6. They will join us (short, shortly). 7. The T.V. programmes are (high, highly) interesting. 8. The bird was flying so (high, highly) that we could (hard, hardly) watch it.
Insert the adverbs in the right place:
I A person may put a tape-recorder to play loud music (often). 2.1 have been in China (never). 3. They try to arrive on time (always). 4. His arrival has surprised me (quite». 5. I watch TV in the evening (generally). 6. My friend has bought a new TV set (just). 7. She has a cup of coffee in the morning (usually).
Insert the adverbs in parentheses in the correct place:
1. Wc shall go (today, to the library, at five o'clock). 2. John read (at home, very much all day yesterday). 3. She played the violin (yesterday, wonderful, at the National Theatre).
My friend spoke to me (in the street, very kindly the day before yesterday).
VIII. a) Use either "too or not… enough " and the words given below
TV. programmes: idiomatic, understand books: long/rcad native speakers: slow/understand grammar points: contusing/leam vocabulary: important/look up exercises: inlercsting/enjoy
Write positive (+) or negative (-) ideas using list A and B with "rather", "quite" or "extremely".
interesting, easy, tiring, boring, difficult, useful, frustrating, time-consuming, worying, motivating, challenging, helpiul.
listening to tapes; writing compositions; learning vocabulary; reading newspapers; understanding films; talking on the phone; taking exams; writing letters; pronunciation practice.
Fill in the blanks with the proper construction for "cu cât., cu atât”:
The (much) we study, the (much) we know. The (much) we know, the (much) we forget. The (much) we forget, the (little) we know. The (little) we know, the (little) we forget. The (little) we forget, the (much) we know. So why study?
Try to render in English what you see in the pictures below:
Read and remember the following cogitations and puns, paying attention to the use of the adverbs:
He who laughs last laughs best, but he who laughs/7rsT secs the point.
People who have an hour to spare usually spend it with someone who hasn’t.
7W
A philosophy professor glanced coolly at one of his students: "Hotchkiss [hat jkis), he said hopelessly, can you tell me who wrote "Foundation of the Metaphysics of Ethics?" "Oh, professor", answered the student unhappilly, "I kant)." (Immanuel Kant).
"Well, good for you, Hotchkiss" said the professor. :That’s your first correct answer this year."
A11 What would you say if you liked, or disliked, a play, a book, a film, painting, a record or a concert? Make up two lists (+) positive and (-) negative and decide what is being discussed
I think it’s to go to the top.
I thought it was a bit repetitive actually.
The last movement was particularly good.
The first two chapters were rather boring.
1 didn’t think that she was right for the part she was playing.
I didn’t much like that scene in the park.
The use of colour was too lavishly and sometimes really exciting.
It was rather a lively perfonnance.
The characters were very true to life.
The landscapes were fantastic, I thought.
It was a terrible film, nowhere near as good as the first one.
A111 Divide this list of musical instruments into strings, brass keyboard and wind instruments.
accordion, trombone, violin, piano, clarinet, flute, cello, guitar, trumpet, organ, recorder, banjo, harmonica, saxophone, synthesizer.
Most people would rather stay at home and watch TV or video than go to the cinema. How far do you agree?
video encourages people to watch too many poor quality films
a cinema film is a public event and it has become expensive
TV easily becomes a habit
all recent films are available on video
video offers a wider choice
staying at home can be boring
you can eat and watch TV together
good cinemas may be far away
leaving the house can be difficult
a cinema film is more impressive
you can choose when you watch a TV film
Read through the newspaper TV guide below. Write the name of the programme, or the name of the channel.
BBC 1 BBC 2
TOP OF THE TOPS. With Rain
makers. Club Norveaux, Blow Monkeys and Terence Trent D'Arby.
EASTENDERS
TOMORROWS WORLD
A QUESTION OF SPORT Quiz
guests include Chicago Bear Walter Paton. Steve I lodge of Spurs, rowing star Stephen Redgrave
NINE O’CLOCK NEWS
LIFE WITHOUT GEORGE. Lowkey
romantic stitcom continues. With Simon Cadell, Carol Roylc.
QUESTION TIME. Sir Robin Day in
Derby. Guests: Rod Hackney and Sue Stapley.
DON’T BREAK YOUR HEART. How the heart works and how to avoid disease. Sir Robin Day describes how heart surgery has changed his life.
6.50 INTERNATIONAL PROCELEBRITY GOLF. With Kevin Keegan and Gary Player rambl ing around the bonny golfing greens of Scotland.
7.40 CALL MY BLAFF. With Patricia Hadge, Sheila Stcafcl, Robert Robinson referees the classic game work.
8.10 SUTTON HOO.> The Million Pound Grave 1965 documentary about discovery in 1939 of the wooden burial ship.
FOREIGN BODIES. Last in the Irish romantic sitcom.
WEATHER
XVI Finish with a smile:
XVII. Translate into English:
I. Vom sosi la ora 3.30 după amiază. 2. Îmi place foarte mull să citesc. 3. Iată cartea pe care ai dorit-o atât de mult. 4. Nu mă mai grăbeam deoarece era prea târziu (să prind telejurnalul). 5. Din fericire, aparatul de radio pe care l-a cumpărat nu s-a stricat niciodată.
Abia vedea ecranul televizorului atât era de obosii. 7. Mai mult ca probabil că va audia concertul transmis la televizor. 8. Ea întotdeauna vine prima și pleacă ultima.
1. Sunt spectacole de teatru pentru toate gusturile. 2. Unii preferă opera și baletul, alții preferă dramele sau comediile muzicale. 3. Găsim de asemenea programe de varietăți la teatre, restaurante, cluburi sau case de cultură. 4. Un program de varietăți se compune din numere variate: cântece, dansuri, scenete, pantomimă etc. 5. Asemenea reviste au un prezentator renumit care nu numai prezintă actorii publicului spectator dar își prezintă și propriul său număr de revistă. 6. Cuvintele "rock and roll" încă evocă (to conjure up) imaginea lui Elvis Presley în majoritatea minților oamenilor cu privirile sale pătrunzătoare și vocea lui joasă (black-sounding). Acela care nu numai că a schimbat cursul muzicii "pop" pcntiu totdeauna dar poate chiar a creat acea prăpastie dintre generații (generation gap). Pentru adulți el reprezintă moartea decenței și declinul civilizației; pentru adolescenți (teenagers) cu noua lor independență și simțul solidarității de grup Elvis a fost o figură centrală (figurehead), idolul lor. De la Elvis încoace rock-ul exprimă spiritul de revoltă (rebelious) și geamurile, ușile din camera copiilor au început să zdrăngăne când ei ascultă muzică. Acel tânăr Elvis Presley care și-a respectat tatăl și și-a adorat mama a creat cea mai mare ruptură (rift) dintre tineri și bătrâni, poate că acest lucru este cel mai mare paradox din viața sa.
UNIT 51
DEFINING THE MARKET
Market demand measurement calls for a clear understanding of the market involved. Tlic term market has acquired many meanings over the years. In its original meaning, a market was a physical place where buyers and sellers gathered to exchange goods and services. Medieval towns had market squares, where sellers brought their goods and buyers shopped for goods. Today's buying and selling occurs all over a city in what arc called shopping areas rather than markets.
To an economist, a market describes all the buyers and sellers who transact over some goods or services. The economist is interested in the structure, conduct and performance of each market.
To a marketer, a market is the set of all actual and potential buyers of a product. A market is the set of buyers and an industry in the set of sellers. The size of a market depends on the number of buyers who might exist for a particular market offer. Those who arc in the market for something haw three characterises: interest, income and access.
Let us apply this to the market of a particular product. The makers of that particular product must first estimate the number of consumers who have a potential interest in owning it. To do this, they could contact a random sample of consumers and ask the following question: "Do you have a strong interest in owning my product?" If one person out of ten said yes, the makers could assume that 10 percent of the total number of consumers would constitute the potential market for their produce. The potential market is the set of consumers who profess some level of interest in a particular product or service.
Consumer interest alone is not enough to define a certain market. Potential consumers must have enough income to afford the product. They must be able to answer yes to the following question: "Can you afford to buy the product?’. The higher the price, the fewer the number of people who can answer yes to this question. Thus, market size depends on both interest and income.
Access barriers further reduce market size. If producers do not distribute their products in certain remote areas because of high shipping costs, potential customers in those areas are not available as customers. The available market is the set of customers who have interest, income and access to a particular product or service.
For some market offers, the company might restrict sales to certain groups. A particular state might ban the sale of motorcycles to anyone under 18 years of age. The remaining adults make up the qualified available market – the set of consumers who have interest, income, access and qualifications for the product or service.
The company has now- the choice of pursuing the whole qualified available market or concentrating on selected segments The served market (also called the target market) is
ihc part of the qualified available market the company decides to pusue. The company, for example, may decide to concentrate its marketing and distribution efforts on Central and Eastern Europe.
The Comapny and its competitors will end up selling a certain number of their products in their served market. The penetrated market is the set of consumers who have already bought the goods.
These definitions of a market are a useful tool for marketing planning. If the company is not satisfied with current sales, it can consider a number of actions It can try to attract a larger percentage of buyers from its served market. It can expand to other available markets. It can lower its price to expand the size of the available market. Or it can try to expand the potential market by increasing its advertising to convert nonintcrested customers into interested customers.
(by telephone)
Company representative Hello, I’d like to talk to Mr. Stephens.
Broker Speaking. Who's calling, please?
Company representative It’s Simpson of General Mining Consolidated. I was wondering whether you could help me sort out a matter of immediate interest.
Broker Gladly. Mr. Simpson. What can 1 do for you?
Company representative We are currently considering expanding our business in South East Asia so I need some reliable information on the position of the stock market in the mining and ore processing fields.
Broker It depends, Mr. Simpson. Shares on the New York stock market are pretty stable while London has lately been registering an upward trend following a string of successful transaction in the mining business.
Company representative That’s an interesting piece of information. What about the Tokyo stock exchange market?
Broker The value of stock has slackened in the past few days but it is too early to anticipate their future course.
Company representative I'd be obliged if you found out what the position is in Tokyo, as it is closer to the region in which we propose to operate.
Broker I'll definitely contact my Tokyo counterparts for the latest figures concerning the supply and demand on the stock and capital markets and I'll come back to you with the answer.
Company representative That will be fine. Do it as quickly as possible for the transaction wc are envisaging cannot wait too long. Thank you for your co-operation ami be in
touch.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
While doing business in what particular circumstances do you refer to?
• domestic market – export market
• on-the-job supervision
When starting a business what are your priority concerns?
obtaining the plans at the lowest cost
ensuring that the facilities arc adequate to satisfy production requirements
ensuring that the facilities arc capable of expansion as sales potential increases
ensuring that the facilities arc of the latest, most modem and most economical design in construction
What does the long-term marketing plan cover:
supply and demand balance?
product and market development?
long term pricing strategy?
customer analysis?
type and level of advertising and promotion activities0
GRAMMAR
THE PASSIVE VOICE
Diateza pasivă sc formează cu timpul corespunzător al verbului auxiliar urmat de participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:
The exercises arc well written. – Exercițiile sunt bine scrise.
The books were bought by the library. – Cărțile au fost cumpărate de bibliotecă.
The senpt will be finished in a week. – Scenariul va fi terminat într-o săptămână.
Deseon propozițiile impersonale reflexive din limba română se traduc în limba engleză prin diateza pasivă:
An answer will be given at once. – Sc va da imediat un răspuns.
Muny new districts have been built in the last few years. – in ultimii ani s-au construit multe cartiere noi.
CHANGING FROM ACTIVE INTO PASSIVE VOICE
în limba engleză, spre deosebire de limba română nu numai verbele urmate de complement direct și indirect, ci și ccic urmate de complement prepozițional pot fi construite cu forma pasivă.
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
Whai was initially the meaning of a market?
Where does today’s buying and selling occur?
What is the meaning of a market to an economist and what is he interested in'»
What is a market to a marketer?
On what does the size of a market depend?
low can manufacturers estimate the potential consumers’ interest in their product?
What is a potential market?
How is the consumers’ income defining a market?
What is the difference between an available market and a qualified available market?
What do we understand by a potential market?
How can these definitions help a company in marketing planning?
//. Give synonyms for:
demand, conduct, size, target, actual, particular, remote, to gather, to occur, to estimate, to profess, to restrict, to expand, to call for, to make up.
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
over, of, for. by. to. on, in, from.
.. a marketer, a market is the set… all actual and potential buyers… a product. 448
The size … a market depends … the number … buyers who might exist… a particular market offer.
The potential market is the set … consumers who profess some level … interest … a particular product or service.
.. some market offers, the company might restrict sales … certain groups.
Definitions … a market are a useful tool… marketing planning.
A company can try to attract a larger percentage … buyers … its served market.
A company can lower its prices to exjtond the size… the available market or try to expand the potential market… increasing its advertising.
Form another words of the same root and state what part of speech they are: to measure, to mean, to exchange, to sell, to own, to assume, to profess, to distribute, to avail, to restrict, to plan, to attract, to increase, to advertise.
Explain in English:
transaction, consumer, market, exchange, income, shareholder, shopping area, potential customer, stock market, supply and demand.
Ask as many questions as possible:
The term market has acquired many meanings over the years.
The potential market is the set of consumers who profess some level of interest in a particular product or service.
Translate into Romanian paying attention to "for"; make sentences with "for" in all the meanings given below:
I. Consumers look for the best value for what they spend. 2. We intend to remain in this town for ten days. 3. He must look for a better job. 4. This hall is used for conferences and large receptions. 5. He left for the airport early in the morning. 6. Going there will be a change for the better. 7. He was taken for a senior executive. 8. This goods will be for sale next week. 9. But for their help wc shouldn't have found a client. 10. As for mc 1 don't think I shall be able to join your party.
Give adjectives corresponding to the following nouns:
nature, occasion, value, government, history, economy, post, person, success, decision, region, continent.
Give the Past Tense and the Future Tense Passive Voice of the following sentences:
1. Good health is ensured by a good diet. 2. The exercise is well translated. 3.Whcat is cultivated on large areas. 4.We are given the opportunity to attend the meeting. 5. She is asked to give an answer.
Use corresponding passive constructions:
I. Wc mcl the delegation at the airport. 2. They have built exellent hotels in the mountains.
You should give an answer. 4. They are building a new school in this district. 5. She had to repeat the mles once more. 6. Can’t you forgive her? 7. Wc shall not discuss this subject today. 8. 1 advise you to read this book. 9. They gave him details of how to get there.
A friend of mine has illustrated this book. 11. They provide a large range of services.
Supply and demand build up the price of goods and services. 13. Consumers, producers and government make economic decisions on a daily basis.
XL Replace the infinitive in brackets by the correct tense of the Passive Voice: 1. If you visit the exhibition you (to impress) by the variety of exhibits. 2. We (to advise) to spend the week-end here. 3. They (to accompany) by their friends. 4. She (to tell) to write the exercise again. 5. You (to give) all the necessary assistencc. 6. The factory (to build) recently. 7. You (to give) the opportunity to study a foreign language. 8. He (to interrupt) while he tried to explain. 9. This book (to refer to) often. 10. He (to ask) to give them a hand.
XFL Finish with a smile:
Translate:
I. Ni s-au spus multe lucruri interesante în legătură cu acest subiect. 2. Ni se vor da amănunte mai târziu. 3. Li s-a cerut să fie punctuali. 4. Construcția va fi terminată în două luni. 5. Li s-a spus să aștepte profesoral in clasă. 6. Ne vor comunica rezultatele până mâine după amiază. 7. Au fost întâmpinați cu entuziasm 8. Li se predă engleza. 9. Congresul se va ține luna viitoare. 10. Cărțile nc-au fost trimise prin poștă. 11. Știrile au fost transmise ieri. 12. Au fost sfătuiți să viziteze orașul. 13. Turiștilor le-au fost arătate monumentele istorice mai importante din Capitală. 14. Mărimea pieței a fost evaluată în funcție de numărul cumpărătorilor care se interesează de un anumit produs. 15. S-a menționat faptul că mărimea pieței depinde în egală măsură atât de veniturile consumatorilor cât și de interesele acestora pentru un produs. 16. Vânzările au-fost limitate la piețele din Europa Centrală și de Est. 17. Activitățile de comercializare și distribuire au fost extinse către alte piețe disponibile. 18. Campania de publicitate a fost intensificată pentru a conveni consumatori ncinteresați în consumatori interesați să achiziționeze produsele
UNIT 52
FACTORY PRODUCTION
Over two hundred years ago, Adam Smith brought in some ideas which were to bring about a world revolution. If we enjoy a high standard of living in modern society, we owe much to this Scotish economist and philosopher. If we enjoy driving in sleek motor cars, wearing fashionable shoes, we shound thank to the man who made it all possible.
Adam Smith’s idea was a disarmingly simple notion. He watched workers practising their craft of pin making. So Smith drew attention to the advantages which could be gained if various tasks were performed by different workers.
One worker can be responsible for stretching and cutting the metal, another for shaping, another for finishing it. He described the technique as the Division of Labour.
Smith convinced the world that specialisation could solve the problems of poverty and want.
Everywhere, factories producing large numbers of more or less identical units are in continuous production. What were called mass-production lines yesterday are called robotic production lines today.
Inventiveness is by no means the only skill needed to develop industry today. Industry needs designers and engineers to turn ideas into practical projects, skilled workers and technicians to produce goods, marketers to Find out where the markets for those goods are and traders to sell them. Above all, more and more investment is needed to keep the country’s industrial production up with the changing times.
A steel mill, with its blast furnaces and chimneys, with white and hot fires, is a spectacular sight, so is an oil refinery, with its miles of different coloured pipes. But more typical of industry in general, is an automobile factory. In making cars, the assembly line technique has been carried to its extreme.
In the assembly line, the product that is being manufactured moves, but the worker stays in the same places. Fie has one job to do and he does it as each piece comes to him.
The factory concentrates all technological processes in a monoblock hall and organizes the continuous technological fows. The heart of the factory is the executive section – the offices Here one can find the administrative services such as the personnel and the sales department. There are also design and engineering sections, where plans for next year’s cars arc worked out and where mechanical improvements arc developed. The works is fitted out with the test track, materials -storehouse, and everything that is required to turn out quality cars at world level.
There arc several assembly lines: on the main one. the chassis.of the car is put together. Then, the body of the car is stamped out of sheets of steel. The body is painted and then the two assembly lines come together. The body is lowered onto the chassis and fitted to it. The automobile continues down the line and at the same time – the chromium decoration, the door handles, and so on – is put on.
Meanwhile, in another pan of the factory, the engine is being put together on another assembly line. The central pan of the engine is called the block, and the various other parts of the engine are fitted to it. When the engine has been completed its assembly lines join the line where the chassis and the body have been fined together. After final adjustments have been made, the car will be rolled off the end of the assembly line to a parking lot where it awaits shipment to the dealer who will sell it to the customer.
Mr. P, I hope you have enjoyed your visit round the works and I'm sure you’ve got lots of questions.
Mr. H. Yes, 1 think I have a fairly good idea of what goes on by now in your factory, so we can talk a bit about these things.
Mr. P. We'd better go back to the staff hall where you are to meet our works manager Mr.
B. and Mr. D. – our personnel manager.
Mr. B. Wc arc glad to meet you, Mr. H. We are ready to hear your questions, if there arc
any. .
Mr. H. Well, how do you decide when it's time to discontinue production of a particular model of car and launch a new one to replace it?
Mr. B. Some models seem to go on and on. It's just a question of demand really. As to new models, it depends on new developments in the design field, in technology, the general financial situation and so on. Then there’re the unpredictable demands of fashion on the market…
Mr. H. What particularly interests me is your new experimental shop. Do you find that production is as efficient there as on the normal production line?
Mr. B. Well, that’s an interesting one. It appears to give greater job satisfaction all round. As to the economics of the thing we’ll just have to wait and see.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the questions:
1. What are the merits of a quality car?
comfort;
all-round performance;
safely.
detail refinement and ease of servicing.
What's so special about this new and elegant motoring package?
firstly it is a Dacia – a name that carries prestige;
it is assembled in a purpose built factory where quality control is rigidly enforced;
it is a 5-scatcr;
it is convertible to a 2-seatcr;
it has a high built-in safety factor,
it has most comprehensive rust-inhibiting system for longer body life.
Describe a motor-car (exterior):
4 Describe a motor-car (interior):
steering wheel; clutch;
accelerator pedal; gear level; windscreen wiper; ignition;
Your task
Complete the folo wing list of advantages and disadvantages for the manufacturer for each of the methods ofproduction.
GRAMMAR
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Dependența timpului verbului din propoziția secundară de timpul verbului din principală se numește "concordanța timpurilor" (The Sequence of Tenses).
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
I. Why is the name of Adam Smith remembered? 2. What technique was he responsible for introducing? 3. We owe Adam Smith a great deal. Do you agree? What are your views? How does large – scale production cause unemployment? 4. What skill is needed to develop industry today? 5. What does a modem industry need to turn ideas into practical projects?
What kind of factory is more typical of industry in general? 7. What technique is used
in making automobiles? 8. What is the heart of a factory? 9. What administrative services do you know in a factory? 10. What does design section do and what does engineering section do? 11. What is put together on the first, on the second and on the following assembly lines? 12. What happens at the end of the assembly line?
//. Give synonyms for:
to put together, automobile, works, production, talent, automobile factory, to concentrate, personnel, to work out, to fit up with, experimental shop, it appears, we are glad, personnel manager, to wait, engagement, storehouse, shipment, dealer, customer
Fill in with prepositions and adverbs chosing them from below:
1. The engine is being put… another assembly line. 2. The central pan… the engine is called the block. 3. The car can be rolled … the end … the assembly line … a parking place. 4. It awaits shipment… the dealer who will sell it… the customer. 5. Some models seem lo go … and on. 6. Then there’s the unpredictable demands … fashion … the market. 7. Do you find that production is … efficient the normal production line?
Comprehensive exercise:
They were to visit a car factory. This means
they visit a car factory
they wanted to visit a car factory
a visit to a car factory has been arranged for them
John had
visited a number of car factories before
never visited a car factory
had already seen enough car factories
John phoned his firm in Bucharest
as soon as he arrived in Bucharest
before he left London
after the couch had left
The young management trainer
was on the same course as John.
was called John Phillis.
had studied the same subjects as Bill.
For each of the following words you are asked to provide a synonym and another word which is the opposite in meaning:
Choose the correct verb construction and state your own reason:
I. They (have bcen/had been) looking forward to seeing the automobile factory for a long time when they finally had a good visit round the works. 2. Meanwhile, the engine (is being/was being) put together on another assembly line. 3. After final adjustments (have becnOiad been) made the car can be rolled off the end of the line. 4. When the car on the test truck started they (have becomc/had become very excited. 5. If a ear starts at 8 a.m. and travels at an average speed of two miles an hour, how far (will it have travcllcd/will it travel) by noon? 6. How long (will you have lived/will you live) on camps by the end of summer session? 7. He (had been driving/has driven) the car for 8 hours when Jack saw him. 8. Dan (has lived/had lived) near the factory since father worked there. 9. She (has been living/had lived) here for three months.
Change the following sentences to Past Tense paying attention to the rules of the sequence of tenses:
Model: She wants to know what is he putting together.
She wanted to know what he was putting together.
1. rhey say they will discontinue the production of this car. 2. I don’t know what is the effficnmcy of the new department. 3.1 am afraid 1 have lost the entrance card. 4. She thinks she will finish her woik in ten minutes 5. They say the manager may visit their section.
When do you think you will manufacture this new product? 7. They don’t believe everything he tells them. 8. We suppose the monoblock hall concentrates all technological processes. 9. They arc thinking what a pleasure it will be to go to a visit round the automobile works. 10. Everybody is sure that after his return from England he will speak English fluently.
IX. Choose the right tense and the right rime:
1. He said he'd • opened the door.
• open
She said they'd • given her some money. • give
He said he'd met John • before that night.
• the night before.
She said she’d had a holiday • on a Monday.
• on the Monday.
He said he’d • wait at the office.
. • waited
He said she’d • learnt a lot of English
• learn
He said he'd spent too much money • a week before.
• the
He said he’d been out • that evening.
• in the evening.
He said • I’d have a bath • that Thursday.
• I’ll have • this
Change the following sentences to the negative:
Example: The motor-works turns out a lot of cars.
The motor-works doesn’t turn out a lot of cars.
1. It was a long way from the storehouse to the engineering section. 2. They made a lot of fittings there. 3 They developed a great deal of new technologies. 4. You could find there the administrative services. 5. They stamped the body of the car out of sheets of steel.
The car was rolled off the end of the assembly line.
XL Read and retell in the past the following:
"Why don’t you marry her?"
"She has a slight impediment in her speech"
"How sad What is it?"
"She can't say «yes»!"
Mackpherson [mick'faisn] being drunk falls down a staircase from top to bottom. He has a bottles of whisky in his pocket and unfortunately it breaks. Mackpherson finding the liquid on his hand is heard quickly to exclaim to himself, "I hope it’s blood"!
Translate into English:
a) I. Unde este fabrica de autoturisme? 2. Mt-a spus că noua secție bloc motor va fi dată în funcțiune anul acesta. 3. După ce motorul va fi terminat, linia sa de asamblare va întâlni linia de montare a șasiului. 4. Mi-a plăcut această secție mai mult decât mă așteptam. 5. Directorul dc producție a spus că in ceea ce privește eficiența noii secții va trebui să așteptăm și să vedem. 6. Suntem gata să răspundem la toate întrebările pe care ni le veți pune. 7. Eram sigur că acolo o să-l întâlnesc pe directorul serviciului personal. 8. Această
mașină sc impune prin calitățile sale tehnice ca un autoturism de performantă, cu o linie foarte modernă, siguranță in pilotaj, economic in consumul de carburant. 9. Are o vizibilitate perfectă, fiind echipată cu un parbriz panoramic. 10. Motorul în 4 timpi satisface exigențele oricărui automobilist. 11.0 fabncâ de autoturisme este un loc enorm, secția de bază a fabricii este secția de execuție care concentrează toate procesele tehnologice ale produsului finit.
b) Adam Smith a descris "diviziunea muncii" ca o tehnică, prin care muncitorii execută cicluri de muncă foarte scurte repetând aceleași activități (actions) din nou și din nou. Cate a fost rezultatul? Revoluția industrială. Specializarea a devenit cuvântul de ordine al zilei. Productivitatea a crescut la un nivel (degree) incredibil. Trenurile și calea ferată s-au răspândit ca o pânză de păianjen (spider’s web) în întreaga lume deschizând calea marilor continente ale Americii, Asiei. Africii și Australiei.
UNIT 53
ABOUT PRESS
It is almost impossible to imagine a modern society functioning normally without press, in spite of the rapid development of radio and television. THE NEWSPAPER remains a powerful means of spreading news and information. According to UNESCO, about 520 million newspaper copies of about 10,000 newspaper titles arc published in the world every day.
Publishing news is not the only purpose of the press.
There are many other purposes which can be and are achieved by press. Newspapers impart information on politics, finance and economics, on arts and theatre, science technology and culture, they specialize in commercial news, industrial advertising, they carry law reports, TV and radio programmes, the weather, etc. Newspapers differ from country to countiy. Apart from the ideological difference (that is self-understood), there is also a certain difference in the way they are made up (designed). Any newspaper has an issue, a certain circulation, it is printed under a tendency (climate), it bears a mono and a title.
The Romanians arc great readers of newspapers, magazines, revues and journals. There are few homes to which at least one paper is not delivered every morning. Many households have two. even three newspapers every day. There arc daily paper* that arc published daily from Monday to Saturday. There arc weekly and monthly papers There are quality papers for those who want to know about the important developments everywhere, both domestic news and foreign news – they give more comprehensive coverage of all aspects of news. There are popular newspapers for those who prefer entertainments to information, they have a more general readership.
In addition to Bucharest dailies there are other papers published in the country. The provincial newspapers give full attention both to local and national affairs. There are newspapers specially designed for the younger generation, for teen agers and children.
Claire I’v been in England for nearly three months and still don’t know which British paper to buy. Which d'you recommend?
John Well, 1 get The Times and our local newspaper which I read pretty thoroughly.
Claire Doesn’t that take up a lot of your time?
John Well, no because 1 only read those sections that interest me.
Claire Like what?
John Front page news and headlines, the leading article, home and overseas news, and the sections on the arts and entertainments. Sometimes 1 do the crossword as well.
Claire I’v looked at The Times but 1 think it's too "highbrow" for me! Which paper d'you think would suit me?
John It depends what you want. The Times and The Guardian are more serious papers. If you want something more sensational and gossipy, you can get The Daily Mail or The Daily Express.
Claire What about Sunday papers?
John If you want highbrow as you’d call it, you’ve got The Sunday Times and The Observer; if you want light entertainment and social gossip, then you get The Sunday Mirror, The News of the World.
Claire is there nothing half-way between these?
John Try The Sunday Telegraph.
Til make a deal. Tell me where you hid the sale ads and I 'll tell you where I hid the sports section."
VOCABULARY
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
What are the functions of a newspaper? List them as to their importance
to instruct by means of its articles; to inform as accurately as posible; to report on current/world affairs; to catpr for different tastes; to report news impartially; to entertain by various means.
Where is this arliclc/repor/accountprinted?
on the from page; on page 12;
I wonder whether you have read? the detailed account of the incident;
What can you find printed in the Daily Mirror?
article; editorial;
What are the people engaged in printing a newspaper? correpondent; reporter (bews’ man);
GRAMMAR
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Vorbirea altei persoane poate fi reprodusă de vorbitor în două moduri:
sub forma unui citat – vorbire directă;
sub forma unei propoziții subordonate direct unui verb – vorbire indirectă. Se aplică următoarele reguli:
se introduce conjuncția "that'-,
pronumele personale, posesive, reflexive precum și adjectivele posesive sunt înlocuite cu formele corespunzătoare pronumelui personal pers. a 2-a și a 3-a după sens;
timpul verbului din propoziția secundară depinde de timpul verbului din propoziția principală (vezi corespondența timpurilor);
dacă verbul din propoziția principală este la un timp trecut aqdvcrbclc de loc. timp. cât și pronumele demonstrativ se schimbă după cum urmează:
now – then ago – before
today – that day yesterday – the day before
tomorrow – the next day
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
1. Are you a great reader of periodical press? 2. What kind of newspapers do you know? 3. What sort of articles can a newspaper carry? 4. What do you mean by the design of a newspaper? 5. Do you know any specialized Romanian newspapers? 6. Why do you read newspapers? 7. What are the various parts of a newspaper? 8. What is the editorial of today's newspaper about? 9. In what order do you read a paper? 10. What kind of British newspapers do you know? Say something about them.
//. Give synonyms for:
to imagine, to function, despite, aim. to give information, to make up a newspaper, to send, home news, reliable news, ample, average, moreover.
Agree to your partner’s statemant in the way shown below:
Model: – The article about which you told me was published in the October issue
of the magazine.
– That's right: the article I told you about was published in the October issue.
The man with whom you were talking is the diplomatic correspondent of The Times
The daily to which I usually subscribe is a well informed paper carrying reliable news.
The news in which this weekly specializes is finance and economics. 4. The publishing house in which he works is not far from his residential district. 5. The magazine for which you wrote has increased its circulation.
Fill in the blanks with articles and comment on the text:
What do you think… news is?
It is not just … empty question. What is printed and what is not, usually depends on … publishers' concept of news.
There's a well-known joke circulating among … publishers, which exactly defines their ideas of news: "If… dog bites …man, that's not news; but if… man bites … a dog, that’s news." In other words, news must be something unusual, unexpected, sensational. Therefore … accurate description of what is happening in the world, in these publishers’ view arc not news.
What is your point of view?
Use the following sentences in indirect speech and the necessary changes:
1. He says: "The headline is usually placed on the top of an article." 2. John said: "A person can subscribe to more than one paper." 3. My editor asked me: "What is your point of view?" 4. The press correspondent inquired with a reader: "Does news of finance and economics interest you?" 5. The students asked me: "Is it true that newspapers receive information only from their press correspondents?" 6. Mary told me: "That news is
Two
generally printed on the front page!" 7. Helen told me: "Come and read the new editorial!"
He said: "1 want to show you the advertisements already printed." 9. He asked: .Does the size of a newspaper depend on the quantity of news dispatched and letters it receives?"
Change the following front indirect speech into direct speech:
Model: He asked me how thick a daily paper can be.
He asked: "How thick a daily paper can be?"
1. He wanted to know how many pages a daily consisted of. 2. He inquired if papers printed adds. 3. He asked me what 1 was thinking of the newspaper tradition. 4. He told me that the newspaper design could influence the quality of a paper. 5. We were asked whether there was any role of photographs and pictures in making the newspaper more lively.
Ask questions and give answers, using the Infinitive phrases given below:
– What have you been doing all the time?
these two hours?
since nine o’clock?
since early morning?
since 1 left?
-1 have been reading "The Observer" (all this time).
to wait for the editor,
to translate an article from English;
to look through the fresh issue of the review;
to type the account of the incident;
to read the Financial Times.
Supply the suitable words:
A person who sends news, articles, reports, etc. to a newspaper,
who looks through the manuscript of an article, corrects it, suggests, changes and prepares it for printing' who sets up type for printing, who buys a newspaper, a magazine, etc. regularly,
who is engaged in publishing, editing or working for a newspaper,
IX Change the sentences using the verbs: to print, to carry or to contain.
Model: – There is always a lot of home news in the paper.
– This paper prints (carries, contains) a lot of home news.
I. One can find a great deal of sporting news in this daily. 2. You will never see
advertisments in "The Observer3. The news of this sort is never found in a specialized newspaper. 4. Are there any book reviews in the latest issue of România literari?
X Reading practice:
Read, translate and comment on the text:
What we are
Teenagers, of course, dress outrageously. They listen to pop music and sometimes break the law. People not given to these habits may fail to see the value of this most pure and well beloved lifestyle, or they may even start whining about haircuts, national service and life in "their day".
Clothes and haircuts are traditional bones of convention between generations. This clash was never fiercer then when boys and girls started dyeing their hair in bright colours. Many teenagers take massive care over their appearance. This is a good thing. Anyone who remerbers being treated like an idiot for half his or her waking hours, for no better reason than being at a difficult age, will understand the sweet satisfaction of a secret language, a private land into which no parent or policeman will ever intrude. There is such an abundance of music for youth available today that it is wrong to lump it all together under the heading of "pop music". Whatever you want you can get it: sweet sounds for lovers; tribal rhythms made for feet, sad songs for sensitive people. Music like rockability and soul, heavy metal jazz funk rock and reggae. The nation shakes beneath a thousand separate rhythms, from clubs and pubs, parties and town halls. The question "Has any of this music lasting merit?" is surely missing the point. We like it. There is no doubt a lot of teenage fun involves breaking the law. Some laws plead to be broken, for example that law which forbids a 17-year-old mother of two to accompany her 18-year-old husband into an X-rated film. Also fbrbiddcn to the underage arc smoking, drinking, driving, visiting the night clubs, and … – all of which make life sweet and mysterious.
This might all seem a little enthusiastic… Have no fear teenage agony is alive and thriving; we still suffer from pimples, freckles, patronage and frustration But from where we stand, today’s teenagers are more lively, bright, colourful and energetic than any before them.
(John Hondcrich – "The Guardian")
FUN QUIZ
KILL IN THE BLANKS — IT’S EASY AS TWO. THREE!
Many things come in threes – see how many well-known triplets you can remember in this fun quiz. Just fill in the blank for each set:
, Romans, country-men
, dark and handsome
, women and song
, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
, baker and candlestick maker
.and snails and puppy dog tails
. Topeka and Santa Fe
, book and candle
. line and sinker
.stock and barrel
ANSWERS: 1) Winken; 2) Red; 3) Flopsy; 4) Fnends; 5) Tall; 6) Wine; 7) Healthy; 8) Nina; 9) Fair, 10) Hart. 11) Stop; 12) Thinker; 13) Animal; 14) Life; 15) Butcher, 16) Snakes; 17) Alchinson; 18) Bell; 19) Hook; 20) Lock.
One woman to another about her husband: "He is a legend in his own mind."
% or ’per cent’ is pronounced p’cent
Example – What percentage of greens ?
– Which quality paper is read by the greatest percentage of green activists?
XU. Translate into English:
1. L-am auzit spunându-i prietenului său: "Voi citi săptămânal un articol în limba engleză." 2. Am fost întrebați: "Cât timp ne va trebui ca să completăm toate aceste formulare?" 3. Mi s-a răspuns: "Majoritatea angajaților noștri sunt abonați la cel puțin un cotidian și un săptămânal." 4. Vroia să știe dacă mai lucrez la editura revistei. S. L-am întrebat ce diferență există între un ziar național și unul local. 6. S-a oferit să-mi traducă știrile din ziarul de pe masă. 7. El spunea că orice ziar poate conține un articol de fond, articole de critică literară, comentarii, știri sportive, evenimente politice, știri economice și comerciale, cuvinte încrucișate și buletinul meteorologic, mica publicitate, etc.
1. Se știe că (it is common knowledge) ziarele și-au dezvoltat propriul lor limbaj și stil.
Deși unii spun că limbajul ziaristic nu are nimic specific, totuși poți întâlni (to come across) aproape toate stilurile existente intr-o limbă. 3. Are "design"-ul vreo influență asupra calității unui ziar? 4. Sunt cititorii indiferenți față de felul cum este alcătuit un ziar?
Ce credeți despre rolul fotografiilor și al pozelor? Este zjarul mai atractiv, mai viu?
Fleet Street furnizează toate cotidienele britanice. Se află pe malul de nord al Tamisei aproape de instituții britanice ca: Banca Angliei. Bursa, Parlamentul și JVibunalul. Fleet Street are astfel o poziție excelentă pentru a observa (to keep an eye on) tot ceea ce se întâmplă. De fapt Fleet Street a devenit un termen cam larg astăzi. Astăzi ziarul de scandal "Daily Express" și un altul ceva mai serios, Daily Telegraph, se mai publică în Fleet Street. Toate celelalte ziare se publică pe străzile laterale, dar sc numesc ziare Fleet Street, deoarece termenul a ajuns să definească casa londoneză a tuturor ziarelor naționale.
l'inish with a smite:
ATI
UNIT 54
BUSINESS MEETINGS
Any business meeting can be ruled by its own "standing orders", unwritten regulations and customs. The "rules of procedure" have been designed to enable only official gathering to be effective and legally correct.
The chair (or the chairman) presides the meeting. His main function is to conduct the meeting taking decisions on particular problems of the proceedings. He opens the meeting, he announces what the business is. gives to the participants the permission to speak, calls for a vote on a motion, announces the results of a vote, and generally preserves order. All speeches or remarks of those present are addressed to the chair.
The relator (raporteur)’s duty is to provide the required explanation. The secretary's duty is making minutes.
A committee normally comprises between three and twenty members.
It is headed by a chairperson who has the power to control the discussion.
He (she) will be expected to identify the problem for the committee members, consider the available facts with them and encourage them to express their views.
The use of a committee in business can be advocated whenever the nonnal chain of command is inappropriate. The committee allows people from different departments and specialists to come together to deal with problems of common concern.
The committee is essentially a communication device.
The problem in a large organization is to ensure a two-way flow of instructions (downwards) and feedback (upwards). It is often possible for a management to delegate the responsibility for making decisions to committees, though it is important to remember that the Board of Directors is also a committee and functions accordingly. Minutes arc kept of the decisions taken at the meetings which become a record of the business transacted and the decisions reached. The secretary’s duty is taking minutes. The proceedings follow the order set out in the agenda which is distributed to the members before the meeting. Under no circumstances can voting take place unless a quorum (a minimum number of members) is present. A motion (or a resolution) is the term used to describe the point in the meeting when a decision is being considered.
If one of the members makes a proposition then he will need to find a seconder – someone who supports it. The wording of the resolution is very important as the committee will be bound by it if more than half of the members present vote in favour.
Another form of meeting used in business is "a command meeting". The manager calls his subordinates together and uses this occasion either to tell them what he wants from them
or listen and exchange ideas with them. Some managers have such meetings on a regular basis ensuring that their trams are kept fully informed.
The manager can use the time of such meetings to tell ideas to his team, seek their aid in finding solutions to problems or simply inform and instruct them. .
The purpose of any meeting consists in exchanging opinions and views on the matter discussed and adopting decision. Most resolutions are voted by a mere show of hands and considered adopted if a bare majority of members arc in favour of it. For more important decisions the so-called "constitutional majority" is necessary, amounting to two-thirds of the members of the assembly.
Speakers are to keep to the point. They should not abuse the attention of the listeners and they must confine themselves to the time-limit stated by the meeting at the beginning of its work. Some members, however, neglect these rules. They take the floor on every item of the agenda and speak endlessly. They believe all they say is instructive and interesting to everybody. The chairman must insist that the speaker keep to the questions and not wander into other matters. If the president’s advice is not followed, he may cut the speaker short or lake the floor from him.
"Mr. Chairman, as my train leaves in ten minutes, I propose we accept the amendment."
Wherever a small or large group of people is gathered for discussions and decision, system and order is required. All the regulations and rules of procedure must be strictly observed, otherwise there is more confusion than accomplishment.
A What day is the opening of the Public Offers Seminar scheduled for?
B I haven’t seen the notice but 1 think they won’t be able to convene the participants earlier than tomon-ow fortnight.
A They say the whole conference will be held in plenary sessions.
B No, I don't think so. It woulid be impossible with so many reports for discussion. There will also be sittings of two or three specialized committees.
A What is the programme of the first committee?
B They seem to open at 10.00 a.m. with the "Structure of the Offers".
A By the way. do you know who is the speaker who is going to deliver his presentation B Somebody from the AVM. I guess. But let's go to the registration desk and get a programme.
meeting (’mi.tig) s. – ședință to summon ['s/unan] v. – a convoca to gather (’gccdaj v. – a aduna, a strânge to convene (kan’vi:nj v. – a convoca symposium [sira’pouziamj s. – simpozion to rule [ru:l] v. – a conduce
to conduct fkan’dAktJ v. – a conduce
effective [i'fekiiv) adj. – eficient
to preside [pri’zaid) v. – a prezida
chair [t/£a] s. – (amcr.) președintele unci adunări
chairman [’t/eaman] s. – președinte
proceedings fpra'siidiijz] s. – iucrănlc unei conferințe motion ['moujan) s. – moțiune, propunere to move [mu:vj v. – (aici) a propune to confine [kan’fain] v. – a sc limita la agenda [a’dgcnda] s. – ordinea de zi accomplishment [o'k-Mnplifmant] s. – împlinire, realizare
to head |bed) v. • a conduce chairperson [t'Jcopa:snl s. – președinte committee [ka*mi:ti:J s. – comitet to expect [ik'spekt] v. – a se aștepta la available [a’vcilobl] adj. – disponibil, existent
to encourage |cn’kArid3] v. – a încuraja view [vju:] s. – părere, punct de vedere to advocate [acdva'kcit] v. – a susține (aici)
inappropriate (ina'prqapri'eit| adj. – nccorcspunzâtor department (di’paitmant) s. – serviciu, secție
specialismjspcja’lizm] s. – subsccțic, specialitate concern [kan'sain] s. – preocupare;
îngrijorare device [di’vais] s. – procedeu to ensure (en'Jua] v. – a asigura flow [flou) s. – flux
feedback [fiidbeck] s. – reacție, răspuns to delegate [’dcle’geitj v. – a delega
accordingly [a'koidiijli) adv – in consecință
minutes [’minitz] s. – proccs-verbnl
record frekod] s. – dată înregistrată
to transact ftra:n*za*kt| v. – a tranzacta
seconder [’sekanda] s. – persoană care susține/sprijină
wording (’waidiij] s. – redactare Board of Directors – Consiliu dc administrație to make a decision – a decide, a lua o decizie
to reach a decision • a ajunge la o decizie the order set out – ordinea stabilită on a regular basis – în mod regulat; la date fixe
to exchange ideas – a face schimb dc idei to call together – a aduna/a strânge standing order – ordine permanentă rules of procedure – reguli de procedură to take a decision – a lua o hotărâre to call for a vote – a cere votarea to take minutes – a face un proces verbal to call the meeting to order • a chema la ordine, a începe ședința to exchange opinions – a schimba opinii a bare majority – o majoritate ncinsem- rută. slabă to take the floor – a lua cuvântul
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional words:
4) What rules of procedure do you practise at a meeting? to keep the minutes; to read out the minutes;
to listen to the point of order, to read out the draft resolution;
to submit questions in writing; to open the meeting
to nominate the candidate; to challenge a candidate,
to pass to A-OB (Any Other Bussiness).
How do you call the persons participating in a meeting?
delegates; participants; chair; raporteu r; speaker;
GRAMMAR
THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
INDIRECT AND DIRECT OBJECTS OF VERBS
in limba engleză anumite verbe pot fi urmate de două complements, complement indirect și direct.
EXERCISES
Answer the questions:
1 Why is the committee meeting headed by a chairperson?
What is the chairperson expected to do during a business meeting?
When is the formation of a committee justified?
Wliat is essentially a committee?
What docs a committee allow people to do?
In what sense is the Board of Directors a committee?
Why is it necessary to keep the minutes of a business meeting?
How does the committee reach a decision?
What is a command meeting? How docs it differ from a committee?
What is a meeting ruled by?
Wliat can an agenda of a txisincss meeting carry?
What arc the do’s of taking the floor?
II. Give synonyms of:
to assure, to move, to second, different, to convene, to rule, to preside, problems, to give the permission to speak, steps, purpose, opinion, to adopt, to confine, to keep to the question, the order of business.
HI. Bring in your motion as shown in the model:
Model: We have to adopt the agenda of the meeting.
! move (I suggest) the agenda be adopted as it stands.
1. The secretary should record all the proceedings. 2.1 think a presidium (chair) not a person alone is to preside at this meeting. 3. We are to elect an investigating committee 4. We should strictly observe the rules of the procedure. 5. We must take the floor from Mr. X as he has exceeded the time limit. 6. We must change the order of business (agenda). 7. Wc
think-'we must close the nomination. 8. We are to elect the committee by secret ballot.
You may submit all the questions in writing.
IK The following words are missing from the text. Fill in the gaps of the text.
power, discussion, headed, to identify, available, for, encourage, for, views, reached, record, transacted, of, at, for, to delegate, for, to.
A meeting is always … by a chairperson who has … to control….
The chair will be expected … the problem … the committee members, consider the … facts with them and … them to express their….
It is often possible … a management … the responsibility … making decisions … committees.
Minutes arc kept… the decisions taken… the meetings which become a… of the business … and the decisions ….
Fill in the blanks in the following sentence with THEIR, THERE and THEY'RE.
.. is a deep-rooted democratic tradition that people have a right to speak on matters which affect.. interests.
The union representative said … entitled to express … views.
When people come together to discuss problems… may be a development of cliches in which case … objectivity could suffer.
.. is still no news from the Headquarters.
5 … some chairpeople who tend to dominate committee.
don’t see the point of asking them for… opinions if… not interested ….
Put the verbs in the following sentences in the Conditional Mood (present and perfect), make the required changes.
1. The discussions arc over but there arc still three participants to take the tloor. 2. This motion is voted down but there arc 7 abstentions. 3. The meeting is to be held next week at the demand of the majority. 4. All speeches arc addressed to the chair. 5. The secretary's duty is taking minutes but the rules are not observed. 6. A member moves that a correction be made if there is any error. 8. The purpose of a meeting consists in exchanging opinions if it is properly ruled.
Join in the challenge of the persons mentionned by the members of the meeting.
Model: I challenge Mr. X because he is always late with his works.
I also challenge Mr. X on account of his poor studies in economics.
challenge Mr. B because she neglects public services. 2.1 challenge Mr. C because he behaves improperly. 3.1 challenge Mr. C because he is impossible to get along with. 4. I challenge Mr. B because 1 think he is lacking experience in business matters.
VUI. Change the following sentences using modal auxiliaries:
1 .It is advisable for him to go to the meeting. 2. She promises to take the floor. 3. The chair is obliged to take his floor if he exceeds the time-limit. 4. It was possible for him to write the minutes. 5. The secretary asked: "Doyou want to submit your questions in writing?"
guess the meeting will close at 7 p.m. 7. Perhaps they don’t always know how to proceed with a meeting. 8. Evidently she is in the chair.
Often English avoids negative adjectives, preferring not + positive equivalent Change in a similar way.
Model: The food was cold. – The food was not very hot
That’s unsuitable.
That’s a stupid suggestion.
That proposal is insensitive to local conditions.
That suggestion is impractical.
I'm unhappy with that idea.
That’s a useless line of argument.
That’s inconvenient.
That’s a negative way of looking at the problem.
Study these sentences. Write some similar of your own.
She was very clever. But she was more than that; she was very beautiful.
She was not only very clever but very beautiful.
She was very clever. Furthermore, she was very beautiful.
In additions to being very clever, she was very beautiful.
Apart from being very clever, she was vciy beautiful.
As well as being very clever, she was very beautiful.
They spoke very badly. They spoke on wrong subjects.
They bought 2000 typewriters. They promised to buy 200 more.
They paid a Fine. He was sacked.
Here is the procedure for a formal meeting.
MINI-MEETING 1
Work in groups of 3 or 4. Take it in turns to be the Chair and hold a meeting using the formulas below:
MINI-MEETLNG 2
Work m groups of 3 or 4. Take it in turns to be the Chair and hold a meeting and make use of the formulas be ow.
AGENDA
Minutes
Matters Arising
Clothing during the summer
office
weekly meetings
outsiders
A.G.M.
TAKING THE FLOOR
Excuse me Mr. Chairman, may I say something please?
With the Chair's permission. I'd like to take the point about… Could I just make a point about…?
Could 1 say something here, please?
FINISHING A POINT
Has anyone anything further they wish to add before we move on to the next item of the agenda?
Has anyone anything further to add?
DIRECTING
We seem to be losing sight of the main point. The question is…
This isn’t really relevant to our discussion. What we're trying to do is … Could you stick to the subject, please?
Let's not get sidetracked. The issue under discussion is …
KEEPING ORDER
We can't all speak at once; Mr. New, would you like to speak first?
Mrs Wilson, would you mind addressing your remarks to the Chair, please. 1 shall have to call you to order, Mr. Simpson.
MOVING TO A NEW POINT
Could we move on to item 4 on the agenda?
Now, I'd like to turn to …
Can we go on now to…
POSTPONING DISCUSSION
Well. Ladies and Gentlemen, with your approval, I propose to defer this matter until we have more information at our disposal.
If no-one has any objections, I suggest that we leave this matter until our next meeting. Perhaps we could leave this for the time being. We can come back to it later.
PROPOSING
With the Chair's permission, I move that…
Mr. Chairman I’ll second that motion.
1 would like to propose the motion that…
Would anyone like to second the motion?
MOVING TO A VOTE
Perhaps we should take a formal vote on this.
Can I ask for a show of hands?
Let's put it to the vote.
Could we take a vote on it?
Can we move to a vote on this?
VOTING
In the event of a tic, 1 would like to remind you that 1 have the casting vote.
Those for the motion, please?
Those against?
Any abstentions?
The motion is carried unanimously.
The motion has been rejected by 6 votes to 5.
CONSENSUS
It seems that we have a consensus.
Can I take it everyone’s in favour?
Are we all agreed on that?
Well, it looks as if we’re broadly in agreement on this.
ANY OTHER BUSINESS Is there any other business?
Any further points?
Is there anything else to discuss?
CLOSING
I declare the meeting closed. Thank you Ladies and Gentlemen.
That concludes our business for today. Thank you.
Well, I think that covers everything.
That’s all for today. Thank you.
XII Finish with a smile
"So far, sergeant, we've narrowed it down to eight suspects'".
HEAR! HEAR!
A member of Parliament was making an attack on an opponent.
’Where shall we find a greater rogue than he?"
'Hear! Hear!" shouted a member.
"Thank you for information", said the speaker.
HOW ABOUT HAY?
At a I lyde Park meeting an orator said. The People of this country must grow more wheat" "How about hay?" shouted an angry listener.
"Well, I’m talking now about food for mankind," retorted the orator, "but I’ll get round to your case in a minute."
Translate into English:
1. Aș lua cuvântul dar e prea multă lume prezentă. 2. Aș fi condus ședința conform regulilor de procedură dar timpul m-a silit să o amân. 3. M-aș fi limitat la cele 5 minute dar aveam prea multe de spus. 4. Ar fi supus la vot propunerea dar ședința s-a suspendat.
Explică-i de ce a trebuit să plece. 6. l-au oferit un exemplar al procesului verbal.
Președintele a dat secretariatului lista cu participanți. 8. Au trimis participanților mapa cu lucrări și ecusoane (badges).
Sunteți un bun vorbitoi? Discursul (speaking) eficient este și trebuie să fie la indemâna unui bun director. Capacitatea de a vorbi unui public mai mult sau mai puțin numeros poate ivea un impact profund asupra imaginii omului de la tribună și asupra perspectivelor cancrei sale.
Să presupunem că urmează să vorbiți în fața unei audiențe de vreo 30 de persoane Urmează să decideți asupra scopului discursului dumneavoastră. Aflați cit și ce știe audiența despre ceea ce urmează să vorbiți. Concentrați-vă și alegeți acele aspecte care prezintă cel mai
mult interes. Atunci când aveți cuvântul nu citiți un text de la capăt la coadă (a full script), utilizați câteva note (scratches).
Cum ați începe discursul? Desigur veți spune că încercați să fiți concis și să nu fiți plictisitor (boring). Prezentați ideile principale (outline) și principalele domenii pe care urmează să le discutați (to cover). Vorbiți normal în cuvinte simple, foarte scurte, nu încercați să impresionați prin cuvinte complicate ca să dovediți cunoștințele și pregătirea dumneavoastră profesională. In ceea ce privește viteza cu care vorbiți, nu vă faceți griji – vorbiți natural. Tonul vocii este un factor deosebit de important. Mulțumesc pentru că m-ați ascultat.
A cere o opinie: Care este părrea dumneavoastră despre …?
Care este poziția dumneavoastră asupra ..,?
Ce credeți despre…?
Aș don să aud părerea dumneavoastră despre ….
Solicitând o reacție: Mă întrebam care este punctul dumneavoastră de vedere asupra
problemei?
Mă întreb dacă ați dori să comentați, D na Lang?
Exprimarea părerilor: Cred cu tărie că …
Sunt absolut convins că…
Este părerea mea că …
Fără îndoială că…
Este perfect clar în mintea mea că …
Exprimarea unei opinii neutre: Consider că …
După câte înțeleg… în ceea ce mă privește …
Din punctul meu de vedere …
Exprimarea unor pârcn'gcn sugestii Mi se pare că …
(tentative opinions): Aș spune că …
Cred că ar fi corect să spună că …
După câte pot să judec …
Solicitarea unui răspuns la o întrebare: Aș dori să-l întreb pc colegul meu Dl. Davis
să-mi spună când…
Dacă îmi permiteți, aș dori ca Dl. Davis să-ini răspundă la întrebare acum.
Aș dori să-l rog pe Dl. Davis, care este mult mai pregătit (qualified) decât mine să explice problema…
UNIT
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT
Management is the process undertaken by one or more persons to coordinate the activities of other persons to achieve results not attainable by any one person acting alone.
The process of management is an integrated whole which is described as a series of separate activities or functions making up the entire process.
The model of management thus described identifies the management functions asplanning, organizing and controlling. linked together by leading. Planning determines what results the organization will achieve; organizing specifies how it will achieve the results and controlling determines whether the results are achieved Throughout planning, orgamzmg and controlling, managers exercise leadership.
Planning
The planning function is the capstone activity of management. Planning activities determine an organization’s objectives and establish the appropriate strategies for achieving those objectives. The organizing, leading and controlling functions carry out the planning decisions.
Planning is done by managers at every level of the organization. Through their plans, managers outline what the organization must do to be successful. While plans may differ in focus, they are all concerned with achieving organizational goals in the short and long tenn. Taken as a whole, an organization’s plans arc the primary tools for preparing for and dealing with changes in the organization's environment.
Organizing
After managers develop objectives and plans to achieve the objectives, they must design and develop an organization that will be able to accomplish the objectives. Thus, the purpose of the organizing function is to create a structure of task and authority relationships that serves this purpose.
The organizing function takes the tasks identified during planning and assigns them to individuals and groups within the organization so that objectives set by planning can be achieved. Organizing, then, can be thought of as turning plans into action. The organizing function also provides an organizational structure that enables the organization to function effectively as a cohesive whole.
Leading
Once objectives have been developed and the organizational structure has been designed and staffed-, the next step is to begin to move the organization towards the objectives. The leading function serves this purpose. Sometimes called directing or motivating, leading
involves influencing the members of the organization to perform in ways that accomplish the organization's objectives.
The leading function focuses directly on the people in the organization, since its major purpose is to channel human behaviour towards accomplishing organizational goals. Effective leadership is a highly prized ability in organization and is a skill that some managers have difficulty in developing. The ability required both task-oriented capabilities and the ability to communicate, understand and motivate people.
Controlling
Finally, a manager must make sure that the actual performance of the organization conforms with the performance that was planned for the organization. This is the controlling function of management and it requires three elements: (1) established standards of performance.
information that indicates deviations between actual performance and the established standards and (3) action to correct performance that dots* not meet the standards. Simply speaking, the purpose of management control is to make sure that the organization stays on the path that was planned for it.
Executive manager Gentlemen, I summoned you this morning to discuss the preliminary results of the new production line we started testing six months ago.
Planning manager 1 think it's a good idea to compare our figures at this stage.
Organizing officer I have serious trouble in securing some essential resources for the production line with the result that the end-product doesn’t tally with the planned standards.
Controlling officer I can confirm this assessment. According to my estimates, the products manufactured are defective in quality.
Executive manager Did you check the shop-floor behaviour and the performance of the new equipment?
Controlling officer I certainly did, Sir, and most accurately. The performance of both the operators and of the installations is flawless.
Organizing officer Apparently there is something wrong with the quality of the steel alloys we get from our sub-contractor. •
Planning manager When wc drew up the blueprints we had in mind using the best steels existing on the market. Now, we cannot trifle with the quality of this material as it is essential for the success of our new line.
Executive manager I cannot agree with you more. Before we make a final decision, get an expert to look into the matter and also get in touch with the sub-contractor and see what he has to say.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
1. What are the characteristics of the main components of the long-term production programme?
long-tcnn sales forecasts
inventory requirements
manpower, materials and energy requirements
rcscrach and development
What Managerialfunctions are carried out by:
bank manager
branch manager
commercial manager
deputy manager
Can you give a brief description of some of the maintenance plan elements given below?
supplier recommended
maintenance programme *
future price und availability of maintenance parts and labour
nature, location and development of maintenance facilities
maintenance contracts
expected service levels
replacement requirements
Inversiunea se poate folosi când propoziția secundară condițională introdusă dc "if” conține unul dintre verbele: to be, to have, could sau should.
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
Whai do we generally understand by management?
What are the functions of management?
What docs planning involve?
How do managers achieve planning activities?
What is the purpose of the organizing tunction?
How is the organizing function achieved?
What is the importance of the organizational structure?
What is the purpose of the leading function?
On what does the leading function focus and why9
Why is leadership considrcd a skill?
What docs the leadership activity require?
What is controlling? Explain the three component elements.
Give synonyms for:
goal, assessment, assignment, skill, attainable, appropriate, to function, to control, to focus, to accomplish, to look into the matter, to tally with, to get in touch with.
State the difference in meaning of:
to ensure – ensumnee .
to insure – insurance to assure – assurance to secure – security
Translate into Romanian and use in sentences of your own:
to draw a line to draw up
to draw the attention to draw the conclusion
to draw customers to draw near to town
the train draws into the station
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
of, with, into. by. at. in, for, on.
Plans are all concerned … achieving organizational goals … the short and long term.
An organization's plans are the primary tools … preparing … and dealing… changes … the organization’s environment.
The purpose … the organizing function is to create a structure … task and authority relationship.
Organizing can be thought… as turning plans … action.
The leading function involves influencing the members … the organization to perform … ways that accomplish the organization’s objectives.
The leading function focuses directly… the people … the organization.
A manager must make sure that the actual performance … the organization conforms … the performance that planned… the organization.
The purpose … management control is to make sure that the organization stays … the path that was planned … it.
Ask as many questions as possible:
Planning activities determine an organization's objectives and establish the appropriate strategics for achieving those objectives.
Through their plans, managers outline what the organization must do to be successful.
After managers develop objectives and plans to achieve the objectives they must design and develop an organization that will be able to accomplish the objectives.
Fill in the blanks with the required tense:
1. If they (not to come) we shall leave without them. 2. If she (not to join) us I shan’t mind.
If he (to know) you were leaving he (to come). 4. If you (to be ready) you (may) leave.
If you can) come at six o’clock it (to be) better. 6. If it (to rain) I (not to leave). 7.1 (to be grateful) to you if you (to lend) me the dictionary. 8. You (to know) better if you (to be) more attentive in class. 9. If I (to be) you I (not to speak) like that. 10. If you (to help) me with this work 1 (to be) much obliged. 11. You (to reach) the harbour earlier if you (to walk) faster. 12.1 (to come) and see you off if I (not to be) so busy.
Answer the questions:
1. What would you do if you were asked to join them on the trip? 2. What would you be doing now if you were not so busy with this translation? 3. What would you have said if you were invited to participate in the talks? 4. What would you answer if you were asked about the managerial activity in your enterprise?
Change the following sentences as in the model below:
Model: He was not in town therefore he was not present at our reunion.
If he had been in town he would have been present at our reunion.
I. He doesn't know anything about it, that is why he can’t help you. 2. If… 1 didn't come to see you because I had much work to do. 3. If… my telephone was out of order, that is why I didn’t ring you up. 4. If… we lost the way, that is why we came late. 5. If… 1 am expecting somebody to come, that is why I can’t leave. 6. If… We missed the play because
we couldn’t find tickets. 7. If… He was in such a hurry that he forgot to leave the message.
If… We hadnt made reservations, that is why we couldn’t leave by express train. 9. If… It is late and I have to go home.
Change the conditional sentences omitting "if:
1. If I had the opportunity I should visit the town. 2. If you had asked you would have obtained all the information. 3. If they were to do that work they would have done it properly. 4. If I were you I would save up money for the journey. 5. If I met her I should invite her to our place. 6. If it were not so late I should take a walk.
Translate:
1. Dacă veneai mai devreme mă găseai acasă. 2. Nu as fi crezut că orașul poate fi atât de modern. 3. Tc-aș fi așteptat la aeroport dacă aș fi știut de venirea ta. 4. Aș merge la muzeu cu condiția sâ vii și tu cu mine. 5. Dacă ar fi studiat mai mult ar fi avut rezultate mai bune.
Dacă aș fi avut timp terminam lucrarea până acum. 7. Dacă l-aș fi întâlnit i-aș fi spus că îl aștepți. 8. Ți-ar fi împrumutat cartea dacă i-ai fi cerut-o. 9. Nu aș fi știut toate acestea dacă nu aș fi citit revistele de specialitate. 10. Nu ar fi făcut studii de management dacă nu i s-ar fi spus că este interesant. 11. Dacă am putea asigura materia primă am începe producția curând. 12. Dacă aș fi fost avizat m-aș fi adresat în primul rând firmei dvs.
Aș dori să cercetezi documentele dacă nu aveți nimic împotrivă. 14. Dacă ai fi fost mai atent cu stabilirea costurilor prețul de vânzare ar fi fost mai redus. 15. Dacă controlul preventiv era bine organizat nici o abatere nu ar fi fost posibilă.
UNIT 56
CENTRAL BANKING
Despite their name, central banks .arc not "banks" in the sanie sense as commercial banks. They arc governmental, or quasi- governmental, institutions, they are not concerned with, maximizing their profits, but with achieving certain goals for the entire economy such as the prevention of commercial bank failures, high unemployment and so on. Central banks, even if in a formal sense owned by private stockholders, carry out governmental functions and arc therefore part of the goverment.
Central banks have developed in two ways. One is through a slow process of evolution, the prime example being the Bank of England, which started out as a commercial bank, but acquired over the years the added powers and responsibilities that slowly turned it into a central bank. In this process of evolution it is hard to say when it ceased to be a commercial bank and became a central bank. In contrast to the bank of England, many central banks did not just grow into central banks but were central banks right from the start. Such a central bank is from the outset owned de facto by the government, although it may have private stockholders. When a bank acts as a central bank, that is, determines its actions on the basis of the public interest rather than its stockholders' interest, it operates as a public institution even if the stockholders formally elect all of its chief officers.
The most important functions of central banks are to control bank answers the need to guard against bank failures, particularly if there are many relatively small banks. In performing this function, a central bank acts as a lender of last resort, that is, as an institution able and willing to make loans to banks in a crisis when other banks cannot, or will not, do so. Although a central bank docs not normally act as a lender of last resort, it must always stand ready to do so, even if it means that it must temporarily abandon other goals such as fighting inflation.
One set of chore functions consists of services the central bank provides for commercial banks. Thus it acts as a banker’s bank, holding most of the reserves of commercial banks. These reserves have no physical existence: they are just entries on the liabilities side of a central bank's balance sheet. Since the central bank holds reserves for commercial banks it frequently also clears checks for banks.
In addition to its services to commercial banks, a central bank provides many services to the government. Thus it acts as the government's bank. The government keeps an account at the central bank, writes its checks on this account and, in some countries, sells its securities through the central bank.
Another group of services to the government arises directly out of the central bank’s close relation with commercial banks. Thus the central bank typically administers central controls over commercial banks. For example, it may control bank mergers or examine
member banks; H may also exert control over the purchase of foreign assets by local residents. Other functions of a central bank art to issue currency, to place it into circulation and, if necessary, to withdraw it from circulation. Finally, the central bank acts as an adviser to the government. Particularly In the area of international finance, governments rely strongly on the advice of their central banks.
Applicant I wonder if you can help me
Office clerk What can 1 do for you?
Applicant I’d like to register a newly established association in accordance with the rules and regulations in force.
Office clerk 1 see. What is the object of your association? Is it involved in business transactions?
Applicant It is concerned exclusively with the promotion of ecological standards in the rural and urban areas, we represent an autonomous and absolutely non-profit organization.
Office clerk Do you have a bank account or assets of any sort?
Applicant We have them both, but the sources of our moderate income and
contributions and grants from private institutions as well as from services rendered by the association’s experts.
Office clerk What kind of services?
Applicant Oh, they take the form of lectures, publication of studies, research, monographs and other such materials.
Office clerk Then the formalities for registering your association won’t be complicated. Still, being endowed with valuable assets it will have the legal status of an accounting entity and treated accordingly.
Applicant We realize that and have taken the necessary steps to meet ail requirements. By the way, in du» courie the association intends to set up a publishing house of its own.
Office clerk Good of you to mention that. If this happeas, the publishing house will be a distinct entity considered to make profits and therefore will fall under a different set of rules and regulations.
Applicant This is understandable. We’ll do what is needed if and when we decide to put our intention into effect.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional words below:
When dealing in cash, would you be interested to know what is:
cash account – cash- in-hand
cash book – cash discount
cash price
Have you any experience in these export-related activities?
export declarations
export licensing and restrictions
export list
How are shares classified according to participation in profits:
preference shares – founders' shares
ordinary shares – bonus shares
deferred shares – forfeited shares
GRAMMAR
SUBJUNCTIVE I
Spre deosebire de indicativ, care exprim.'! o acțiune sau o stare reală, subjonctivul exprimă
acțiune sau o stare ireală, realizabilă sau nu.
She was present at the talks. – Ea a fost prezentă la tratative (indicativ).
wish she were present at the talks. – Aș dori să fie prezentă la tratative (dar nu este. – subjonctiv).
Subjonctivul I (forma veche a Subjonctivului) este identic ca formă cu indicativul scurt.
THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
What arc central banks concerned with?
Why are central banks part of the government?
How did the Bank of England start and how did it evolve into a central bank?
By whom arc central banks owned?
On what basis do central banks determine their actions?
Which are the most important functions of central banks?
What do chore functions consist of?
What services do central banks provide for commercial banks7
In what way docs a central bank set as the government’s bank?
How are the services of the government related to the central bank’s control over commercial banks?
What arc the central bank's functions regarding the currency?
In what field Jo central banks act as an adviser to the government?
I/. Give synonyms for:
commerce, profit, goal, failure, evolution, prime, power, officer, purchase, area, hard, chief willing, particularly, temporarily, directly, to cease, to elect, to provide, to acquire, to carry out, to grow into, from the outset, apart from.
Ask as many questions as possible:
I Central banks are governmental, or quasi-govemmcntal, institutions that arc not concerned with maximizing their profits, but with achieving certain goals for the entire economy such as the prevention of commercial banks failures and high unemployment
The Bank of England started out as a commercial bank and acquired over the years the added powers and responsibilities that slowly turned it into a central bank.
Explain in English:
quasi-govcmmcntal, bank failure, stockholder, grant, lender, profit, merger, non-profit organization.
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
of, over, for, with, against, at, to, through, by, in, on.
Since ihe central banks holds reserves … commercial banks it frequently also clears checks… banks.
The goveimcnt keeps an account… the central bank, wntes its checks … this account and…. some countries, sells its securities… the central bank.
Central bank administer controls … commercial banks.
A central bank may also exert control… the purchase… foreign assets… local residents.
The central bank acts as an adviser… the government.
.. the area… international finance, governments rely strongly … their central banks.
Give nouns derived:
al from the following verbs:
to organize
to acquire
to withdraw
to convert * to sell
to promote
b) from the following adjectives: valuable useful profitable ecological moderate
Replace the infinitives with the correct forms of the Subjunctive Mood:
1. She suggested that we «11 (to come) to the office at eight o’clock. 2. It is necessary that he (to leave) now. 3. However good the test (to be) he must work harder. 4. Somebody (to go) and fetch a dictionary. 5. It is advisable that all of you (to attend) the conference 6. It is better that they (to leave) now. 7.1 doubt if he (to finish) the paper in time. 8. It had been agreed that they (to be allowed) to stay longer. 9.1 am afraid lest they (to be) late. 10.1 am glad that you (to be) present. 11. If need (to be), wc shall withdraw the money by the end of the week. 12. 1 doubt if they (to be) there as their presence is required at the office.
It is strange that he (to approach) the creditors.
Use the subjunctive in sentences of your own introduced by:
it is natural; it is surprising, it is unusual; it is remarkable; if need be; suffice it to say.
Translate:
I. A sugerat să ne petrecem vacanța la mare. 2. Mă îndoisc că va fi aici până mâine.
Dacă este nevoie putem să ne oprim acum. 4. Ei au propus ca această unitate să fie modernizată. 5. Este mai bine să mergi intr-o regiune cu climă caldă. 6. Este imposibil să nu primim răspunsul până mâine. 7. Iți voi sene adresa ca să nu o uiți. 8. Fie cum dorești!
Insist să vii cu noi la munte. 10. Mi-« teamă să nu se strice vremea. 11. Ce născocire!
Dacă este nevoie voi sta mai mult.
Băncile centrale se preocupă de realizarea unor scopuri care privesc întreaga economic.
Printre țelurile urmărite de o bancă centrală putem menționa prevenirea falimentelor băncilor comerciale și reducerea șomajului. 3. Spre deosebire de Banca Angliei, celelalte bănci centrale au funcționat ca atare dc la început. 4. Băncile centrale acționează ca instituții de stat, deși conducerea lor este în mod formal aleasă de acționari. 5. în situații de criză, banca centrală acordă împrumuturi altor bănci. 6. Banca centrală oferă servicii guvernului, acționând astfel ca bancă de stat. 7. In problemele financiare internaționale, guvernele recurg la sfaturile competente ale băncilor centrale. 8. Banca intenționează să deschidă filiale în străinătate. 9. Deoarece organizația este nelucrativă, fondurile cu care operea/â provin din contribuții și donații
UNIT 57
A GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE
OF ROMANIA
Situated in South-Eastern Europe, Romania covers an area of 237,500 square kilometres and borders on the Black Sea to the East, the Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the East and North-East, Hungary to the North-West and West, Yugoslavia to the South-West and Bulgaria to the South. The Black Sea coastline is 245 km long.
Geographically Romania is well located, being crossed by the 45° parallel of North latitude which marks the half-way distance from the Equator to the Pole, and 25° East line of longitude.
Characteristic of the Romanian territory is the presence of a variety of forms of relief within a relatively limited area, i.e. from the Black Sea coast to the Moidoveanu peak (2,544 m) in the Fâgâraș mountains. These include underground glaciers, caverns, fertile plains, hills covered with vineyards and orchards, tumultuous rivers, glacial and artificial lakes Romania’s relief has a remarkable harmony and proportionality. The symetry of the grouping of the principal relief features is also noteworthy: a large central depression – the Transylvanian Plateau – is surrounded by the range of the Carpathians which arc crossed by numerous valleys and well-populated depressions. On the outer side, forming a slightly lower step of hills and valleys, lie the Sub-Carpathians which continue into-the hilly regions and over large plains to the South and West.
That part of the South and East of the country, lying between the Danube and the Black Sea, Dobrudja, is a plateau ending at the coast with the sunny beaches.
Nearby lies the great Danube Delta which extends over an area of 134,000 hectares and is the lowest region of the country. The Danube Delta is a uniquely exotic phenomenon in the European continent.
The main forms of reliefare proportionally distributed: the mountains range accounting for 31 per cent, the hills and table lands for 36 per cent and the plains for 33 per cent of the total area.
Romania’s network of rivers exhibits a radial pattern. The main rivers spring from the mountains and have a wide variety of rates of flow determined by climate. As follows from its geographical position and Us varied lettftf Romania Jibs a temperate continental climate specific of this transitional zone. There ara< marked differences in the temperature of summer and winter. The average temperature throughout the year is 10° C.
Two
George Hello Jim! I haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been?
Jim I spent ray holidays in Romania. A fortnight, no more, but it was worth while touring that country.
George Did you make advance arrangements for the trip?
Jim Partly. The local agent helped me make hotel reservations in one or two main cities. Apart from that, 1 was on my own and drove wherever I liked.
George What impressed you most?
Jim Well, it’s difficult to say. There is such a variety of landscape that the whole tour was enchanting.
George Did you have a chance to sec the famous Moldavian monasteries?
Jim I made a point to visit at least a few of them. I was impressed with their specific architecture and fine mural paintings.
George What about the Black Sea?
Jim I went there, too, and while staying at one of the resorts, 1 took the opportunity to tour the whole length of the sea-coast.
George You obviously had a time to remember. I have an idea to plan a trip to Romania myself next summer.
Jim If you make up your mind about it and need the advice of an experienced person,
well, you know where to find me.
VOCABULARY
to cover, ed, ed ['Icavs) v. – a cuprinde, a acoperi
area f’earia] s. – suprafața, zonă. regiune coastline f’koustlain] s. – coastă, țărm Equator [i’kuwcito] s. – Ecuator Pole [poulj s. – Pol
longitude [’bndjitjurd] s. – longitudine peak [pi:k] s. – pisc, vârf de munte mountain ['mauntinj s. – munte underground {'Andagraund] adv. – subteran cavern (’krevan) s. – peșteră glacier l’glasja] s. – ghețar plain ['plcinj s. – câmpie, șes hill [hilj s. – deal, colină
vineyard I'vinjad] s. – vie
orchard [*3:t Jod] s. – livadă
tumultuous [tju:’mAltjuos] adj. – tumultos
lake [leikj s. – lac
harmony ['haimanij s. – armonic
proportion (pra'po:fnJ s. – proporție, măsură
proportional [pra’pa:Jml) adj.- proporțional
proportionality [pra’po: Jnaclitil s. – pro- porționalitate
to surround, ed, ed [sa'raund] v. – a înconjura, a împrejmui range [’reind3j s. – lanț muntos, șir valley ['valij s. – vale
depression (di’prcjnj s. – depresiune beach [bi:tj] s. – coastă, țărm, litoral, plajă network [’netwa:kj s. – rețea pattern l'pxtan] s. – formă, model, tipar landscape (’Ucndskcip] s. – peisaj, priveliște
enchanting lin’tjamtig) adj. – fermecător monastery fmanastri] s. – mănăstire resort [ri:’zo:lJ s. – stațiune opportunity [apa'tjumiti] s. – prilej, împrejurare favorabilă to border on (upon) – a sc învecina cu
to be crossed – a fi traversat, străbătut to be located – a fi situat form of relief – formă de relief to be noteworthy – demn de menționat on the outer side – pc partea exterioară to account for – a însuma, a reprezenta temperate continental climate – climă continentală temperată to be worth while – a merita to make a point – a-și propune mural painting – pictură murală
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
1. In what season do we usually get:
a hot spell
shower
thunder
fog
snow-storm
slush
– rainy weather – nasty weather
GRAMMAR
SUBJUNCTIVE II
THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE II
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
What is the surface of Romania and where is it located? Which arc Romania's neighbouring countries? 3. What is the characteristic of Romania’s forms of relief’
Which arc the primary elements making up the territory of Romania? 5 Why is the Danube Delta a unique phenomenon in the European continent? 6. Which arc our country's main rivers? 7. Why has Romania a vaned climate and which arc its characteristics?
Give synonyms for:
plateau, border, feature, landscape, cost, area, trip, sea-coast, position, ground, pattern, principal, famous, obviously, to extend, apart from, to make up one’s mind.
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
of, to. over, in, along, by, from, within, throughout.
I. Geographically Romania is well located, being crossed by the 45° parallel North latitude, which marks the half-way distance … the Equator… the Pole. 2. Characteristic . Romania's territory is the presence… a variety… forms… relief… a relatively limited area.
The Transylvanian Plateau is surrounded … the range … the Carpathians which are crossed … numerous valleys and depressions. 4. The Danube Delta extends … an area … 134,000 hectares and is the lowest region … the country. 5. The main rivers spring … the mountains and have a wide variety … rates … flow determined … climate. 6. Romania has a temperate continental climate specific… this zone. 7. It is cold… winter and hot… summer.
There is a considerable amount … snow and rainfall … the mountain regions while minimal levels are recorded … the Black Sea coast. 9. The average temperature … the year is 10° C. 10…. Romania there are also some 2,300 lakes scattered … the mountain area the seacoast and .. the Danube Delta.
Ask as many questions as possible:
I Romania’s relief has a remarkable harmony and proportionality: mountains make up 32 per cent of the territory, hills and tableland 33 per cent, while plains constitute 35 per cent
Warmer weather generally starts in April and towards the end of July or early August –
temperature often reaches +30 to +35 in the shade. 3. There is a considerable amount of snow and rainfall in the mountain regions.
K Explain the following words in EngUish:
border, peak, relief, depression, beach, exotic, temperate, unique, enchanting.
Translate into Romanian and use in sentences of your own:
to account for, to call for account, on account of, to take into account, on no account, to take account of, to give a good account of oneself.
Replace the infinitive in brackets by appropriate forms of the subjunctive:
1. You had better (to listen) to me. 2. She had rather (to come) with you. 3. It is likely that he (to be) awarded the prize. 4.1 wish you (to leam) belter. 5.1 asked her if this (to be) what she meant. 6. I should like to have a rest rather than (to join) you on the trip. 7. You look as if you (to be) tired. 8. Whoever they (to be) tell them to wait. 9. If you (to be) here you would meet him. 10.1 wish they (not to behave) like that. 11. Even though she (to ask) she would not have been given an answer. 12.1 wish you (to be) more attentive. 13. It is high time you (to make up) your mind whether you want to do the job or not.
Complete the following sentences:
1. They would visit this region if…. 2. She would take the plane if…. 3.1 should have accompanied them if…. 4. He wouldn’t have come if…. 5. You wouldn’t have said that if…. 6. You would have succeeded if…. 7.1 shouldn’t have asked you if…. 8. Ann would have helped them if…. 9. She would go to the theatre if…. 10. They would have scored better results if….
IX Translate:
I. Sugerez ca lucrarea să fie tradusă în cel mai scurt timp. 2. Ai face mai bine să mergi cu noi. 3. Numai de ai termina totul la timp. 4. Ea ar prefera să meargă la munte. 5. E timpul să te hotărăști asupra subiectului. 6. Prefer să învăț totul de la început. 7. Te porți ca și cum ai ști despre ce este vorba. 8. Dacă ați fi fost acolo l-ați ft întâlnit. 9. Ar fi rezolvat toate problemele dacă ar fi avut timp. 10. Chiar dacă ai fi insistat nu l-ai fi convins. 11. Aș vizita Delta Dunării dacă v-ați hotărî să veniți și voi cu mine. 12. S-a hotărât ca proiectul să lie gata până la sfârșitul lunii.
România, a cărei suprafață totală este de 237,500 km2, este al doisprezecelea stat ca mărime din Europa. Munții acoperiți cu codri sunt de înălțime medie, rareori depășind 2,500 m. în mijloc se ridică podișul Transilvaniei înconjurat dc munți care se continuă cu înălțimi mai domoale, dealurile. Acestea se termină la rândul lor cu câmpii întinse și fertile. Cele mai multe râuri izvorăsc din Transilvania și după ce străbat munții se îndreaptă spre Dunăre. înainte de vărsare în mare Dunărea se separă în trei brațe – Chilia, Sulina și Sfântul Ghcorghe. Delta Dunării, cel mai tânăr teritoriu din Europa, este un paradis de o bogăție fără egal dc plante acvatice și faună.
owner (ounaj s. – proprietar to relieve, cd. cd (ri’Ii:v) v. – a ușura, a elibera
running I'r,\niij| s. – conducere
agent [’eidjonl] s. – agent, reprezentant
shareholder (’Jca’houldaJ s. – acționar
amount (a'maunt) s. – cantitate, sumă
skale [skeil] s. – scară
to guarantee, cd, ed [’greran’ti:] v. – a garanta
wherever [wea’eva] adv. – oriunde to purchase, cd, cd ['pa:’tjeis] v. – a cumpăra, a achiziționa to operate, ed. cd f’oparcit] v. – (aici) a face să funcționeze, a funcționa
failure ffeila] s. – eșec, faliment
loss (las) s. – pierdere
to welcome, ed, ed fwelkam) v.-aura bun venit, a întâmpina; (aici) a accepta cu bucurie
stagnation (streg'nei Jon] s. – stagnare competition (’kampc’ti Jan] s. – concurență board of directors – consiliu de administrație
joint stock company – (B.E.) societate anonimă pc acțiuni business ['biznisj s. – afacere; întreprindere
share ['Jco] s. – acțiune stock [stak] s. – pachet de acțiuni liability [Maia’biliti] s. (și pi.) – răspun- • dcrc, obligativitate
to invest, cd. cd (in’vcstj v. – a investi debt |det) s. – datorie
holding [’holdig] s. – posesiune, acțiuni.
titluri
to die, died, died [dai, daid) v. – a inun heir (hr.a) s. – moștenitor entity fcnliti] s. – entitate, unitate dividend (’dividend) s. – dividend to tax, ed, ed (treks) v. – a impoza regulation (rcgju'lci Jan) s. – regulament proprietor (’prapraita) s. – proprietar partnership ('pa:tna(ip) s. – parteneriat ownership ['ounajip] s. – proprietate, stăpânire to bring together • a aduna in the eyes of the law – în ochii legii limited liability – răspundere limitată to be apt to – a fi capabil să; a fi in stare să to undertake legal proceedings – a întreprinde proceduri legale to pass along – a trece Ia; a transfera la to raise large amounts – a strânge sume mari
double taxation – impozare dublă to be subject to – a fi supus market-oriented economy – economie de piață
individual proprietorship – proprietate individuală losses incurred – pierderi suferite to meet the needs – a satisface necesitățile mass-produced goods – produse de seric small batch goods – produse de serie mică to grow weary – a obosi; a se plictisi
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the words below.
I How can businesses be organized in a mixed market economy?
• in non-corporate organizations such as
sole proprietorship (or sole traders)
partnership
These organizations exist as long as its owners agree to keep them in being.
• Partnership. The relation is that of a partnership and not of employer and employee.
The length of time is established in the agreement, as well as the circumstances, one partner could be removed by the others.
What is meant by limited liability and why is it a privilege?
Slate two essential features of a public company
What are Top Management responsibilities?
strategic management
multinational organization
external relations
social responsibilities
ethics
What does Top management include? Operations Managers or:
Production Manager Sales manager Finance manager Purchasing manager Promotion/advcrtising manager
What are the main pointers of a corporation rating?
– turnover – labour productivity
returns on assets or sales
income
profits per employee
spending on labour and capital – corporate taxes
profits as a proportion of sales and assets
Who can rate a company/corporation performance?
businessmen
regulators
economists
THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
Propoziția finală sau dc scop răspunde la întrebările: why = (what for) – de cel, for what purpose – în ce scop'*
Verbul în general este la subjonctiv, dar se preferă construcțiile cu infinitivul.
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
1. How can a corporation be established? 2. What are the advantages of a corporate business organization? 3. Are there any disadvantages of corporate forms of organization? Which are they? 4. Why has the corporate form of management become effectively dominant in a market-economy? 5. W)iat is a small business and wliat are its advantages? 6. What is the basic feature of a joint stock co.? 7. State the advantages of a limited liability co.
//. Give Synonyms for:
functioning, to necessitate, to gather, to found, statutes, owner, to protect, to release, responsibility, individual, as agents, limited, to be apt to, outstanding debt, holdings, to transfer, to cut off. stockholder.
Say it according to the model:
Model: a technique that raises the output
an output raising technique a corporation that raises money; a factory that turns out shoes; a company that supplies goods; a company that renders services; a management that guarantees a certain level of quality.
Choose from the prepositions given below and try to understand the text:
Mirror, Mirror… the Wall
What is the world’s most successful company? Royal Dutch/Shcll is one contender, it made more money than any other business last ycar. It earned most profits … employee and achieved the highest return … equity.
All these measures … profitability have their drawbacks. Shell's profits relative … sales were sixth of Vale de Rio Docc’s. Yet measuring profits relative … sales discriminates … businesses… high turnover and low margins. Supermarkets and large retailers will do badly … this score, however successfully they arc managed.
Meanings
First, read the passage below. Then explain the meanings of the words and phrases which have been highlighted.
If you are considering setting up your own business, an accountant is the best person to give you finacia! advice. It is a legal requirement that proper financial records are kept and the basic principle is to record every single transaction. One of the purposes is to ascertain whether you have made a profit or loss during a given period Profit could be described as the difference between the value of the business at the start of a trading period and the value of the business at the end of that period.
Before deciding whether we have made a profit or loss we need to consider the estent to which our assets have depreciated. Our assets arc those things we own which could be converted into cash, in contrast to our liabilities which arc debts which we owe whether or not they arc due immediately. Perhaps we bought a motor vehicle for £10.000 when the business started, but it is very unlikely that we would be able to sell it for anything like that figure. The general rule is that we estimate the life of the asset and if the life of the motor van is. say. five years, we then write down its value by 20% per annum so that by the end of the five years it is showing nil value in our books.
A deduction also has to be made for bad debts. This is a normal hazard in business, especially since so many transactions are for credit rather than cash. We have supplied goods to a particular customer who has now become bankrupt. He cannot pay the money he owes us and so the profit we thought we had made from the transaction has proved illusory.
Multiple choice
Choose the phrase. A, B, or C, which best completes each sentence, and tick the appropriate letter.
When a trader buys goods on credit he docs not have to
pay for them immediately.
pay for them until the end of the month.
pay for them.
The purpose of keeping accounts is to
see how much has been spent.
find out why the business has lost money.
determine whether the business has made a profit or a loss.
The tax authorities want to know- how much profit a business has made
during the financial year.
in order to calculate any liability for tax.
since the business was set up.
It is expensive for a manufacturer to carry a high level of stocks
and the danger of pilfering is increased.
but the danger of pilfering is decreased.
but less storage space is required.
A manufacturer may hold stocks of finished goods with the purpose of
reducing the expense of advertising.
reducing the possibility of machine breakdowns.
improving the delivery time to customers.
A firm is said to be insolvent when it
cannot meet its commitments.
is making losses.
is making profits,
The credit rating given to a customer will depend upon
his willingness to buy goods.
the time he takes to pay for the goods.
his reputation.
By giving customers two months to pay for the goods the manufacturer is
making it difficult for them.
giving the time to sell the goods before they have to pay for them.
making sure they pay for them.
Fill in the blanks, expressing a purpose:
a) Model:
The secretary put the mail on the table so that the manager would read it.
The secretary put the mail on the table in order to be read by the manager.
The secretary put the mail on the table In order that the manager might read it.
1. They take certain steps … to provide high quality goods. 2. They employ skilled staff… to comply with the customer’s instructions. 3. They have improved performances of their equipment… to raise labour productivity.
b) Model
They called them up … their friends not to be surprised at their arrival.
They called them up lesi their friends should be surprised at their arrival.
They called them up in order that their friends might not be surprised at their arrival. They called them up for their friends not to be surprised at their arrival.
1. They improved the efficiency of the machine… the goods not to miss the market. 2. They dismantled some components … they not to be corroded. 3. They organized post-sale services … the customer not to be dissatisfied.
Replace the Infinitive by a Subjunctive or Subjunctive Equivalents:
I. We couldn’t understand why you (to speak) like that. 2. It is likely that they (to build up) a new work-shop. 3. The manager spoke loudly so that they (to hear) him better. 4. I wish (to be) young again. 5. It is high time that you (to resume) your work. 6. It is about time that you (to leave), don’t you think?
I. The manager called him at the lab. suggesting that they (to get) together and (to talk) things over. 2. He insisted tliat they (to improve) the technology. 3. They arrange that the factory (to start) the experiment next month. 4. I suggest that he (to purchase) new equipment. 5. She proposed that I (to meet) her at the elevator.
Study these sentences:
Something happened to him. At once, he did something.
He was woken by the noise. He got out of the bed.
Woken by the noise, he got out of bed.
He was lent money by his friend. He bought some food.
I.ent money by his friend, he bought some food.
They were shown the paintings. They decided to buy one.
Shown the paintings, they decided to buy one.
She was knocked down by a car. She was taken to hospital.
Knocked down by u car, she was taken to hospital.
Someting happened to him at the same time as he did something.
He was watched by a crowd. He rescued the boy.
Watched by a crowd, he rescued the boy.
She came in. She was follow ed by her husband.
She came in, followed by her husband.
I was driven by Bill. I reached the station in ten minutes,
Driven by Bill, I reached the station in ten minutes.
The postman ran. He was chased by the dog.
The postman ran. chased by the dog.
Because… /Although…
Because it was left in the sun. the plant died.
Left in ihe sun, the plani died.
Because he was disliked by everyone, he always went out alone.
Disliked by everyone, he always went out alone.
Although it was written on Sturday, the letter did not arrive until Thursday.
Written on Saturday, the letter did not arrive until Thursday.
Although they were told to be there at four, they came at five.
Told to be there at four, they came at five Although he was hated by some, he was loved by others.
Hated by some. he. was loved by others.
Although he was married to one woman, he loved another.
Married to one woman, he loved another.
If…
If the house were painted, it would look nice.
Painted, the house would look nice.
If I were sent to work in Cornwall, I would be bored.
Sent to work in Cornwall. I would be bored.
If she were given some flowers, she would forgive her husband.
Given some flowers, she would forgive her husband.
Say it In English:
unitate economică; în ochii legii; statut; datorie neplătită; nu pot să înțeleg (să deslușesc); c capabil să piardă toți banii; a investit în acțiuni; dublă impozitare; când profiturile sunt transferate sub formă dc dividende; întreprindere mică individuală; întreprindere pe bază de partenenat; a se plictisi de ceva; produse de serie mare. de serie mică; întreprindere pe acțiuni; întreprindere cu răspundere limitată.
Give the corresponding Romanian translation to the following using a dictionary if necessary:
corporation earnings; corporation income tax; corporate risk; corporalion/company performance; company long-range planning; corporate/company promotor.
share; share capital; share certificate; share in a business; share in profits; share market; share of the stock; share of the profits; share prices; share taking a header of ten points; share to bearer, share holder; shareholders' meeting.
stock; stock account; stock adventurer; stock balance; stockbook; stock certificate; stock control; stock dividend; stock exchange; stock exchange transactioa'business; stock-inhand; stock jobber, stock keeping; stocklist; stocktaking; stock turnover, stock-split; stock-out; stock number; stock market; stock market chartist: stock of orders; stock of money; stock of gold; stockbroker: stockholder.
Finish with a smile:
"Here's the deal, Robert… Either you stop talking about your LAST wife or I ’ll start
thinking about my NEXT husband."
The difference between capital and labour is this. If you lend money, that is capital. When you want to get it back that is labour.
"So you worked your way up from the bottom?”
"Yes. I started as a bootlack. and now I’m a hairdresser"
"Have you had any experience as a mechanic?" the employment officer asked "Nope" said the applicant.
"Then how do you have the nerve to ask for twice the salary?"
"Well, you know yourself that work is twice as hard if you don't know how to do it."
AIII. Translate into English:
I. A învățat suficient engleză ca să poată citi cărți în original. 2. S-au urcat pc terasa uzinei ca să poată vedea tot orașul. 3. Ar fi bine să notezi aceste lucruri ca să nu le uiți.
Se vor înființa noi societăți anonime pentru a încheia tot mai multe contracte la export, pentru a mări volumul tranzacțiilor și pentru a încasa profituri tot mai mari 5. S-a sugerat să cumpărăm mai multe acțiuni. 6. Mi s-a cerut să-mi schimb programul dc lucru. 7. Când s-a discutat votarea unui consiliu dc administrație ni s-a propus un număr de doi directori.
Este imposibil ca el să fi spus așa ceva. 9. liste puțin probabil ca întreprinderea noastră să se extindă. 10. Este posibil ca el să știe atât dc puțin despre problemele întreprinderii?
Oricât dc mult aș risca aș vrea să cumpăr acțiuni la o întreprindere publică.
în vederea estimării (rating) activității corporațiilor (corporation performance) s-ar putea aplica o nouă metodă de calculare a profiturilor întreprinderii. Această metodă ia în considerare numai măsurarea profiturilor legate dc (related to) activul corporației. Metoda poate fi greșită deoarece nu se poate aplica la acele societăți cu capital intensiv cum sunt
băncile sau societățile din domeniile publice (utilities). Oricum, profitul nu trebuie calculat numai raportat la activul societății, ci trebuie luate în considerare și celelalte elemente, altfel estimarea activității corporației este cu totul nesatisfăcătoare și inexactă, c) Avantajele filmelor. Deoarece firma este un organism asociat, cu o identitate juridică, cu o viață proprie, o companie există separat de proprietarii ei. Spre deosebire de (unlike) parteneriat, compania nu se dizolvă automat la moartea unuia dintre proprietari, deci firma poate supraviețui (survive) sub noul proprietar. Răspunderea limitată reduce riscul afacerii dar nu este complet adevărat, de fapt transferă o parte din riscurile financiare la clienți și furnizori.
UNIT 59
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
Agriculture has had a greater impact on the environment than any other human activity. The success of agricultural and pastoral season is the essential resource question for the vast majority of humankind. Only after provision is made for individual survival can people afford to plan for sustainable management of other resources.
World agricultural production has grown significantly over the past decade and outpaced population growth.
Crop yields are influenced by both environmental and economic conditions. Low yields may reflect less favourable soil and climate conditions, low crop prices, planting on marginal or eroded land, and lack of access to inputs such as fertilizers, irrigation, improved seed varieties, pest control and machinery. Low rates of fertilizer applicatioas are caused by lack of financial resources, low crop prices compared with fertilizer prices, and poor distribution structures.
The use of machinery in agriculture is very important. This is reflected by the fact that, for instance, two thirds of the world’s agricultural machinery is concentrated m North America and Europe, which form one third of the world's cropland.
The yield increases gained by use of agricultural inputs such as pesticides have serious cmvironmental costs. Pesticides misuse can increase health risks to agricultural workers and consumers, harm wildlife and pollute groundwater.
These problems are particularly severe where pesticides arc widely distributed and poorly regulated.
Livestock arc important sources of meat, clothing and arc primary means of agricultural production on range and pasture lands.
The inherent fertility of soils and the climatic regime together determine which crops can be grown, what inputs arc required, and what outputs are possible. In many regions, soil is eroding far above its natural rate due to poor farm management and the overgrazing or cultivation of land unsuitable for agriculture.
The physical and chemical characteristics of soils also determine to what extent land is affected by environmental degradation; likewise, such characteristics limit the choice of agricultural methods.
Farmer I'd like to start a farming project capable to help me obtain better yields. What advice can you give me?
Agronomist What crops do you have in mind?
Farmer Maize, in particular, and somewhat, both for food and fodder
Agronomist Anything else?
Farmer 1 want to develop vegetable, fruit and vine growing to sell the produce for profit.
Agronomist Right! The first thing to do is to procure high yield seeds and seedlings.
Farmer I see. My dealer will take care of that and also of the necessary fertilizers.
Agronomist You will adjust the respective quantities to the size of the plot of land ascribed to each crop. As for the fertilizers, use them cautiously; if I were you. I'd stick to the organic ones, to avoid the degradation of the plots.
Farmer I’ve always been rather reluctant to use chemical fertilizers.
Agronomist A sound approach. By the way, what implements are you using at the present moment?
Farmer Well, mostly the traditional ones.
Agronomist In that case, your dealer will have to supply you with some modem machinery, I mean small-size machinery, not very costly, but quite efficient and capable to save you both time and effort.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
1. Would you explain under what circumstances do we refer to:
crop rotation – record crops
high grades – lean year
• crop failure – highly yielding agriculture
bumper crop – cropping power
low grades
Which is the best season for: ■ ploughing
digging
weeding
cropping
Which are the regions of Romania under the following crops: • wheat – maize
barley – rye
oats – rice
What other types of soil do you know except:
fertile soil * stenle soil
waterlogged soil * loose soil
gravelly soil
What operations designed to improve crop yields can you mention except:
land mellioralion – land reclamation
flood protection – damming operations
draining operations
GRAMMAR
THE GERUND
Gerunziul este o formă verbală nepersonală specifică limbii engleze având caracteristici substantivale și verbale.
Ca verb arc forme deosebite de timp și diateză:
The Gerund Constructions
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
Why is agriculture so important for the vast majority of humankind? 2. What are the factors that influence crop yields? 3. What does the concentration of farm machinery on continents reflect? 4. Why is the misuse of pesticides risky? 5. By what is the nature of the crops to be grown determined? 6. What factors are considered in order to obtain higher yields?
Give synonyms for:
agriculture, impact, growth, variety, choice, severe, widely, cautiously, costly, to outpace, to farm, due to
Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs:
to provide, to survive, to grow, to apply, to farm, to concentrate, to harm, to require, to detennine, to adjust, to implement
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
for. in. to. over, of, by. on.
The success of the agricultural and pastoral season is the essential resource question … the vast majority … humankind.
Crop yields are influenced … both environmental and economic conditions.
The use … machinery … agriculture is very important.
The yield increases gained… use… agricultural inputs have serious environmental costs.
In many regions soil is eroding due … poor farm management, the overgrazing or cultivation … land unsuitable… for agriculture.
Pesticides misuse can increase health risks … agricultural workers and consumers.
Two thirds … the world's agricultural machinery is concentrated … North America and Europe.
Agriculture has grown significantly… the past decade.
Low rates… fertilizer application are caused … lack… financial resources.
Select the correct word from those in brackets:
I. The solution to this problem is simple; 1 don’t need anybody's (assistant, assistance). 2 The new rules and regulations were (adapted, adopted) recently. 3. The technicians (ensure, assure) the necessary services of farm machinery. 4. The solution you suggested is very (practical, practicable). 5. Certain crops arc very (sensible, sensitive) to cold. 6. The use of small-size farm machinery (proceeded, preceded) in phases. 7. This is a (sensitive, sensible) decision to take.
Ask as many questions as possible:
I. Differences in yield arc partly caused by differences in agricultural inputs. 2. Yield figures demonstrate great differences in the intensity of agricultural activity. 3- The world's agricultural production systems are integrated in the world market for commodities.
Change the following sentences so as to use the gerund:
1. The rain went on to pour for days. 2. They delayed to give the results. 3. This area specializes in the cultivation of vegetables. 4. They seem to be very fond of work in the country-side. 5. Wc shall appreciate that you want to help us. 6.1 could not resist to book tickets for the excursion. 7. Do you mind if I open that window? 8 1 don’t understand why they opposed your suggestions.
Translate into English using the expressions it is no use, it Is useless, it is no good, it is worth (while);
Activitatea lor este vrednică de laudă. .
N-are rost să-ți pierzi vremea așteptându-l.
Este inutil să o determini să vină cu noi in excursie.
Nu folosește la nimic să repeți aceeași întrebare.
Nu are rost să pleci pe o asemenea vreme
Nu are rost să cheltuiești atât dc mult pc fleacuri.
Nu are rost să-l invităm dacă nu-i face plăcere.
Nu avea rost să mă caute dacă știe că nu sunt acasă.
Nu a meritat să vizităm localitatea, nu arc nimic interesant dc văzut.
Nu arc rost si faci un asemenea efort fără să fii sigur de rezultat.
DC Give the right tenses of the verbs in brackets:
1. There is no doubt that he enjoys (to study) foreign languages. 2.1 remember (he, to ask) for the book yesterday. 3. I can’t understand (they, to forget) to return the books. 4. The change of time table will mean (we, to leave) much earlier every day. 5. His idea is worth (to go into) more carefully. 6.1 was surprised at there (to be) no one to meet us. 7. It's been a pleasure (to meet) them. 8.1 couldn’t resist (to buy) all these lovely things.
X Finish with a smile:
Translate:
1. Vei relua activitatea după plecarea lor. 2. Nu-mi place câ tc-ai purtat așa. 3. El neagă că ar fi plecat fără permisiune. 4. Mersul pe jos este un exercițiu sănătos. 5. La întoarcerea în întreprindere i s-a oferit o muncă foarte interesantă. 6. Scuză-mă ci te-am întrerupt dar vreau să-ți comunic ceva înainte să plec. 7. Iți mulțumesc că ai acceptat să faci această lucrare. 8. Orașul merită să fie vizitat. 9. Nu merită să faci legumicultura pe acest teren.
Ai ceva împotrivă dacă începem culesul fructelor mâine? 11. Insist să încercați această nouă metodă. 12. L-am văzut experimentând pe acest teren. 13. Nu înțeleg cum poate să nu facă ce i se spune. 14. Trebuie să ne ierți că nu am venit așa cum am promis
1. Importanța agriculturii constă și in faptul că este un furnizor de materii prime pentru industrie. 2. Folosirea adecvată a mașinilor agricole arc un impact favorabil asupra randamentului producției. 3. Folosirea nccorcspunzătoarc a îngrășămintelor chimice, a pcsticidclor și icrbicidclor arc consecințe dăunătoare pentru mediul înconjurător. 4. in zonele rurale șeptclul reprezintă o sursă importantă de alimente, materii prime, îngrășăminte și tracțiune. 5. Numeroase țări depind de comeițul cu produse agricole pentru a obține devize. 6. Câștigurile din exporturile cu produse agricole sunt direct proporționale cu nivelul prețurilor mondiale la produsele de bază.
UNIT 60
WHAT MANAGERS DO…
Any person anticipating a manager career is naturally interested in what managers do. How do they occupy their time? Do they really have two-hour lunch breaks, get to go in style to all the major talks, conventions and sales meetings and play tennis at least one afternoon a week? Well, a few do. but most do not
Actually, it is difficult to say exactly what managers do because management is a diverse job. But besides performing technical functions they also plan work schedules, organize resources, control performance and make managerial decision. Managers must be skilled at getting work done through others. At all times they must be concerned about the effective use of human and non-human resources.
Individual pursuing management careers move up in the organization in several different ways. The most popular pattern is the path of progressive responsibility. While it is tiue that not everyone achieves or desires progressive level of responsibility; the following criteria were selected for rating individuals as managers.
Leadership means effectiveness in getting ideas accepted in guiding a group or an individual to accomplish a task.
Judgement – is defined like ability to reach sound, logical conclusions based on the information at hand.
Accountability-Fulfillment – is nothing else but the ability to fulfill overall performance accountabilities as shown on the job description.
Organization and Planning – means effectiveness in arranging own activities and those of a group so as to provide effective courses of action.
Use of Delegation – is the ability to involve others effectively and to understand where a decision can be made.
Initiative – means actively influencing events rather than passively accepting; acts without specific instructions within the scope of assigned accountabilities.
Decisiveness – is readiness to make decisions or to render proper judgements. Ability to use problem-solving process.
Professional Competence (Expertise) – The manager must have a firm grasp of fundamental principles and concepts in his profession. He can make good value judgements and also know sources for new information and keeps it up to date.
Problem analysis – actually is effectiveness in seeking out pertinent data in determining the cause problems.
These criteria can be followed and attained during cross and in-depth interview with selected superiors, incumbents, and candidates for managerial positions.
When rating is being applied – the raters can have in mind four benchmarks: outstanding, excellent, good and satisfactory.
"Outstanding"means that the would-be manager consistently satisfies and usually exceeds all assigned accountabilities and agreed-upon objectives. His performance level is above normal requirements.
In case of "excellent" constantly satisfies and frequently exceeds assigned accountabilities and (or agreed-upon objectives). Performance level is aboye normal requirements.
When "goods" is rated the prospective manager consistently satisfies assigned accountabilities and/or agreed-upon objectives. It implies a solid overall performance "Satisfactory" means: he satisfies most of the assigned accountabilities and'or agreed-upon objectives, but occasionally falls short on assignments. Therefore there is a need for specific improvement.
It's settled If they do go out on strike we ‘II operate the plant ourselves. Anyone know
where it is?1
Jack What do you mean living by Golden Rule in business?
Mr. Richie You can be a success by using the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you!"
Jack Let me think: When I meet someone. I try to imagine him wearing an invisible sign that says "Make me important?"
Mr. Richie Well, I respond to this sign immediately, and it works wonders. You should praise people whenever you can. Never give criticism without praise..Always find something good to say to a person
Jack And it's inexcusable to chastise someone in the presence of others.
Mr. Richie Not only docs such action create bitter resentment, but everyone present becomes embarrassed
Jack I feel that everybody craves a pat on the back and will respond accordingly.
Mr. Richie Yes! Just say: "I've read your paper report, and it’s terrific. And when you do. you'll make his day.
to anticipate, ed. ed (rcn’tisipeit) v. – a anticipa
career [ko’riaț s. – carieră, profesie, activitate. avansare actually [’icktjuali] adv. – într-adcvăr. in fapt. cu siguranță
progressive [pro’grcsiv) adj. – treptat leadership [*Ii:dajip] s. – conducere.
comandă, șefie effectiveness [i'felctivnis] s. – eficacitate
to accomplish, ed. ed [a’kamplij J v. – a îndeplini, a realiza, a înfăptui ability (a'biliti) s, – capacitate
judgement ['d^Adjmont] s. -judecată (aici) rațiune, minte clară, putere dc pătrundere
accountability (a’kauntabilitij s. – răspundere. responsabilitate fulfillment [’fuTfilmant] s. – îndeplinire, realizare
overall (’ouva'a:IJ – total, general, atotcuprinzător scope [skoupj s. – amploare, domeniu deciseveness [di’saisivnis] s. – hotărâre.
tărie (de caracter) readiness f'redinis) s. – promptitudine; dispoziție, stare dc a fi gata, repeziciune
competence [’kompitans] s. – competență, capacitate, pricepere expertise {’ckspa:’ti:z| s. – îndemânare; cunoștințe tehnice
pertinent [’pa:tin3nt| adj. – pertinent incumbent fin’kAmbant] s. – beneficiar, posesorul unui beneficiu, avantaj
rater [’reita] s. – evaluator, estimator
benchmark [bentjma:k] s. – cotă de apreciere a nivelului profesional outstanding [’autstarndii)] adj. – remarcabil consistently (kan’sistantli) adv. – constant, permanent; complet fără lacună
to exceed, cd, cd (ik’siidl v. – a depăși to praise, ed. ed [preiz) v. – a lăuda to chastise (t Jjcs’taiz) v. – a mustra, a dojeni sever bitter [bila) adj. – amar
embarrassed îim’brcrast) adj. – stânjenit, încurcat
to crave, ed. cd |krciv] v. – a dori cu
ardoare, a aștepta cu nerăbdare, a sili la resentment [ri’zcntnwnt] s. – resentiment
accordingly ța'kaidujgli) adv. – în consecință
to go in style – a merge îmbrăcat in costum' pentru ocazii to be concerned about – a se preocupa dc to pursue a career – a urmări o carieră assigned accountabilities – răspunderi atribuite
to make a decision – a lua o hotărâre to make a judgement – a forma o părere (opinie)
to keep smth up to date – a ține la zi
cross and in-depth interview – interviu direct și amănunțit agreed-upon objectives – obiective convenite / stabilite to fall short on assignments – a rămâne in urmă cu sarcinile do unto others – fă altora to work wonders – a face minuni
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary below:
I. You need to arrange a business meeting with your partner. Turn to page 11S and look at your Diary. What would you say?
Suggesting a time: When would Would Thursday- at 3 o’clock
1 o’clock on Wednesday, tehn?
be fine
be convenient suit me
1 can’t make it I'm busy
I have another engagement I’ve got something else
You work for a company which is developing a new product. Your job is to make a convincing presentation of your product What should you do?
introduce the members of your management team (Managing Director. Financial Manager. Marketing Manager, Technical Manager, Production Manager).
Give a brief presentation of your company location, company mission, business strategy, product range, turnover, pre-tax profits, size of work-force, etc.
Give details about the new product you are developing; general description, technical specifications and features, target consumer, price, marketing plans, production targets, etc.
Be prepared to answer questions from the executives.
GRAMMAR THE PARTICIPLE
Participiul este o formă impersonală a verbului intermediară între verb și adjectiv (adjectiv verbal), între verb și adverb (adverb verbal).
Look at the words written on the blackboard. – Priviți cuvintele scrise pc tablă.
We watched the softly falling rain. – Priveam ploaia care curgea încet.
Having come to an agreement we started working on the project. – După ce am ajuns la o înțelegere am început lucml la proiect.
Participiul prezintă caracteristici verbale dc timp și diateză. Verbele tranzitive nu au diateză
pasivă la participiu.
fn limba engleză există două participii:
Participiul prezent (Thre Present Participle) și Participiul trecut (The Past Participle).
THE TRANSITIVE VERB: TO WRITE
THE INTRANSITIVE VERB: TO COME
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLE
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
is management a job? 2. How can you pursue a management career? 3. What rating entena are used to select a manager? 4. Make out the difference between leadership and management. 5. Can you say the difference between competence and problem analysis criteria? 6. When rating, what benchmarks do you apply? 7. What do you mean by the "Golden Rule" to be followed during business time? 8. Arc use of delegation and initiative the most needed qualities of a manager?
Make nouns from the verbs below using suffixes -"ness", – "ing", – "ment", -"ship".
to meet, to manage, to pursue, to achieve, to rate, to follow, to effect, to guide, to lead, to judge, to plan, to fulfill, to arrange, to understand, to be ready, to make decisions, to seek, to require, to improve, to exceed, to chastise, to crave (for), to resent, to embarass.
Give synonyms for/or explain:
profession, gradually, to fulfill, accountability, ability, to praise, to imagine, to satisfy, consistently, a solid overall performance, at all times, to rate individuals as managers, at hand, use of delegation, professional competence, problem analysis, pertinent data, challenges, incumbent, managerial position.
Give the plural of:
datum, analysis, basis, criterion, oasis, crisis, phenomenon, series, species, focus, genius, radius, stimulus, nucleus, cloth, custom, index,
V Give the Present, Perfect and Past Participle active and passive of the following verbs:
to chastise, to rate, to manage, to do. to seek, to crave, to put, to work, to exceed, to pursue
Insert participles and translate:
Is Your Career… (to stall)?
Here’s How to Become an On-the-Job Success.
People get… (to stuck) in a career-halting rut on-the-job but you can break out your shell and live up to your full potential if you work while… (to follow) some lips. People develop
boundaries (hat they are afraid to break. And breaking out of this shell is… (to be) the most you be in the work world.
Picture yourself succeeding each time you approach â new task… (to do), so. you'll gain confidence that will help you to work with performance.
Focus on one problem at a time, you won’t feel so … (to overwhelm). And when you concentrate on problems, one by one. they become easier to solve.
Challenge yourself now. Don’t put off challengers such as a new job assignment or special project. Besides taking challenges as they arrisc yoo will get used to… (to succeed)
Fulfill a dream at a time; take a special vacation of one or two days in a "De Luxe Hotel". Have one lunch at a top restaurant, allow yourself large tips. This will show you that you can be grand and your dream can get even bigger.
Tell your friend your plan for success. Having … (to talk) about your dreams and plans they can come closer and perhaps easier to reach.
Don’t be afraid to fail. Consider a failure an opportunity to learn and to try something different.
Don’t forget to laugh. Picture life as a road with pot-holes, you arc … (to bind) to hit a few, but laugh.
Pack away at your shell. Don’t talk to the same people at work day after day. You’ll make yourself a stupid-make, it is a point to talk to others better than you. if you can. When … (to follow) such tips you can make a success for sure!
Read the text below. Ask as many questions as possible using the following words: what for; what, why, how many, when; how, must, have, am, do, need, would, does, should.
COMPETING FOR A PROMOTION?
7 Ways You Can Get the Edge When you arc competing with a fellow worker for a promotion, you can help yourself win the battle by following seven "success strategies", say two experts.
Check with your present boss to find out if you’ll have his support in your drive to get the promotion. Like any game, you want to find out what the rules are. and what it takes to win.
Tell the co-worker you're competing with that you are trying for the same job he is, and let him know that you intend to compete fairly. Offer your goodwill – but don’t say anything that will give him an advantage.
’’That’s important, because what you arc communicating is: ’I'm not going to tear you down, but I'm going to put out my maximum for this position.’"
Don’t get so wrapped up in trying for the new job that you let your current work load slide. "Most organizations reward the person who performs the best." "The best recommendation you can have is that you do your present job well".
Try to ignore rumors./telly arguments or unpleasant incidents that may occur while you are eying for the new job.
If you can’t ignore them, do nothing that will add fuel to a controversy.
However, if gossip or rumors arc making you look bad in the eyes of your bosses, you've go» to confront them head-on.
Be at your best emotionally. While you are competing, be especially careful to hide your personal problems, such as mantal difficulties or problems with your children. Your superiors may feel that your personal troubles could interfere with your job performance.
Showcase your talents. Take advantage of any legitimate opportunity to make yourself look better on the job, or to make your section of the company perform better.
As a potential manager or supervisor, you’ll be judged not only on your own performance but on your ability to motivate others in your department field.
Thoroughly research all the duties and responsibilities of the position you’re seeking.- If possible, get some practice doing portions of the job.
The more you demonstrate that you arc already familiar with the tasks and responsibilities, and that you are willing to take them on, the more impressive you’ll be to the person considering you for promotion.
The more you show initiative, the more likely you are to get the position.”
Finish with a smile hut mind the participles:
Woman to a clerk at a greeting card counter: ”Do you have condolence card for someone who has just been superseded by automation?"
Voice overheard on the bus: "I figure my job is safe from automation. It doesn't pay to make it worthwhile to invent a machine to do it."
Exhausted husband to wife: "Boy. what a day! The electronic brain broke down and we all had to think”.
A teacher asked the class to name some of the benefit of the automotive age. One boy spoke up: "Well, it slopped horse stealing”.
Translate into English:
1 Textul fiind greu dc tradus, a trebuit să lucrez câteva ore. 2. Deoarece aveam destul timp am hotărât să verific lucrarea. 3. După ce a fost terminat exercițiul, a fost predat profesorului pentru a fi corectat. 4. După cc i s-a spus că directorul va veni mai târziu, a început să-și pregătească agenda dc lucru pentru a doua zi. 5. Știind că va avea un interviu amănunțit cu beneficiarul și-a schițat (to scratch) câteva idei. 6. Sosind la birou a aflat că planul a fost aprobat. 7. Mă voi întoarce până la ora 10 când cu siguranță va începe ședința. 8. Tocmai treceam agale pe stradă când l-am întâlnit. 9. Sosind târziu am pierdut începutul prezentăm
Deoarece am lucrat serios, rezultatele au fost bune. 11 într-adevâr capacitatea de a ști să conduci este o mare calitate. 12. Tăria de caracter, priceperea, cunoștințele tehnice, puterea de pătrundere, de luare de decizie sunt doar câteva dintre calitățile necesare unui director bun.
1). Majoritatea studiilor sunt de acord că managementul este o activitate cu totul deosebită, ca implică oameni, nu lucruri; este considerată ca un proces de organizare și de folosire (to employ) a resurselor pentru realizarea obiectivelor propuse, dc asemenea, implică activități dc decizie.
UNIT 61
HOW CORPORATIONS RAISE
CAPITAL
Large corporations have grown to their present size because they have found ways to raise new capital for farther expansion. Of course, the corporation like the individual, can buy goods and services on credit or can mortgage its assets, including building and equipment. However, there arc five primary ways used to raise new capital.
SALE OF COMMON STOCK. Holders of bonds have lent money to the company, but they have no voice in its affairs, nor do they share in profits or losses. Quite the reverse is true for inventors who buy common stock. They own shares in the corporation, but receive no dividends until interests payments are made on outstanding bonds. If sufficient, capital can be raised by writing to issue additional common stock. As the shares are solid, the funds received can be used for expansion.
ISSUING PREFERRED STOCK. When issued this stock, pays a "preferred" dividend That is, if profits arc limited, die owner of preferred stock will be paid dividends before those with common stock. Legally, the owner of the stock stands next in line to the bondholder in getting paid. When a company wants additional capital raised new preferred stock is issued.
ISSUING BONDS. A bond is a promissory note usually issued for a specified amount. It is sold on the bond market with a promise to pay interest every six months or every year. Should the holder wish to get back his money before the note is due. the bond may be sold to someone else. When the bond reaches "maturity" (tenor) the company promises to pay back the principal at its face value. The interest paid on the bond is called "coupon" payment because the owner cuts off a certain piece of the bond every period and mails it to the company to receive payment. The company agrees to pay interest on its bonds whether or not a profit is made. That is why a smaller corporation can seldom raise much capital by issuing bonds.
BORROWING. Companies can also raise capital by borrowing from lending institutions, savings-and-loan institutions, primarily from banks. A rate of interest is paid on the loan. If money is scarce, interest rates arc rising; if plenty of money is available for loans, the rates arc moving downward.
(5) USING PROFITS. Some corporations pay out most of their profits in the form of dividends to their stockholders. Investors buy into these companies because they want a high income on a regular basis. But "growth companies" prefer to take most of their profits and reinvest them in expansion. Persons who own such stocks are content to accept smaller dividends or none at all, if by rapid growth shares increase in price. They prefer to take the risk of obtaining a "capital gain", or rise in value of the stock, rather than be secured a steady dividend.
The following diagram will help you better understand what sort of securities can Banks or Corporations purchase or sell.
CORPORATE BONDS
GENERAL OBLIGATIONS BONDS
I
REVENUE BONDS
VOCABULARY
How corporations raise capital
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the questions using the additional vocabulary given below:
1. What popular ways of saving do you know?
People can put their money in:
Checking account in a bank.
Savings Institutions:
savings-and-loan banks
savings departments of commercial banks
credit-unions (non-profit owned by the investors who may also borrow from them) Life insurance policies (offer saving and protection)
Pcasion system (contracts that provide retirement benefits in the form of pensions)
Social security system (employees contribute a percentage of their ways into a retirement system) .
Stocks and Bonds (individuals may save by investing in stocks and bonds and government securities)
Real Estate (real estate investment particularly in private dwellings. These dwellings are bought on a long-term basis, with a mortgage at a fixed interest rate. Interest and repayment of principal arc combined in the regular mortgage payments and the
homeowner saves the equity he builds up in repayments).
Do you know other instruments of monetary policy except those given below?
capital market – market operations
open market rate – market interest rate
domestic money market – money market interest rate
interbank market
If'hut types of rates are generally related with monetary policies?
exchange rate – interest rate
short-run interest rale – lending rate
purchase rate – intervention rate
market interest rate – floating exchange rate
interbank market interst rate
What sources of business capital do you know?
sales of shares ordinary and preference – sale of freehold and lease back
debentures – retained profit
mortgages
What is the permanent and long term capital used for?
land and buildings
specialised equipment
take-over and mergers
GRAMMAR
PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS
THE ACCUSATIVE WITH THE PARTICIPLE
Acuzativul cu participiul este o construcție predicativă formată dintr-un substantiv sau un pronume în cazul acuzativ și un verb la participiu.
Acuzativul cu Participiul se folosește:
THE NOMINATIVE WITH THE PARTICIPLE
Nominativul cu participiul (Nominative with Participle) este o construcție formată dinlr-un substantiv sau un pronume la cazul nominativ și un verb la participiu. Verbul în această construcție se află în relația unui predicat față de subiectul său. Subiectul este același cu al verbului din regentă.
NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE
Nominativul absolut (Nominative Absolute) este o construcție în care participiul îndeplinește funcția de predicat față de un subiect propriu exprimat printr-un substantiv sau un pronume personal Ia cazul nominativ.
The work being completed we can begin planning the holidays. – Lucrarea fiind terminată putem începe să ne planificăm vacanța.
The plane having taken off we relumed home. – După ce avionul a decolat nc-um întors acisA.
Nominativul absolut exprimâ o relație dc:
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
Why have corporations grown to large sizes? 2. What arc the primary ways used to rise new capital? 3. How can you explain the sale of common stock?4. Why is preferred stocks issuing better than the common stock one? 5. What is the difference between stock and bonds? 6. What are the methods used by corporations to raise capital? 7. What arc securities and how can you subdivide them? 8. What is the difference between ordinary shares and preference shares?
FiU in with prepositions and adverbs:
on, by, down, ot from, with, as. in, as, on,
from, by.
Americans buy almost everything… credit, and stocks are no exception. Usually an investor can make a stock purchase… paying 50 per cent… and getting a loan… the remainder. This is called a "margin"… 50 per cent. The balance is borrowed … a brokerage house and the stock certificates are deposited … the broker … security. The minimum margin i.c the amount to be paid … cash … percentage … a purchase, is always regulated officially. The minimum margin vary, depending… whether there is need to stimulate the market or curb its speculations. Companies can also raise capital… borrowing… lending institutions
Bui they went on questions afterwards.
Choose the correct form.
a)
b)
Answer the questions below using the pie charts.
For example: Q. What happens to the bulk of a commercial bank's funds?
A. The bulk of a commercial bank's funds are lent to customers.
SSI
The balance sheet of a typical commercial bank
Are current accounts or deposit accounts more popular?
About what proportion of the bank’s funds are lent to customers?
About what proportion of the bank's liabilities are represented by customers' accounts?
Why is the item "Cash and short-dated stocks’ critically important from the bank’s point of view?
Why is the same item of critical importance from a customer's point of view?
Do the assets of a commercial bank tend to be liquid or frozen?
XL Translate into Romanian paying attention to the Nominative Absolute constructions:
1 The share prices being high wc decided to sell some blue chips. 2. Interest rates nsing. money becomes ever more scarce. 3. The question being difficult, we nude no answer.
The project requiring a thorough study, we didn’t make a decision. 5. Maturity being reached, the companies promised to pay back the principle at its face value. 6. The decision being made, the corporations borrowed from the required capital at a high rate of interest.
Mortgaging their assets, the corporations decided to raise new capital for further expansion. 8. The work being completed, he could leave early.
Give the Romanian meaning for the following:
value appraisement, value rating, value-added, value-added tax (VAT), value marginal, physical product, estimated value, intrinsec value, to be of great value, to set a high value on. at value, current value, rating value, face value, par value, value date, value received, value in account, gold value clause
listed shares, share list, share mnrkci, share capital, share warrant (bearer), shares without pur value, share dividend, share certificate, underwriting share, industrial shurcs. cumulative preference shares, mining shares, ordinary shares, partly paid shares, preferred ordinary shares, participating preference shares, founders’ shares, issues of shares.
Choose the right answer:
"A company can mortgage its assets" means:
can mortgage its things of value (buildings, equipment, etc.)
can convey by mortgage its property available to pay debts.
"holders of bonds" means:
holders of a promisorynotc
holders of goods until duty is paid on them
"stockbroker" means:
an agent for buying and selling shares in a company
a person who has money invested in a concern
a srock-jobber who deals in slocks and shares
"a dividend" means:
a number to be divided by another
a share of profits, of money divided among creditors
Finish with a smile:
"I’m sorry I spoke so long", the speaker said to his bored audience at the end of a long talk, "but I don't have a watch to keep track of my time".
"Yeah”, came a shout from the crowd, "but there's a calendar right behind you!"
Have you noticed that lots of lovers kiss with (heir eyes closed? Sometimes, unfortunately, they marry the same way.
University professor to colleague "I'vicw my son as a child of the universe… so far. no sign of intelligent life".
"The most popular labour-saving device is still a rich husband!"
Money still talks. It's what doctors hear when they listen through their stethoscope. Winning is nice but losing is a better teacher.
*7 can 7 live on my husband's salary. I d like to try his alimony."
“My ex mants me back.. he could be ujter his money".
Translate into English:
a) 1. Nu l-am văzut când a intrat în birou. 2. L-am văzut părăsind biroul și plecând la o ședință. 3. Vrea să i se explice totul imediat. 4. Îmi pare rău că te-am făcut să aștepți atât de mult. 5. L-am găsit analizând o nouă metodă de reducere a cheltuielilor. 6. L-am lăsat calculând profiturile și rata dobânzii. 7. Nu l-am auzit niciodată vorbind despre acestea.
Doreau o nouă metodă să fie introdusa imediat. 9.1.-am auzit vorbind despre emiterea de noi acțiuni ale societății. 10. Nu te pot lăsa să faci singură toate aceste lucrări 11. Nu mi-am imaginat că noile căi de obținere de capital vor fi atât de eficiente. 12. Deoarece s-au
How corporations raise capitul
plătit dividende preferențiale, s-au limitat profiturile. 13. Având acțiuni în societate, nu vor mai primi dividende până nu se vor plăti dobânzile.
b) 1. Fiecare întreprindere dorește să mențină un echilibru între aceste metode de obținere de capital nou. 2. Dacă nu se vor plăti dividendele, investitorii vor pierde interesul față de societate. 3. Aceste metode se folosesc de mult timp, probabil că societățile vor crea mereu alte căi de obținere de capital. 4. Pachetele de acțiuni comunc/fâră dividende sunt cele mai flexibile dintre toate tipurile de acțiuni dar numărul lor este limitat altfel își pierd valoarea.
Ca și tipărirea bancnotelor, emiterea unei cantități prea man de pachete de acțiuni poate diminua valoarea lor sau a unității monetare.
UNIT 62
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
A business may be organized under anyone of .several legal forms: a corporation, a partnership (two or more owners), or a proprietorship (a single owner) The entity concept applies regardless of the legal status.
Municipalities, hospitals, religious organizations, colleges, universities and other non-business organizations are also accounting entities. The accounting for non-business entities is similar.
In order to count as an asset in accounting an item must pass three tests: (1) it must be controlled, i.c. the entity must own the item;, (2) it must be valuable to the entity; (3) it must have been acquired at a measurable cost, c.g. if Garsden Co. bought a trademark from another company for $ 1 million, this trademark would be an asset. The Coca-Cola Co. developed the value of this name through its own efforts over many years; "Coke" is not an asset.
Current assets are cash and assets that are expected to be converted into cash or used up in the near future Groceries on the shelves of the grocer’s are current assets but the store building is not a current asset. Cash is money on hand and money in bank accounts that can be withdrawn anytime. Besides cash the other assets can be under securities which are stocks and bonds that give valuable rights to the entity that owns them. Treasury (Finance) promises to pay stated amounts of money to entities that own its bonds. Therefore marketable securities are those securities that are expected to be converted into cash within a year. The entity owns these securities so as to cam a return on funds that otherwise would be idle. Marketable securities are current assets.
Inventories are goods being held for sale, as well as supplies, raw materials and partially finished products that will be sold upon completion. For example, a truck owned by an automobile dealer for resale to its customers is inventory'. A truck owned by an entity and used to carry its own goods is not inventory. Assets that are expected to be useful for longer than one year arc called non-current assets. Such non-current assets can be tangible assets (they have substance: buildings, trucks, etc.) or intangible assets (they have no physical substance: investments which arc securities). Equities consist of paid-in-capital and retained earnings. Paid-in-capital is that amount supplied by equity investors. So. Garsden Co. is a corporation and its owners receive shares of common stock labelled paid-in-capital. The other equity item shows the amount of equity that has been earned by the profitable operations of the company and that has been retained in the entity, hence the name retained earnings.
The amount by which equity increased as a result of operations during a period of time is called income of that period.
Taken by itself, the increase in retained earnings resulting from operations is called revenue.
The Profit and Loss Account
A profit and loss account shows the income and expenditure of a company over a particular period balanced to show the pretax profit (or loss) made by the company:
VOCABULARY
business [’biznis] s. – afacere, afaceri corporation [ko:pa’rei Jn] s. – societate (pe acțiuni), corporație partnership fpaitnajip] s. – asociație, societate
owner founa) s. – proprietar
proprietorship [pra’praitajipj s. – calitate de proprietar entity [’entiti] s. – entitate, unitate accounting [a'kauntii]] s. – contabilitate, calcul
item ['aitoml s. – articol (inclus într-o listă, într-o enumerare)
to acquire, cd. cd [a'kwaia] v. – a achiziționa, a dobândi, a căpăta
cash [k* Jj s. – numerar securities (si’kjuaritiz) s. – titluri dc valoare
return (ri'ta:nj s. – venit, câștig, beneficiu.
intrări (provenite din vânzări) resale ['riscil] s. – revânzarc equity ['ekuiti) s. • capital investit care produce dobândă
to label, cd, cd [’leibal] v. – a eticheta labelled ('Icibald] adj. – desemnat, etichetat
hcnce |hcns] adv. • dc aici, deci, prin urmare income f'inkam] s. – venit revenue [’revinju:] s. – venit (mare) expense (iks’pcnsj s. – cheltuială status ['teitas) s. – situație contabilă, statut (legal)
object [‘obdjikt] s. • obiect; scop, țintă promotion (pro’moujn] s. – promovare to grant, ed, cd [gra:nt] v. – a dona, a da, a acorda
grant [grn:ntj s. – donație, subvenție, dar lecture (Mckt Ja) s. – conferință, prelegere monograph [’monagraif] s. – monografic legal form – formă legală regardless of – indiferent de legal status – statut legal; situație legală
non-business organization – organizație nelucrativă accounting entity – entitate cu evidență contabilă
to pass a test – a trece un examen, o probă measurable cost – cost cu valoare determinată trademark – marca fabricii sau a comerciantului
current asset – activ ce poate fi transformat în bani și care include bani lichizi, sumele dc încasat, inventarele și titlurile dc valoare vandabile to convert into – a transforma in to use up – a epuiza store building – localul magazinului on hand – la îndemână, disponibil bank account – cont in bancă marketable securities – titluri de valoare ce pot fi vândute pe piață to be idle – a fi neproductiv for sale – de vânzare partially finished product – produs semifinit
non-cunent asset – activ cu o durată de peste un an
common stock – acțiuni obișnuite care nu produc dividende income statement – situația veniturilor balance sheet – bilanț (contabil)
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional words below.
1. What is Accounting?
Accounting includes: (i) Bookeeping which is a systematic recording sorting, and
summarizing of events in terms of money.
(ii) Analysis and interpretation of financial data.
What events affect the financial condition of a company?
Such events are called "business transactions":
sale of merchandise
payment of debt
purchase of supplies
What papers prove that the transaction took place?
invoice (commercial, consular)
receipts
payrolls etc.
What is the way taken by the business transaction?
Each day any business transaction is entered in:
the General Journal (a chronological record)
then posted to the Ledger (each page is concerned with one and only one account)
then a 8-column Worksheet is prepared (to verify balances in the Ledger)
periodically an interim summary is prepared called a Trial Balance
5 What other financial documents must any company prepare?
Besides Balance Sheet there are:
The Income Statement (reporting the changes in the financial condition of the Co),
Profit and Loss Account (shows the income and expenditure of a company over a particular period.
The Cash Flow Statement (shows changes in the cash account during the accounting period).
GRAMMAR
THE CONJUNCTION
Conjuncțiile sunt cuvinte de legătură care leagă cuvinte, grupuri de cuvinte sau propoziții cu același rol sintactic în frază.
CONNECTIVES
(Conjunctions, oonjunctive phrases, adverbs, pronouns)
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
1. Under what legal forms can a business be organized? 2. Which are the three tests an item must pass in order to count as an asset? 3. What does cash consist of? 4. Can you name a few assets under securities? 5. What arc current assets? 6. What do we understand by an inventory? 7. What is the advantage of non-current assets? 8. How do you distinguish between tangible and intangible assets? 9. What is the difference between paid-in-capital and retained earnings? 10. What are the similarities and differences between income, revenue, profit and earnings? 11. Discuss the Balance Sheet with its all elements. 12. What are the essentials of a Profit and Loss Account?
//. Give synonyms for:
owner, item, amount, income, source, grant, valuable, to carry, to set up. to put into effect, to render services, as a result of. regardless of, in accordance with, to record, information, to pay a debt.
IIL Ask as many questions as possible:
1. The Cash Flow Statement explains changes that have occurred in the cash account during the accounting period. 2. The financial statements do not tell the whole story about an entity because they report only past events, do not report market values and are based on judgements and estimates.
Explain in English:
owner, trade mark, grunt, profitable, raw material, moderate, partially finished products, non-profit organization, return, revenue, overheads, liabilities.
Fill in the blanks with prepositions:
1. A business may be organized … several legal forms. 2. Marketable securities are those securities that arc expected to be converted… cash… a year. 3. Paid-in-capital is that amount supplied… equity investors. 4. The total amount supplied… equity investors is called Total Paid-in-Capital. 5. The amount… earnings that has not been paid to equity investors is retained… the entity and therefore is called Retained Earnings. 6. The two sources… equity funds arc: (1) the amount provided… equity investors and (2) the amount retained… profits.
Creditors have a claim … the assets. 8. A Balance Sheet gives information … an entity, it reports the financial position … the entity as …one moment….
Select the correct word from those in brackets:
I. The Bank of England limits outstanding (unpaid, easily noticed, well-known) positions at the London Foreign Exchange. 2. This control has never prevented the involvmcnt (support, participation, spontaneity) in world money operations. 3. They fix (put in order, settle, justify) the international conversion value of one currency against another. 4. The
factors that affect (cause a change, increase, decrease) exchange rates mostly arc speculation, interest rates and the balance of payments. 5. The EEC is bent (opposed to. determined to. indifferent to) on removing fluctuations between the currencies.
Point out subject and predicative clauses and the connectives they are introduced by:
1. Whatever he thought ofher would not change his mind. 2. What she says is that she never dreamed to go to that place. 3. What awakened him was the engine whistling. 4. It is very strange that I don’t get my book back. 5. The question is whether we keep it or not. 6. That was what she did.
X Use correlative conjunctions:
Model: I like neither tea, nor coffee.
I don’t like tea, neither do 1 coffee.
I don’t like tea and 1 don't like cofee, cither.
I like cither tea or coffee.
1. He speaks … English … French. 2. The book was … interesting … attractive. 3. This Saturday afternoon 1 shall go… to a movie… to sec an exhibition. 4.1 missed… the newsreel … beginning of the feature film. 5. He will decide … for the mountains … for the sea-side.
Supply "if or "unless":
1. You won’t reach the station in time … you drive. 2…. I am mistaken he was my former manager. 3…. you decide to leave you should let us know. 4. She will fail… she asks me to help her. 5. They will not come … you insist. 6…. I were not sure I should not advise you. 7.1 won’t deposit with this bank … I know the rate of interest.
Insert the appropriate conjunctions:
and, but, or, nor, both … and, so that, for, as well as, not only… but also, neither… nor, either … or.
Wc decided to do our work separately… discuss each other's pan when it was ready.
He did not understand anything of what was going on around him … did he try to. 3.1
couldn’t find an answer to my question … in this book …. in the other one. 4. Much was said … in favour of … against the project. 5. It was late…. everybody felt tired.
A'.ill. Here is the accounting cycle. Number the stages from I to 6 to show their proper order of occurence.
entry into the Journal d) posting to the Ledger
business transactions e) determining the account balance
preparing a Thai Balance 0 preparing the Balance Ifceet
Match the following definitions in list A to the words in list R. A B
profit or income from money
invested (ROI)
amount of interest or dividend
produced by an investment
money received as sales, commission etc.
change from being profitable to unprofitable
amounts owed by the company
0 costs of the day-to-day running of a business
Shares that give a fixed dividend
Shares that give a variable dividend
Choose the correct connectives, only where requested.
We saw the actor • as the hero of a television play.
like
We imagined London • like much smaller.
as
That sounded • like a gun!
as
Like a boy he went to a good school.
As
Tom looks very much • like his brother.
as
That hotel looks • as it’s very expensive.
• as if
She described her friend • like tall.
as
I bought this • as a present • as my wife.
for • for
He told the story • as a joke, but it turned out to be true.
like
She works • like a typist.
as
It smells • like bad meat.
as
This meat tastes • as if it’s been cooked too much.
• as
He's known • like a writer.
as
Let’s use this box • as a table.
• like
She works as if she were a servant. • She works like a servant.
• She works as a servant.
He’sadoctor. • He advises people like a doctor.
He advises people as a doctor.
He's an Englishman. • As an Englishman, he likes dogs.
• Like an Englishman, he likes dogs.
He isn't a soldier, but he fights as if he were one. • He fights as a soldier.
• He fights like a soldier.
Translate into English:
1. Toată lumea se simțea obosită fiindcă era târziu. 2. Deoarece era ora prânzului ne grăbeam să mergem acasă. 3. Dacă mașina s-a stricat vom merge cu trenul. 4. Din moment ce nu l-am văzut se parc că este plecat. 5. Cu cât merge mai repede cu atât obosește mai mult. 6. în măsura In care nc interesează o să participăm la simpozion. 7. Chiar dacă mi-ar cerc cartea tot nu i-aș da-o. 8. Oricât de interesant ar fi filmul nu pot să-l văd săptămâna aceasta.
1. Contabilitatea este un limbaj. 2. Scopul oricărui limbaj este să furnizeze informații.
Informațiile contabile sunt cuprinse în rapoarte care se întocmesc pentru orice organizație sau altă entitate. 4. Bilanțul are două coloane: coloana din stânga poartă titlul "venituri" iar cea din dreapta "cheltuieli". 5. Pentru a funcționa, o întreprindere arc nevoie de mijloace financiare, de utilaje și de alte resurse. 6. Inventarul companiei cuprinde mărfuri, matern prime, produse semifabricate și alte furnituri oferite spre vânzare. 7. Compania intenționează să deschidă filiale în străinătate. 8. Deoarece organizația este nelucrativă fondurile cu care operează provin din contribuții și donații 9. Oricât de bine aș ști elementele unui bilanț tot trebuie să fiu atent când îl citesc. 10. In măsura in care te interesează să faci afaceri cu firma noastră îți pot da câteva elemente cum ar fi cifra de afaceri, profitul net și venitul pe investiții.
UNIT 63
STOCK EXCHANGE
The Stock Exchange is a market in which securities arc bought and sold. There are Stock Exchanges in most central cities of the world such as: in the City of London; New York Stock Exchange which is located in New York and is known as Wall Street; Tokyo Stock Exchange; etc. Continental European Exchanges are often referred to as Bourses. The economic importance of Stock Exchanges is that they facilitate saving and investments, first, though making it possible for investors to dispose of securities quickly if they wish to do so. secondly in channelling savings into productive investments.
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) dates back to 1792 when a group of stockbrokers gathered on Wall Street in New York City to make rules about how buying and selling was to be done. The NYSE, housed in a large building on Wall Street, docs the bulk of trading in listed securities. On the trading floor more than 2,000 common and preferred stocks are traded.
Ready marketability requires that new issues should be made or backed by reputable borrowers or institutions, that information should be fair and available on existing securities and that shares should have both a legal framework and market rules to prevent fraud and sharp practice.
Stock Exchanges have their own rules and conventions depending also on the existence of company and other laws and financial intermediaries such as Issuing Houses.
The British Stock Exchange (BSE) was founded in 1773, developed from informal exchanges in a coffee house (they were about three) in the City of London. Now it is managed by a Council of Members. There are some 3,500 members who alone may deal or even enter the floor of the Exchange.
Stockbrokers act as agents for the public and buy from and sell to jobbers. Members arc formed into a declining number of companies and there arc now only 192 broking firms but 91 jobbing firms on the London Stock Exchange.
Business is entirely conducted by word of mouth and although jobbers and brokers keep their own registers and may record details of any "bargain" (so a transaction at the Stock Exchange is called) on the official lists, they are not obliged to do so. Even these days there are no official statictics of the volume of bargains, although prices at the Stock Exchanges are widely available in the press. The market value of the securities quoted on the Exchange is about £120 billion, of which rather more than half are foreign securities.
Index numbers indicating changes in the average prices of shares on the Stock Exchange are called share indices. The indices are constructed by taking a selection of shares and "weighing” the percentage changes in prices together as an indication of aggregate movement in share prices.
Financial Times newspaper publishes daily a series of price indices for Government securities (1926- 100); fixed interest securities (1928 – 100); gold mine securities (1955 “ 100) and industrial ordinary shares (1935 – 100). For ordinary shares earnings, yield and price-ratio averages are also given. There is also an index of Stock Exchange activity which measures changes in the number of dealings (1942 = 100).
A maxim which should be followed by all investors is "buy at the bottom and sell at the top". Prices of all stocks fluctuate from time to time, and the art of speculation is to buy securities at the best time. It is not as easy as it sounds for two reasons. First, it is as difficult to know when share prices have finished falling as it is to know when they have reached their peak. Second, the maxim assumes that the spccularor is in a position to take the necessary action. For example, funds may not be available for a purchase at the vital moment.
The Stock Exchange is a highly sensitive market and stock prices fluctuate in response to a wide variety of pressures. Speculators should always be looking to the future and attempting to anticipate events. For example, businesses are interdependent to a large extent and will be affected by the general economic climate. Orders for ships lead to orders for steel which in turn leads to money in the pocket of shipbuilders and steelworkers to buy television sets and carpets. Conversely, the closing of a motor assembly plant causes a fall in the sale of beer which increases the number of redundancies, this time in the breweries. All these things will affect the price of shares on the Stock Exchange.
Jack 1 say, Johnny, as an expert in money expert market dealings, you must surely be able to help me out of a dilemma.
John What’s your problem, Jack?
Jack I am about to make a transaction that will yield a rather important amount of foreign exchange.
John Good for you! What is it you want to know?
Jack I'm right now preparing the contract and I'm at a loss to decide whether payment should be made in effective currency, which I'd rather prefer, or in currency in bank account.
John I sec. It depends on the currency your customer intends to pay for your consignment. If it is in dollars I would advise against cash payment, as this currency is currently undergoing sharp fluctuations.
Jack No, my partner is located in Zurich and he will effect payment in Swiss Franks.
John Then you needn't worry getting the payments in effective currency. The Swiss Frank is firm and stable on the international market so you'll be on the safe side as far as its conversion value goes.
Jack Thank you, Johnny. I’ll follow your advice and cash in the amount in Swiss Franks. If there’s a last minute change do let me know, it’s important to me.
John 1 certainly will, although the odds arc against such a development.
VOCABULARY
to save, ed, ed f seiv] v. – a economisi, a salva
saving f'seivirj] s. – economic savings bank f'seivigz brenk] s. – casă de economii investor [in’vesto] s. – investitor to channel, ed, ed ['tjrenlj v. – a canaliza.
a orienta issue fisju:] s. – emisiune backed [baskdj adj. – susținut, sprijinit reputable [’rcpjutabl] adj. – renumit, de renume, reputabil
available [a’veibbl] adj. – disponibil, utilizabil
shares [’Jeaz] s. – acțiuni, titlun de valoare maxim [marksim] s. – maximă speculation [spckju’lci Jan) s. – speculație shipbuilder [Jip’bilda] s. – constructor de nave
conversely [kon’vaisli] adj. – in mod invers consignment [kan’sainmantj s. – transport, încărcătură
brewery I’bruari] s. – fabrică de berc framework [’frcimwa:k] s. – cadru intermadiary [int3:'midjari] s. – intermediar legal sau financial informal (in’foimal) adj. – neoficial, ncacceptat oficial jobber [’t^abo] s. – agent de bursă cu activitate de misit, intermediar, curticr to record, ed, ed [ri’ko:d] v. – a înregistra, a înscrie
bargain [’ba:gin] s. – tranzacție, afacere bulk (bAlkJ s. – majoritate, mulțime, volum dealing [’di:lirj] s. – tranzacție, afacere dilemma (di:'lema] s. – dilemă to yield, ed, ed (ji:ld] v. – a produce, a da, a avea drept rezultat sensitive ['sensitiv] adj. – sensibil Stock Exchange – Bursă de Valori ready marketability – comercializare ușoară, imediată sharp practice – șarlatanie shark practice – practica dominației
GRAMMAR
conventions of Stock Exchange depend? 7. What can you say about London Stock Exchange? 8. Who are those working for the stock Exchange? 9. What are stockbrokers and what arc jobbers? 10. How is business conducted at the Stock Exchange? 11. What maxim should be followed by all investors? 12. Why is the Stock Exchange a highly sensitive market?
Give synonyms for:
existence, bargain, amount, housed, stable, reputable, quickly, widely, surely, to save, to wish, to require, to manage, to help, to dispose of, by word of mouth, maxim, to follow, to reach a peak, at the best time.
Fill in the blanks with articles:
.. Stock Exchange is… market in which the securities arc bought and sold. 2…. economic importance of Stock Exchanges is that they facilitate saving and investment. 3…. British Stock Exchange is managed by … Council of Members. 4. Stockbrokers act as agents for … public and buy from and sell to jobbers. 5…. NYSE, housed in … large building on Wall Street, docs … bulk of trading in listed securities. 6. Index numbers indicating changes in … average prices of shares on … Slock Exchange are called shares indices.
Form words of the same root:
to secure, to exchange.-to save, to invest, to practice, to exist, to manage, to deal, to rule, to sell, to pay. to advise.
Add the correct form of "there is" or "it is" to the following:
.. time to go there if you are ready. 2…. a lot to be said on that. 3…. a time when a market for their products was not a problem. 4…. much to be said on the subject. 5…. nearly time to leave. 6…. all very well to improve the product line, but will you be able to sell? 7…. very strange that they should both leave without coming to a conclusion. 8…. fact that the need for foreign exchange has increased. 9…. well known that Stock Exchanges have their own rules and conventions. 10…. a time when the dollar didn’t undergo such fluctuations.
Ask as many questions as possible:
1. Ready marketability requires that new issues should be made or backed by reputable borrowers or institutions. 2. The British Stock Exchange is managed by a Council of Members. 3. Jobbers and brokers keep their own registers and may record details of any bargain. 4. Roughly speaking, a share index shows percentage changes in the market of the
shares.
Add "under" to the following words and use them in sentences of your own:
rate, go, mine, sign, ground, line, take, valuation, estimate.
Fill in the blanks with the missing words:
If shares do not carry voting pow er they arc unlikely to increase in value as a result of a … bid.
If a company’s profits fall drastically the … might change the board of… at the next
Annual General Meeting (AGM).
Ordinary stocks can be expected to provide a useful… against inflation.
A company's board of directors is likely to retain… of the company so long as they make
reasonable profits.
The missing words: shareholders hedge dividend
directors profits take-over
“You know that fellow Heatherington-Smythe you sacked last month? He's using his
redundancy pay for a take-over bid".
Tick the box following the phrase which best completes each sentence:
1. If you own shares in a pharmaceutical company selling a wide variety of medicines, you will be pleased to hear
that the goverment is reducing its expenditure on the National Health Service.
that the birth rate is falling.
rumours that the company is to be taken over by an ever larger German competitor
If you decide to sell shares it is best to sell them when
prices have reached a record low.
prices look as if they will not be going any higher.
other people are also rushing to sell.
If you own shares in a life insurance company with subsidiaries in the USA, it will be
bad news to hear that
the value of hte dollar is falling in the foreign exchanges.
that a new drug has been found to cure cancer.
that the government is planning to spend more on the National Health Service.
You have bought shares in a commercial bank in the expectation that the price of its
shares will rise soon and you will be able to sell the shares at a profit. When the accounts for the year are produced you will be pleased to hear that it has
increased its dividend. □
increased its provision for bad debts.
reduced its costs,
Prices of shares on the International Stock Exchange in London would be most likely to
rise if
the rate of tax on profits (corporation tax) was to increase by 2p in the £. □
interest rates fell by 1%.
there was political unrest in the Middle East.
The price of equities in a UK group which owns a number of hotels in Eastern Europe
w ould increase if there was
an enlargement of the European Community. Q
a break-up of the European Community.
a substantial increase in the price of oil.
A speculator on the Stock Exchange buys some British Petroleum ordinaries. Which of
the following items of news would be most welcome to him?
The government increases the petrol tax. □
The government places restrictions on the import of foreign cars.
Income tax is reduced by 2p in the £.
One of the companies represented in your portfolio of securities has sent you notice of
a general meeting at which it is proposed to elect three new directors to the board, none of whom is known to you. Which of the following is the most logical reason for staying away from the meeting?
The company has sent you a proxy which will allow you to vote without attending the meeting.
Your stake in the shares is too small to justify the expense of the journey.
The new directors would have no effect on your stake in the company.
FUlin the blanks with "as ", "because", "since", "whereas", "that", "seeing that", "on the ground that":
didn't go the machine-tools exhibition … I was tired. 2…. their efforts have not been successful yet. they shall persist. 3…. he never takes part in talks, how can he give a good answer in writing. 4. They rejected the goods … the quality was inferior to that ordered. 5. We didn't say anything… we were uncertain of the consequences. 6…. there is little stability on the market I would recommend the Swiss Frank. 7. Stock Exchanges are considered important… they facilitate saving and investments.
Make up adverbial clauses using conjunctions given in brackets:
1. They had eaten breakfast. They began to work (before). 2.1 had waited for you for an hour. I left (after). 3. He opened the door. His brother burst out (when). 4.1 like to spend my leave. I can be with friends. 5. He was welcome. He went (wherever). 6. I’ll stay here. He comes (until, till). 7. You answer. You did not know this rule (as if). 8. He played so well. Everybody admired him (that). 9. He works quickly. I do (as … as). 10. It was only nine o’clock. There arc few people in the street (though). II. Don't believe him. He says (no matter what). 12. He went to the lecture early. He got a good seat (so that).
Write these sentences in another way. See the model
Model A: Knowing his wife was in bed, he went in quietly.
Because he knew his wife was in bed. he went in quietly.
Hearing a noise, she went to look at the baby.
Living in London, he didn't travel far for work.
Thinking it was Saturday, he didn’t get up.
Having a lot of money, they didn’t need to work.
Liking antiques, she enjoyed working in the shop.
Being a student, he had very little money.
Being old they didn’t go out much.
Model B: He dropped the book as a result of/while passing the TV.
He broke his leg, climbing a tree.
She went to sleep, playing cards.
hurt my finger, opening the door.
understood speculations, reading many books.
They learned English, listening into the radio.
It is not good English style to write get or got when another word can be used. Match the correct verb.
Finish with a smite:
“Are you a real millionaire, or a lax loophole millionaire?
Translate into English:
1. A plecat mai devreme în ciuda faptului că i s-a spus să mai rămână. 2. Nu-ți schimba planurile indiferent ce ți s-arspunc.3. S-a dus unde l-a trimis directorul. 4. Vă voi telefona dc îndată ce mă voi întoarce. 5. înainte de a citi telegrama a înțeles că era ceva urgent de făcut. 6. Lucra atâtdc repede încât abia îl puteam urmări. 7. Bste mai bătrân decât arată.
Cartea nu este atât de intersantâ cum crezi. 9. Deoarece cunoști aceste titluri dc valoare bine. le rog descrie-le.
1 Bursa dwLondra numără 3500 de membri, singurii care au acces în clădirea băncii.
Activitățile de bursă se desfășoară în întregime prin viu grai. 3. Bursele oferă investitorilor posibilitatea să-și vândă rapid titlurile de valoare atunci când doresc aceasta.
Acțiunile trebuie să aibă un cadru legal pentru a preîntâmpina frauda și practicile ilegale. 5. Mecanismul ratei de schimb exercită o mare influență asupra politicii monetare. 6. Sarcina principală a unei bănci este să protejeze valuta națională. 7.1nstabilitatea economică și financiară încurajează speculații!© la bursă.
. Operațiuni diverse la bursele de valori.
Operațiuni speculative. Operațiuni în creștere (bull) care mizează pe creșterea cursului unei acțiuni. Dacă nu dispune de bani lichizi pentru a cumpăra o astfel de acțiune, el apelează la brokerui său care preia astfel de acțiuni.
Operațiuni în scădere (bear). Speculantul mizează pe scăderea cursului unei acțiuni.
UNIT 64
CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION
One method of classifying the commodities is to base the classification on the form taken by the goods, (i) whether they are in the form in which consummcrs wish to have them, (ii) whether they have not yet reached the final stage of production, (iii) whether they are not yet required by consumers at all.
When foods arc in the form in which consumers want them they are known as consumers’ goods and these things satisfy consumers’ want directly. They can be further subdivided into foostuffs and manufactured goods.
All other commodities are producers’ goods which consist of raw materials like wood and ore, semi-manufactured goods which have not yet reached the final stage of production, like yam, and technical products like machinery and industrial equipment. Means of transport are also included in this category. All these things help to satisfy consumers' wants indirectly.
Direct sales to consumers. This is the oldest form of distribution and in many trades it remains the most important. Manufacturers in some sectors have run their own retail ourlets. In some industries producers may sell directly to consumers through factory shops, farm shops, "pick-your-own” arrangemets at lanns, by mail order or any other scheme. After direct selling, markets represent the oldest form of trade from producer to consumer. Here wc have in mind not the retail markets but those organized markets where traders in commodities (tin. copper, zinc and other metals, or bulk foodstuffs like tea, coffee, wheat and cocoa) make their deals.
What distinguishes commodities is that they tend to be sold on the basis of description according to their source rather than according to some brand name; such as "Sn Lankan tea".
A feature of many organized markets is the facility for dealing forward or in futures. These organized markets arc wholesale markets. Wholesaling is "a breaking bulk" activity, i.e. involves purchasing goods in large quantities from the producer or importer and selling in smaller quantities to the retailer, or sometimes, to another wholesaler or dealer.
In some cases the manufacturer bypasses the wholesaler and deals directly with the retailer. This occurs particularly in the case of "branded goods", i.e. goods bearing manufacturers' trade marks, where goods are large and expensive and when the rate of turnover is slow, as with furniture, they, too. may go straight from the manufacturer to retailer.
Trade is therefore the basic commercial activity, it can be divided into home trade dealing with the distribution of commodities within a country, and foreign trade dealing with the
VOCABULARY
to classify [’klarsifâi] v. – a clasifica stage [*stcid3l s. – (aici) fază, etapă yam [ja:nj s. – fir machinery [ma’Jiinari) s. – mașini wholesaler [’houlseila] s. – angrosist retailer [ri’tcila] s. – dctailist suitable f’sjuitabl) adj. – potrivit, corespunzător
to occur [a’ka:) v. – a se întâmpla, a surveni
particulatly [pa'tikjublij adv. – mai ales brand [brand) s. – marcă de calitate turnover (’toinouva) s. – cifră dc afaceri manufacturer [marnju’f.cktfarol s. – producător
collection [ka’lekjan] s. – preluare, strângere. colecționare
to embrace (im’brcis) v. – a cuprinde
to assist [a'sist] v. – a ajuta
to provide [pra'vaidj v. – a asigura
outlet J’autlet] s. – debușeu, magazin dc desfacere
feature [’fi:tja) s. – caracteristică
to purchase ['pat Jciz] v. – a cumpăra, a achiziționa businessman [’biznisman] s. – om de afaceri
warehousing fwEahauziij] s. – depozitare, înmagazinare to store [sta:) v. – a depozita insurance [in'juarons] s. – asigurare straight ('streitl adj. – direct to relicve [ri'liiv) v. – a exonera, a elibera business [’biznis) s. – afacere to by-pass [bai-pa:s] v. – (aici) a trece peste branded goods – mărfuri cu marcă de calitate/fabrică trade mark – marcă comercială to carry on – a desfășura means of payment – mijloace de plată end-user – beneficiarul mărfii to be engaged in business – a face comerț to deal forward/in futures – a face tranzacții la termen
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the questions using the additional vocabulary given below:
1. What does a traditional marketing channel consist of? manufacturer —> consumer (the mail order house carries a direct line activity) manufacturer —> wholesaler —> retailer —> consumer (a manufacturer sells to wholesaler, a wholesaler called a jobber or distributor sells to retailers or other wholesalers)
the agent (the manufacturer’s substitute/representative/; he is paid by fee or commission not by mark-up on the goods) the broker (who unlike an agent, works on a time-basis, with each transaction separate. Like the agent, the broker acts as a go-between).
What types of vertical marketing systems (VMS) do you know? the corporate system (one owner of all stages of the channel)
the administered system (one channel member becomes dominant over the rest) the contractual system (there is a formal agreement among members)
What forms of contractual marketing channel do you know?
a wholesaler – sponsored chain (a wholesaler enters into an agreement with his retailers by which they are to sell his products and use a common name, the same facilities and advertising)
a retail cooperative (a group of retailers set up a wholesaling operation using common name and cooperative advertising)
franchise organisation (retailers agree to meet the conditions of sale specified by the manufacturer)
How are goods actually moved through the marketing channel?
transportation warehousing
protective packaging inventory control
plant and warehouse site selection order processing
market forecasting customer service
GRAMMAR
WORD-ORDER
în limba engleză, ordinea cuvintelor în propoziție este destul de strictă și orice modificare a ei poate duce la greșeli, schimbări de sens sau stil și modalitate.
I. Declarative Sentences:
II Interrogative Questions:
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions:
What is the classification of goods which is based on the form taken by them? 2. What is meant by saying that certain goods satisfy consumers’ needs indirectly? 3. How can consumer goods be subdivided? 4. What do producer’s goods consist of? 5. What is considered the usual way of distribution? 6. What are the other ways of distribution? 7. In what circumstances does the manufacturer by-pass the wholesaler? 8. What does import trade deal with? 9. What docs export trade deal with? 10. What docs commerce include?
What are the services that assist commerce? 12. What is the main feature of the organized markets? 13. On what basis arc commodities sold?
II. Match the words to the definitions below.
a. to change something to fit the special needs of the customer
g. customized computer terminals •b. a person or a company which buys goods
licence to trade using a brand name and paying a royalty
(redevență) for it
use of a shop by regular shoppers
person who runs a franchise
person who licences a franchise
place where something is sold
place where goods arc sold cheaply because there’s little
demand.
Give synonyms of the following:
purchaser, to provide, manufacturer, to carry on trade, to relieve, to be engaged in business, to assist commerce, foreign trade, home trade, to reach, required, wants.
Give corresponding Romanian word combination for:
Commodities of commerce, commodity exchange, science of commodities, staple commodities, the value of commodity, commodity of brown paper, commodity capital, commodity circulation, commodity dollar, commodity production, cash commodity, commodity market.
Branded goods, producer's goods, goods and chattels, consumer goods, fancy goods, goods circulation, goods account, goods station, goods department, goods train, investment goods, damageable goods, ascertained goods, long and heavy goods, Manchester goods, piece goods, hand goods, dry goods, soft goods, general goods, spot goods.
Wares, chinaware. Dutch ware, Delftwarc/earthen ware, small ware.
Commerce, trade, dealings, business, deal, billings, mcrchantry.
V Fill in the blanks with prepositions and adverbs:
1. Many foodstuffs require to be processed … some way before they are ready … eating. Wheat being threshed… the farms, has to be taken.. . the millers to be ground… flour, which is then brought… flour merchants who distribute it. 2. Coal is both a producers' good and a consumers' good but… cither case it usually passes … a merchant… its way… the users.
For imported raw materials there are organized markets, imported wool being sold… the Wool Exchange, tin and copper… the Metal Exchange, timber … the Timber Exchange, hides and skins… the Commercial Sales Rooms, etc.
Put the adverbs in brackets in their correct form:
Model. The (early) you’ll come the (quickly) we'll finish our work.
The earlier you'll come the more quickly we'll finish our work.
1. The (more) you read the (soon) you improve your language. 2. The (quickly) you'll consult a doctor the (easily) he’ll cure you. 3. The (carefully) you’ll write the (well) you'll master the language.
Rewrite the following sentences according to the model:
Model: It was so windy that 1 couldn’t button my coat.
It was too windy for me to button the coat.
It was windy enough for me to button my coat.
I. The basket was so heavy that I couldn’t carry it. 2. They were so far away that they couldn’t see what was happening. 3. The commodities were so expensive that we couldn’t import them. 4. It was so fate that she couldn't stay any longer.
VIU. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words in the brackets:
I. It would be of great… (help, assistance) to me if you could … (explain, make it clear) some points about variota… (branches, categories) of… (commerce, trade, business). 2. If it won’t be too great a (trouble, inconvenience) would you mind telling me what is the function of… (retail, wholesale) trade? 3. Where do … (retailers, detailers) obtain the … (supplies, commodities, goods) they sell?
Underline the part(s) of the sentence emphasized by the introductory "it"
and translate the sentences below:
Model: It's nuts she wants.
1. It's always pepper that makes people hot-tempered. 2. It’s not his voice that makes her angry but his books. 3. Its not competence that is accepted but stupidity. 4. It's love, it's peace that makes the wartd go round. 5. It'* always sugar that afTects your health. 6. It’s trying to live below our earning that makes budget.
X Open the brackets using the necessary verb form:
I WONDER WHY a dollar… (to call) a buck?
American Indians… (to use) buckskins – the skin of a buck deer – as a form of money when (to barter) with each other. Early settler* who… (to trade) with the Indians also… (to adopt) the practice of exchanging buckskins for other goods.
Dunng the "gold rush" of early 1850 the expression "one buck" … (to use) interchangeably with "one dollar" throughout the mining tours of California. The term … (to gain) in popularity and … (to be) part of the American language ever since.
XL Explain briefly the difference between:
retailer and wholesaler The retailer…
The wholesaler…
broker and agent A broker…
An agent…
a corporate system, an administered system and a contractual system In a corporate system,…
In a contractual system,…
XU. Rewrite the following text and make the necessary changes in the word-order if necessary:
How to become a "Doer" and Succeed.
Most people are "Watchers" and Waiters, while successful people are "Doers".
Watchers – They are very conservative, don’t like to take risks and arc fearful of rejection. Not very creative. They resist change. They lake things personally, particulary losing or rejection.
Waiters – They are similar to Watchers, they but handle better rejection, and they are more willing to take a few risks. They prefer to wait until happens something, react then to it Doers – These are the people who get things done. Not afraid of rejection because they don’t take it personally. They know that risk-taking to success leads. Doers have a positive attitude, and a lot of knowledge about what they are doing. They have also a sharp set of skills. So take it step by step, polish your skills, lcam the things you need to know to become a doer.
(adapted from "Why Winners Win” by John Torquato)
Scan the following words in the text below. Read and translate the text: suggest scents; you’ll soon zero; candlelight dinners; feminine; fruity blends; bold, cinnamon; arty woman; revealing; woodsy- mossy; fancy frocks; Tea Rose.
How to Pick Perfume to Match Your Personality
Perfume is one of the most personal elements of a woman’s image. It makes a firm statement about who you arc!
Finding a scent that reflects your image isn't easy, but don’t give up.
Each perfume is formulated with certain types of women in mind.
Find the description below that best suits your personality, and then try the suggested scents. You’ll soon zero in on the one – or ones – for you.
Romantic: If your style is lacy dresses, candlelight dinners and love songs by a blazing fire, then single floral scents – perfumes that capture the magic of one particular blossom – suit you best. Some florals arc Tea Rose, Jungle Gardenia. Anais Anais and White Shoulders.
Sporty: This woman loves being where the action is, adores sports and games and finds fancy frocks a bore. If this is you, try woodsy-mossy and fruity blends like Chanel No. 19. Calandrc. Bill Blass and Norell.
Independent: If you are feminine but firm, know where you want to be and how to get there, you’ll like fruity florals and modem blends with a bold fresh fragrance. Sample Anne Klein, Armani. Charlie, Cristalle and Miss Dior.
Girl-next-door: Freshfaced and optimistic, you can enhance your image with fruity blends like Nocturnes. Lauren and Tosca No. 4711.
Traditional: If you like to cook and sew- and consider home and family the center of your universe, scents that will work best for you include Chanel No. 5, Halston and Tuxedo. Sexy: This woman knows how to make a lasting impression on a man – and isn't shy about revealing her passions. If this is you, you'll love spicy Oriental and modern blends. Try Anne Klein, Givenchy, Cinnabar, Obsession and Youth Dew.
Arty: Never one to follow, the arty woman is usually ahead of her time and is often sought out for her unique views of the world. If this describes you, spicy notes like cloves, ginger and cinnamon work best for you. Try L’Air du Temps, Cinnabar, Epris and Fidji.
Finish with a smile:
It isn’t the horses under the hood that cause traffic accident – it’s the jackasses behind the wheel.
If you don’t enjoy what you have, how could you be happier with more?
Social success – that’s what is guaranteed one you have mastered the art of looking interested when you are bored.
There are three times in life when it’s useless to try to hold a man to anything he says – when he's madly in love, drank, or running for a job.
7 have to hang up now, Marge… someone’s at the door."
e) The world is nor a mad house, as some people claim, the occupants of a madhouse are kept under control.
"Guess what happened on the way home from making the last car payment "
Translate into English:
Mărfurile comerciale, ramurile comerțului, fondurile fixe, mărfuri pentru consumatori, măr tun finite, maceni prime, echipamente industriale, a se baza pe. a fi sub formă de. a fi corespunzător pentru, in plus față de, în vrac. din străinătate, metodă de distribuție, mijloace de plată, mărfuri cu marcă de calitate, marca fabricii, marcă comerciali, asigurare, transport, depozitare, sistem bancar-financiar.
Metode de producție eficiente legate de o activitate eficientă de comercializare (marketing) a produselor pot probabil să asigure producătorii că pot produce mărfuri sau servicii ieftine și ci există o piață pentru ceea ce ci produc. Acum rămâne de fapt întrebarea extrem de importantă: "Cum putem face ca produsele noastre să ajungă direct la consumator?"
Cererea pentru mărfuri poate fi sezonieră (seasonal) dar producția are loc tot timpul anului (all the year round). De aceea depozitarea este un serviciu viul activității comerciale. Dacă luăm stocuri de la producători anticipat cererii de pe piață și totodată acordăm credit dclailiștilor, de fapt (in effect) finanțăm producția. Fără finanțare producătorii ar trebui să utilizeze sume tot mai mari de bani.
UNIT 65
MARKET SELECTION AND
PRODUCT PLANNING
In practice marketing strategy is far more complicated than it is often thought to be.
It involves two dimensions. There is a horizontal dimension – what segments of the end-use market should the company serve? And there is a vertical dimension – on what level of the manufacturing process should the enterprise concentrate?
Along each of these dimensions management has a series of important strengths and weaknesses, market opportunities, relations with the customers and suppliers, the meaning of the product to the users, and other considerations.
In problems of market selection and product planning, it is important to keep four ideas in mind:
What markets should be served?
The most important decisions in planning marketing strategy arc those related to the choice of a market or markets to serve. All else follows. Choice of market is the choice of the customer and of the competitive environment in which one choscs to compete. It is not an easy decision. This carries with it the responsibility to serve customers well, to stay in the technical and product development race, and to grow in pace with the growing market demand.
What form should the product take?
Products are planned and designed to serve markets. In theory, at least, market selection tomes first, and the choice of the product form follows.
What should the product do for the user?
It is the total package of benefits the customer receives when he buys. This includes the functional utility of the goods, the product service provided, the technical assistance you may give your customers, and the assurance that the product will be delivered when and where it is needed and in the desired quantities.
For whom is the product most important?
The product, in this broader sense, will have different meanings to different customers. It is strategically advantageous for a supplier to concentrate on those prospective customer groups that will value the product the most.
Diversifying into new markets.
In the situation of diversifying into new markets, four considerations are very important:
1. Does the market have high growth potential?
Is ihe market currently dominated by Urge and powerful competitors or is still possible to claim a large market share?
b the market easy or difficult for competitors to enter?
How high is the value added by manufacture, or. bow low is the ratio of the cost of materials and purchased parts to the selling price?
Product market positioning.
Very often selecting markets is a matter of identifying potential applications for some new product, possibly one that comes from a research laboratory.
DIALOGUE
Customer 1 am most interested in your global delivery scheme for the new electric fans and air conditioners your company is manufacturing, in view of a possible purchase. Could you supply me with the relevant information?
Supplier Definitely, Sir. We have a variety of schemes, depending on the amount of goods you wish to buy.
Customer in principle 1 might place an order for a sizable lot of the items 1 mentioned
Supplier In that case, we can arrange for a very advantageous package of benefit? Moreover, we could improve the scheme if you let us know in advance about the specifics of the functional utility and technical assistance you require.
Customer I’ll send you a Fax with details of all my requirements so that you may fit them into your basic scheme.
Supplier That would be most helpful, Sir. You may rest assured that our delivery terms and price quotations will fully meet your requirements.
Customer When can 1 expect to hear from you?
Supplier One week after we get your Fax. Sir, at the latest. Much depends, though, on the date and place you wish the delivery to be effected.
Customer You’ll find all details in the Fax. I'm sure we can accomodate our mutual interests once your scheme will be acceptable to me in all respects
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer the following questions using the additional vocabulary:
1. Can you enumerate the elements of marketing strategy?
consumer’s behaviour
decision-making
marketing channels
promotion: – personal selling
advertising
sales promotion
publicity pricing of products
2. Which of the marketing concepts listed below are considered old and which are new?
customer satisfaction goods – services and ideas as products
all marketing activities as part of the system
Two
What systems provide a foundation on which a firm manages all of its marketing activities?
the marketing information system
the management system
the marketing support system
How does marketing segmentation use:
demografic data
population
population growth
population density
mobility (is the population shifting to or from cities?)
per capita income
income patterns (what is the distribution of income in the population)
spending patterns
employment (and in what occupations)
ethnic origin
education (how much schooling)
home ownership -age
GRAMMAR
The Preposition
Prepoziția este un cuvânt de legătură care stabilește anumite relații (de poziție, direcție, timp) între termenii unei propoziții.
I. Din punct de vedere al formei, prepozițiile pot fi:
EXERCISES
/. Answer the questions:
What docs the market strategy involve in terms of horizontal and vertical dimensions?
What are the managerial aspects related to each of these dimensions? 3. How do you define the choice of market and the responsibilities it carries? 4. In what is the product – market relation established? 5. What is the total package of benefits the product should offer? 6. What must one consider when selecting the customer? 7. Which are the mam criteria of market selection?
Give synonyms for:
relation, choice, segment, growth, return, to assist, to value, to buy, related to. to take into account, to keep in mind, to meet the requirements.
Fill in with articles:
1. The most important decisions in planning marketing strategy are those related to… choice of… market or markets to serve. 2. Market selection comes first and… choice of… product form follows. 3. Marketing is … art of identifying … need and then satisfying it with … particular product or service. 4. It involves: "… right goods at… right place at… right time for… right price”. 5. Without… market… product is useless. 6…. producer, or… customer may be… person,… group,… firm,… institution, organization… government. 7…. essence of enterpreneurship is to convert… idea into… product that people will buy.
IV Turn the following statements into questions:
1. The most important decisions in planning marketing arc those related to the choice of the markets to serve. 2. In deciding on them management should take into account strengths and weanesses. 3. Products are planned and designed to serve markets. 4. Market selection comes first, and the choice of product form follows. 5. The product has different meanings to different customers. 6. It is advantageous to concentrate on those prospective customer groups that will value the product most. 7. It is equally important to develop skills through which to dfferentiate your product from those of competitors. 8. In the early stages of market development control of end-product quality is very important.
v. Choose the right words:
cost, worth
1. The advertising campaign … them too much money. 2. How much money docs it… to send this parcel express? 3. In my opinion it is not… the money. 4. It is… trying to approach them. 5. The … of keeping the market should be thoroughly analysed. 6. It isn't… all that effort. 7. They have to keep up with the high … of fuel.
offer, suggest
1. They … to inform us on the market prospects. 2. We … that the relations with the prospective customers should be considered. 3. He… a substitute but we refused to accept it. 4. They… their assistance on all the problems related to packing. 5. He … to discuss the matter and notify us of the results. 6. He … that wc should start diversifying into new markets.
Give the nouns corresponding to the following verbs:
to use, to select, to benefit, to deliver, to mean, to concentrate, to relate, to invest, to define, to permit, to apply, to enter.
Supply the correct tense:
(to know) this product for too short a time. 2.1 am sorry that you (to decide) to sell your goods on a different market. 3. Wc (to have) to send them a fresh supply of the same product.
They (to intend) to go there next week, but now they (to find) it is too costly. 5. The product (to have) different meanings to different customers. 6. This is the second time they (to ask) your presence at the talks. 7. I always (to tell) them to think of a possibility of reducing the costs. 8. We hope it (not to be) too late to talk to them. 9. If you (to do) as 1 told you. you (to succeed). 10. It (to be) wrong if you (not to take) this opportunity. 11. You (to sell) the goods if you (to choose) the proper market.
Vlll. Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
Along each … the dimensions management has a series… important options. 2…. deciding … them management should take … account strengths and weaknesses, market opportunities, relations … customers and suppliers, the meaning… the product… the users and other considerations. 3. Choice … market is a choice … the customer and … the competitive environment… which one chooses to compete. 4. Marketing strategies should not be developed … products but … markets. 5. The product has a different meaning … different customers. 6. It is strategically advantageous … a supplier to concentrate … those prospective customer groups that will value the product tlie most. 7. Enterprises with large market shares generally enjoy higher returns … investment. 8. It is important to develop unique skills which to differentiate your product… those of competitors. 9…. the early stage … market development, control… end-product quality is very important.
Translate into Romanian paying attention to the preposition "by":
1. He left Bucharest by plane. 2. We drove by day and rested at night. 3. The project will be ready by the end of the week. 4. It was by hard work that he succeeded. 5. He has not a good command of the language; he knows what he picked up by the car. 6. By my watch it is 10 o’clock sharp. 7. Apples are sold by the kilo. 8. She enriched her vocabulary by reading much. 9. They decided to reach the village by another road.
Translate:
a) 1. La ora nouă voi fi în fața expoziției. 2. Vom asculta o prelegere despre romanul englez modem. 3. Se îndreaptă spre întreprindere. 4. L-am auzit vorbind despre aceasta zilele trecute. 5. Lucrarea va apărea în librării în aproximativ două luni. 6. Au trecut peste cinci luni de când nu l-am întâlnit. 7. Cântărește sub trei kilograme. 8. Scenariul a fost scris după un roman foarte bun. 9. îmi cumpăr articolele de papetărie de la librăria de peste drum.
S-a dovedit a fi un lucrător bun în ultimii ani. 11. Trebuie să plecăm înaintea lor. 12. Totul va fi gaia în două zile. 13. Nu este nici unul printre noi care să nu poată rezolva această problemă. 14. Unul dintre noi trebuie să decidă. 15. Prin reclamă se transmit mesaje care să corespundă dorințelor clienților potențiali. 16. în practică strategia dc piață este complicată. 17. Piața este dominată de o concurență puternică. 18. Selecționarea picții s-a făcut după un studiu aprofundat. 19. Raportul cu privire la situația pieții va fi prezentat într-o săptămână. 20. Studiul se referă la calitatea produselor și lansarea lor pe piață.
b) 1. in cadrul activității de promovare a exporturilor un loc important îl deține propaganda economică și reclama comercială. 2. Scopul propagandei comerciale este să formeze și să dezvolte poziții favorabile pentru cunoașterea prtxkiselor. 3. Prin acțiunile de reclamă în general se transmit mesaje care să corespundă dorințelor viitorului consumator pentru ca acesta să cumpere produsul respectiv. 4. Principiile care stau la baza alcgeni politicii de relații publice sunt: i) cunoașterea temeinică a diferitelor categorii de consumatori; ii) continuitate în formarea unui climat favorabil în rândurile opiniei publice; iii) selecționarea acelor categorii de public, care prezintă un interes deosebit pentru întreprindere.
UNIT 66
BUSINESS NEGOTIATION
There is no doubt that one of the factors contributing to successful commercial exchanges is the personal contact.
During the talks every question can be aswered directly and all difficulties settled on the spot.
Negotiations should be thoroughly planned.
No real business negotiation ever begins without some initial social conversation. People talk about business, the economy, their two companies, even about their journey and the weather.
It is part of the preparatory phase of negotiations to consider at what stage in the talks specialized questions might anse.
Specialist have their own language. To bring them in late can result in considerable misunderstanding and contusion and, in certain circumstances, can also have very costly consequences.
Negotiations demand the complete concentration of the participants. There is an obvious point when undertaking negotiations – you must be physically fit.
When you embark upon negotiations you must know the length of time which you can sustain concentration. In principle a discussion should not last more than one hour.
In business you must accept the person who is presented to you for commercial reasons. Remember that you arc representing your company. Listen to what your partner says. Be polite at all times. Do not offend him. Try to obtain his respect and remember that you may have to work together again in the future.
Another question in the preparation for talks is what documents will be necessary. Heaps of documents betray inadequate preparation for the discussion and can be a source of confusion. This does not mean that written documents are superfluous – many business negotiations could not be conducted at all without them. The most important written document is the plan for the discussion, the arrangement of the discussion, the questions which it is essential to clarify or solve during the talks.
Essential in the approach of negotiations is punctuality. The primary responsibility for a good atmosphere rests with the host. The guest should not take the initiative in establishing contact. It is impolite and does not help to create a good atmosphere.
No negotiation is ever complete until a contract has been signed or a letter written to confirm what has been agreed.
The conclusion of the discussion should be the climax. Even in difficult situations the final contact phase should leave open the possibility of a new discussion on a different subject or with a different purpose.
President of Company Private Secretary
President Janifer, when is the meeting with the representative of Clarence Motors Co. scheduled to take place?
Secretary Let me see, Sir. It was arranged for next Tuesday, at 10 o'clock in the morning, on our premises.
President Very well. then. Prepare the files and call a meeting of our Board of Directors this very afternoon to decide on the strategy of the talks. You know how important this meeting is for the expansion of our subsidiary branches and Mr. Thompson of Clarence Motors is a subtle though sometimes tough negotiator.
Secretary He certainly is. Sir. I shall prepare a minimum set of relevant documents involved and brief you on their contents. Shall I take notes of the talks during the meeting?
President Only if it is necessary and very discreetly. And, by the way, get in touch with our Protocol Department and tell them to make arrangements for the meeting to be held in Conference Room 2, which is a cosier and more intimate. As we arc the hosts, make sure that the hospitality we offer is in very good taste and unobtrusive. Don’t forget to bnng some flowers and other decorative items. Mr. Thompson is very appreciative of things being done in style.
Secretary AH right. Sir. You need not worry, everything will be in order. As I assume that the talks will go on smoothly. 1 shall also prepare a draft contract for consideration so as to expedite matters in the event of final agreement is reached at of this stage. President Good idea. Janifer. Wc must have the initiative at all times Take all the necessary steps and keep me informed about the progress of the preparations.
VOCABULARY
negotiation (nigouji'eijn) s. – negociere, tratativâ
thoroughly [’OakIi] adv. – amănunțit, conștiincios
preparatory [pri’ptcratari] adj. – pregătitor, introductiv stage [stcid3] s. – stadiu, fază. perioadă, etapă
misunderstanding (misAnda’sttcndig] s. – neînțelegere
obvious f’abvias) adj. – clar, evident to undertake, undertook, undertaken (Anda’leik) v. – a sc angaja în, a întreprinde
undertaking (Anda’teikiij) a. – întreprindere. acțiune
appreciative
comat
brilliant
demanding
dissatisfied
reluctant
inadequately equipped exacting
What is most advisable in beginning business negotiations?
specialized know ledge
to reel off a string of generalizations
an informative briefing
the aid of a relevant specialist
try to draw up a strategy for yourself
create a climate of co-operation or expectation
At H'hat stage in the negotiation will you say?
-1 agree entirely
-1 think we are in agreement oo that -1 would tend to agree with you on that
Would you study the following?
Negotiations
Agreeing a procedure
1 think we should first of all That'« OK. with us
establish a procedure
May 1 suggest that we begin
by…?
After that… /Finally…
Opening the negotiations
Can we begin by outlining our view of the situation?
Our position is this.
What we are looking for is …?
Establishing targets
I think we should first of all look at…
Finally we should try to…
Asking for initial contributions
Perhaps you could start, John,…
Would you like to begin. Sue, with your…?
Asking for opinions
What do you think, Jim?
What’s your opinion, Margaret?
What’s the view of the sales department. Jack?
Asking for opinions
How do you feel about Jack’s idea. John?
What's your reaction to Sue's sug-
Can I come in here?
Could I say something?
Just a minute!
Speeding up a meeting
Time is short. Can we move on to…?
Can we leave that till later and go on to
?
• • •
Digressing
Can I digress for a moment?
I think we should look in passing at…
Bringing a meeting to its targets
OK. Can we come to a decision on this?
Summarising and concluding
Right. We have decided then to… Closing the meeting
OK. Let's call it a day.
GRAMMAR
THE AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
în limba englezii predicatul se acordă în număr și persoană cu subiectul. A. Subiectul simplu (Simple Subject)
EXERCISES
1. Answer the questions:
In what way docs business negotiation contribute to successful commercial exchanges?
What can wc say about the opening stage of negotiations? 3. At what stage in the talks would you recommend to bring in the specialists? 4. What is the importance of documents?
What qualities are required of a good negotiation? 6. Which are the host’s/guest's responsibilies in establishing the atmosphere? 7. What can you do as a negotiator to reduce the atmosphere of a conflict? 8. What must you bear in mind when dealing with a new person? 9. Why is the conclusion of the discussion so important for the outcome of the negotiations?
Give synonyms for:
phase, journey, purpose, climax, discussion, question, costly, primary, considerable, superfluous, essential, thoroughly, impolite, to sustain, to undertake, to confirm, to schedule, on the spot.
Fill in the blanks using the prepositions:
of. in, for. at, on. with, about.
I. It is part of the preparatory phase of negotiations to consider … what stage … the talks specialized questions might arise. 2. Negotiations demand the complete concentration … the participants. 3…. principle a discussion should not last more than an hour. 4. Heaps … documents betray inadequate preparation… the discussion. 5. Essential… the approach …
the negotiations is punctuality. 6. You should not take the initiative … establishing the contact. 7. The final contact phase should leave open the possibility… a new discussion … a different subject or… a different purpose 8. Our client is very appreciative… things being done … style. 9.1 shall prepare a draft contract… consideration. 10. Keep me informed … the progress of the preparations. 11. The sales contract should be the final stage … a succession… sales negotiations.
Add "urt" to the following words and use them in sentences of your own: obtrusive, able, acceptable, edible, estimated obtainable, paid, recognizable, reliable, sold, usable, wanted.
Ask as many questions as possible:
The written document is not the essence of the discussion, but should rather assist the negotiations at certain stages to conduct the talks. Every participant in the talks should be interested in seeing that the discussion takes place in the best possible atmosphere.
Make the following sentences as in the model:
Model: Specialized knowledge is required during the talks.
It is specialized knowledge that is required during the talks.
1. You should know the length of time which you can sustain. 2. The discussion should progress in a methodical way. 3. Heaps of documents are a source of confusion 4. The most important document is the plan. 5. The conclusion of the discussion should take place at its climax. 6. A simple expression of interest can serve to maintain contact
Develop on the following topics:
u) You are an experienced negotiator. What advice could you pass on to a new and inexperienced employer?
It is necessary to have a team leader. If so. what arc his functions?
In team negotiations, one team sometimes leaves the table for a consultation. What are the dangers of such a move?
Translate into Romanian and comment on:
A plan for a discussion is nevertheless not to be regarded as a strict formula. It is purely and simply an aid. The written documents must obviously include any questions which form an integral part of the discussion. We should also stress that written documents are permissible when absolutely essential. Under no circumstances should they interrupt the discussion. They should be the logical development of the preparation. Anyone wishing to conduct a good discussion must feel free and confident in the subject which he is to discuss.
Use the proper form of the verbs instead of the infinitives in brackets:
I. Neither of us (to be absent). 2. Either he or 1 (to be going) to see you off. 3. My family (to live) in Bucharest. 4. (to have) either of your friends come? 5. The board (to agree) on the terms of the agenda. 6. The editor-in-chief and the writer (to arrive). 7. A variety of
questions (to be put) to the professor. 8. Neither of us (to be invited). 9. The number of seats (to be limited). 10. The crew (to be present) for the inspection. 11. Gymnastics (to be practised) by all my friends. 12. Physics (to be) her favourite subject. 13. The two hours discussion (to be up). 14. Neither of them (to agree) on the standards to be pursued. 15. The board (to discuss) the performances of the latest end-products. 16. We (to have) serious trouble in securing raw materials. 17. Before we (to make) a final decission. get an expert to look into the matter. 18. Once the goals for performance (to be established) behaviour must be observed, measured and monitored. 19. They (to expect) us to know certain things about management.
Choose the correct form of the verb from among those given in brackets:
1. Both the seller and the buyer (was. were) in favour of resuming the talks. 2. The writing and correcting of the exercise (is, arc) finished. 3. Green and yellow (is, are) her favourite colours. 4. Not only the professor but also the students (is. arc) invited. 5.1 as well as they (am, are) pleased with the results. 6. Neither her brother nor her si ster (is, are) at home
My aim and object (is, are) to assist in their preparation for the talks. 8. A great number of people (is. are) present.
XL Translate:
1. Nici unul dintre noi nu ar fi făcut o asemenea greșeală. 2. Marca varietate a subiectelor ne-a interesat. 3. A reușit vreunul din voi să studieze toate problemele? 4. Nu numai tu. ci și prietenii tăi au apreciat că planul discuției este bun. 5. Numai două ore de pregătire nu sunt suficiente. 6. Noi, ca și ci. am fost de acord cu propunerile. 7. Un marc număr de firme se interesează de produsele voastre. 8. Ceea ce trebuie să faceți este să luați legătura cu producătorul.
1. Contactul final nu trebuie confundat cu rezumatul care încheie negocierile. 2. Contactul final este o problemă de atmosferă, o discuție trebuie să înceapă și să se încheie pe o notă pozitivă. 3. Așa cum faza inițială de contact trebuie să ofere trecerea Ia subiect, tot astfel contactul final trebuie să decurgă firesc din discuția care se apropie de sfârșit.
întreruperea bruscă a discuției principale și orientarea grăbită spre contactul final poate avea rezultate nedorite. 5. Dacă negocierile s-au dovedit satisfăcătoare pentru ambele părți, contactul final se stabilește ușor. 6. Dacă nu se ajunge la o înțelegere trebuie să se creeze cel puțin cadrul în care să se admită că problemele au fost discutate serios și cinstit.
LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE
FUNCTIONAL INDEX
FUNCTIONS
ACCEPTING Yes, of course!
Yes, I will, I can, etc.
I don’t mind going to this party with you.
I'd be pleased (happy) to help you.
All right! O.K.! Sore!
If you like! Whyaol?
That's a good idea!
That would be lovely (grcat/fine)!
ADMIRATION
It's really gorgeous!
What a beautiful motorbike!
How nice she is!
Isn't it marvellous?
That’s wonderful! (great, terrific, fantastic, smashing, etc.)
You're so strong!
She's snch a clever girl!
This is supper!
Well done!
Congratulations!
How wonderful (extraordinary, etc.)!
ADVICE
You should leam another language. You shouldn’t watch T.V. so often. You ought to stop smoking before it's too late.
Couldn't you play in your bedroom? You could read a good book instead.
You’d better look for another flat.
If 1 were you. I'd take a holiday now. Why not go for a walk, you look tired. In your position, frankly, I'd resign. Why don’t you go for a walk? You look tired.
He might try another doctor.
I suggest you stop behaving like a kid. I('d) advise you to see a doctor.
AGREEMENT TO APPRECIATION
Cf. Accepting So am I.
So do I.
Neither do I, etc.
I quite agree with you.
I think he's right. How right he is! Definitely! Of course! Absolutely! Exactly!
This is quite true!
He's right to say (in saying) that this problem will never be solved.
I couldn't agree more with what you say.
I must admit (It's a fact) that she's quite bright.
CAPACITY
I bet I can jump higher than you.
She can speak six languages.
You’ll be able to run again in about a week.
Don't worry. I’ll manage to repair the roof.
I know I could have bought some butter, but the shops were all closed. Now that the £ is stronger, it's possible for him to buy a house.
Money eaables people to do a lot of things!
Sleeping helps me feel better.
They succeeded In handling the
situation.
CAUSE
He stayed at home because he felt rather ill.
As he hadn't finished his homework, he didn't go to the cinema.
Mend that chair yourself, since you're so clever!
He couldn’t mn for too long because of (on account of) his asthma.
That b the reason why (That's why) she wasn't there last night.
It’s precisely because I don't agree with her hat I find her conversation so interesting.
I think he killed her out of jealousy.
In that case. I won’t see her any longer. Well… Perhaps it's because she’s so young.
COMPARISON
You say your car’s faster than mine, prove it!
He has been more determined than ever There's more (less) money in my bag than yesterday!
You eat much more than you used to! It's not as (so) difficult as I expected. He's got the same nose as his father. She sings like a bird.
This house is similar to my grandfather’s.
She plays poker as if she had done it all her life.
You talk as though you knew everything!
Don't worry, it might be worse.
Your father gets more and more irritable.
There's less and less sauce in their ravioli!
The more (less) I see you. the more (less) I love you.
COMPLAINING
Honestly! For goodness' sake! Enough is enough!
I'm fed up with you!
I’m fed up (with) waiting for him!
I'm sick of hearing you!
I've (just about) had enough of all this!
I'm tired of working so much.
That drives me mad / crazy.
He (what) really gets on my nerves
0«~).
You are the limit (the end)!
Yon make me sick!
What a nuisance you arc!
How boring it was!
What arc you complaining (moaning/ grumbling) about?
CONCESSION
In a sense (Up to a certain point/ After all), what she says is quite sensible.
That may be so. but it's a bit far-fetched
I guess (suppose) you're right, but… In a way (To some extent), he might benght
You may be right, but you shouldn't tell her.
I admit that you’ve made a good point.
That’s all very well, but I stick to my point.
You're not entirely wrong, but (however/ yet/ nevertheless / still)… Although I’m (well) aware of the problem, I’d rather say that…
CONDITION AND HYPOTHESIS
If It’s fine, we'll go to Sandy Day.
If it was (were) cheaper, we’d (we would/could) definitely travel by plane. Supposing you won £ 10.000, what would you do?
If you hadn't been so careless, you wouldn’t have bumped your head! You touch that gun, Sheriff, and I’ll kill you!
Suppose I were poor, would you help me?
You won't find it unless you open the
box.
You can go out tonight provided you
ask me.
Even if (though) be wanted to. he couldn't take himself seriously.
You'd belter listen to what he says otherwise (else/if not) you’ll regret it!
CONSEQUENCE
If she really insists, then I may say
"yes".
It implies (means) that he's not guilty. He’s rich, therefore (consequently/so/ as a consequence/as a result) he can
afford to buy anything.
The crisis entails tremendous consequences.
She’s so kind that she will surely welcome you.
CONTRAST AND CONTRADICTION
I haven’t got a guitar, but Jenny has.
I didn’t say she loved you, I said she liked you!
A: You didn't move all day! B: I did go for a short walk!
A: You were watching that girt (boy)! B: I wasn’t! (I was not).
You weren't at the match yesterday. I was!
She hates watching TV whereas (while) her husband loves it.
A: This is not funny at all. B: Yes, it is! On the one hand she said she would do it, but on the other she acted quite differently.
On the contrary! That’s exactly what I said!
DESIRE AND WISHES
I want to go there with you. please.
I want you to listen carefully to what I'am saying.
I wish I had a faster bike.
I’d like to go to that Indian restaurant. I’d love to sec that film.
I wish you’d buy me that necklace.
I'd like you to throw that cigar away.
If only you weren’t 7 feet tall, Georgia… Do you feel like going to the theatre tonight?
I’m (quite) willing to dine with you, provided you take me to the restaurant' I’m dying to meet him!
DETERMINATION
This is the girl I want to marry !
This is the very man I’ve been trying to find.
That’s the girl I’m going to go out with!
I’m definitely going to divorce him!
I’m marrying him, with or without your consent!
I will sec her, whether you like it or not!
He was determined to win.
DISAGREEMENT TO CRITICISM
I don't agree with what he said.
I disagree entirely (I rather disagree) with his position on nuclear weapons! You can’t be serious! You must be joking!
I couldn't agree less with your last statement.
You must be out of your mind! She can’tbcsocracl!
I think he’s wrong.
Certainly not!
I don’t see it that way.
This is ludicrous! Nonsense! Rubbish! I (can’t but) object to what you've just said.
It's beside the point!
This is totally irrelevant!
This has nothing to do with the question!
DISLIKING
I hate all kinds of fish.
She hates (dislikes) having to get up
early.
I don't like him very much (at all).
I resent being told what I've got to do.
I can’t stand waiting for a bus for hours!
My sister can’t stand (detests) carrots. I can’t bear getting up early in the morning!
That film was really awfuL. terrible… dreadful… revolting… etc.
I really don’t care for (fancy) those big cars.
I can’t put up with this sort of life! Your behaviour sickens me!
Those people are unbearable!
DURATION
I’m using an old bike at the moment. The new one hasn’t arrived yet.
I’m experimenting with this machine for a month. 1 hope it’ll work!
I’ve been dying to call you for more than an hour!
She worked for Rolls Royce fora month and left.
It’s at least three years since 1 last saw them.
I’ve not ewten such a good hamburger since I left my mother!
He keeps talking all the time.
EMPHASIS
I did tell you he was in love with you! She is a nice girl, isn’t she?
Sheila made that delicious curry!
It’s John who told me 1 didn’t invent it! Those films I don’t like at all!
Come on, your problem isn’t that difficult!
I insist on seeing the manager at once! They’re (really) nice indeed!
Surely, you don’t believe him!
You’re absolutely (quite) right!
She speaks fairly good English.
FREQUENCY
He often— sometimes… never… always… usually… seldom… rarely… etc. goes out.
When my grandmother was younger, we would often go fishing together. How often do you wash? Once a month?
Once in a while, I sleep until noon. Most of the time, these shops will offer .you a discount.
He's late… as usual.
She hardly ever reads the paper.
Do you often see her? – Not really, just occasionally (from time to time).
FUTURE
We’U buy this flat as soon we’ve saved enough money.
She’* going to buy a new TV set. Careful! That rock is about to fall!
The new supermarket opens tomorrow. They’re coming to see us.
From now on. I refuse to talk to him.
I’ll tell you when he comes.
Do you know when he will come?
Some day (One of these days). I'll he famous.
GETTING SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING
He wanted her to listen to him but she
wouldn't!
She made me sweep the floor!
I had them write a long essay.
I’ll get (force) you to confess. Bernard! He persuaded (convinced) me to come to school today.
I had my car repaired.
GIVING ONE'S OPINION
A* far as I am concerned (Personally), I think there’s no other possible outcome.
I have the feeling that we’re not welcome.
In my view (opinion / To my mind),
she completely misses the point.
1 feel (believe) that we should leave now.
At first sight (glance), I agree with you. but on second thoughts, I should say
that you're wrong!
My view is that he’s hiding his true motives.
As for me, I’d choose the other solution.
Now I realize how stupid I was!
INCAPACITY
It's (too) difficult (hard) for me to
understand his arguments.
Sorry, sir. It's quite impossible for us to give you an immediate answer.
He can’t even use a screwdriver!
They didn’t (couldn't) manage to open the garage door.
They weren’t able to finish in time. Sony. I'm totally unable to go to this inverview.
When I was a child, I couldn't ride a bike…
She's incapable of telling the truth.
I can't help loving her…
High taxes will not enable the
economy to recover.
INTENTION
He’s leaving tomorrow.
I'm going to change jobs.
She's thinking of getting mamed again!
He’s determined not to give up.
What are you planning to do this summer?
Do you really intend to smoke that awful cigar?
We want to visit all the temples. LIKING
I like watching spaghetti westerns on TV.
She enjoys going for long walks by the sea.
My sister is very fond of the Beatles.
I just love the way Robert Redford walks!
She (just) loves (adores) skateboarding with her grandchildren.
Mint sauce is very nke (delicious.
etc.), isn't it?
Are you keen on (Do you fancy)
Chinese food?
I’m crazy (mad) about this book!
OBLIGATION
If* necessary for you to be at the airport at 9.00.
You’re to stay in bed for at least a week.
But you must give that money back! You’ll have to take an early train. Remember, Cinderella, you've got to leave the ball before midnight!
You need to see a dentist.
You’re requested to leave immediately!
They were forced (compelled) to
abandon the project.
ORDERS
Go away! Don’t run!
Do be quiet for a minute! I’m trying to think.
You bring that ball back immediately, stupid dog!
Can’t you be quiet for a second!
Will you stop arguing!
I'm telling you, you must leave at once
PAST
There used to be a tree there.
Kids arc no longer what they used to be…
Long ago people were more courteous… In the past parents were more strict.
He had once asked me to marry him.
PERMISSION
You may play the saxophone, but not too loud.
You can go out now, Johny.
You're allowed to smoke in the hall only.
I hope they’ll let us get in.
They allowed us to leave early.
POSSESSION
I have (goC) twelve brothers, but I don’t have (haven't got) any sisters. The smaller house is mine.
Whose jeans are those? – They’re mine.
Those trousers are yours, I suppose. You see that pretty girl? Well, she’s an old girlfriend of mine!
Are those Janet's records? – No, they’re Bob’s.
Your seat is here, but Jimmy's is further down.
That’s my own video-recorder I’m using.
The other video-player belongs to the club.
He owns at least seven hotels in Saudi Arabia!
PROBABILITY: FROM UNCERTAINTY TO CERTAINTY It might rain tomorrow, be careful on the road.
They could arrive sooner than we expected.
They might be at home, but I rather doubt it (it's quite doubtful).
The railway workers may go on strike soon.
I don’t rcaly know why he’s so late. He may (can) have missed his train.
I think (suppose, believe) they had good reasons for not coming.
It looks as If it were going to rain. Perhaps (maybe) he’s ill.
The bell’s ringing: that will be the postman.
He should be in London by now.
It must be a mistake! This is not my umbrella!
I’m sure (certain / convinced) you’re very tired after such a hard day’s work.
He must have forgotten our appointment.
Our tracker can’t be wrong! He can't have made such a gross mistake! You’re not likely (You’re unlikely) to
sec me again in our filthy restaurant! She’» Ukrly to arrive at any time now. It'» obvious (Obviously) he has forgotten us.
He’s sure to (It's sure he will) come to the party.
I’ll never conic back, and that's for sure!
They’re bound to get into trouble!
I’m positive I saw him last night!
PROHIBITION
You can’t lie on the grass! It's forbidden (prohibited/not permitted)!
No one may borrow more than one
book.
You’re not allowed to open that door. You mustn't (aren't to) touch this guitar.
Please, do not put litter on the grass.
No smoking allowed.
No swimming beyond this point!
No, my lad. you may not leave that room!
You’re not supposed (expected) to laugh!
I won’t have (let) you talk like that!
PROPOSING
Have another pint! It won’t hurt you. Will you have lunch with us?
Won't you join us?
Would you Uke to go to a restaurant? Would you like another glass of sherry? What about going for a swim tonight? How about a bicycle race? 1 bet I can beat you!
Say. why don't we (why not) play poker?
Let’s go to Rocky Point, shall we?
We could have a pint after the film, couldn't we?
Shall we try to go on holiday in June this year?
I suggest that wc leave immediately. Don’t you think we should (could) wait for her?
Shall I help you?
W'hat shall I offer you? Flowers or chocolates?
Which cake do you prefer (would you rather have)?
PURPOSE
W'hat did she Icam Japanese for?
He works a lot in order to get a good job.
He stopped smoking so as not to ruin his health.
They saved $ 2 000 to buy a new car.
I bought these magazines for you to read.
1 moved to the country so that my haby would stop coughing.
QUANTITY
Thirty people rang this morning!
A lot of (Lots of) people were there. There’s no tea left.
There were few people at the show.
I can manage with very little money.
It means a great (good) deal of trouble. How much money have you got?
How many children has she got?
How far is it from the station?
How deep is the well?
This canyon is three miles wide.
The village is nearly ten miles away.
REFUSAL
lie flatly refused to help me She won’t come if Ted is here
She’ll never accept (agree) to leave her family.
Kissing you on a first date! It’s (completely) out of the question!
He’s quite reluctant to show his real feelings.
They were unwilling to talk about it.
I have no intention of going out tonight
REGRET
I’m sorry I couldn't be at your wedding.
Excuse me (Forgive me/I apologize) for being so late.
I wish I had seen this film!
We should (shouldn't) have left the
door open!
If only I had bought a better car, I wouldn’t have had this stupid accident! Why didn’t I work at school! It’s too late now…
What a pity you weren't at the party! You missed him by an inch! (That's) too bad…
REPORTING
He says he will soon join the Navy.
He said he was unable to drive such a bigear.-
She said that she would come with you.
He asked if he could leave immediately. She wondered whether he had understood.
He told me that 1 had to come at once. They told the policeman that they would have stopped if they had heard
him.
REPROACH
You shouldn't watch TV so late at night!
You should (might, could) have told
us!
I wish you were nicer with your sister!
I wish you had been more polite!
Why didn't you stay with us?
If only you had married me instead of Ronald!
Couldn’t you (Can't you) make less noise?
I’d rather you didn’t answer back!
I’d rather you hadn't spent all your money!
Instead of spending your time reading comics, you should (you'd better) prepare your exam!
What a disgrace (a shame)!
How can (could) you?
REQUEST
Will you help me find my umbrella, please?
Would you lend me some money? Brother, can you spare a dime?
Could I have another cup of that delicious tea?
Can 1 leave now, sir?
May I ask your name and address, young man?
Do (Would) you mind switching that TV oft?
Do you mind if I open the window? Could you tell me where San Diego is, please?
SUMMING UP ONE’S IDEAS
Roughly speaking. I'd say he is right. On the whole (All things considered).
I feel you’re not far from the truth.
In other words (In a word), he's silly! To sum up (To conclude/In conclusion) I’d say he's both nght and wrong… After all (All told), she’s not such a bad girl.
All in all, things could be worse.
SURPRISE
I’m surprised ai her behaviour. Really? Is that so? You didn’t say so! You're (You must he) kidding (Joking)!
My goodness! Good gracious (Lord/llcavens)!
That's incredible (amazing)!
Isn't that surprising (amazing)?
How incredible (amazing/surprising)! You’re not serious! Don’t make me laugh!
I don’t believe a word of it!
That’s (a bit) hard to believe!
No! Did she (really)?
I can’t believe it.'/It’s unbelievable!
LEXICAL INDEX
I. Light, sounds and the senses
The eyes
n. eye, eylash, eyebrow, eyeball, pupil – sight, view, vision
a. sharp / dull, keen – (in) visible – blind – blurred
v. sec, watch, examine – glance, glimpse – gaze, stare – make out – spot – spy (on)
Light
n. light, ray, beam – sun, sunshine, a. bright, clear, brilliant, shiny, glowing v. et n. flash, glow, gleam, glimmer, dazzle
Absence of light
n. shade, shadow, darkness.
a. dull, dim – dark gloomy – shadowy
v. darken – shade
Hearing
n. ear, hearing – sound, noise, din, racket (id.) – silence.
a. loud, noisy – silent, noiseless, quiet – sharp dull, harsh.
v. et n. bang, crash, rattle, pop – ring – rustic – clang
Human voices
n. voice – chat – conversation, speech, talk.
a. loud, low – clear, hoarse – high * low pitched
v. speak with (to), talk (to. with), say – ask.
answer (ir.). v. et n. chatter (- chat), mumble mutter, whisper (id.)- stammer – shout, call, cry. scream, shriek, howl, growl, yell * exclaim, cheer.
Touch
n. touch, contact, feel – caress – skimm – brush against
a. soft f hard – rough * smooth
v. touch, contact, feel, stroke ■ caress – tickle – scratch
Pain
n. pain, ache, headache, toothache, back-ache, etc. – cramp.
a. painful – dull * sharp – stabbing v. ache, hurt – pain.
Taste
n. taste, flavour
a. good * bad – delicious, tasty * tasteless –
sweet * sour, bitter * sweet – salty – delicious, scrumptious v. taste * try, appreciate
Smell
n. smell, scent, odour
a. fragrant, perfumed – smelling, stinking
v. smell – stink – sniff
2. Landscapes
FUt lands
n. plain, prairie (U.S.), horizon, space – desert – expanse.
a. flat * undulating – immense, vast, wide = large.
v. stretch, expand (id.).
Hills and valleys
n. hill slope – valley, gulch (U.S.: ravin), hollow – canyon.
a. undulating, hilly – ragged.
Mountains
n. mountain, range – ridges, peaks – top, summit – volcano – glaciers, snow, ice – valleys – cliff – view.
a. mountanous – steep, sharp.
v. climb.
Forest
waterfall (Niagara FallsX cascade – canal – lake, pond, lagoon, marsch – cuncut.
a. swift * slow – wide * narrow – deep * shallow.
v. cross.
Sea
n. sea, ocean – wave, surf – high U low tide – current – coast – beach, shore, sand, pebble rocks, cliff – gulf, bay, cape – island.
Pollution
n. air / noise / water / land pollution – fog, smog, fumes, acid rain – oil slicks, tanker, wastes – pesticides, detergents, chemicals, fertilizers – polluter,
pollutant * environmentalist, ecologist – conservation, ecology – disaster, damage, exhaustion
a. artificial * natural – non-polluting – non-biodcgradable – polluted, noxious – ecological – alarming.
n. trees, trunks, leaves, etc. – shadow, darkness.
River
n. river – torrent, brook – side, riverside, bank – spring mouth, delta – fall,
v. save, conserve, preserve, respect * destroy, endanger, pollute, ruin, exterminate, use up (resources), upset – prosecute, demonstrate pass (a law) – protect * threaten.
The body and its activities The head and face
n. skull – hair, moustache, beard – eye, nose, checks mouth, lips, teeth, tongue, chin, neck, forehead, a. (hair) black, dark, brown, blond(c), red, dyed grey, bald, curled straight – (nose) sharp, roman, snub – (lips) thin, full – chubby – (skin) white, pale, pink, ruddy, brown, tanned – grey-haired, blue-eyed, etc. – ugly 3* beautiful, good-looking, handsome, pretty, v. smile, laugh, grin – weep – cry – frown, make a face – eye – nod.
The limbs
n. limb – arm, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, palm, thumb, finger, fist, nail – leg. thigh, knee, shin, foot, toe, heel, ankle.
a. strong * weak – supple * stiff – long * short, long armed, short-legged, etc. –
skilful * clumsy – awkward.
v. hold, catch, grasp, clench – strike, throw – stretch – point – wave – kick, trample tread on.
The body itself
n. trunk, chest, breasts, back, sides – stomach, liver – throat, lungs – heart, (blood) vessels, arteries, veins, pulse – kidneys – skin, sweat, hair.
a. lean, thin # big. fat – tall * short (cf. health).
Activities
v. (non-activity, positions): stand, sit, lie,
a. motionless, still, lazy, idle.
v. (activity): move – walk, run, hurry, rush, dash – leap – jump, come * go, amve * leave, start, stop – enter – bring, take to, take away, cany, remove – pull * push – open * close – shut – climb – shift – slip.
a. quick – rapid » fast * slow – active – busy.
Particulcs and prepositions of mouve- ment, about – across – along – away – back – down – in – off – on – out – over – round – through – up.
Sports
n. sports – athletics, gymnastics – football (G.B.: soccer), rugby (G.B.: rugger), American football – cricket (G.B. anti Commonwealth), baseball (U.S., Japan. Cuba) – tennis, hockey – skiing, swimming, surfing – team, coach, referee.
a. indoor * outdoor – violent * quiet – amateur * professional v. win, lose. draw.
Disease
n. disease = illness, sickness, epidemic, complaint – pain – ache, temperature, fever – doctor, nurse – health.
a. healthy * ill – sick (U.S.), well (better) * unwell (worse) – painful, sore, aching – sickly – unhealthy.
v. cough, sneeze, blow one's nose – chpeke – vomit = be sick – ache – hurt.
Characterisation
n. person, individual, character – type – personality, look – quality, feature, characteristic.
a. characteristic, proper, individual, specific, typical – commonplace, common – particular, exceptional, unusual.
v. characterize, mark.
Characters
a. behaviour, character, disposition, temper, mood.
a. easy-going, quiet – happy, cheerful – anxious, depressed, irritable – sad. miserable – proud * ashamed – strong * weak – timid, shy, self-conscious – reckless – fickle – bold ■* daring,
courageous *■ cowardly – kind,
generous, helpful * selfish, self-centered, stingy, greedy – emotional
cruel, cynical – touchy – canny = cunning – vain = conceited.
Temper
a. good * bad – hot * cold – awful, terrible -pleasant, charming – quick-tempered.
llablU
n. habit, tendency, inclination
a. normal, habitual, usual (and the adverbs)
mechanical, automatic – prone (to) = inclined (to), liable (to)
v. will, would (see grammar) – tend (to).
Wanting
n. hope, expectation – will, desire, want – lack – optimism * pessimism, a. wilful, willing to resolute, determined to. v. want – demand, wish long for – aspire = dream of, care (for), fancy – miss.Joy and pleasure
n. joy, pleasure, delight, enjoyment (id.), satisfaction, contentment.
a. content, glad, pleased (with) • joyful, carefree – happy, delighted, chccrlul – light-hearted.
v. enjoy (something) – please (s. thing pleases s. one) – delight satisfy.
Sadness
n. sadness, sorrow = grief, misery – anxiety, worry, distress – despair, depression
a. sadd. unhappy, miserable – depressed dejected – anxious, worried, distressed – hopeless, desperate, gloomy, down-hearted.
v. sudden – worry, disturb – distress, depress – despair, grieve.
Anger
n. anger, bad temper, irritation, rage
a. angry, wild, furious = mad (U.S.), infuriated (by), outraged – irritating, annoying.
v. anger, provoke, annoy – enrage, infuriate – quarrel – blow up.
Fear
n. fear, fright, scare, terror.
a. (causing fear) fearful, frightful, awful – terrible = horrific, dreadful, (an awful, a dreadful dress) – (feeling fear) afraid, frightened, scared, nervous, anxious, shocked.
v. frighten, scare, terrify – strike (with), paralyze – be afraid: l am afraid the coffee is just warm – shrink (back) – dread – shudder.
Thinking
n. thought, mind, brain (brains ■ intelligence), reason, reflection, logic – judg(c)ment – idea, notion, awareness.
a. mental, intellectual – logical, abstract, thoughtful, rational, wise – clever ■ intelligent, bright = brilliant, smart (often U.S.: clever) – stupid, silly, mad.
v. think, meditate, reason, reflect – suppose, guess. U.S.: conceive – judge, estimate, assess, weigh – understand, realize, be aware
Reasoning
n. reason, reasoning, wisdom – logic, deduction, conclusion – hypothesis, theory – intuition – cause, conswjucncc – paradox – point of view, viewpoint, argument, debate – synthesis – proof, evidence.
a. balanced, coherent, wise obvious, careful, logical, sensible, sound * unsound – true * untrue – comonplace.
v. reason, deduce, conclude – prove, demonstrate, show.
Memory
n. memory, memories – reminder.
v. remember = recall, recollect * forget – remind (s. one of s. thing) – overlook
Imagination
n. imagination = fancy, fiction, fantasy, image.
a. imaginative, dreamy – imaginary, fanciful, fabulous.
v. imagine, fancy, dream, foresee, picture
Communication (speech)
n. speech, statement, language – voice, words.
a. low * loud (volume), low * high, silent * talkative.
v. talk (to, with someone), speak (intr ) – tell (s. one s.thing) = inform, say (s.thing to s.o), tell (a story) – pronounce, utter – deliver (a speech) – state – address (s.o.) -assert.
Communication (exchange)
n. conversation, talk, talks, negotiations, chat – discussion = argument – question jt answer – advice.
a. objective * subjective – quiet * lively, hot (debate) – partial, biased * impartial, unbiassed.
v. discuss, debate, argue – suggest, propose, insinuate – hint – advise, persuade.
convince – contradict, refute – question * answer – agree * disagree – admit * deny – interrupt.
Learning
n. learning * teaching, education – knowledge, culture – permanent education, retraining.
a. literate * illiterate – ignorant – educated – erudite = learned – well-read – self-taught.
v. learn * teach – educate – explain, expose
– understand, remember, know.
Positive feelings
n. love, liking – fondness, affection – desire, passion – preference – admiration, respect – confidence = trust.
a. loving, affectionate, fond of, devoted partial (to).
v. like, love, be fond of, be keen on, fancy – appreciate – prefer = like better – trust.
Inspiring positive feelings
n. attraction » appeal – charm, beauty, interest.
a. attractive, appealing, enchanting, fascinating, captivating, charming – popular, interesting – likeable, lovable, adorable, touching, moving.
Negative feelings
n. dislike, hate * hatred, disgust, repulsion – indifference – jealousy, envy – spite c malice, resentment – contempt – scorn, a. hostile, hateful – indifferent, reserved, cool, cold – jealous – spiteful – scornful, haughty – cruel, pitiless, v. dislike, detest, hate – can't stand, cant hear – despise – scorn – laugh at.
Inspiring negative feelings
a. unattractive, unappealing – unpopular, uninteresting – disguising – revolting – repulsive * repellent, v. disgust, repel put off.
Judgements and evaluation
Judgement
n. assessment, analysis – criticism, critic – examination – admiration
a. favourable * unfavourable – indulgent ■
lenient * severe – fair * unfair – legal * illegal.
v. like, dislike, prefer (v. 7) – judge, criticize, assess – admire – despise, run down.
Motives of judgement
n. motive, reason – grounds – arguments.
a. false * true – good * bad – right * wrong.
Artistic judgement
n. art – manner, style, method – appreciation, criticism »review
a. beautiful, fine, lovely, picturesque, original – great, unique, splendid, superb – (artist) gifted, clever, intelligent, sensitive, strong, delicate, etc.
v. appreciate, admire – review – praise < criticize.
Moral judgement
n. morals – approval * disapproval, dismissal – blame, accusation, denunciation – fault, defect – indulgence, permissiveness – severity = harshness.
a. moral * immoral – right * wrong – good * bad – evil ■ wicked * heartless, honest * dishonest, sincere * insincere – permissive * strict = harsh, severe – perfect = faultless – unscrupulous.
v. approve (of), be in favour (of) – allow, accept – blame, condemn, denounce, accuse, forgive – lie.
Intellectual judgement
n. intelligence, fightc knack, talent, cleverness. capacity, skill ■ ability – idiot, genius – insight
a. intelligent *■ stupid, clever, perceptive, bright = brilliant, gifted, talented, competent, capable, skilled – efficient – awkward, foolish, silly, absurd – mad. crazy.
Social attitudes
Acceptance
n. acceptance, tolerance * intolerance, understanding, agreement * disagreement, approval * disapproval, hostility – peace, compromise – belief.
a. negative – tolerant * intolerant – understanding – liberal, open, open-minded * narrow-minded – conventional, dutiful, law-abiding.
v. tolerate, understand, accept, believe – have blinkers – obey, conform.
Friendliness
n. friend, acquaintance, (social) mixer, neighbour – ally, partner, associate –
friendliness, sympathy, compassion, agreement, friendship.
a. friendly, amiable, sympathetic – intimate = close (friend) – sociable – warm, cordial.
v. be friends (with), make friends (with), mix with, get along (with) – welcome, greet – sympathise, confort, encourage, support – share – owe.
Isolation
n. loner, outsider, misfit, non-conformist, rebel – isolation, loneliness, solitude, rejection, segregation, distance, diffidence.
a. lonely, solitary, lonesome – reserved, different – distant, remote, cool, cold.
v. forget, ignore, avoid, keep away (from), reject » cast away, separate, set apart, exclude.
Hostility
n. enemy, opponent, antagonist, contender – enmity, hostility, antagonism – prejudice; be prejudiced against, a. hostile, unfriendly, unsympathetic – nasty, malicious – opposed, contrary.
unfavourable, subversive, rebellious, provocative, v. rebel, reject, defy.
Violence
n. aggression, violence, hate – anger, rage, passion, fury – mugging.
a. brutal – aggressive, violent, offensive.
v. attack, assault – kill, injure.
Religion and other beliefs Religions
n. Christian (-ily). Catholic (-ism), Protestant (-ism). Orthodox – Jew (Judaism), Moslem. Muslim (Islam) – Buddhist (Buddhism), Hindu (-ism) – fetishist, heathen – pagan, idol – church, temple, synagogue, pagoda – faith – doctrine,
belief – creed – cult – believer * unbeliever, atheist – fanatic, fanaticism – follower, disciple, a. religious, devout, pious, faithful, v. believe (in) – worship = adore – follow.
Chrisdanity
n. God, Jesus (Christ), the Lord, the Holy Ghost – the Virgin Mary, the Saints (Catholicism) priest, bishop, archibishop, the Pope, monk, nun, convent, abbey, mass, heaven =
paradise * hell, angels, church – (Protestantism) temple, chapel, minister, preacher, evangelist – (common to both) the Bible (Old * New Testament), the Gospel = New Testament, soul, spirit.
sin, virtue, grace, salvation – Satan, the Devil.
v. believe, worship – pray, confess, preach – baptize – christen.
Religious practice
n. prayer, worship. Sunday school teachings – church-going, church-goer, a. religious, faithful, pious, charitable, v. go (to church, chapel, etc.), attend (mass)
pray, confess – convert – repent – save
forgive.
Other beliefs
n. belief, faith – superstition, (black/white) magic, myth(ology), fanatic(ism), witchraft – opinion, sect – pagans – witch, warlock, witch doctor, wizard, medicine man (Indian, U.S.) – political belief- personal conviction.
a. superstitious – magical, mythical – faithful – fanatical, tolerant
v. work (a miracle), conjure up (a spirit), cast a spell, curse.
Human communities The family
n. parents, father (husband), mother (wife) (parents: only father and mother), dad (G.B.; U.S.), pop (U.S.), mum (G.B.), mom (U.S.) – children), son, daughter –
brother, sister – relatives, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, in-laws (fathcr-in-law. mother-in-law, etc.) – grandfather (-mother), grandchildren, grandson (-daughter) – authority, permissiveness – link, widow, widower, bachelor.
a. parental, paternal, maternal, familial – strict * permissive – (closely) Icnit.
v. bring up = raise (U.S) ■ nurture – adopt – marry (s.o.), get married (to s.o.), divorce (s.o.) – be single.
Nations
n. nation(ality), country, land, state – citizen, citizenship – flag – nationalism, patriotism – homesickness – (parts of the country) region, province, district, country (G.B.), state, country (U.S.) – town. city, village, community – foreigner, stranger.
a. national – native * alien ■ foreign – regional, local, provincial.
v. belong (to) – immigrate, emigrate.
Classes
n. a. social class, social background, upper class – nobility, aristocracy – middle class, bourgeoisie, borgeois, suburban (G.B.: petit borgeoise), lower class, working class – the proletariat the masses, underclass – class struggle, class barriers – social status – unemployed, jobless – the rich * the poor – rich, wealthy, wcl-off * badly off, needy.
v. look up to * look down upon, envy, hate – resent, despise, ignore, reject, isolate.
Work communities
n. job, occupation, position – farmer, agricultural worker – industrial worker ("blue collar"), miner – truck driver (U.S. also teamster), lorry driver (G.B.)
(the professions) doctor, lawyer, etc. – "white collar", employee, (bank, etc.) clerk – secretary, t>pist (dactylo) – civil servant (G.B.: the Civil Service – management, manager, director, executive staff, staff = personnel.
conflicts. (Trade) Unions, labor unions (U.S.), the Railway Union (G.B.), T.U.C. = Trades Union Congress (G.B.)
strike ("industrial action"), strike-breaker – scab, dispute (settle a dispute).
Civilization
n. culture – society, civilization, community.
a. traditional, primitive = backward * advanced, technically developed – industrial – ancient * modem civilizations
agricultural societies.
Races
n. attitudes towards different people (the Blacks, the Indians), racialism (G.B.) racism (U.S.), racialist, anti-racialism, etc. (cf. 9.Social attitudes).
Things
n. blocks (U.S.: distance between two streets, two blocks from here) – apartment blocks, office blocks, luxuxy hotels – skyscrapers, story, G.B.: floor storey), elevators (G.B.: lifts).
Along the streets
n. sidewalk (G.B.: pavement), curb (G.B.: kerb), mailbox (G.B.: letter box) – pedestrian, crossing, traffic lights, billboards (G.B.: hoardings) for advertisements (adverts), neon signs – buses, cabs – taxis, subway (in London tube), expressway, freeway (G.B. motorway), highway (U.S.; trunk road G.B.), speed limit ticket – fine.
Tkedty
n. district, city center (G.B.: centre), inner city ■ downtown * uptown (U.S.), suburbs – town planning, town planner – shopping-center, department store – ghetto
v. build * destroy, pull down – widen – turn into.
People
v. passer-by (pi.: passers-by), pedestrian, driver, motorist, taxi-driver, policeman (slang: cop) – businessman, white-collar or blue-collar worker, artist, bum (G.B.: tramp) – Salvation Army Centers, Rescue Centers.
Problems
n. strike, blizzard, cold wave, heat wave, power failure – traffic, traffic jam (U.S.: tie-up) – crime, del inquent, delinquency, mugger, mugging, drugs, racial
problems or tensions, unemployement,
safety = security * unsafety – unsecurity • gang. gangster – police, police headquarters, police precinct (U S ), police station (G.B.). police car. etc. – slums, housing problems.
a. filthy, badly-kept, rundown, overcrowded, dilapidated – unsafe
Actions
n. crowd, mob, line (G.B.: queue), commuter, jogger – pcak/rushftus incss hours.
a. busy, noisy, lively (■ busy), crowded, crammed.
v. hurry, move along, rush. dash, race – commute, ride (bus, taxi or train) – hang
about, gather – sell * buy, shop, go shopping – beg – steal (from s.o.), rob (s.o.), attack, mug. kill, injure, insult – knock down, run over – bump into – be lost, ask one‘s way.
The world
n. West * East, capitalism * socialism (communism) – North * South (underdeveloped countries or developing), the Western World * the Third World – ally.
a. socialist * capitalist – imperialist – neutral, non-aligned * aligned.
Some geography
n. Europe. Bntatn, the United States of America – Japan – Russia – North, Central, South America – Cuba, Salvador, Nicaragua, Brazil – the Middle East, the Far East, Vietnam, Israel – Africa. North Africa. South Africa – India – China.
a. European, British (English. Welsh, Scottish, Northcm-Irish) – North / South American – Japanese – Russian – African – Asiatic.
Political regimes
n. regime, political system – head of slate, sovereign, king, queen, president, dictator – kingdom, republic – democracy – government, assemblies, elections – (military) coup.
a. autocratic – military – totalitarian, fascist – communist, socialist – free, democratic.
v. govern, rule – oppress – administrate (U.S.), administer (G.B.) – run (for the presidency, office, a seat), vote, elect – take (office) – seize (power) * overthrow.
International relations
n. ally, alliance, treaty – isolationism, protectionism, commitment, intervention, invasion – commando, raid, occupation
blockade, embargo, sanctions – aircraft carriers, fleet, marines, paratroopers –
victory* defeat, a. friendly * hostile.
v. wage / make war, win * lose, resist * surrender – invade, colonize.
Revolt and revolution
n. riot, revolt, rebellion, subversion, revolution, guerrilla, national liberation (front) – rebel, revolutionary, partisan, terrorist, saboteur – terrorism, sabotage, a. revolutionary, subversive, v. rebel, revolt, rise – resist, fight.
Developed countries
n. wealth, affluence, luxury – consumer, consumer society, consumer goods, consumption, mass-consumption – material comfort, (high) technology – energy crisis, energy sources (solar /
nuclear power) – employment * unemployment, recession, poverty level
poverty line (below / above the
poverty level / line) – the computer revolution – arms race, atom bomb, deterrence, nuclear wapons – aid. a. well-off – wealthy – rich – overfed – mechanized, technical, sophisticated, artificial.
v. invest – produce – consume – export, sell.
Developing countries
n. poverty – famine – starvation, hunger, drought, epidemic – over-population, birth-control, population growth – shanty town, rural exodus – agrarian / land reform, urbanisation, industrialization – corruption, exploitation, inefficiency – llitcracy * illiteracy – foreign aid – help, medical / food supplies – debts * loans – growth, independence, survival, a. backward – primitive – tribal, communal – illiterate, exploited, starving, hungry, over-populated – poor, destitute, homeless, jobless – industrialized, urbanised, modernized, independent, self-reliant = autonomous = self-sufficient, v. nationalize, reform, provide, feed, improve, carry through – increase – emigrate – import.
Education in general
n. youngsters, youths, teenagers – school, education, instruction, culture, learning
head (master /mistress), master, teacher, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, schoolchildren – staff (personnel) – curriculum, exam, mark (note), essay, homework, competitive exam – term – holydays – vacations – boarding-school
scholarship.
a. primary, elementary, secondary (education) – literate * illiterate, cultured,
educated, learned, clever – intelligent, gifted, bright – silly ■ stupid, backward,
poor – hard-working * lazy, restless, talkative – compulsory * optional, v. know, leam, teach – question, ask. answer – copy – solve (a problem), remember * forget – pass * fall (U.S. slang: flunk), repeat, sit for an exam (U.S.: take a test), be promoted – study, review, outline, cram – punish, keep in, cane (G.B.).
Education in Great Britain
n. student • nursery school (age 3-4). kindergarten (age 5), elementary school (first 6 years), secondary school (last six years) – college, university – junior high school (grades 7 to 9). senior high schools (grades 10 to 12) – freshman (9th grade1. sophomore (10th grade), junior (1 ltn grade), senior (12th grade) – teacher, principal (public school), headmaster / mistress (independent school) – academic records, standards, grades, diploma (high school), degree (university).
Educational objectives
n. stepping-stone – qualifications, abilities, talents, opportunities – ambition,
success * failure – career – relationship(s), communication, comradeship, community (spirit), team (work or spirit) – responsibilities, leadership – goal. aim. purpose – values.
a. useful * useless, productive * unproductive – ambitious – social.
adaptable, qualified, responsible – independent, autonomous, self-sufficient.
v. fit in, qualify, succeed * fail, reach, achieve – take advantage of = profit by. make the most of – socialize, communicate.
Sciences
n. mathematics ■ maths, biology, chemistry, physics, etc. – scientist, chemist, mathematician, biologist, physicist, etc. – rescarch(cr), laboratory, apparatus, device, experiment – theory, proof, control – data, results, measurement, phenomenon (pi.: phenomena).
a. social, physical, biological – conclusive * inconclusive – unknown, concrete * abstract.
v. carry out = do (an experiment), publish (results) – test, compare, analyse, set up (an experiment)
15. The trts
Painting
n. form, colour, shade – brush, paint, canvas, palette – a painting – a picture, painting in oils – portrait, still-life, landscape – painter, artist, model – exhibition, art gallery, museum, work of art,
masterpiece – foreground * background, cartoon, comic stnp (B.D.), cartoonist.
a. figurative * non figurative, abstract – classical, modern, avant-garde – expressive, picturesque – lifeless, hazy – startling, striking – famous, well-known.
v. draw, sketch, paint – stand out.
Music
n. opera, symphony, chamber music – songs – jazz (cool * hot). New Orleans, pop, rock, folk, funky music, hard rock etc. –
soul, reggae, blues, country-western – tune melody, words, rhythm = beat, tempo, tone (ex. C. sharp) – scale key. bar, chord – orchestra group, band – piano, violin, cello, bass, trumpet, saxophone, flute, guitar, dmms.
a. low * loud, deep * high pitched.
v. play (an instrument), perform (in public) – accompany, sing, compose, arrange – conduct.
Films
n. camera, film, set – screen, actor, star, part – western, musical, comedy, comic film, horror film – scene, sequence – director – producer – story scenario, script – dialogues – film music, film score – a review.
1. Tom watched a comedy programme on … (channel)
2. Margie watched an Irish romantic sitcom … (programme, channel).
3. What time could you watch "how the heart works and how to avoid disease?" … (lime).
4. Tom watched on BBC2 at 7.40 …. (programme)
5. Margie turned the TV off at 9.301 2 3 4 5 when… (programme) was being broadcasted.
1) _. Blinken and Nod
2) * . White and Blue
3) . Mopsy and Cotton-tail
Copyright Notice
© Licențiada.org respectă drepturile de proprietate intelectuală și așteaptă ca toți utilizatorii să facă același lucru. Dacă consideri că un conținut de pe site încalcă drepturile tale de autor, te rugăm să trimiți o notificare DMCA.
Acest articol: Engleza In Afaceri (ID: 139721)
Dacă considerați că acest conținut vă încalcă drepturile de autor, vă rugăm să depuneți o cerere pe pagina noastră Copyright Takedown.