To What Extent Can Current Policies Improve The Situation Of Young Neets In Romania

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……………………….University – …………………………

European Public Administration Faculty

Bachelor level

Paper on :…………………………..

To what extent can current policies improve the situation of young NEETs in Romania?

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……………………, 2017

To what extent can current policies improve the situation of young NEETs in Romania?

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is the need to identify the measures taken by the Romanian government in order to help and support the NEETs in Romanian and also to name the specific factors that are responsible for the NEETs’ condition.

We will make a comparison between Romanian and other EU countries in regard to NEETs’ status and we shall present several solutions and applied projects together with reasons for which these worked well or not.

In the end, this report will analyze and express the market situation for European juvenile people, focusing on the NEETs’ group while examining the costs of NEETs from an economic and social point of view.

Keywoords: work, studies, Romania, youngsters, NEET.

Title I. Introduction

Young people have been hit very hard by the economic crisis. Since 2008, the young part of the European population has seen their living conditions deteriorating and despite some improvements being recently recorded, youth unemployment rates are still spiralling to dramatic levels in some Member States. As losing a generation is not an affordable option for Europe, in order to better understand the vulnerabilities that young people are facing in their transitions from school to work, new indicators and concepts have recently entered the European policy debate. In this context, the concept of NEETs (young people Not in Employment, Education or Training) is now central to

the European policy debate, and reducing the share of NEETs is the target of the European Youth Guarantee.

In Europe there are 94 million youngsters with an average age ranging from 15 to 29.

According to Eurostat, a small amount of these were employed in 2011 (34%).

We will refer especially to those persons from this area that are held under the concept of NEET: not in employment, education or training.

According to Eurostat, in 2011, 7.5 million young people aged 15–24 and an additional 6.5 million young people aged 25–29 were excluded from the labour market and education in Europe. This corresponds to a significant increase in the NEETS rate: in 2008, the figure stood at 11% of 15–24-year-olds and 17% of 25–29-year-olds; by 2011 these rates had increased to 13% and 20% respectively. There is huge variation between Member States, with rates varying from below 7% (Luxembourg and the Netherlands) to above 17% (Bulgaria, Ireland, Italy and Spain).

Several national strategic documents, including the National Strategy in the field of Youth Policies 2015-2020 (Strategia națională în domeniul politicii de tineret 2015-

2020), the national strategies in the field of education and long life training (Strategia educației și formării profesionale din România pentru perioada 2014-2020 and Strategia privind reducerea părăsirii timpurii a școlii în România), the National Strategy for social inclusion and poverty reduction for 2015-2020 (Strategia națională pentru incluziune

socială și combaterea sărăciei 2015-2020), have young NEETs among their targets.

But, in fact, all these strategic documents are based on unique instruments when targeting the young NEETs – the European Youth Guarantee– and they are all relying on the financial support of the Youth Employment Initiative of the European Commission

combined with a comparatively low contribution of the social insurance budget.

One of the main opportunities that Romania had in the 2007- 2013 timeframe consisted in the structural funds. SOP HRD supported the decrease of NEETs number in Romania.

According to the planification of SOP HRD, the investment made by Romania in order to decrease the number of NEETs were meant to be amortized in 2,02 years. Thus, the total investment for one less NEET were calculated to 4036 EUR (dividing the total invested amount to 101500 –the total planned number of NEETs “leavers”).The total number of Romanian NEETs should have decreased by 100.090 persons by the end of 2013. However, the number of NEETs decreased only by 23.152.This could be correlated with the fact that overall, in 2013, Romania had 195.891more NEETs than in 2007 (as shown in Table 6). Of course, a major impact was caused by the economic crysis, but the results of SOP HRD intervention were much weaker than expected, having an efficacity of just 23,13%.

Title II. Theoretical​ ​framework

The ideal-type method developed by Max Weber is a useful tool in contemporary public administration theory development because the method takes into account the culture of a society that is then integrated into a theory. Weber referred to it as cultural science or interpretive sociology, which, is to understand ideas and practices from within their own intellectual and cultural horizon and on the basis of categories that are grounded in a meaningful social and historical context.

Frederick Taylor was concerned with finding the best and most efficient way to complete a task for a particular job, reducing the overall labor a worker had to exert with the least amount of movements. Frederick Taylors work approached motivation with a very authoritative, cold, scientific motivator which weighed heavy over any sort of humane aspect to scientific management. Overall many intricacies in Public Administration such as management, control and accounting are subject to scientific principles and Taylor draws on these to find his own, efficient theory approach to Public Administration Theory.

Max Weber considered bureaucracy to be the most rational form of administration yet devised by man. In his writings he asserts that domination is exerted through administration and that for legal domination to take place bureaucracy is required.

The theories mentioned above could explain not only the birocraty met by young people when try to get a job but also their wish to have a safe and reliable job. Meanwhile, this yob sould not restrain their freedom. The young are not eager anymore to accept small paying jobs where promotion is done verry slowly and creativity is not nedeet. However, both in Romania and Europe on jobmarker on can find only such jobs as those described above.

Chapter I. Social​ ​inequalities 

In the Parma Declaration (2010), European ministries of environment and health committed to act on socioeconomic and gender inequalities in environment and health as one of the key environment and health challenges of our time. Health 2020, WHO/Europe’s new health policy, also has a focus on social determinants and health equity, and aims to ensure that health and health determinants are equally distributed.

WHO/Europe’s work on environmental health inequalities provides evidence on the current status, quantifies its magnitude for selected environmental health risks (e.g. second hand smoke, housing conditions, injuries, noise, sanitation) and identifies country-specific priorities for national action. Current WHO activities supporting the implementation of the Parma Declaration and the Health 2020 policy framework are embedded within each of the environment and health topics and include technical assistance to countries, e.g. for the development of national environmental health inequality assessments.   

A serious problem facing many rural communities is unemployment. With the decline in the farm population, closing of businesses, and temporary or permanent layoffs in industry, families face the situation of having one or both of the wage earners without employment.

Extension can be a valuable resource in helping communities tackle this problem. The response, however, is often reactive, such as helping the unemployed and their families cope with the problem. This article describes a recent Iowa research project that demonstrates a more proactive role Extension can play in addressing the rural unemployment problem.

The education problem in Romania is systemic, given that, following the collapse of communism, Romania entered an on-going education crisis, with the minister of education being changed 19 times. Each minister brought new reforms, which often seemed experiments aimed at replacing their predecessor’s vision on the obligatory curriculum and the national examinations.

Due to the derisory education conditions in rural areas, children are lagging behind their urban counterparts and their European ones as well. They barely have a chance to successfully attend and complete high-school, with university being out of the question for most. The lack of quality education makes rural children significantly less competitive on the job market and capable of contributing to Romania’s development, raising questions about the eastern European country’s future. At the same time, many lack an incentive to study, given that there is a penury of employment opportunities in the rural area. For 85 percent of the compulsory education graduates, who do not choose to pursue high-school, unremunerated work in their parents’ household is the only option.

Chapter II.Previous​ ​experiences​ ​in​ ​school 

Bullying at school has attracted an enormous amount of attention, spurring academic studies and popular books, regulations and training sessions for educators. By now its status as a serious problem is widely acknowledged, as it should be. We can never go back to the days when bullying was regarded as a boys-will-be-boys rite of passage, something that victims were left to deal with (and suffer from) alone.

But as with other ills, both within and beyond our schools, some responses are much less constructive than others. The least thoughtful (or useful) strategy is to announce a “zero tolerance” stance in regard to bullying. Either this phrase amounts to empty rhetoric — rather like responding to repeated instances of gun violence in our country by sending each cluster of victims our “thoughts and prayers” — or else it refers to a policy of harsh punishment for bullies.

There is a good deal of evidence that learning is enhanced when teachers pay attention to the knowledge and beliefs that learners bring to a learning task, use this knowledge as a starting point for new instruction, and monitor students’ changing conceptions as instruction proceeds. For example, sixth graders in a suburban school who were given inquiry-based physics instruction were shown to do better on conceptual physics problems than eleventh and twelfth grade physics students taught by conventional methods in the same school system. A second study comparing seventh-ninth grade urban students with the eleventh and twelfth grade suburban physics students again showed that the younger students, taught by theBottom of Form inquiry-based approach, had a better grasp of the fundamental principles of physics (White and Frederickson, 1997, 1998). New curricula for young children have also demonstrated results that are extremely promising: for example, a new approach to teaching geometry helped second-grade.

Chapter III.Socio-economic​ ​status​ ​of​ ​the​ ​parents 

On whether economic background influenced performance of students, parents unanimously agreed that it does. However, opinion was divided right at the center on whether the effect was positive or negative. Some felt that poverty motivated some students to work extra hard to liberate themselves. However, some were of the opinion that poor conditions at home may provide conditions too harsh to favour learning e.g. hunger, lack of electricity and other social amenities. School fees may also force students to stay out of school. Parents also expressed their opinion on parenthood in urban informal settlements during the interview. Parents said it was actually difficult parenting in the informal settlement due to low levels of moral values in such areas. Other difficulties highlighted include lack of available clean water, food, electricity, resources, transport etc. They were also of the opinion that level of income is a determinant of children’s style of rearing since it determines exposure, availability of personal needs among others. Socio-economic factors such as family income level, parents’ level of education, adequacy of learning and teaching materials or resources and occupation, all influence the quality of education as well as the ability of education to improve life circumstances.

The children of Romania have been affected by the recent economic, social and political changes. As parents have struggled to find employment, there has been an increase in poverty. Children living in these families sometimes face precarious situations such as labour exploitation, violence, and domestic violence. Many are ultimately taken into care.

The general cuts in public spending have affected children due to less investment in education and in health provision. The country continues to score low in the international Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). The under-five mortality rate stands at nearly three times the EU average. The funding of services, and their quality, varies according to location. Staff turnover is also a problem in these sectors, partly because of low wages.

Title III.Data​ ​and​ ​measurements 

Chapter 1.Conceptualization, operationalization and measurement.

NEET is the acronym for “Not in Education, Employment, or Training”. The acronym refers to young people between 15 and 29 years of age (Eurofound 2012; ILO 2015). The acronym, however, does not have an agreed definition with respect to measurement, particularly in relation to defining economic inactivity. Karen Robson (2010) writes that the classification has "virtually usurped discussions” of "youth unemployment" in the UK literature. According to the EU, NEETs should not have taken part in any activity relative to education or training in the last 4 weeks before the Eurostat survey. The acronym NEET was first used in the United Kingdom in 1999, but its use spread to other countries, becoming a statistical classification in Eurostat and OECD statistics, but also stretching its meaning. Explanations for why a young person is  neither in employment, education nor training have to be sought at the macro (the economy, the education system), meso (the educational institution, the employer) and the micro level (the individual). The following six factors have been identified by Eurofound (2012) as increasing the possibility of falling into the NEET category: 1) low level of education, 2) suffering from disability, 3) immigration background, 4) difficult family environment, 5) living in remote areas, and 6) low household income.

In late December 2016, in Romania, the national unemployment rate was 4.77% 0.02 pp higher than in November 2016 and 0.13 pp lower than one in December, 2015.418 237 unemployed were registered with the territorial employment agencies work, of which 90 111 were receiving unemployment benefits.

Compared to the previous month, the male unemployment rate increased from 5.10% in May November 5.17% and the female unemployment rate declined from 4.33% in November 4.29%. Depending on the residence, there were 121 740 unemployed in urban areas and 296 497 in rural areas. Most unemployed were between 40-49 years (117 295 persons), followed by group

age 30-39 years (85 838), the opposite being people between 25-29 years (34 043). Unemployed with no education and those with primary education, secondary and vocational education had

the largest share in the total unemployed registered by the NEA (79.64%) . While unemployed with educational level secondary and post-secondary education accounted for 16.23%, and those with 4.13% university studies.

In December 2016, the 16 counties and Bucharest recorded rate cuts unemployment, the highest decreases being: Bistrita Nasaud (0.59 pp), Teleorman (0.41pp), Bihor (with 0,24pp), Arad (with 0,24pp), Vaslui (with 0,20pp), Prahova (with 0,20pp), Arges (With 0,18pp). The highest levels were achieved in Vaslui (11.45%), Teleorman (10.05%) Galati (9.52%), Dolj (9.41%), Buzau (9.28%), Mehedinti (9.00%), Olt (8.85%), Ialomita (7.62%) Calarasi (7.49%), Gorj (7.41%).

Youth Guarantee is a new initiative which can combat youth unemployment, ensuring that any young person under 25 – whether registered or not unemployed

-receives an offer of quality, within 4 months at graduation or job loss. Job offer must consist of a contract of employment, apprenticeship or internship or a course of training and adapted to the needs and situation of each. The Youth Guarantee is no substitute for the use of macroeconomicinstruments, orfor the pursuit of structural reforms, but it can help to make the economic recovery job-rich and it makes a systemic difference in improving school-to-work transitions. Aggravated by the economic crisis, the Romanian economy faced serious challenges in attaining the productivity and growth targets set out in Europe 2020. In 2012, for example, only 64 percent of 20–64 year olds were employed (compared to Romanian and EU targets of 70 and 75 percent, respectively), while investments in research and development (0.5 percent in 2011) have lagged considerably behind the EU’s target of 3 percent of GDP. Of particular concern have been skills shortages stemming from the inadequate provision of the generic and technical skills necessary for a competitive economy, as demonstrated by persistently high unemployment rates for youth, women, and older workers. In addition to these obstacles, there was evidence that both the tax and social benefits system and labor regulations were not responsive to groups with looser labor market attachments, like women and ethnic minorities, who faced monetary disincentives to work and legislative barriers to employment.

In many European countries the number of young people in long term unemployment has increased since 2008. In Bulgaria, Italy, Ireland and Romania around 40% of jobless young people are long-term unemployed. In Ireland the number of long-

term unemployed people is double the pre-crisis level. Other countries like Italy and Bulgaria have also experienced an increase due to the economic recession. The main consequence of long-term unemployment is that it significantly increases the risk of lon

g-term exclusion from the labour market.

Across Europe and in Romania the ESF is supporting the labour market, helping people get better jobs and ensuring fairer living standards and more employment opportunities for all EU citizens. It is doing this by investing in Europe’s human capital – its workers, its young people, disadvantaged groups and all those seeking a job. Tens of thousands of ESF projects are active in Europe’s cities, towns, rural communities and neighbourhoods. They are opening doors to better skills, work, qualifications and a more inclusive society for all Europeans.

The ESF is helping people to enter the labour market by improving their qualifications and skills to meet workplace demands. Efforts are being made to facilitate access to employment, particularly for the long-term unemployed and economically inactive, older workers, the disabled, and people with a lower level of education. Support includes improving their skills, encouraging labour mobility between different regions in Romania, and helping jobseekers find work. Young people not in education, training or employment (NEETs) are being helped with measures tailored to their profiles and needs, such as the Youth Employment Initiative.

The National Reform Programme (NRP) is the framework-platform for defining Romania's reforms and economic development priorities guiding the evolution of Romania until 2020, according to the route to achieving Europe 2020 Strategy objectives.

The 2014 NRPImplementation Report(up to 15 March 2015) reflects the progress made in the period 15 April–15 March 2015 in implementing the reform measures for reaching the national Europe2020 targets. The report was approved by the Government in its meeting of 2 April 2015.In the year 2014, the active employment measurestargeted the transitions from une mployment or inactivity to employment and the improvement of the professional skills of job-seeking persons or workers.From January 2014 to February 2015, packages of client-oriented services were financed under UIB, so that more than 424,200 persons were employed. By 12 February 2015, in order to increase the occupational mobility and the labour market integration, active employment measures were delivered to 55,513 long-term unemployed. In addition, 66,612 inactive people, low educated persons who live in rural areas or persons employed in subsistence agriculture benefited by carrier guidance and counselling or by services of former training validation financed through ESF 2007 –2013

ESF 2014-2020 the investments for the consolidation of the public administration structures involved in drafting the public policies and the regulations by using impact assessments and in evaluating the application of the policies and regulations will be financed. At present, the application of the SME Test is under procedural and institutional evaluation is foreseen that the SME test will be an integrated tool part of the impact assessment in drafting the new regulations and policies.In line with the recommendations of the Country Report Romania 2015 and of the Broad guidelines for the economic policies of the Member States and of the Union, the legislative framework in the field of venture capital market, which will contribute to the development of financial instruments for supporting the SMEs innovative projects will be completed.

During the programming period 2014 -2020, according to NRP and PA, Romania envisages to develop the appropriate measures to support the youth (re)integration into the labour market or into the education and/ or training system, including NEETs people.

Figure 2: :Employment, education and training status of young people, by age and sex, EU-28, 2015(%)Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_18)

There were more than 17 million young people aged 20–34 who were neither in employment nor in education and training .The final group of young people, shown at the base of the distribution in each bar in Figure 1, are the focus of this article: those who were neither in employment nor in education and training, abbreviated as NEET. With the vast majority of young people aged 15–19 in the EU-28 remaining within education and training (either in formal education or non-formal education and training), it is not surprising to find that relatively few people of this age were NEETs — 6.3 % in 2015. The situation was quite different among those aged 20–34, as almost one in five (18.9 %) of this subpopulation were neither in employment nor in education and training; this corresponded to approximately 17.6 million young people. The remainder of this article therefore focuses on those aged 20–34, where the NEETs phenomenon is most prevalent.

While the NEET rate for young people in the EU-28 rose by 2.4 percentage points between 2008 and 2015, Figure 2 shows that over the same period there was a considerable reduction (-4.3 percentage points) in the proportion of young people who were employed and had completely left education or training. This was largely counterbalanced by an increase in the share of young people aged 20–34 who were in some form of education or training, including both those who spent their time exclusively in education and training and those who combined a job with education or training. This development may reflect a growing desire on the part of young people to obtain higher levels of qualification in the face of increased competition in labour markets, but may also reflect a lack of full-time employment opportunities during a period of economic downturn.

We could see EU-28 NEET rates for three different age groups of young people. During the period 2005–15, all three groups posted similar developments: a reduction in rates through to the onset of the financial and economic crisis in 2008; followed by a rapid turnaround in 2009; a more gradual increase through to 2012 or 2013; and a reduction in the rate for 2014 and 2015 (the NEET rate for people aged 20–24 fell from 2013 onwards). The latest data available for 2015 shows that NEET rates in the EU-28 were 17.3 % for people aged 20–24, 19.7 % for those aged 25–29, and 19.4 % for those aged 30–34.

Title IV. Analysis 

Chapter I.How​ ​many​ ​young​ ​NEETs?  

Romania has an unfavorable position among EU states regarding indicator NEET (the acronym for the phrase "Not in Education, Employment or Training"), calculated according to the number of young people in the age group between 15 and 24 years who is any form of education nor have a job, say representatives of the National Statistical Institute.

"Statistics show that 17% of young people aged 15 to 24 neither working nor teach, and this indicator is very high compared to that of other states. The percentage is much higher among girls in this age category, given that a fifth of them doing nothing, "said Silvia Cat, general manager of the General Directorate of demography and social statistics from the INS. She held a presentation at a roundtable held at the INS on the impact of the recalculation of statistical indicators of research done by INS labor market after final data from the 2011 census.

EU Member States have tried a number of measures to prevent young people from becoming NEET and to reintegrate those who are NEETs. The involvement of a range of stakeholders in the design and delivery of youth employment measures is essential. In particular, a strong level of engagement with employers and their representatives is needed for measures that focus on fostering their beneficiaries’ employability. Successful policies are innovative. They introduce new ways of reaching out to their target groups, with outreach activities forming an important part of efforts to engage disfranchised young people, while incentives, ‘branding’ and marketing campaigns can be useful in the context of more universal youth employment services.

Romania is making a lot of efforts to raise the youth employment rate and to decrease the youth unemployment rate. The current labour market situation does not offer to the youth the possibility to work according to their skills and knowledge and they are often forced to work in involuntary part-time jobs, or to have temporary jobs.

The youth unemployment rate and the employment rate, during the period studied, have been influenced by the macroeconomic changes, and sometimes the social

policy could not protect the youth and could not ensure the youth the insertion into

the labour market. The government has developed a National Implementation Plan in order to comply with the National Employment Strategy 2014-2020, in line with Europe 2020 Strategy, but the results in the youth unemployment are barely seen yet. This is because we confront a lagging indicator – we will see the results in a few years after the changes. Romania’s actions and measures taken in order to tackle unemployment are under the umbrella of Youth Guarantee Programme, but still Romania is facing difficulties in delivering high quality results. The measures taken in the Youth Guarantee as centres aimed to identify NEET sand provide packages of personalised service did not had the expected impact. Romania could not register the NEETs youths, this topic remaining a challenge for the public employment services.

Romania needs to focus on a better integration into the labour market and strong policy for a growth perspective. Besides that, Romania needs to discover new approaches to unemployment, especially an innovative one in order obtain better results.

Figure 3. Structure of youth population by education and labour market status, EU-28, 2012(Figure source: Eurostat).

Chapter II. Cost​ ​of​ ​NEETs​ ​to​ ​Romania 

National Authorities (the National Agency for Employment Employment) announced in August that working on the identification and registration of these young people, the database is not yet complete, although Brussels has said young Neets priorities degree zero immediately after crisis economic have already felt.

The database is essential to guarantee their inclusion in the program for young people, key European program dedicated to this category, which would provide training and easier to find a job. In this respect, Romania would, through the Operational Programme Human Capital that could theoretically be launched in 2014, the two components totaling 500 million euro target, projects, specifically those 400,000 young Neets. For now, the database is under development and release documents for financing lines are in phase consultation at the Ministry of European Funds. A small part of them have been identified and supported by several concrete pilot projects with European funds. Young Entrepreneurs Association in Romania (YEAR) was a partner in 2014 in a project dedicated to the category of young Neets, which were identified in the first phase, then counseled and trained more than 1,200 young people, of which 400 have found jobs for work.

The project "Youth Guarantee" were set up 22 centers in three regions and identify participants was not easy, nor attract them in training courses. Target were those who had not passed the baccalaureate exam and, at that time, had no job and were not included in any education or training.

The difficulties encountered by fresh graduates seeking a job have worsened during the past decade. NEETs are a category that attracts very little interest from the social partners, because they are neither trade union members, nor employees. In recent years, however, the financial resources available for them, particularly since 2009, through the Sectoral Operational Programme for the Development of Human Resources, have increased substantively, stirring interest on the side of employers, employees, and central or local authorities, for various projects, some of which address the issue of smoothing the access of young NEETs to the labour market. Concerted efforts by educational establishments and the actors on the labour market, nationally and EU-wise, will be the only way to secure workplaces for the youths.

Figure 4. NEETs sub-groups

Representatives of PTIR who have dealt directly identify them in Bucharest, explained to Parliament that they have contacted almost all high schools in the technological and industrial capital and asked about young people who would need help and contacts .

The submission of implementation plans was the central requirement for European countries to benefit from the 6,000 million euros that the European Council had mobilized through the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI) to fund the establishment of the different Youth Guarantees. However, these funds were earmarked for those regions which had had a youth unemployment rate higher than 25 per cent in 2012. Moreover, an additional requirement was set where funds would be granted provided that countries match this grant with a contribution of at least the same amount from their European Social Fund allocation. Out of the 21 countries for which information on Youth Guarantee implementation plans is available, 14 were considered eligible for YEI fund.

Even if the Romania is not the most damaged one from the youth unemployment point of view, it is experiencing real problems in terms of: informal labour market, higher levels of poverty rates that affect not only the living standards but the chance of a better life in terms of education and health for future working generations.

We notice an increase in regional disparities regarding the living standards and this imposes targeted measures adapted to each specific region.

The high level of poverty among children and young people set them in studies concerning abandon (the abandon rate for primary and secondary school in 2012 was between 0.9 and 2%) and forced them to work to support family expenses.

According to a study done in 2012 by the National Alliance of [anonimizat] in Romania (NASOR) on 24 public universities from Romania about 25% students have a job full or part time, the percent is an average and the results are oscillating depending on study program. (NASOR, 2012, p.12) In the private universities the number of enrolled students, who are also employed at the same time represents more than 50% of the total. One of the main conclusions of the study mentioned above is that ‘NASOR afraid that very few high school graduates from families that cannot support them enough in terms of financial, fail to follow their studies. The situation is even more valid for those outside the university centers or for those who want to pursue studies in another university.

CONCLUSION

The number of young people (15-29 years) not in employment, education and

training is one of the indicators highly relevant to assess the quality and effectiveness

of education, training and employment systems. This category includes young people

who have failed to integrate into the labour market for various reasons (lack of employment opportunities, lack of skills required in the labour market etc.) and are not involved in educational program (regardless of level) or training. Recent studies point out that NEETs are triggered by a combination of personal, economic, educational and social factors and reflect the degree of withdrawal or distancing from the labour market and society in general (EUROFOUND, 2012).

The value of this indicator is a concern for all the Member States, provided that, on average, only about 30% of young people succeed to et employed 6 months after graduation (EUROSTAT, 2013) and long-term unemployment continues to be high in the case of young people. Leaving early the education and training system leads to low-paid and limited in time jobs. Returning to school or enrolling in professional training programs should become the main alternative for these young people, CEDEFOP estimating that the demand for low skilled labour will continue to decline

over the period 2010-2020. Unfortunately, the current supply of education and training partially meet the needs of these young people, as Rethinking Education country analysis are pointing out (EU 2012): Moreover, the reintegration of NEETs is not concerning only the low-skilled young population and the quality of education and training alone cannot explain NEETs. NEETs may also lack social and human capital and face complex personal challenges which play a role in their situation. Given that they are not a homogeneous category, it is extremely important to identify their profile and the risk factors in order to have a broader and more relevant understanding of the NEETs situation and to develop appropriate intervention and support programs. As a result of the economic crisis, the unemployment among young people who have completed a tertiary education has also increased to almost 50% in Greece, 35% in Spain and close to 30% in Romania, Portugal and Italy. Equally, a realistic assessment of individual and social cost-related to NEETs is needed both at national and European level. Long-term unemployment and inactivity in the case of youth population entails short, medium and long-term negative consequences, limiting the capacity of public policies to ensure the sustainability of health, education and social protection systems.

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http://www.zf.ro/profesii/ati-auzit-de-generatia-neet-a-tinerilor-care-nici-nu-invata-si-nici-nu-lucreaza-14503542.

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/young-people-and-neets-1.

Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov • Series V •Vol. 9 (58) No. 1 – 2016.

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/comparative-information/national-contributions/romania/romania-erm-comparative-analytical-report-on-recent-policy-developments-related-to-those-not-in.

http://www.parlamentor.ro/youth-parlamentor-impact/invizibilii-din-statistici-circa-400.000-de-tineri-nu-apar-in-evidente-cum-ajung-ei-la-slujbe-2793.

Gabriela RÎMBU, Liliana CONSTANTINESCU, Bulletin of the Transilvania

University of Brașov , Series V: Economic Sciences • Vol. 9 (58) No. 1 – 2016

Particularities of youth unemployment and the labour market in Romania,

http://www.ecoforumjournal.ro/index.php/eco/article/viewFile/203/155.

International Conference;‘Keeping Young People in Employment, Education and Training: Common

Challenges, Shared Solutions’10th and 11th of March 2013;Bucharest, Palace of the Parliament .