Language Properties Of Nominal Derivation Patterns In Internet Blogs Based On Cooking

Moldova State University

Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature

Germanic Linguistics and Intercultural Communication Department

Popov Virginia

Language properties of nominal derivation patterns in internet blogs based on cooking

Research Paper

Șef Catedră ______________

(semnătura)

Conducător științific: _____________ Numele, prenumele, gradul științific

(semnătura)

Autorul: ______________

(semnătura)

Chișinău 2016

Table of contents

Introduction

Morphology is the study of morphemes and building elements that forms new words and grammatical units. Word-building is a process of forming new words and lexemes that is a part of morphology. This process is defined by a famous scientist named Hurford as being a process of building up new words according to a regular pattern [8, p.226]. Word-formation is considered to the most significant way to enrich vocabulary. This research represents an analysis of word-formation process and its main branches and peculiarities.

Word-building process is the best way to connect words and to create new lexemes. This process has its own branches that hold an important position in the study of morphology. The most productive branch of word-formation is considered to be affixation. Affixation is a method of creating word involving prefixes and affixes. The paper presents and other methods of forming words as: inflection, borrowing, compounding, conversion and others.

The main goal of the research is to study the processes of creating new lexemes, features, functions and methods of forming words in cooking blogs.

The main objectives of the research are:

To define the concept of word-formation and the main branches that contribute to the formation of new words;

To determine the most important features and functions of word-formation;

To identify methods and processes of creating words in cooking blogs.

The topic of the research is important because it informs about the main ways of creating words. It influences the language of new speakers of English language because it is a very useful method to enlarge vocabulary.

As blogs are in fashion nowadays the topic shows that more and more people use blogs to inform and to post events related to their life. This topic is to be studied because it creates an important view about blogs especially cooking blogs and of course word-formation that occurs in the used words.

In order to achieve the main goal and the objectives of the research paper a large number of scientific works were used: “English Word-Formation” by Bauer Laurie; “Word-Formation in English” by Ingo Plag; “The English Language from Sound to Sense” by J. Garvey; “Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics” by R. Trask; “Pro-Blogger: Secrets for Blogging Your Way to a Six-Figure Income” by D. Rowse; “Create Your Own Blog” by T. Hussey and some articled in internet as: “Structure of English” by S. Kemmer.

The examples are picked up from cooking blogs such as: “Cookie and Kate” by Kate and “Steamy Kitchen” by Jaden.

The research paper consists of Introduction, one Chapter, Conclusion and Bibliography. Chapter one focuses on theoretical analysis of word building in cooking blogs. Here are pointed out the main feature and functions of word-formation and a historical overview of blogs. The conclusion summarizes the results of the research. The bibliography presents the list of used literature, sites and articles.

Chapter I. Theoretical Analysis of Word-Building in Cooking Blogs

1.1 Definitions of Morphology and other Branches of Word-Formation in Cooking Blogs

The purpose of this section of research is to define the concepts of morphology and to establish its branches. R. Dirven mentions in his research that morphology is the study of morphemes, building elements used to form new words of grammatical units. He also defines this concept as the study of the internal structure of composite words [5, p.49]. G. Cappelli defines morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics which studies internal structure of words, the rules that guide it, as well as the ways of forming new words. She also mentions that morphology is subdivided into two branches: derivational morphology and inflectional morphology [18]. In brief, morphology studies the structure of morphemes and because it has two important branches it also assists to the process of making up new lexemes or to the process of changing the word grammatically.

In this paragraph is analysed word-derivation as a process of forming new words. In morphology derivation is a phenomenon of creating a new word out of an old one, usually by adding a prefix or a suffix, explains R. Nordquist. By J. Hurford, derivation is the process of forming new words according to a regular pattern [8, p.226]. He also adds that the process of creating new words also includes units smaller than actual words, such as suffixes and prefixes [8, p.227]. As R. Dirven mentions derivation consist of a free morpheme and one or more bound morphemes called affixes [5, p.59]. Using suffixes and prefixes can be composed new word, emphasizes Plag [12, p. 13]. Accordingly, using regular patterns, prefixes and suffixes new process of forming words appears. It is called word-derivation.

In order to define the concept of inflection, S. Dostert explains that bound morphemes which hold grammatical meaning are called inflexional affixes, and their purpose is to create new forms of existing lexemes [6, p.18]. J. Wagner distinguishes between derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes are added to morphemes to form new words that may or may not be the same part of speech and inflectional affixes are added to the end of an existing word only for grammatical reasons, explains Wagner [24].To sum up inflectional affixes appear only for grammatical reason and do not form new words as derivational affixes do.

In addition this part of the research defines the concepts of affixes that are used to create new lexemes. R. Trask emphasises that an affix is a grammatical element which cannot form a word by itself. An affix that goes at the end of the word is defined as a suffix, while one that goes at the beginning of the word is called prefix [15, p.4]. Similarly, J. Garvey adds that prefixed are attached before and suffixes after the word [4, p.123]. So, derivation is a process which does not exist without affixes added before or after word (prefixes and suffixes).

However the other group of scientists explain the purpose and distinguish the features of nominal derivation. As I. Plag emphasises, the purpose of nominal suffixes is to derive abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives and nouns [12, p.109]. He also underline that nominal suffixes denotes actions, results of actions, qualities and properties [12, p.109]. By P. Pithva nominalisation in linguistics is the process of producing noun from another part of speech [20]. He distinguishes between two types of nominalisation. One type requires the addition of a derivational suffix to create a noun and the second type is zero derivation. The first type involves the process of forming new words changing the part of speech, but the second type is the creation of words from an existing lexeme without any change in form [20]. In conclusion nominal derivation or nominalisation serves to create nouns from another part of speech but in the case of zero derivation are no changes.

Also there is another important branch of word-formation that is compounding. S.Dostert defines this concept as a process of combining free morphemes in order to form a new lexeme [6, p.20]. I.Plag emphasises that it is possible to combine two bases to make up new words. This process is known as compounding [12, p.15]. In his study, Garvey explains that words that are formed of two or more roots or words are called compounds. Generally, one of the words is the head of the compound and the other is its modifier adds he. Sometimes they are spelled as single words as “microwave”, sometimes parts are connected by a hyphen as in “deep-fry”, and sometimes they are spelled as two words as in “soft boil”, emphasises J. Garvey [4, p.132]. So, combining two different morphemes, one is the head and another is its modifier, is formed a new word that can be spelled as a single word, as two words, or that is separated by a hyphen.

A process that is a part of English word-formation called conversion is to be explained in this section of research. Bauer, another scientist names conversion as a change in form class of a word that does not correspond to a change. He also defines this process as zero-derivation that is a synonym to conversion [3, p.32]. S. Dostert explains this phenomenon as a process involving word class change but without any changes to the form of the lexeme [6, p.20]. There are two types of conversion as Dostert mentions: total conversion that is also called zero-derivation and partial conversion that changes the part of speech. There is no big difference between these two, but it depends on the main stress in the word, explains Dostert [6, p.20]. So, conversion also called zero-derivation appears only when the parts of speech are changed and it does not change the form of the lexeme.

Another group of scientists mention other methods, but less productive processes, of creating new words as coining, abbreviation, blending and borrowing. Garvey and Delahunty define coining as a method of creating new words without reference to the existing morphological resources of the language and that is out of the sounds of the language. They explain that abbreviation involves the shortening of existing words [4, p.136]. Garvey emphasises that blending occurs when only parts of two words are combined together to create a new word and the meaning is changed. Borrowing is explained by Delahunty as a process of copying a word that belonged to one language into another language. He emphasises that many terms from Mexican cuisine, like taco and burrito, have become current in American English [4, p.137]. I. Arnold defines blending as formations that combine two words and include the letters or the sounds that they have in common as a connecting element. This scientist names this process telescoping and explains that it is because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope [2, p.141]. He also mentions that abbreviation is used in colloquial speech [2, p.143]. Borrowing is a “consequence of cultural contact between two language communities” emphasises S. Kemmer in her study [22]. P. Stekauer, another linguist analyses the process of forming new words. He mentions that word-formation contains two major groups of word: words that form combinations of full linguistic signs (compounding, prefixation, suffixation and back-derivation) and words which are not made up of full linguistic signs (blending, clipping, etc.) [14, p. 30]. Thus, these methods are parts of word-building that concur to formation of new words, even though each of them has its own rules and feature.

1.2. Distinguishing Derivation from Inflection

The purpose of this paragraph is to distinguish the main differences between derivation and inflection. As Trask says derivation is one of the major branches of morphology and one of the principle ways of obtaining new words from existing words [15, p.47]. He explains that the process of adding such suffixes as “-s”, “-ing” or “-ed” to a word is called inflection. This process only changes the word grammatically and does not create new word. In comparison to inflection, derivation is the process of obtaining new word by adding suffixes and prefixes to an existing word. Similarly, Delahunty and Garvey emphasise that inflectional morphemes do not create separate word as derivational morphemes do. Inflectional morphemes modify the word in order to indicate grammatical properties [4, p.124]. Plag also explains the difference between inflection and derivation. He emphasises that inflectional morphemes encode grammatical categories such as plural (workers), person (works), tense (picked), or case (John’s). These categories are relevant for the building of sentences and are referred to grammar [12, p.19]. Consequently, inflection appears only in grammatical cases in form of plural, tense or case. In turn, derivation is creating new words and uses prefixes and suffixes in order to change the grammatical category of the word.

According to a list of properties of inflection and derivation made by M. Haspelmath, this section of research is devoted to differences between them. Haspelmath explains that inflection do not change the basic concepts as derivation does. Derivation as a process of forming new words sometimes changes word-class, but inflection does not change it, mentions Haspelmath. He also emphasises that inflection belong to syntax that it is not in case of derivation. Inflection explained by Haspelmath receives an abstract meaning. As for derivation, the meaning is relatively concrete [7, p.90]. R. Trask emphasises that inflection has only grammatical purposes and does not form new words. He adds that in many languages a single word can have several different forms and it depends on the grammatical context in which it is used. Trask also explains that English language has very little inflection. A noun has two grammatical forms: singular cake and plural cakes. A verb has more forms than a noun; for example drink has drink, drank, drunk, drinking, drinks, but a typical adjective has three inflected forms: positive small, comparative smaller, superlative the smallest mentions Trask [15, p.82]. To sum up, inflection appears only to change the form of the word and not the word in general, but derivation includes traits that help to form new words and it creates also a different meaning.

Packer emphasises that English language has only eight inflectional affixes:

Plural Noun -s pancakes

Possessive Noun -’s pan’s

Comparative Adj. -er bigger

Superlative Adj. -est the biggest

Present Verb -s cooks

Past Verb -ed baked

Past Participle Verb -en taken

Present Participle Verb -ing mixing [19, p.4]

Packer mentions that derivational morphemes are in force for English language [19, p.4]. In conclusion derivational morphemes are more than inflectional affixes. It denotes that each of the process has its own importance in a sentence.

However the other group of scientists consider that bound morphemes which hold grammatical meaning and create new forms of existing lexemes are called inflectional affixes. S. Dostert indicates that inflection influence the word only in grammatical form [6, p.18]. This famous linguist makes a parallel comparison between inflection and derivation. Dostert explains that derivation has lexical meaning and involves the transformation and creation of words via prefixes or suffixes. In case of inflection, new words are not created but are changed grammatically [6, p.19]. As a result, these two processes of word-formation differ a lot because inflection does not create new word and is only influenced grammatically but derivation involves the process of creating a new word and has a lexical meaning.

Another analysis made upon differences between inflection and derivation is given by Dirven. He emphasises that the main difference between derivational and inflectional affixes is that “the former are always restricted in their application to a certain group of word stems” [5, p.59]. Dirven emphasises that inflectional affixes can be applied to all the members of a linguistic category, as all countable nouns can have plural form, while this process is not available for derivational affixes [5, p.59]. Consequently, the main difference between inflection and derivation is that inflection can be used to all the members of a linguistic category, but derivation is used only in specific case.

At the same time another analysis to distinguish inflection from derivation is made by Bauer. Inflectional paradigms are added to stems while derivational paradigms deal with roots and bases explains Bauer. While derivation deals with the formation of new lexemes, inflection only cope with various forms of individual words from given stems adds Bauer [3, p.40]. The scientist explains also that the main function of inflection is to indicate relationship between words in a sentence, but the purpose of derivation is to create new words and the new forming words do not create a connection between words in a sentence [3, p.41]. In conclusion, inflection is very important in creating sentences as it connects all the words to give a meaning, but derivation in only for building up new lexemes.

1.3. Functions Features and Rules of Word-Formation

This section of research shows the main functions and features of the process of forming new words. The main function of derivation is to create new words by adding suffixes or prefixes to the existing lexeme. Richard Nordquist mentions in an article that derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of a word. For example, adding the derivational morpheme “-er” to the word bake changes the word from verb to noun (baker) [21]. R.L. Trask defines derivational morphemes as affixes. If affixes are added to the front of a word, it is spoken of prefixes like “in-“, “a-“. If they are attached to the end of the word, they are called suffixes, such as “-able”, “-ish”. Derivational morphemes may or may not cause a change of the grammatical class of the word. In any event, the following morphological rules applied to most cases, cover the main changes brought about by affixes. By changing one element, new classes of words can be produced, mentions Trask [15, p.47]. To conclude the most important and the main function of derivation is to create new words. Another important function is that the process of creating new words can change the grammatical category of the word.

In his research, Plag mentions some properties of affixation or derivation. He focuses more on phonological properties of word derivation. Plag explains that if a prefix is added to the root of a word the basis of the lexeme does not change the pronunciation, while suffixes have such an effect on the word, except suffixes like “-less” or “-ness” [12, p.99]. Plag also mentions an important feature of word-formation that is the change of the word from one part of speech to another one. This process is called by Plag conversion and it is an important branch of word-formation. The main idea of this section is that suffixes change the pronunciation of the word, while prefixes do not and the main feature of word-formation is to change a word from one part of speech to another.

K. Wisniewski emphasises in an article that word-formation refers to all the processes connected with changing the form of the word. An important feature mentioned by Wisniewski is that only a process can occur in a word [25]. As for J. Algeo word-formation is a method in which most new words in a language come from older words [1, 224]. In his analysis, Packer mentions that words do not create words but people create words and language [19, p.7]. In conclusion it is necessary only one process to build a new word from an old one.

A process that belongs to word-formation is borrowing and in this section it is emphasised the main goal of this method of adding words to a language from another one. This process is studied by G. Yule, a very famous linguist at the Universities of Edinburgh. He explains that the main feature of borrowing in English language that is a branch of word-formation is that this language adopted a vast number of words from other languages and it is more than borrowing because English language does not give them back. There are a lot of words borrowed from French (croissant), German (pretzel), Turkish (yogurt), etc. emphasises Yule [17, p.54]. So, the main feature of borrowing is that a lot of foreign words can be recognized from people around the world without being translated in English language.

This paragraph is devoted to functions of word-derivation. The process of creating new names appears in a language in order to enrich the vocabulary underline F. Katamba [10, p.201]. Another function of this process is that of naming explains Katamba. In an article Martin Weisser distinguishes between inflection and derivation, also processes of forming words org changing them. He explains the function of them adding that inflection allow the word to have different tenses or to change grammatical form, but the main function of derivation that is considered to be the productive process is to build up new words from old lexemes [23]. To sum up, word-formation helps to enrich the vocabulary and also contributes to the change of the word grammatically.

There are rules to go by in forming new words and I. Plag is one of the scientists who set up some rules of word-formation. He focuses more on compounding which is a big branch of word-formation. Plag explains that compound words include three types of words and these are: hyphenated words (separated by a hyphen), written open (are written separate but are spelled together) and written solid (are written together and are spelled together).Words are hyphenated to express the idea of a unit and to avoid vagueness emphasises Plag [12, p.170]. The main rule of hyphenated words established by A. Bagasheva is that each compound word should have a head (the initial morpheme) and a body (the rest part of the word that follows the head). The head of the compound word always determines the body semantically, but the body determines the grammatical class of whole compound explains Bagasheva [26]. She also emphasises an important rule for word-formation especially for prefixes. The rule says that a prefix which is alone but is a representative of a compound word needs a hyphen [26]. So, the rules that form new words are very important because not in all cases hyphen is presented in compound words but sometimes it creates the idea of a unit.

1.4. The Impact of Word-formation upon Cooking Blogs

1.4.1. Introduction to history of blogging

The purpose of this section of research is to make an introduction of how blogs appeared and how they developed during the years. Blog is a term composed from two words “web” and “log” mentions A. Newson [11, p.3]. In fact this word include the process of blinding, where parts of two words are combined together in order to form a new word. By T. Hussey blogs appeared long time ago, over 16 years ago, when people started to write journals and to record their thoughts [9, p.8]. Newson mentions that he is not sure about the first blog but it began to be very popular since 2000 [11, p.3]. D. Warlick thinks otherwise and says that something very similar to blogging was happening in 18th century. As print shops and printing presses were appearing, people began to publish their views in print as pamphlets [16, p.23]. Blogging started out with people that made public lists of bookmarks and links for themselves but then they published on their websites in order to be seen by other users remarks Hussey. New appeared items gave to technicians the idea of blog. All the presented data were put in a chronological order and it was not a difficult for visitors adds Hussey [9, p.8]. In conclusion, due to people that wanted to discover more and more and to those who liked to publish their thoughts, a new website is created which is very popular nowadays.

This section is devoted to the introduction to some events about the firs blog and its creators. In his book Hussey names the first creators of the first blog. In 2001 Ben and Mena Trott created a service named Movable Type, but later it was created to be installed in computer explains Hussey. As for him, blogging has to be the next grate thing in commerce, communication and technology and is considered to be like a deliverer of time and energy declares Hussey [9, p.9]. In 2006 the main difficulty was that the blogs must be paid in order to be used. People thought that it opened a new way of getting money and more and more blogs appeared but not all of them were successful. Nowadays it is very easy and costless to use a blog in order to expose and share thoughts to each other mentions Hussey [9, p.10]. Briefly in this paragraph is explained the story of first steps for blogs till day they became popular.

As blogs are very popular nowadays, Hussey emphasises that the world of blogging is much richer and more interesting today than a couple of years ago [9, p.16]. D. Rowse explains that the term blogger is not used only to describe the person who writes a blog but also someone who earns money doing it. As today blogging is in fashion and is very developed, some people succeed in profiting from their blogs indicates Rowse. It is also mentioned that in order to get more money and to attract more visitors it is necessary to be active and to publish more and more useful posts [9, p.9]. So, blogs have also some benefits and of course some material benefits. Blog activity needs also creativity and diligence if it is to get more money and more fans.

In order to understand better what a blog consists of, Newson gives some details about the most important elements of a blog. Maintaining a blog or adding some articles to an existing blog is called blogging explains the blogger. Individual written articles are called posts or blog posts and the person who publishes posts is called blogger mentions Newson [11, p.4]. Similarly, Rowse gives some concrete features of blog. He explains that there are three main areas that differentiate a blog from a site: content (arranged chronologically), syndication (all the visitors can read the blog) and conversation (direct communication to audience) [13, p.3]. Consequently, blogs are closely related to people than other sites.

1.4.2. Branches of Word-Formation that Appears in Cooking Blogs

This paragraph is devoted to cooking blogs and word-formation that occurs here. Newson says that the categories of blogs are incredibly varied and he enumerates some of the main categories: academic, arts, business and professional, financial, food, jobs, technology, personal, etc. [11, p.4]. As the research is based on cooking blogs the category that is to be analysed is blogs about “food”.

Analysing a lot of cooking blogs it is seen that there is a variety of words that are based on word-formation. Some of them are borrowed, some are formed with the help of affixation and some are compound. As Hussey says, people use to write on their blog all they want and all they do during a day transforming it in a journal [9, p.11]. This also happens with blogs about food. People experience some recipes and when they get something good they share it with other people. The main process of forming new words used in cooking blogs is borrowing. Delahunty explains that borrowing is a process of copying a word that belonged to one language into another language [4, p.137]. In cooking blogs are a lot of words that are borrowed from other languages like French (cauliflower); Spanish (anchovy, chili); Japanese (togarashi); Turkish (yogurt) and Greek (sesame), etc. Compounding, as S.Dostert explains, is a process of combining free morphemes in order to form a new lexeme [6, p.20]. There are a lot of compound words that are used in blogs about food. For example “seafood” that means dishes made from sea fish; “cookbook” that is a book of recipes that each housewife should have and “bund cake” that takes part from the group of compounds that are spelled as two words and it means a ring-shaped cake. Inflection is a process that is also presented in cooking blogs. Trask defines inflection as a process of adding such suffixes as “-s”, “-ing” or “-ed” to a word in order to indicate tense or the plural of nouns. The letter “-s” at the end of the words like “crisps”; “cooks”; “bakes” or “mixes” emphasises the present tense and the third person that does the action. In the words like “drizzled” or “tossed” the “-ed” letters indicate the past simple tense, but the group of letters “-ing” in words as “cooking” and “roasting” indicates either the present progressive tense or it forms a noun and it depends the position of the word in the sentence. Words that are formed with the help of affixation as “smashed”; “sweetness” and “unabashed” also form a group that create new words in cooking blogs. In conclusion cooking blogs are full of formed words and processes of building up new lexemes. In a way it is a good method to attract new visitors and to get more money publishing new posts involving new processes of making up new words.

Conclusion

According to the scientific works the main goal of the research was achieved and the topic was analysed. Morphology has two important branches that contribute to the process of making up new lexemes or to the process of changing the word grammatically: word-formation and inflection. Likewise, using regular patterns, prefixes and suffixes, a new process of forming words appears. It is called word-derivation. The second branch of morphology is inflection. Inflectional affixes appear only for grammatical reason and do not form new words as derivational affixes do. Inflection appears only to change the form of the word and not the word in general, but derivation includes traits that help to form new words and it creates also a different meaning.

Derivation is a process which does not exist without affixes added before or after word (prefixes and suffixes). Suffixes change the pronunciation of the word, while prefixes do not and the main feature of word-formation is to change a word from one part of speech to another.

As a result, these two processes of word-formation differ a lot because inflection does not create new word and is only influenced grammatically but derivation involves the process of creating a new word and has a lexical meaning. Consequently, the main difference between inflection and derivation is that inflection can be used to all the members of a linguistic category, but derivation is used only in specific cases.

Compounding is another process of forming new words. The method of combining two different morphemes, one is the head and another is its modifier is called compounding. This process forms a new word that can be spelled as a single word, as two words, or can be separated by a hyphen.

Conversion also called zero-derivation appears only when the parts of speech are changed and it does not change the form of the lexeme.

Thus, other methods which are parts of word-building such as: coining, abbreviation, blending and borrowing also can form new words, even though each of them has its own rules and feature. The main feature of borrowing is that a lot of foreign words can be recognized from people around the world without being translated in English language.

The most important function of derivation is to create new words. Another important function is that the process of creating new words can change the grammatical category of the word.

Due to people that wanted to discover more and more and to those who liked to publish their thoughts, a new website is created which is very popular nowadays. So, blogs have also some benefits and of course some material benefits. Blog activity needs also creativity and diligence if it is to get more money and more fans.

In conclusion cooking blogs are full of formed words and processes of building up new lexemes. In a way it is a good method to attract new visitors and to get more money publishing new posts involving new processes of making up new words.

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http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/Derivational-Morpheme.htm Nordquist

http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/structure/index.html#top Suzanne Kemmer

http://martinweisser.org/courses/lexicology/word_formation.html M. Weisser

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Corpus linguistics

Cooking bacon sitting on the counter is fair game to steal.

This recipe for Roasted Cauliflower with Bacon and Garlic is so simple.

The bacon crisps the same time as the cauliflower cooks and the garlic get a nice toasting as well.

The smaller you cut the cauliflower, the faster this cooks.

If you want, you can even finish the roasted cauliflower off with a good snowfall of freshly grated parmesan cheese.

Scott ordered a side of mashed potatoes for the table.

You ordered mashed potatoes at a fancy seafood restaurant.

Mix in salted butter with a wooden spoon.

And maybe a bit more melted butter.

Broccoli is known for its robust flavour.

I’ve hardly been eating proper meals.

I don’t remember the last time I ate a real sandwich, or a pita sandwich for that matter, so this recipe was a refreshing change of pace.

Basically, it’s a fresh, lemony broccoli and chickpea salad.

My cookbook manuscript is due at the end of the month.

I miss our brunches and dinners.

I figured with the weekend and all, my cookie pizza massacre was done.

And today, my friends, that pep comes in the form of a glazed orange bundt cake.

Baking a cake with pinkish oranges this weekend: highly recommended.

Consider them your cookie smorgasbord starting point.

Try them with butterscotch or stuffed with Rolos.

 It’s been everywhere from salted caramel and peanut butter swirled to peppermint mocha and double trouble. 

This is very sticky cookie dough, so chilling it is crucial in order for the cookies to hold their shape.

Oatmeal Cookie Dough

 This cookie dough produces buttery and super soft cookies.

The cream of tartar is a key in this cookie dough– it helps activate the baking soda.

Use all baking powder instead of soda.

Buttery almond and vanilla shortbread cookies filled with raspberry jam and drizzled with glaze. 

Typical shortbread cookies are made up of one part sugar, two parts butter, and three parts flour.

Cook Twists on Avocado Toast

It's no secret that I love anchovies.

 These tender, vinegar-marinated fresh anchovies add brightness to avocado.

These anchovies overwhelm your palate.

 With a squeeze of fresh lemon juice and a dusting of paprika, this toast is creamy, smoky, tart, and briny all at once.

Avocado stands up well to a dose of spicy, tangy Frank's RedHot and a sprinkle of blue cheese.

Seedless cucumber does a great job adding cooling crunch to avocado toast, but it doesn't impart much in the way of flavour.

 I drizzled soy sauce onto the avocado and tossed some peppery scallions on top.

But the real finishing touch is a pinch of shichimi togarashi, a Japanese seven-spice blend of chili peppers, sesame seeds, and other ingredients like nori, ginger, and orange peel.

Find it in most Asian specialty stores, or simply substitute some ground red chili pepper, black pepper, powdered ginger, and sesame seeds for a comparable.

Juicy, tart mangoes are surprisingly excellent at cutting through the richness of avocado.

To keep the sweetness in check.

I went ahead and added some chopped mint for an aromatic, herbal touch, but basil would do nicely here as well.

Avocado and smoked salmon are a natural pair, but because they're both so fatty, they need some acidity to balance them out.

 I took a few cues from the classic bagel and lox, adding tomatoes, capers, and thinly sliced rounds of red onion to the mix. 

In place of cream cheese, I used a schmear of goat cheese beneath the avocado for a little extra tang.

A squeeze of lemon juice and a little fresh black pepper bring everything together.

This combination is an unabashed celebration of spring.

I manage the avocado's natural fattiness with some lemon juice, salt, and pepper. 

A smattering of baby peas adds pops of sweetness.

To keep them from rolling right off the toast, I press them gently into the smashed avocado.

I added a layer of radishes for some spicy crunch, followed by some chopped herbs.