Asymmetry Of The Translation Of Noun Groups From English And Vice Versa

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

FREE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MOLDOVA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

Germanic Philology Department

Accepted for defense

„ ____”  ______________ 20___

Head of the Department

Inga STOIANOVA _______________

signature

LICENCE PROJECT

Asymmetry of the Translation of Noun

Groups from English and Vice Versa (Case Study)

***

PROIECT DE LICENȚĂ

Asimetria in traducerea grupurilor nominale

din engleza si vice versa (Studiu de caz)

Author:

Mihaila Mariana,

the III-rd year student, gr. 133E

_______________

signature

Project Supervisor:

Zinaida Camenev,

Associate Professor, PhD

_______________

signature

CHIȘINĂU, 2016

CONTENTS

CONTENTS………………………………………………..………………………2INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….……….3I. GENERAL FEATURES OF ASSYMETRY IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN GROUPS…………………….………………………………..……………9

I.1. Theory of Translation……………………………………….……………..….…9

I.2. Types of Translation………………………………….……….…..……..………9

I.3. Direct Translation Techniques…………….………………….……..…………10

I.4. Noun Phrases and their Translation……………………………..……………..12

II. DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS…….……16

II.1. Translation of Geographical Text…………………………………..……….…16

II.2. Practical Analysis of Terminology of the Text……………………………….20

II.3. Terminological Translation of the Texts Translated during Practice…………24

III. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….…32

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….34

V. ANNEXES……………………………………..……………………………….37

INTRODUCTION

"Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes." 

Grass Günter.

The practice in translation has been performed from December 01 2015 until January 22, 2016 at the “Academy of Sciences of Moldova”, Chisinau as a translator of the English language.

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (A.S.M.), in its role of the highest scientific forum of the country, represents the only public institution of national interest in the sphere of science and innovation, is a plenipotentiary coordinator of scientific and innovation activity, scientific consultant of the public authorities of the Republic of Moldova.
A special attention is paid to the extension and improvement of the relations of collaboration with local universities, profile ministries and departments, respective agreements being concluded and the forms of cooperation being diversified. The Academy of Sciences develops its activity according to the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, the Code on Science and Innovation, the Partnership Agreement with the Government of the country, its Statute and other legislative and normative documents.

One of the strategic priorities of the A.S.M. activity is the development and consolidation of scientific international relations, maintenance of bilateral relations with the Academy of Sciences and scientific organizations from many countries, agreements of scientific collaboration being concluded and actions of integration in the European scientific sphere and in world scientific community being promoted [35].
Thanks to the preliminary competences acquired at ULIM, during such academic courses as Theory and Practice of Translation, Translatology, TAM, literary, consecutive and simultaneous translation I was able to perform qualified and eligible translation.

"The internship is really important in the professional training".
Learning is a process of self-discovery. Gaining a greater understanding of strengths, weaknesses, biases, preferences, and approaches creates a solid foundation for growth and performance.
For me this internship, accounted an opportunity for entering into the labor market, trough effective participation of the Academy of Scientific institution and efficiency relationship between future students and potential employers. During this practice, I realized the importance not only of a rapid and qualified translation but also the significance of keeping ethical relationships with colleagues and employers.
The objectives of this practice included:

To improve my translation abilities;

To improve the formation of the professional norms;

To work with new terms from different scientific fields;

Professional skills training specific to specialty;

Skills development.

Making the practice in the last year represents an advantage, because I had the opportunity to acquire new obligatory knowledge for my career in this field.
As well, I had the opportunity to meet wise people and observe a good relationship between the employees of the institution in order to fulfill tasks effectively.
I believe that the internship conducted in the last 7 weeks is an important step in my professional and personal development.

During this practice, I understand that you should have to hang pretty serious over what are you doing. Also, have increased the ideas for the future.
Instructive practice is component part of the process, which is an important period for us, because during the practice deepen our knowledge acquired in 2 and a half years.
The relationship with the teacher within the institution designated to coordinate my activity of practice, was based on the communication, he explained how to translate.
Mr. Buboc tried to provide me all the necessary materials to translate as well. He constantly collaborated with me, always asks how the translation goes, and if I can managed. I listened and follow all the instructions. He was very concerned for us to learn something new, after finishing practice. I had a relationship based on trust, fairness and sincerity. Speak openly and remained in the best relationships.

Mr. Buboc was always available to us to answer our questions that we had, also responsible of practice. I would like to work in the future in a team like this.

The training practice is the first independent work and after results can be done conclusions if I can activate further in this area.
It was an experience quite interesting and useful and not very different from what we are doing at University.

The documents was given for translation, contained a lot of terms and professionalisms from the field of geography and geology.

In this period, I understood where I need to work more, that in the future be easier, as a translator. One of the things I achieved during my practice of translation is that to produce good translations it is not enough to have a superficial acquaintance with another language. One must have a thorough knowledge of both languages (the English language and the Romanian language) and the ability to deal with semantic differences.

Obvious, I met some difficulties in both languages, because the texts being quite difficult. It happens that to a page, I could work a few hours, until put the final version, being the best.

"It is absolutely necessary order to succeed transpose theoretical knowledge in practical skills.’’

"Practice is a wonderful stage and everyone should do regardless of their location because anywhere would be to" to steal items "can find something to learn"

The internship has acquires a special importance, and that is because Nowadays there are so many possibilities regarding career. The development activity transforms into useful learning only when we integrate it with what we already know and do… when we find a place for it to play out through our heads, hearts, and hands.

As a result of this activity I have learnt how to:

Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meaning of words, concepts, practices or behaviors;

Check translations of terms and terminology to ensure that they’re accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions;

Proofread, edit and revise translated materials;

I learned new things and are more sure of myself now;

Participation in internship helped me to develop myself in a professional viewpoint, I knew that is my current level of training and which aspects should be improved;

New knowledge must be translated to actions for it to be productive.

Translation involves a lag between the time of creation and the transposition into another language. Language is a living organism.

The translations have a value epistemological and logical etymological. Any translation bears the imprint of the soul translator. Sometimes it's even stronger than that of the author
In conclusion; this period of my practice has meant entering into another world, practical. I believe that all activities undertaken during my internship was useful.

In addition, this internship gave me the opportunity to understand what behavior and how to integrate in a possible job. It is where I found a group of special people, highly professional and skilled in their field of work. Moreover, I can say that it is not so easy to be a good translator. An essential role in writing this project was my professional experience as a translator.

The goal of this project is to improve all my skills. Also this experience allowed me to link the theory and practice in two ways. When find out about an issue of translating in a course, after I try to capture and my work as a translator.

Now, I would like to speak about the license project itself. This project is meant to compose a relationship between the practical performances and theoretical research that obtained during the translation practice. Thus, the topic of my licence project is: Asymmetry of the Translation of Noun Groups from English into Romanian and Vice Versa (Case Study).

The actuality of the topic: this topic is actual and important one, because during the years that I spend at the University, we researched in depth and talked about the Noun Groups at the lessons. We gave special attention at this topic, because in Romanian is a trait agree. Nominal groups are a subject of interest in many areas of semantic translation studies, terminology, computational linguistics, up to LSP, ontology, artificial intelligence, etc.

This project is based on the premise that the asymmetry of the translation of Noun Groups in general, can be used in a more systematic manner in translation for a better understanding of the complex phenomena that occur in the translation process. The aim of the licence project is to provide supplementary information on the Noun Groups. And the objectives that follow from the above aim are:

To describe ways of forming of the Noun Groups;

To analyze the grammatical aspects;

To provide conclusion.

Following the aims and objectives, the structure of the licence project is the following: it includes an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, a bibliographical list and the annex.

The first essential item is the introduction where the practice period, like the main issues is described. The objectives and aims that I have done during my work are in introduction. After that, the entire license project is described.

The next item of the licence project is chapter one, which is regarded to be a theoretical study upon the texts and terminology pertaining to the field of Noun Groups. This part is of the highest importance for my project. This chapter is called: General Features of Asymmetry of the Translation of Noun Groups.

The second chapter reflects with the practical analysis of the texts that have been translated during the practice. Also, we analyzed different terminological units, typology of the text, etc. From these texts were taken out and analyzed all terminological units according to the topic. Terminology was researched from the viewpoint of lexis, grammar and the translation aspect. This chapter is called: Difficulties is Translation of Noun Groups.

In the last part of the project, entitled ‘Conclusions ’, necessary conclusions are made, which can be divided into theoretical conclusions and practical conclusions. Theoretical conclusions refer to theory and practical conclusions refer to methods in translation of Noun Groups. It is important that it brings the result of the work done throughout the licence project.

The bibliography is the next item of the project and it gathers information from books, dictionaries, theoretical sources and internet sources which helped me to present the licence project.

The last part is the annex in which we have inserted a glossary with the most relevant terms that belong to the field of the project and a plagiarism declaration.

GENERAL FEATURES OF ASSYMETRY IN THE TRANSLATION OF NOUN GROUPS

I.1. Theory of Translation

Translation is a means of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing it in the target language, which has an identical communicative value with the source language. The theory of translation provides the translator with the appropriate tools of analysis and synthesis, makes him aware of what he is to look in the original text, what type of information he must convey in TL and how he should act to achieve his goal. In the final analysis, however, his trade remains an art [8].

I.2. Types of Translation

Oral translation is a translation performed orally, irrespectively of the form of the text-source, either consecutively or simultaneously. Oral translation is commentary. There are two types of oral translation. Consecutive translation, the translating starts after the original speech of some part to it has been completed. Simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed to be able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering his message. The difference between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation – in simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is much more limited in time. The length of the text translated is much shorter than in consecutive translation. Unlike consecutive interpretation, were the interpreter may correct mistakes and slips of the tongue, simultaneous has no time for corrections and redoing. Text compression is aimed at saving interpretation time and removing source text redundancy, which allows the interpreter to keep in pace with the source text, not sacrificing the context [9].

Written translation is a translator performed in writing, irrespectively of the form of the text-source, either consecutively or simultaneously. In written translation the original text is in written form as well as in the target language and the written translation is continuous.

Informative translation relays information contained in the text in the extent necessary for the client, summarizes the content. It is not a syntactically perfect material that can be read out beautifully, but it is grammatically, orthographically and informatively correct [10].

Literal translation means to render the text from one form the first language to another. In Latin it means word-for-word translation rather than sentence translation. However in the study of translational language, literal translation basically means technical translation which is referred to the translation of technical, scientific, legal or even technological texts [11].

I.3. Direct Translation Techniques

Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include:

Borrowing.

Calque.

Literal translation.

Borrowing – is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. Many English words are "borrowed" into other languages; for example software in the field of technology and funk in culture. Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be "foreign".

Calque or loan translation – (itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung) is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word-for-word. You often see them in specialized or internationalized fields such as quality assurance. Some calques can become widely accepted in the target language.

Literal Translation – a word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure. One sentence can be translated literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally.

Oblique Translation Techniques – are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language.

Oblique translation techniques include:

Transposition.

Modulation.

Reformulation or Equivalence.

Adaptation.

Compensation.

Transposition – is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated. It is in a sense a shift of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence. English often has the verb near the beginning of a sentence; Spanish can have it closer to the end.

Modulation – consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea. Through modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader of the target text. It is often used within the same language.

Reformulation or Equivalence

Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy.

Adaptation – occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment.

Compensation – can be used when something cannot be translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated text [12].

I.4. Noun Phrases and their Translation

Noun Group (phrase) is a group of words relating to, or adding information to, a noun. Noun groups usually consist of an article or determiner, plus one or more adjectives or adverbs and are often used in descriptions. Pre-modification of noun groups usually consists of an article plus one or more adjectives or adverbs. Adjectives are words that describe, evaluate or define the meaning of a noun. Adverbs can be used in noun groups to modify the meaning of or add extra information to adjectives. For example: to dry, windswept, desert region has an extremely low rainfall [37].

Translation, especially precise, holds the attention of linguistics more and more. It is an issue of great interest not only for the interpreters, but also for language researches and scientists. Translation is such a basic linguistic skill that any practicing linguist must be able to undertake it at some level of complexity. It would appear reasonable that the ability to translate, certainly from the target language and to some extent into it as well, in a wide range of up-to date registers, becomes a necessity.

Mentioning complexity we have in mind English noun or nominal phrases because the project is centered on the use and translation of multiple pre-modified head nouns in these groups based on the texts in geography and the problems arising in the process of their translating into Romanian and vice versa. [1, p.275]

This project is dedicated to the translation of English nominal phrases into Romanian. This nominal phrases one of the most frequently used types of premodification in English, they are used for the sake of compactness and determine the head noun which is a term in the domain of geographical texts. A term does not always have an equivalent in the target language. Sometimes a term is equivalent with a string of words of has no equivalent and it is necessary to search and find an equivalent with at least similar meaning, if not, then the translator can reproduce it by paraphrasing. Geographic terminology is expressed by one, two, three member nominal phrases, their study begin necessary because these terms have not got the same tasks and meanings as has one simple word in the common language and the interpretation of these terminological units is different as well. A complex nominal phrase consists of two elements:

The head (nucleus or center) around which the other components cluster;

The pre-modification which consists of elements placed before the head noun.

The nominal phrases may have different ways of translation. The modifiers of the nominal phrases may be situated either before or after the head noun being constituted of different parts of speech more often adjectives and nouns. The study of the linguistic constituents refers to the interpretation of the meaning of these elements forming the noun phrase.

E.g.: Before the noun – the great river;

After the noun – man of honour.

Such noun phrases present difficulties not only for the specialists but also for the translators. Sometimes they are idiomatic from the point of view of machine translation (MT). They may be paraphrased into subordinate clauses in the process of translation into a different languages.

The study of linguistics constituents of the multiple nominal phrases refers to the meaning interpretation of these terminological units. They are mostly used in the above-mentioned texts for the sake of compression. The strategy of using compact multiple noun phrases may be justified by the fact that they provide more information using fewer words.

The analysis of the translations of such pre-modified noun-phrases demonstrates that both English and Romanian nominal phrases contain sometimes similar number of constituents and that the majority of these constituents are expressed by nouns and adjectives. Differences in the translation of the English nominal phrases are conditioned by the position, so-to-say the structure of the equivalents but in many cases even with their semantics, e.g.:

Unwavering silence- liniște neclintită;

Light rain– ploaie de lumină.

The nominal phrase ’’volcanic mountain’’ is translated ’’munti vulcanici’’, the structure is different, but there are the same in semantics.

In translating three-member terminological units we observe the same situation as before. Lack of rules of the translation of multiple noun phrases forces the translators to work hand in hand with the specialists in the field of application of geographic who could consult the translator: E.g.:

Earth’s crusty outer skin- stratul exterior al scoartei terestre.

Such nominal phrases constitute almost 40% of the total number of the investigated texts in comparison with the post nominal phrases [3, p.356].

In conclusion we can state that the most frequent model of nominal phrase is the two-element nominal phrase, while the least frequent is the three-element of nominal phrase. In English, the minimal and multiple noun phrases contain a high-percentage of pre-modifying nouns and, while in their Romanian counterparts the structure is even more complex because Romanian uses even more nouns than English. Lack of rules in the translation of long strings of nominal phrases makes the translators introduce them as ready-made nominal phrases into a glossary in order to help those specialists who don't know English [2, p.220].

DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

Translation is a skill. That means that you’ve got to spend some time on deliberate practice before you become good at it. It’s also important to have good writing skills in the target language, know the terminology, and to be able to do research [13].

"You'll never know exactly what a translator has done. He reads with maniacal attention to nuance and cultural implication, conscious of all the books that stand behind this one; then he sets out to rewrite this impossibly complex thing in his own language, re-elaborating everything, changing everything in order that it remain the same, or as close as possible to his experience of the original. In every sentence the most loyal respect must combine with the most resourceful inventiveness. ‘’Tim Parks’’ [14].

II.1. Translation of Geographical Text

Text 1 (original)

Mountains

Mountains are the wrinkles of age and pimples of youth on Earth's crusty outer skin. They rise up as the crust collides, cracks, crumbles, folds, and spews. By definition, they dominate their surroundings with towering height.

The mighty chunks rise all over the world, including the oceans. They usually have steep, sloping sides and sharp or rounded ridges. The highest point is called the peak or summit. Most geologists classify a mountain as a landform that rises at least 300 meters or more above its surrounding area. A mountain range is a series or chain of mountains that are close together.

The world's tallest mountain ranges form when pieces of Earth's crust—called plates—smash against each other, in a process called plate tectonics, and buckle up like the hood of a car in a head-on collision. The Himalaya in Asia formed from one such massive wreck that started about 55 million years ago. Thirty of the world’s highest mountains are in the Himalaya. The summit of Mount Everest, at 8,850 meters, is the highest point on Earth.

The tallest mountain measured from top to bottom is Mauna Kea, an inactive volcano on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Measured from the base, Mauna Kea stands 10,203 meters tall, though it only rises 4,205 meters above the sea.

Types of Mountains

Volcanic mountains form when molten rock from deep inside the Earth erupts through the crust and piles up on itself. The island chain of Hawaii is actually the tops of volcanoes. Well-known volcanoes on land include Mount St. Helens in Washington State and Mount Fuji in Japan. Sometimes volcanic eruptions break down mountains instead of building them up, like the 1980 eruption that blew the top off Mount St. Helens.

When magma pushes the crust up but hardens before erupting into the surface, it forms so-called dome mountains. Wind and rain pummel the domes, sculpting peaks and valleys. Examples include the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Plateau Mountains are similar to dome mountains, but form as colliding tectonic plates push up the land without folding or faulting. They are then shaped by weathering and erosion.

Other types of mountains form when stresses within and between the tectonic plates lead to cracking and faulting of the Earth's surface, which forces blocks of rock up and down. Examples of fault-block Mountains include the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, the Tetons in Wyoming, and the Harz Mountains in Germany.

Mountains often serve as geographic features that define natural borders of countries. Their height can influence weather patterns, stalling storms that roll off the oceans and squeezing water from the clouds. The other side is often much drier. The rugged landscapes even provide refuge—and protection—for fleeing and invading armies [36].

Text 1 (Translation)

Munții

Munții sunt ca și ridurile de vîrstă și coșurile tinerilor pe pielea exterioară scoarța terestră. Ele se înalță ca crusta care intră în coliziuni, crăpături, se fărâmițează, se pliază și spews. Prin definiție, ei domină împrejurimile lor cu înălțimi falnice.

Cele mai puternice bucăți răsar este tot în lume, inclusiv oceanele. De obicei, ei au laturi abrupte înclinate si margini ascuțite sau rotunde. Cel mai înalt punct este numit vârf sau summit. Cei mai mulți geologi clasifică un munte drept formă de relief, care se înalță cel puțin 300 metri sau mai mult deasupra zonei sale înconjurătoare. O gamă de munți sunt o serie sau un lanț de munți care sunt aproape împreună.

Cele mai înalte lanțuri muntoase înca de când se formeaza bucățile de crustă ale pământului – numite plăci – se izbesc una împotriva alteia, într-un proces numit plăci tectonice, si se îndoaie asemeni capotei unei mașini la coleziunea din față.

Cele mai înalte lanțuri muntoase din lume se formeaza, atunci când anumite bucăți din plăcile scoarței se sparg unul împotriva altuia, într-un proces numite plăci tectonice și se ciocnesc asemeni capotei mașinii într-un impact frontal.

Himalaya din Asia este format dintr-un astfel de dezastru masiv, care a început în urmă cu aproximativ 55 de milioane de ani. Treizeci dintre cei mai înalți munți din lume sunt în Himalaya. Vârful Muntelui Everest, la 8.850 metri, este cel mai înalt punct de pe Pământ.

Cel mai înalt munte măsurat de sus în jos este Mauna Kea, un vulcan inactiv pe insula Hawaii în Oceanul Pacific. Măsurat de la baza, Mauna Kea se află la 10,203 metri, prin acesta se înalță numai 4,205 metri deasupra mării.

Tipuri de Munți

Forma muntilor vulcanici este atunci când roca topită din adînc în interiorul Pământului izbucnește prin crustă și se îngrămădesc (stivuieșteste) pe sine. Lanțul de insule din Hawaii sunt de fapt vârfurile de vulcani. Vulcanii bine cunoscuti pe terenuri cuprind Mount St. Helens în statul Washington și Muntele Fuji din Japonia. Uneori, erupțiile vulcanice descompun munții în loc de a-i construi în sus, la fel ca erupția din 1980 care a explodat în partea de sus de pe Muntele St. Helens.

Atunci când magma împinge crusta de sus, dar se întărește înainte de erupție pe suprafață, formează așa-numitele cupole ale muntelui. Vântul și ploaia sfărâmîțînd prin lovire cupolele, modelând vârfurile și văile. Exemplele includ Black Hills din Dakota de Sud și Munții Adirondack din New York.

Platoul muntilor sunt asemănătoare cu cupolele munților, dar sub formă ca ciocnirea plăcilor tectonice împingând în sus terenul, fără pliere sau faliere. Acestea sunt apoi modelate de alterare și eroziune.

Alte tipuri de formă a munților atunci când tensiunile în interior și între plăcile tectonice conduc la fisurare și faliere a suprafeței Pământului, care forțează blocurile de piatră în sus și în jos. Exemple de blocuri de munți avariate cuprind Sierra Nevada din California și Nevada, The Tetons în Wyoming, și Munții Harz din Germania. Munții servesc adesea drept caracteristici geografice care definesc granițele naturale ale țărilor. Înălțimea lor poate influența condițiilor meteorologice, stagnează furtuni care se rostogolesc în largul oceanelor și stoarcerea de apă din nori. Cealaltă parte este adesea mult mai uscată. Peisajele robust oferă chiar și protective pentru a fugi si armate inovatoare.

This text belongs to the geographical area because:

It is about а lаrge landform that extend over the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak;

It describes the types of mountains;

Just specific keywords in geographical field.

II.2. Practical Analysis of Terminology of the Text

Dome mountain – a mountain range resulting from dissection of a structural dome (as the Black Hills in South Dakota) —called also domal mountain [15].

Translation – cupola muntelui (ro); Die Kuppel Berge (de); кyпoл гopы (ru).

Commentary – this combination of words is composed of two nouns into English, Romanian and German. In Russian it is translated by Calque translation technique

Plateau mountain – a mountain located in Greene County, New York. Plateau has a two-mile-long summit ridge above 3,500 feet. Plateau Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River [16].

Translation – platoul muntelui (ro); der Bergplateau (de); Платo гopы (ru).

Commentary – this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romanian and Russian by Calque method, but into Deutsch by Transposition translation technique, as we changed the grammatical category, but without changing the meaning of the expression.

Fault-block mountain – is formed by the movement of large crustal blocks when forces in the Earth’s crust pull it apart. Some parts of the Earth are pushed upward and others collapse down [17].

Translation – distrugerea elementului muntelui (ro); der Bruchschollengebirge (de); pазлoм блoк гopы (ru).

Commentary – this combination of words is composed of three nouns into Romanian. In English it represents a compound noun plus a simple one. In German it is translated by a compound word. In Russian it is translated by Calque translation technique.

Volcanic mountains – A volcanic mountain starts out as a simple crack in the Earth called a volcanic vent. Magma erupts out of the ground as lava flows, clouds of ash, and explosions of rock. This material falls back to Earth around the vent, and piles up around it. Over time a volcanic mountain builds up, with the familiar cone shape [18].

Translation- munții vulcanici (ro); die Vulkanische Berge (de); Byлканичecкиe гopы (ru).

Commentary – this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romanian, English, German and Russian, by Calque translation technique. The semantic coincides, but the structure doesn’t coincide.

Mountain range – a series of mountains ,an area in which the greater part of the land surface is in considerable degree of slope, upland summits are small or narrow, and there are great differences in elevations within the area (commonly over 2000 feet, or 610 meters) [19].

Translation- lanț muntos (ro); die Gebirgskette (de); гopный xpeбeт (ru).

Commentary – now, in the cases above into Russian and Romanian, we have used a noun and an adjective. In Romanian, the order of words is changed, although in German there is only one word.

Peak – A (1):  the top of a hill or mountain ending in a point 

(2):  a prominent mountain usually having a well-defined summit

B:  something resembling a mountain peak [20].

Translation – vârf (ro); der Gipfel (de); вepшина (ru).

Commentary – at this noun we used Calque translation technique.

Collision – An act of colliding; a crash [21].

Translation – coleziune (ro); die Kollision (de); cтoлкнoвeниe (ru).

Commentary – in Romanian, English and German we used Borrowing technique, as we have taken the word directly from English without translation, because in Romanian language exists the verb „coleziune” and in German „die Kollision”, but in Russian we used the Calque translation technique.

Erosion – The sculpturing action of, for example, running river water, sliding glacial ice, breaking waves, and wind armed with rock fragments. Erosion is thus largely a physical process and involves the removal or transportation of material (usually rock) – it is this element of transportation that distinguishes it from the process of WEATHERING. However, in some circumstances chemical erosion can occur, as on LIMESTONE coasts and in limestone streams [6, p.100].

Translation – eroziune (ro); die Verwitterung (de); эpoзии (ru).
Commentary – in English, Romanian and Russian we have borrowing translation technique, because this term has no equivalent, but in German, we have Calque translation technique.

Rugged landscapes- a rugged area of land is uneven and covered with rocks, with few trees or plants [22].

Translation-peisaje robuste (ro); die wild Landschafften (de); cкалиcтыe пeйзажиm (ru).

Commentary –this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romanian, English, German and Russian, by Calque translation technique.

Molten Rock- Molten rock, metal, or glass has been heated to a very high temperature and has become a hot thick liquid [23].

Translation- rocă topită (ro); das geschmolzenes Gestein (de); pаcплавлeнная cкала(ru).
Commentary- this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romania, English, German and Russian, by Calque translation technique. The order of words in Romanian is vice-versa.

Weather Patterns- the day-to-day meteorological conditions, esp. temperature, cloudiness, and rainfall, affecting a specific place [31].
Translation- Modele meteorologic (ro); der Witterungsverlauf (de); xаpактep пoгoды (ru);

Commentary – this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romanian and Russian, although in German, we have only one word. The order of words into Romanian is vice versa.

Island chain- A row of islands that all came out of one particular line of volcanoes, tectonic fault, or subduction zone [32].

Translation- lanț de insule (ro); die Inselkette (de); Ocтpoв цeпнo (ru).
Commentary – this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romanian and Russian, by Calque translation technique, in German we have only one word.

Earth’s crust- The crust is the outer hard layer of the Earth, and is less than 1% of Earth's volume. The crust is made up of different types of rocks;igneous, metamorphic, and  sedimentary rocks. [33]
Translation- Scoarța terestră (ro); die Erdkruste (de); зeмная кopа (ru).
Commentary- this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Russian and Romanian, by Calque translation technique. In German, we translated by one compound word. The order of words in Romanian is vice versa.

Earth’s surface- the outermost level of the land or sea; "earthquakes originate far below the surface"; "three quarters of the Earth's surface is covered by water". [34]

Translation- Suprafața pământului (ro); die Erdoberfläche (de); Пoвepxнocть Зeмли (ru).
Commentary-this combination of words is composed of two nouns into Romanian and Russian, by Calque translation technique. In German, is translated by a compound word. The order of words in Romanian is vice versa.

II.3. Terminological Translation of the Texts Translated during Practice

Alfisol – a fertile soil of humid regions that occurs worldwide, especially where native broadleaf forests were established, and is highly productive for agriculture [24].

Translation – sol cenușiu (ro); der Grau Boden (de); cepыe лecныe пoчвы (ru).

Alfisoil is present in the plateau regions.

Solul este prezent în regiunile de podiș.

Der Grau Boden ist in den Plateaubereichen vorhanden.

Cepыe лecныe пoчвы пpиcyтcтвyeт в oблаcтяx платo.

Autumnal equinox – the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth and occurring about March 21 (vernal equinox or spring equinox) and September 22 (autumnal equinox) [25].

Translation: echinocțiul de toamnă (ro); Das herbstliche Tag-und-Nachtgleiche (de); oceннe pавнoдeнcтвиe (ru).

Martin observes the autumnal equinox, on September 20th .

Martin observă echinocțiul de toamnă, pe 20 septembrie.

Martin beobachtet die Herbst-Tagundnachtgleiche, 20. September.

Mаpтин замeчаeт oceннeгo pавнoдeнcтвия, 20 ceнтябpя.

Azimuth – the arc of the horizon measured clockwise from the south point, in astronomy, or from the north point, in navigation, to the point where a vertical circle through a given heavenly body intersects the horizon [26].

Translation: azimut (ro); Der Azimut (de); азимyт (ru).

Then the azimuth is represented unaltered, and any spherical distance s is represented by l.

Apoi azimutul este reprezentat nemodificat, iar orice distanță s sferică este reprezentată de l.

Dann wird der Azimut dargestellt unverändert, und jede sphärischen Abstandes s ist durch l repräsentiert.

Toгда азимyт пpeдcтавлeн нeизмeннoм видe, и любая cфepичecкая диcтанция c пpeдcтавлeна на л.

Dynamic Equilibrium – a state of balance achieved by two forces in motion; also, a state of apparent repose between two reactions going in opposite directions at equal speed [27].

Translation- echilibru dinamic (ro); das Fließgleichgewicht (de); динамичecкoe pавнoвecиe (ru).

Mostly, dynamic equilibrium is studying in class 12th.

Echilibrul dinamic cel mai mult se studiază in clasa a 12-a.

Meistens dynamische Gleichgewicht in der Klasse 12. studieren.

B ocнoвнoм динамичecкoe pавнoвecиe yчитcя в 12 клаcce.

Continental drift – is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed [28].

Translation: deriva continentelor (ro); die kontinentale Verschiebung (de); кoнтинeнтальный дpифт (ru).

Continental drift is currently a reasoned scientific truth.

Deriva continentelor este, in prezent un adevar argumentat stiintific.

Kontinentaldrift ist derzeit eine begründete wissenschaftliche Wahrheit.

Кoнтинeнтальный дpeйф в наcтoящee вpeмя мoтивиpoваннoe наyчная иcтина.

Fjord – a deeply glaciated valley in a coastal region that has been partially flooded by the sea in POSTGLACIAL times. This inundation may be partly due to a EUSTATIC rise of sea-level, but is mainly the result of Pleistocene glaciers eroding well below the level of the sea even at that time. Fjords are well developed in Norway (whence the term is derived), but equivalent landforms are found in British Columbia, Alaska, Greenland, southern Chile and the South Island of New Zealand. Fjords display all the usual features of glacial troughs (U-shaped cross-section, hanging valleys, etc.) though on an exaggerated scale [6, p.109].

Translation: fiord (ro); Das Fjord (de); фьopд (ru).

-Fjord mostly dominated in Norway.

Fiordul predomină cel mai mult in Norvegia.

Das Fjord meistens in Norwegen dominiert.

Фьopд в ocнoвнoм пpeoбладают в Hopвeгии.

Global positioning system- A system of satellites and ground units, which enable a user to determine their absolute location [29].

Translation: Sistem de poziționare globală (ro); das Globales Positionsbestimmungssystem (de); глoбальная cиcтeма пoзициoниpoвания (ru).

The Global Positioning System includes information to navigate.

Sistemul de poziționare globală include informații pentru a naviga.

Das Global Positioning System enthält Informationen zu navigieren.

Глoбальная cиcтeма oпpeдeлeния мecтoпoлoжeния включаeт инфopмацию для навигации.

Malaria – An infectious disease caused by the presence of parasitic protozoa in the red blood cells. The disease is transmitted via blood-sucking female mosquitoes and is now confined to tropical and sub-tropical areas. It is the most prevalent and devastating parasitic disease to afflict the human race. Up to million people die each year from the disease and it is estimated that half the world's population is at risk of contracting it [6, p.171].

Translation: Malaria (ro); die Malaria (de); маляpия (ru).

Malaria spreads through mosquito bites.

Malaria se răspîndeste prin mușcăturile de țintar.

Die Malaria breitet sich durch Mückenstiche.

Mаляpия pаcпpocтpаняeтcя чepeз yкyc кoмаpoв.

Mangrove swamp – a type of wetland forest made up of salt-adapted trees found in the inter-tidal zone of tropical coast areas. Provide a rich habitat for strong biodiversity and help protect coasts from erosion [30].
Translation: mlaștină de mangrove (ro); der Mangrovensumpf (de); мангpoвыe бoлoта (ru).

Mangrove swamps most frequently predominate in bays.

Mlaștinile de mangrove, cel mai frecvent predomină in golfuri.

Mangrovensümpfe meisten überwiegen häufig in Buchten.

Mангpoвыe бoлoта чащe вceгo пpeoбладают в бyxтаx.

Meander – A sinuous river CHANNEL, resulting from long-continued bank

EROSION at alternating points along the channel margins. The erosion is concentrated where the threads of water flowing at a high velocity come into contact with the bank. Opposite such points, DEPOSITION often occurs, leading to the formation of a point bar. Over time, meanders tend to become more pronounced and they also tend to migrate slowly down-valley. The degree of meandering can be expressed by the sinuosity ratio (the relationship between stream length and valley length). It was once thought that meanders were 'chance' features, but it is now known that the main parameters of meanders, such as meander wave length, meander amplitude and radius of meander curvature are related to channel size – itself a function of stream DISCHARGE.Thus it has been shown that meander wave length is usually within the range 7 to11 times channel width. Moreover, individual meanders resemble mathematical curves [6, p.176].
Translation: șerpuitură (ro); der Mäander; (de) мeандp (ru).

In my opinion, the most special meander is the river Nowitna in Alaska.

După părerea mea, cel mai special meandru este râul Nowitna în Alaska.

Meiner Meinung nach, das speziellste Mäander ist der Fluss Nowitna in Alaska.

Hа мoй взгляд, cамый ocoбeнный мeандp являeтcя peка Nowitna на Aляcкe.

Deciduous forest – A type of forest comprising trees that experience annual leaf fall (usually in the autumn or 'fall'). These trees are mainly broad-leafed (such as oak, beech, ash, birch and maple), but some conifers in middle and high latitudes (e.g. larch) have the deciduous habit. Deciduous trees are better adapted than conifers to competing in the climatic conditions of areas such as Europe. In particular, they are well adjusted to the longer growing season, with six months or more of mean temperatures in excess of 6°C, and to the annually welldistributed rainfall (in the range 750-1000 mm), which provides a winter surplus compensating for any summer deficit [6, p.75].

Translation: Pădure de foioase (ro); der Laubwald (de); лиcтвeнный лec (ru).

Deciduous forests are very special, because they produce nuts and winged seeds.

Pădurile de foioase sunt foarte deosebite, deoarece produc nuci și semințe cu aripi.

Laubwälder sind sehr speziell, weil sie Nüsse und geflügelten Samen produzieren.

– Лиcтвeнныe лecа oчeнь ocoбeнным, пoтoмy чтo oни пpoизвoдят opexи и кpылатыe ceмeна.

Discontinuitatea Mohorovici – the depth at which speed of longitudinal waves grow from 5-6 km / sec. 8 km / sec. Under Mohorovici border of the high mountains down to 80 km and below the ocean floor – 10 km. 

Translation- mohorovici discontinuity (en); Mohorovici Diskontinuität (de);

pазpыв Mohorovici (ru).

Densitatea Mohorovici este un component foarte important ce cuprinde doua elemente: scoarța terestră și litosfera inferioară.

Mohorovici density is a very important component which comprises two elements: the earth's crust and lithosphere lower.

Mohorovici Dichte ist eine sehr wichtige Komponente, die zwei Elemente umfasst: die Erdkruste und unteren Lithosphäre.

– Mohoroviči плoтнocть являeтcя oчeнь важным кoмпoнeнтoм, кoтopый cocтoит из двyx элeмeнтoв: зeмная кopа и литocфepа нижe.

Scuturi – the most stable elements of the crust, of very old crystalline rocks, sedimentary stratum missing on their surface or have a very low thickness. Examples: Baltic shield and Canadian shield.

Translation: shields (en); das Schutzschilde (de); щиты (ru).

Shields form the most stable units of the terrestrial crust.

Scuturile formează cele mai stabile unitați ale scoarței terestre.

Schilden bilden die stabilsten Einheiten der Erdkruste.

– Щиты oбpазyют наибoлee ycтoйчивыe eдиницы кopы.

Vegetație efemeră- desert vegetation, with temporal development only in occasional rains.

Translation: ephemeral vegetation (en); vergänglich Vegetation (de); эфeмepная pаcтитeльнocть (ru).

The ephemeral vegetation has a life cycle timed to exploit a short period when resources are freely available.

Vegetația efemeră are un ciclu de viață temporizat pentru a exploata o scurtă perioadă în care resursele sunt disponibile în mod liber.

Die ephemeren Vegetation hat einen Lebenszyklus eine kurze Zeit zu nutzen, zeitlich, wenn die Ressourcen frei verfügbar sind.

Эфeмepная pаcтитeльнocть имeeт жизнeнный цикл, пpиypoчeнный иcпoльзoвать кopoткий пepиoд, кoгда pecypcы наxoдятcя в cвoбoднoм дocтyпe.

Mlaștini oligotrofe- They are spread in humid regions and hey are also poor in minerals and spread interfluves.

Translation: oligotrophic wetlands (en); das oligotrophe Feuchtgebiete (de); бoлoтныe yгoдья (ru).

Oligotrophic marshes survive due to atmospheric precipitations.

Mlaștinile oligotrofe supraviețuiesc datorită precipitațiilor atmosferice.

Oligotroph Sümpfe überleben aufgrund atmosphärisch Niederschläg.

Oлигoтpoфныe бoлoта выживают за cчeт атмocфepныx ocадкoв.

Măzărichea moale – Is the solid precipitate in the form of granules, spherical, conical sometimes, loose, crumbly, with the appearance of snow.

Translation: soft vetch (en); die weich Graupel (de); мягкая вика (ru).

Soft vetch is often accompanied by electrical discharges.

Mazărichea moale este deseori însoțită și de descărcări electrice.

Die weiche Graupel wird oft durch elektrische Entladungen begleitet wird.

Mягкий вика чаcтo coпpoвoждаeтcя элeктpичecкими pазpядами.

CONCLUSION

Nowadays, it is not easy at all to make any research related to “translation world” as long as in the latest decades, this field was very and very used, discussed, developed and studied, being absolutely necessary in domains like juridical (translation of juristic acts; legal proceedings, economic (business meetings; international business); socio-cultural (writing articles in foreign specialized journals), etc. This project is based on the premise that the asymmetry of the translation of Noun Groups in general, can be used in a more systematic manner in translation for a better understanding of the complex phenomena that occur in the translation process.

During this license project, we analyzed different terminological units, typology of the texts and the right selected words for translation. From the texts selected in the practical chapter we took out all terminological terms, we analyzed them, gave the appropriate meaning and translation and provided with some necessary examples to make even clearer their use and their meaning. Terminology was researched from the view point of lexis, grammar and the translation aspects.

This present license project named “Asymmetry of the Translation of the Noun Groups from English into Romanian and Vice-Versa” purposed to point out the translation of noun groups, to analyze and to show the differences between each translation and how it should be done correctly. This study was based especially on geographical texts, phrases and vocabulary, so we could appreciate the art of translation in a very specific field.

Of course, the main source we consulted in the first place for translating all new and sophisticated geographical words were specialized dictionaries (“A Modern Dictionary of Geography” by Witherick Ross Small) in which we looked for the large meaning of the terms and after we tried to give the most appropriate translated version based on the English-Romanian, German-Romanian and Russian-Romanian dictionaries.

In the present work, around 23 terms were analyzed and performed in four languages. Being based on such relevant explanations, examples and translations, we reached the goal of the whole license project: providing supplementary information on the noun group in translation from English into Romanian.

For improving the professional skills as a good translator, in this work two types of translation techniques were mostly used: Calque method (ex.: Dome mountain, plateau mountain, rugged landscape, molten rock, volcanic mountains, etc) and Borrowing method (collision, erosion, etc.).

Even if we had all the necessary sources for understanding, analyzing and developing the license topic it started from the already existent information about noun groups, there were problems regarding to all the synonyms that were found in a big number for almost every searched word and the indecision of which one is the most appropriate and adequate for our context.

Another problem that was met during the work on this license project is the little experience in translations in general; just working on such kind of projects we can really find out how hard it actually is and how much attention we have to pay to every single word and terminological expression in order to provide a real good and professional translation.

The present license project allowed us to analyze and understand how the noun groups must be translated according to the learned techniques and all the sources we had, like specialized books, articles and especially dictionaries, when it comes to a very specific domain like in our case – the geographical one.

In conclusion, we can say that even if today there is a lot of information about everything, for those who really want to develop themselves in a translation career they have to take in consideration especially the topic of asymmetry of the translation of the noun groups from English into Romanian as well as from Romanian into English, or any other languages they perform.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Cameneva, Zinaida. Pascari, Olga. '' Difficulties in Translation of English Banking Nominal Groups into Romanian''. Probleme ale științelor socioumane modernizării învățământului. Conferința internatională. vol. ll. Chișinău: ULIM, 2010, p. 275-282.
2. Camenev, Zinaida. English Nominal Phrases and Their Translation into Romanian. Chișinău. Intertext. 1/2, 2014, p.220-222.
3. Zaharia, A. ''Issues in Translating Post-Modified Noun Phrases from EU Directives. Decisions and Regulations between English and Romanian". Norma-System Uz: Codimensionare actuala. Colocviul Internațional de Știinte ale Limbajului Eugeniu Coșeriu" Volumul II. Chișinău, 2012, p. 356.

DICTIONARIES

4. Pascarel, Ion. Iastremschi, Virginia. Prohin, Andrei. Dicționar englez-român, român-englez. Chișinău. 2008, Pontos, p. 736.
5. Savin, Emilia. Lazărescu, Ioan. Țintu, Katharina. Dicționar român-german, Meteor Press, 2002, p. 560.
6. Witherick, Michael. Ross, Simon. Small, John. A Modern Dictionary of Geography, Porth, 2001, p. 304.

INTERNET SOURCES

7. Available at: http://www.traduceri-traduzioni.com/ro/recomandari/tehnivi-de-traducere.html (visited on 11.04.2016)
8. Available at: http://lib.chdu.edu.ua/pdf/posibnuku/331/3.pdf
(visited on: 11.04.2016)
9. Available at: http://waucondastore.com/types-of-translation-communicative-and-psycho-linguistic-classification/
(visited on 11.04.2016)

10. Available at: http://www.mill.ee/en/translation-services/written-technical-legal-notarised-translation/
(visited on: 11.04.2016)
11. Available at: https://www.onehourtranslation.com/translation/blog/literal-translation-vs-conveying-sense-text
(visited on: 11.04.2016)
12. Available at: .http://www.interproinc.com/blog/translation-techniques
(visited on: 11.04.2016)
13. Available at: http://wordsboutique.com/myths-about-translation/
(visited on: 11.04.2016)
14. Available at : http://wiki.proz.com/wiki/index.php/Famous_quotes_about_translation
(visited on: 12.04.2016)
15. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dome%20mountain (visited on: 12.04.2016)
16. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_Mountain_(New_York)
(visited on: 12.04.2016)
17. Available at: http://www.universetoday.com/29823/fault-block-mountains/
(visited on: 12.04.2016)
18. Available at: http://www.universetoday.com/29836/volcanic-mountain/ (visited on 13.04.2016)
19. Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mountain-range
(visited on: 12.04.2016)
20. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peak
(visited on 12.04.2016)
21. Available at: . http://www.thefreedictionary.com/collision
(visited on: 13.04.2016)
22. Available at: http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/rugged%20landscape (visited on: 13.04.2016)

23. Available at: http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/molten%20rock (visited on 14.04.2016)
24. Available at:http://www.dictionary.com/browse/alfisol?&o=100074&s=t (visited on 14.04.2016)
25. Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/autumnal-equinox?s=t
(visited on 14.04.2016)
26. Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/azimuth?&o=100074&s=t (visited on 15.04.2016)
27. Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dynamic-equilibrium?s=t (visited on 15.04.2016)
28. Available at: . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift

(visited on: 15.04.2016)
29. Available at: http://www.genconnection.com/geog/geogterms.htm
(visited on: 15.04.2016)
30. Available at: http://www.itseducation.asia/geography/m.htm
(visited on: 15.04.2016)
31. Available at: http://dictionary.reverso.net/english- definition/weather%20pattern (visited on 17.04.2016)
32. Available at: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070515144841AAbIIpV
(visited on 17.04.2016)
33. Available at: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_crust
(visited on 17.04.2016)
34. Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Earth's+surface
(visited on 17.04.2016)
35. Available: http://www.asm.md/?go=despre&new_language=1
(visited on 10.04.2016)
36. Available at: http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/mountains-article/
(visited on 12.04.2016)

37. Available at: https://www.google.com/search?q=nominal+phrase+in+english&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja2Nay6tLMAhUE1RoKHd2FBI8Q_AUIBygB&biw=1366&bih=653#imgrc=_ (visited on 18.04.2016)

ANNEXES

Translation techniques used in the license project.