7HUPHQXOPRUDODUHRULJLQHODWLQPRV-mores” (cu derivatul adjectival „moralis”) referindu-se la obiceiuri,… [627015]

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9, FILOSOFIA MORALEI

7HUPHQXOPRUDODUHRULJLQHODWLQPRV-mores" (cu
derivatul adjectival "moralis") referindu-se la obiceiuri,
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IHQRPHQXOXLPRUDODSDUGLQQHYRLDXQHLMXVWLILFULFRQVLVWHQWHD
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tinde, astfel, spre clarificarea problemelor nemijlocite într-o "Fie-PLLHUWDWGHVFRSHULUHDFvQWUHDJD
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nimic "virtutea" n-DIRVWPDLFRPSURPLVvQ
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DYRFDLORUHLFHHDFHQXvQVHDPQFDü
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plictisitor".
(Friedrich Nietzsche)

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
XQLWDWHFRQFHSWXDOvQYHGHUHDSURLHFWULLXQXLPRGHOH[HPSODU
FUXLDVLVHDGDSWH]HUHDOLWDWHDXPDQ(WLFDWHRUHWL]HD]SHQWUX
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XQLILFDUHYDORULFDVLWXDLLORUGHYLD

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modele exemplare SULQFDUHVHXUPUHúWHUHJOHPHQWDUHD
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FHVHLPSXQFDH[LJHQHvQIDDDFWHORULPHGLDWH9DORULOHPRUDOH
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atribute valorice intrinseci. Lucrurile nu sunt nici bune, nici rele,
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GLIHULWHOHLSRVWD]HDOHUHDOLWLLVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHYDORULSR]LWLYH
acele acte, obLHFWHFRPSRUWDPHQWHHWFFDUHSULQvQVXúLULOHORU
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DFHVWHDQXVHPXOXPHVFVUHFRPDQGHFLIRUPXOHD]LPSHUDWLYH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
WUHEXLHVHVWHQHFHVDUFDV&RGXULOHYDORULFR-normative
suntDFHOHFRQYHQLLSULQFDUHRFROHFWLYLWDWHvúLIRUPXOHD]úLvúL
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(OHLQWURGXFDXWRFRQVWUkQJHULWXWXURUUHDFLLORUSVLKRVRFLDOH3ULQ
DFHDVWDGLVFLSOLQHD]úLRULHQWHD]LQYHVWHVFFXVHQVHQergiile
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În mod nemijlocit, raporturile dintre oameni, la nivel de
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afirme puterile, energiile (indiIHUHQWGHPRGXOVXFRQFUHWGHDúL
OHPDQLIHVWD SHQWUXDRELQHDYDQWDMHHILFLHQVXFFHV0LKDLO
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SULQHDvQVúLUHIX]RULFHUHVWULFLLGHYHQLQGLPSHULDOLVW
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deosebi mai multe tipuri de fRU FI0LKDL5DOHD IRUDIL]LF-
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insului în cauzDYDQWDMHOHH[LVWHQLDOHIDGHFHLODOL SXWHUHD
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VSHFLDOvQRFXSDUHDLQVWLWXLLORU- acele puncte strategice din care
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FRQFHSXWFDXQFDSLWDO vQVHQVODUJ  care este investit nemijlocit
vQDFWHFRWLGLHQHvQUDSRUWXULOHFXFHLODOLSHQWUXDSURGXFH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
avantaje posesorilor (avere, rang social, popularitate, succes).
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calificându-le ca vicii, defecte SHUVRQDOH0RUDODXUPUHúWH
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SULQDSHOODLGHDOXULQRUPHPRGHOH0RUDODFXOWLYFRPSRQHQWD
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Urmând analizele lui Mihail Ralea, putem sugera o
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celuilalt, întrajutorare, generozitate, iubirea omenescului din
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asemenea viziune asupra moralei, instinctului de conservare. Prin
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de avantajele civilizatorii. În categoria moralelor fundamentate pe
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WUDGLLRQDOe, în care raporturile dintre oameni sunt directe,
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
refuzându-LVLPSODLSRVWD]VHQWLPHQWDOLXEHúWLúLUHVSHFLvQ
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pentru a participa efectiv la ceea ce este sacru în fiecare om.
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([FHVXOGHYLUWXWH REVHVLDSHUPDQHQWGHDILYLUWXRV HVWHXQ
mare viciu.
Moralele eudemoniste, în prelungirea celor hedoniste,
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ideal,este acea starea în care majoritDWHDWUHEXLQHORUQRDVWUHVDX
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mod sistematic, de liPLWHOHILLQHLXPDQHúLGHVXUVHOHVXIHULQHL
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astfel încâWDWHQLDQRDVWUVILHIL[DWQXPDLDVXSUDDFHORUVWLPXOL
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psihologico-VSLULWXDOFHVHDWDúHD]QHSURJUDPDWDFLXQLORUvQúL
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HYLGHQHLFVXUVHOHIHULFLULLVXQWPXOWPDLSXLQHGHFkWFHOHDOH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
QHIHULFLULLúLDOHVXIHULQHL
Aristotel concepea fericirea nu ca stare, ci ca una din
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VDUFLQLQGLYLGXDO6SLULWXOLQWURGXFHUHVWULFLLSHQWUX]HVWUHD
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GHYUDWD modestie ar consta în a-LFXQRDúWHvQPRGOXFLGYDORDUHD
úLDL-RDILUPDIURVWHQWDLH2UJROLXOFDH[FHVDOLXELULLGHVLQH
FDúLXPLOLQD- opusul la fel de excesiv al orgoliului – sunt vicii.
Curajul este calea de mijloc dintre simpla temeritate úLIULFVDX
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vQHOHSW
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YDORULILFDUHDWXWXURUVXUVHORUGHHQHUJLHXPDQ În acest sens,
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&XOWXUDLQWHQLRQHD]VGLVFLSOLQH]HúLVGRPHVWLFHDVFLQVWLQFWH
úLSXWHULELR-SVLKLFH0RUDODvQRSLQLDOXL1LHW]VFKHFRPSRUW
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VLVWHPHOHPRUDOHVXQWEHQHILFHGRDUvQPVXUDvQFDUHLPSXQ
ILHFUXLRPRGLVFLSOLQDYRLQHL0RUDODHVte întotdeauna

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
FRQVWLWXLWGLQFRQYHQLLFROHFWLYHGRWDWHFXMXGHFLMXVWLILFDWLYH
FDUHPRWLYHD]vQWHPHLD]DQXPLWHVWLOXULGHYLDGRULQH
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gloatei, turmei. Ea are ca scop domesticirea instinctelor umane,
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$GHYUDWDPRUDOWLQGHVSUHDILUPDUHDYLHLLOXkQGFKLDUIRUPD
YRLQHLGHSXWHUH- în sens larg. Elanul vital tinde spre afirmarea de
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capacitatea de a-úLDVXPDWRDWHULVFXULOHUHDOHúLSRVLELOH0RUDOD
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supraomului. Supraomul este, la Nietzsche, un proiect umanist:
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SHUVRQDOHVWHRPXODIODWGLQFRORGHPHGLRFULWDWHD
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RELúQXLWHH[SULPODQLYHOXOYDORULORUúLQRUPHORULQVWLQFWXOGH
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
ÌQYL]LXQHDOXL1LHW]VFKHRPXOHVWHRILLQQHvQFKHLDW
LQGHFLV3XWHPVSXQHFvQVXúLUHDGHRm este un risc permanent,
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H[SHULHQDXPDQXOXL1LHW]VFKHFRQVLGHUFHVWHYDORURVGLQ
SXQFWGHYHGHUHPRUDOQXFHHDFHLQGLFRHWLFKHWVRFLDOFLFHHD
FHvPERJHúWHYLDDRDILUPFDYDORDUHSHUVRQDO0DLPXOW
PRWLYHOHúLVFRSXULOHQRDVWUe nu ar exprima fidel actele pe care le
întreprindem; ele sunt simple simptome verbale ale unor impulsuri
non-FRQúWLHQWHÌQúLSULQDFHVWHDHQHUJLLOHLQWHULRDUHWLQGVSUH
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aristocrat al spiritului. 0RUDOHOHYROXQWDULVWHFRQVLGHUF
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obscure: voiQDGHDIL$FHDVWDJHQHUHD]HJRLVPXOFDUHHVWH
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moralHLFLILHSHQWUXFOHHVWHWHDPGHFRQVHFLQHúLUHSUHVDOLL

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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absurdului. Aceste morale sunt individualiste. Societatea pare a fi
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încât nu se poate face orice, oricând sau oricum.
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ipotetice sunt cele practicate în mod curent de oameni atunci când
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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moral, ca pe un simplu accesoriu.
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ethos comunitar, deci prin idealizarea acestuia, sau printr-un
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comportamentale în formula unei etici propriu-zise. Abia atunci
când accentul este pus pe deschiderea unor orizonturi interogative,
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
RUGLQHYDORULFDDFHVWHLFRPSOH[LWLLPSUHYL]LELOH2PXOHVWHR
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decât o împlinire; un imperativ difuz, chiar confuz, care, privit
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îndumnezeire. Marginile omenescului sunt vagi. Omul este mereu
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UHGXVODKRPLQL]DUH
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omenescului. Generalitatea speciei, mai bine zis genericitatea, nu
este doaUH[HPSOLILFDWFLH[SHULPHQWDWvQSRVLELOHOHHLDúH]UL
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reduce la simplele reflexe pavloviene.

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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imperative valorico-QRUPDWLYHFRQYHQLRQDOHFHUkYQHVFOD
stabilirea unei ordini accidentale -LVWRULFHDGLF0DUJLQHDGHVXV
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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la tâQJXLUH6SLULWXDOL]DUHDLQWHQVVXSULPVXUVHSULPDUHGH
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de paradigme filosofice, mitico-UHOLJLRDVHúDDOHDXWHQWLFLWLLLDU
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, pre-úLHYHQWXDODQWL-culturale -HVWHSRWHQLDOSUH]HQWvQWUHJ
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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omenescului.
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GLVWLQFLDGLQWUHPRUDOFDUHVHUHIHUODWRWFeea ce este
susceptibil de calificare/valorizare dintr-un punct de vedere moral,
DGLFSRDWHILDSUHFLDWFDEXQVDXUXúLDPRUDODGLFFHHD
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la valorizare; într-un sens mai restrâns, prin "moral" se poate
desemna doar ceea ce este dezirabil, conform unui ideal de
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
2. Binele moral

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categorii. Într-XQVHQVPXOWPDLODUJELQHOHVHUHIHUODPXOWLSOH
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FDWHJRULDD[LRORJLFJHQHUDODELQHOXLLQGLFWRWFHHDFHPHULWV
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Binele moral are criterii specifice de valorizare, care îl
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imperativelor sale. În aOGRLOHDUkQGHVWHHYLGHQWFDOLWDWHDELQHOXL
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GHFkWVLPSODFUHGLQDWDúDPHQWXOVXHVWHLQWHOLJHQW&UHGLQD
PHQLQHXQUDSRUWGHH[WHULRULWDWHvQWUHLQGLYLGúLPRUDO
prHVFULSLLOHVIDWXULOHúLREOLJDLLOHVXQWSHUFHSXWHQXPDLFD
LQVWDQHFURUDWUHEXLHVWHVXSXL&RQYLQJHUHDvQVFKLPE
LQVWLWXLHUDSRUWXULOHPRUDOHSULQLPSOLFDUHSHUVRQDODVXPDUHDSH
FRQWSURSULXDUHSHUHORULGHDOHFROHFWLYHRSLXQHDPRWLYDW
QXDQDWúLPXODWSHUHDOLWL&UHGLQDPRUDOOLPLWHD]FkPSXO
FRQúWLLQHLFXOWLYkQGX-LH[FOXVLYLVPFHHDFHQXHVWHvQHOHVQX
H[LVWSXUúLVLPSOXVDXQXWUHEXLHVH[LVWHIHUPLWDWHDVDH
GHVHRULRSDF&RQYLQJHUHDvQVFKLPEHVWHGRDUGHOLPLWDWLYúL
toOHUDQWvQHOHJHúLH[SHULHQHPRUDOHFXFDUHQXHVWHGHDFRUG
DFFHSWúLDOWHRSLQLLVDXULJRULPRUDOHGHFkWFHOHIL[DWHDIHFWLYÌQ
WLPSFHFUHGLQDSUH]HQWvQPRUDYXULSRUQHúWHGLQúLVIkUúHúWHvQ
SUHMXGHFDWFRQYLQJHULOHSRWVvQ]HVWUH]HFKLDUSUHMXGHFLOHFX
MXGHFDW'HDFHHDVHSRDWHVSXQHFSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
FRQYLQJHULORUYDORULOHPRUDOHVXQWLQGLYLGXDOL]DWHUHXúLQGV
H[SULPHQXQXPDLYLUWXDOLWLGHDFLXQHDGPLVHGHFROHFWLYLWDWHFL
úLWHQGLQHSHUVRQDOHGHVWUXFWXUDUHúLVHPQLILFDUHD actelor cu
VHQWLPHQWXOXQHLREOLJDLL FHHDFHWUHEXLHIFXW úLDOXQHLDVSLUDLL
(binele).

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
5. Omenia

,GHQWLWDWHDELQHOXLFXIUXPRVXOHVWHXQLGHDOSURSXVúLSULQ
ODUJDVDDXGLHQFXOWXUDOLPSXVJkQGLULLHXURSHQHGHILORVRILD
JUHDF$FHDVWYL]LXQHQXFDOLILFLPSUXGHQWRULFHFRPSRUWDPHQW
PRUDOLFHúWHSR]LWLYFDILLQGVLPXOWDQúLIUXPRVFLVXJHUHD]GRDU
FUDSRUWXULOHLQWHUXPDQHVXQWFXDGHYUDWGHPQHDXYHULWDELO
DGkQFLPHYLEUDLHúLDSURSLHUHRPHQHDVFDDWXQFLFkQGSUREHD]
SHOkQJFRQúWLLQFLR]LWDWHúLYDORULHVWHWLFH'DUQXWRDWH
FRQGXLWHOHPRUDOHVXQWúLIUXPRDVH(VWHODvQGHPkQDRULFXL
SXWLQDGHDFRQVWDWDFPXOWHGLQHOHUHVSLUSULQPRGXOHIHFWLY
de a se prezenta -JHVWLFWULUHOLPEDM-RHYLGHQWOLSVGH
IUXPXVHHVHULR]LWDWHDJODFLDOULJLGLWDWHDVXSHULRULWDWHD
RVWHQWDWLYSOFHUHDSHURUDLLORUPRUDOL]DWRDUHúDFUHD]R
DWPRVIHUDSVWRDUHJUHRDLHQHSOFXWFHHDFHIDFH
FRPXQLFDUHDSHPRPHQWGLILFLOúLvQYLLWRURFROLW([LVWvQV
úLGHIHFWHVDXDFWHvQGRLHOQLFHVXEUDSRUWPRUDOFDUHSRWV
vQFkQWHVDGRDUPVSLULWXOFULWLFSULQLPSUHVLHSOFXWYHUVDLLvQ
OLSVDGHVFUXSXOHSRWVLPXODFRQYLQJWRUQDLYLWDWHDVLQFHULWDWHD
FDQGRDUHDQDWXUDOHHDQHYLQRYDW&XWRDWHDFHVWHDYLDDGH
fiecare zi ne antrenea]VSUHVFRSXULFODUHúLGHDFHHDQXQH
SHUPLWHRGHWDúDUHSHQWUXDUHFHSWDFRQGXLWHOHFHORUODOLUHODLLOH
FXVHPHQLLDLGRPDXQRUSULYLWRULODWHDWUX'LPSRWULYQHVROLFLW
OXFLGúLVDXJUDYUHVSRQVDELODSUHFLHULúLDWLWXGLQLPRUDOH3ULQ
urmare, cKLDUGDFvQWkOQLPDFWHPRUDOHFDUHQXSODFUHXúLPV
WUHFHPGLQFRORGHDSDUHQHGLQFRORGHFHHDFHQXHVWHFRQYHQDELO
úLVOHFRQVLGHUPGHPQHGHUHVSHFWXOQRVWUX3HUVLVWWRWXúL
QRVWDOJLDvQFUFWXULLHVWHWLFHFFLGHRPEXQúLGHYUHPHEXQ
nu te mai saturi".
2PHQLDHVWHSUHFHSWXOSULQFDUHWUDGLLDQRDVWUSURSXQH
XQPRGHOGHIUXPXVHHPRUDO1XHYRUEDvQVGHDFHDRPHQLH
FDUHWROHUHD]úLMXVWLILFRULFHGHIHFWHúLYLFLLSULQIDSWXOFGRDU
RDPHQLVXQWHPFLPkQGULDGHPQúLWRQLFsuntem oameni!",
deci nu e totul permis. Omenia -FDPRGGHDSUHXLúLvQWkPSLQD

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
ILLQDXPDQ-vúLDUHRULJLQHDvQPHGLLOHDUKDLFHVWHúWLvQFDUHSH
PDULGLVWDQHLVWRULFHQXVHSURGXFPXWDLLIXQGDPHQWDOHULWPXO
HYROXLHLúLRFXSDLLORUHVWHOHQWprezentul fiind o reeditare a
WUHFXWXOXLLDUYLLWRUXOGLUHFWSUHYL]LELOGLQSUH]HQW7UDGLLDDUH
SXWHUHGHvQUkXULUHDRDPHQLORURIHULQGVFKHPHGHFRQGXLW
UHDFLLPHQWDOLWLUHSHUHúLMXVWLILFULYDORULFH*HQHUDLLOHVH
înscriu neproblematic în veFKLOHRELFHLXULIUvQQRLULFDUHV
GH]RUJDQL]H]HXWLODMXOVSLULWXDOFkúWLJDWGDUFXFHUWHLQLLDWLYH
FUHDWRDUHFDUHvOvPERJHVFúLGHFDQWHD]&RQWLQXLWDWHDSURGXFH
XQFkPSYDORULFDúH]DWDFLRQkQGFDIDFWRUGHILOWUDUHvQOWXU
LPSXULWLOHILQLVHD]GLVFUHWMDORDQHXPDQLVWHGHDGkQFLPHvQ
FDUHVHH[SULPQHVLVWHPDWLFRvQWUHDJILORVRIDUHDVXSUDURVWXULORU
RPXOXLvQOXPHÌQDFHVWVSDLXVRFLDOUHODLLOHVXQWGLUHFWH
VWDELOHFXRGLQDPLFUHGXVúLSRODULWLYDORULFHQHHFKLYRFH
Contactul cu natura -QHPLMORFLW$FHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOHUHDOLWLL
XPDQHSUHGLVSXQODFDOPOLULVPLPSOLFDUHDIHFWLYFXOWLY
VHQWLPHQWXOVLJXUDQHLvQWUHRDPHQLVWDELOLWDWHDHWKRVXOXL
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHDGHDVULvQDMXWRU*DPDIRQGXOXLLQWHULRUHVWH
ODUJGHla naiva încredere în oameni ("omul este ca oaia, lesne se
LDGXSDOWXO ODúLUHWHQLDVIWRDVFDUHQXDWHQWHD]ODSUHXLUHD
RPXOXL FFLúLUHWSHúLUHWFXQRDúWH )LLQDXPDQvPELQ
UREXVWHHDFXIUDJLOLWDWHD RPXOHPDLVODEFDRIORDUHúLPDLWDUe
FDRSLDWUPDLWDUHFDILHUXOúLVODEFDRXO -FHHDFHMXVWLILF
VHQLQWDWHDOLULFPRGHVWLDOLSVDGHVWULGHQvQJGXLQD QX
WROHUDQD QDWXUDOHHDFXIRUGHFRQYLQJHUHSURPSWLWXGLQHD
WRQLF3UXGHQDYLQHGLQFXPSWDUHWDFWúLQXvQVHDPQ
VXVSLFLXQH*HQHUR]LWDWHDHVWHILUHDVFQXILODQWURSLF$WLWXGLQHD
HPDQSURVSHLPHQXFDOFXOUHFH'DWRULDPRUDOHVWHOXQWULF
QXLPLWDUHDXQHLREOLJDLL5HVSHFWXOFHOXLODOWHVWHLPEROG
SHUVRQDOQXHWLFKHWFRQYHQLRQDO2ELFHLXO- rezistent la
QRXWLOHLPSURYL]DWH-QRUPHD]UDSRUWXULOHPRUDOHDYkQG
DXWRULWDWHúLVROLFLWkQGUHVSHFWDUHDvQWRFPDLÌQSUDFWLFHVWH
DVLPLODWQHILLQGWUDWDWFDVDUFLQúLREOLJDLHH[WHULRDU
6SRQWDQHLWDWHDVHUDILQHD]vQIRUPHULWXDOHFOGLQGSLWRUHVFXO

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
tLSXULORUXPDQH8QLWDWHDGHYL]LXQHDVXSUDYLHLLHVWHSWUXQVGH
DFXUDWHHDFXWXPHL
)DGHLPSHUDWLYHOHPRUDOHLQWUDQVLJHQWHFDUHREOLJOD
vQGHSOLQLUHDGDWRULHLFRQVWUkQJHUHDPRUDODRPHQLHLHVWHGRDUR
UHFRPDQGDUHEOkQG$úDFXPREVHUY&1RLFD cuplul "se cade" –
QXVHFDGHQXDUHXQVHQVQRUPDWLYH[SOLFLW(RVLPSO
LQYHVWLUHVIDFLDúDvQFHSkQGFXWUHFHUHDGHODFHLVHFDGHFHvúL
UHYLQHGLQDIDUFDSDUWHDúDGDUFHLVHFXYLQHODFH-LúDGHELQH
FHLVHSRWULYHúWHFH-LUHYLQHGLQXQWUXOWXSkQODFH-LHGDWV
IDFLDGLFFHWUHEXLHFHQXSRLVQXIDFL6HFDGHVIkUúHúWH
DúDGDUúLHOODGDWRULH>@ÌQDFHODúLVHQV1,RUJDDSUHFLD]F
QRLXQHGHIUXPRVúLXUkWVXQWHOHPHQWHGHSHGDJRJLHSRSXODU
întrucât "sunt lucruri pe care nu le interzice nici un regulament,
FDUHQXSRWDWUDJHQLFLRSHGHDSVSHQWUXFDUHFRQúWLLQDSXEOLF
n-DUJVLQLFLRFRQGDPQDUHúLFXWRDWHDFHVWHDOXFUXULOHFDUHVXQW
DVWIHOvQJGXLWHQXVHIDF1XVHIDFSHQWUXFH"SHQWUXFQXVXQW
frumoase". [7]
7UDGLLDRPHQLHL-vQFHSULYHúWHPHQWDOLWLOHúL
VHPQLILFDLLOH-SRDWHVXSUDYLHXLGRDUvQPVXUDvQFDUHRDPHQLL
VXQWUHFHSWLYLúLODGLPHQVLXQHDHLVHQVLELOUHYLJRUkQG-o în
FRQGXLWHVWLOXULGHJkQGLUHúLSDUWLFLSDUHDIHFWLY7UVturile
GHILQLWRULLDOHFLYLOL]DLHLFRQWHPSRUDQH YLWH]DFDGLPHQVLXQH
H[LVWHQLDOFRQFXUHQDSURJUHVXOWHKQLFLQRYDLDFRQWLQXvQ
WRDWHVIHUHOHGHDFWLYLWDWHXUEDQL]DUHDH[FHVLYúDPG 
UHPRGHOHD]IDFXOWLOHXPDQHGHYDORUL]DUHSHUFHSHUHúL
pULFHSHUHDOXPLLúLYLHLL5DQGDPHQWXOWHKQRORJLFúLHILFLHQD
HFRQRPLFGHSLOGVXQWLPLWDWHDGHVHDGHFHLFDUH
H[WHULRUL]HD]PHQWDOLWLvQJXVW-SUDFWLFLVWHúLUHDFLLPRUDOH
FRQGLLRQDWHGHVWULFWXODYDQWDMSHFDUHvOSURFXU(VWHDLFLLOX]LD
FVHQVXOYLHLLWUHEXLHFXWDWúLJVLWvQDUJXPHQWDUHDQHVIkUúLWD
FRQIRUWXOXLIL]LFúLvQPXOWLSOLFDUHDFUHVFkQGDWUHEXLQHORU
ecoQRPLFH>@5LWPXOWUHSLGDQWúLLUDLRQDOXOPXOWRUHYHQLPHQWH
H[SOLF GDUQXMXVWLILF JRDQDGXSDJUHDELOJXVWXOSHQWUX
valori perisabile. Mediul urban, pe un asemenea fond, cuprinde

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
UHODLLPXOWLSOHIOXFWXDQWHDFFLGHQWDOHJUELWHHWFúLvQDIDUa
FROHFWLYXOXLGHPXQFúLDFHUFXOXLGHSULHWHQLED]DWHSH
DQRQLPDW8QLWDWHDPRUDODLQGLYLGXDOLWLLVHGH]DJUHJSULQ
VXSUDSXQHUHDúLLQWHUIHUHQDYDULDWHORUSODQXULGHIRUPDUH
LQIRUPDUHúLGHIRUPDUHPRUDO$FHDVWFRPSOH[LWDWHDYLHLL
DWUDJHGXSVLQHPRELOLWDWHDVHQ]DLDGHYLWH]OLSVDUJD]XOXL
DIHFWLYvQUHODLLOHIUXUPULJHVWXULPRUDOHGLFWDWHGHDYDQWDMH
SURSULLúLHWLFKHWH$FHVWHDVXQWGRDUFkWHYDVLWXDLLFDUHIDF
SUREOHPDWLFGHVWLQXORPHQLHLFFLvQORFXOSOHQLWXGLQLLLQWHULRDUH,
VHSRDWHLQVWDODFRQIRUWXOVXIOHWHVF(VWHDFWXDOUHPDUFDOXL
''5RúFDFXJkQGXOODIRORVXOHYHQWXDOLQWHOLJHQDFHDPDL
OXFLGVHVWUkPWHD]>@YLDDLQWHULRDUGLQFRORGHXWLO
LGHDOXULOHPRUDOHDSDUvQDVHPHQHDRSWLFLGUHSWvQFXUF-OXPHúL
GHSORUDELOHVWULF-VRFRWHDO>@

6. Succesul

6XFFHVXOHVWHRYDOLGDUHH[SOLFLWSUHXLUHDDFRUGDWDFHORU
LGHLFUHDLLIDSWHúDPGFDUHVXQWSHUIRUPDQHvQUDSRUWFXVIHUD
GLVSRQLELOLWLORUYDORULFHDOHFROHFWLYLWLL$úDFXPSUHFL]HD]
MihDL5DOHDVXFFHVXOHVWHRDSUHFLHUHIDYRUDELOSR]LWLYR
DSUREDUHvQWRWGHDXQDGHFLHOSUHVXSXQHXQDQXPLWGLVFHUQPkQW
RDQXPLWDúH]DUHvQWU-RLHUDUKLHD[LRORJLFDGLFRDQXPLW
LHUDUKLHGHYDORULILLQGXQIHQRPHQVRFLDORELHFWLYúLQXXQ
fenoPHQSHUVRQDOSVLKRORJLF>@([LVWXQVXFFHVGLVFUHWFHVH
UHGXFHGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULODUHFXQRDúWHUHDFRPSHWHQHLúL
VHULR]LWLLSHFDUHFLQHYDOHGRYHGHúWHvQSURIHVLHVDXvQFKHVWLXQL
SUHFLVHFDUHLQGHDFHDVWDGDUH[LVWúLXQVXFFHV]JRPRWRs, în
FDUHPHULWHOHVXQWvQWkPSLQDWHFXHQWX]LDVPúLVWULSDWHWLFH
FROHFWLYH1XLQWURGXFHPQLFLXQIHOGHLHUDUKLHvQWUHFHOHGRX
WLSXUL$PEHOHSRWILDGkQFLFRQVLVWHQWHVDXGHVXSUDID
&DOLWDWHDHGDWGHSHUIRUPDQDDSUHFLDWúLGHFRQVHFLQHOHVocial-
XPDQHSHFDUHOHDUHÌQFD]XOVXFFHVXOXLDUWUHEXLGHVLJXUV

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
FRQWH]HQXPDLPHULWHOHÌQVGHRELFHLvQFUHGHUHDLQYHVWLWGH
RDPHQLLvQYDORDUHDFXLYDHVWHVHFRQGDWGHSUHVWLJLXRQRUXUL
SRSXODULWDWHúLDOWHHIHFWHFHLQGHSVLKRORJLDFROHFWLY-XGHFDWD
GHYDORDUHLQHUHQWVXFFHVXOXLSURLHFWHD]ODVFDUDFROHFWLYLWLLR
nevoie de mitizare a valorilor ce-LVXQWSURSULLúLDSXWHULLGH
FUHDLHSHFDUHRDUHvQPDJD]LQDWvQPHPEULLVL,QGLYLGXO
merituos este, poate, doar un pretext fericit pentru ca societatea
V-úLVUEWRUHDVFLGHDOXULOHúLIRUDFXOWXUDO2SLQLDSXEOLFvúL
OHJLWLPHD]DVWIHOGRULQDGHVLJXUDQYDORULFúLFLYLOL]DWRULH
JVHúWHDUJXPHQWHRSWLPLVWHSHQWUXWUDLHFWRULDLVWRULFDVXPDWÌQ
DFHODúLWLPSHVWHDFWLYúLFXULR]LWDWHDSXEOLFSHUVRDQDvQFDX]
HVWHDGPLUDWLVFRGLWvQELRJUDILHLGHDOL]DWFRQVXOWDWvQDOWH
FKHVWLXQLGHFkWFHOHvQFDUHHVWHSULFHSXWvQFHSVLVHDWULEXLH
UHSOLFLDQHFGRWHúLVLVHLPLWHJHVWXULH[HPSODUHHVWHOXGDW
FXUWDWúDPGDVWIHOvQFkWDOXQHFVSUHVWULGHIHFWXRDVH
2SLQLDSXEOLF-QRWHD]79LDQX-QXvQJGXLHRLPDJLQHGLIHULW
GHDFHHDSHFDUHúL-DIFXW-RRGDWGHVSUHVHPHQXOVUEWRULW
2ULFHvQFHUFDUHGHDYDULDHVWHQHvQHOHDVúLUHVSLQV6XFFHVXO
are impenetrabilitatea obiectelor solide". Dincolo de valorizare,
RSLQLDFROHFWLYPDQLIHVWúLRQHYRLHGHVSHFWDFRORSUHGLVSR]LLH
spre facilitate, îmbinând seriozitatea cu gustul pentru divertisment
úLDJUHDELO'UHSWXUPDUHVXFFHVXOHVWHRELQXWPDLOHVQe atunci
FkQGSULQFRHILFLHQWGHRULJLQDOLWDWHúLSURILOFRQFUHWSHUVRDQD
XPDQvQFDUQHD]SHOkQJSHUIRUPDQHvQGLUHFLDYDORULORUúLR
VHULHGHDWULEXWHDúWHSWDWHVDXDFFHSWDELOHDPQXQWHúLFXULR]LWL
FRODWHUDOHYDORULFSOFXWHFROHFWLYLWLL$IHFLXQHDSXEOLFúL
LPDJLQHDFUHDWGHLPDJLQDUXOFROHFWLYDXSXWHUHGHVXJHVWLHDVXSUD
LQGLYLGXDOLWLLDúDvQFkWLQGLYLGXOYUHDVPHQLQLPDJLQHDFDUH
s-DIRUPDWGHVSUHHOvQRSLQLDSXEOLF'HVWDWRUQLFLDDFHVWRU
LPDJLQLDWkUQGXUDWDLQIOXHQHLOXL6IRUULOHLQGLYLGXOXLGHQXDR
DOWHUDFXPYDSULQIDSWDVDGDXQDúWHUHSR]HL>@
Masca nu e totdeauna o falsificare de caracter. Fiecare om,
vQDQXPLWHVLWXDLLFDXWVVHFRQWUROH]HvQJHVWLFWRQDOLWDWH
YHUEDOPLPLFVWULDIHFWLYHDVFXQ]ându-úLVOELFLXQLOHúL

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
GHIHFWHOHDGRSWkQGPúWLFDUHvOSURWHMHD]6LPXOULOHGHDFHVWWLS
DQLKLOHD]VDXDWHQXHD]HIHFWHOHQRFLYHGXUHURDVHWXOEXUWRDUH
sau deranjante ale unor stimuli, ocrotind echilibrul interior. Ele
PRGHOHD]úLUHPRGHOHD]VHQVLELOLWDWHDPRUDO1XGHSXLQHRUL
VXQWDFHOHQLPLFXULSOLQHGHLPSRUWDQFDUHIDFLOLWHD]VXFFHVXO
ÌQVGLQFRORGHDFHVWSUDJPRUDOLWDWHDPúWLLWUHEXLHSXVOD
vQGRLDOPDLDOHVFkQGGHJKL]DUHDQXDUHLQWHQLLRFURWLWRDUHFL
este o deprindere eficLHQWPHQLWVDVLJXUHDWLQJHUHDXQRU
VFRSXULHJRLVWHDSURILWXOXLSHUVRQDOSULQPDQLSXODUHDFHORUODOL
,QWUDWvQSLHOHDXQXLSHUVRQDMLQGLYLGXOLPSXQHRGLVWDQ
DUWLILFLDOvQWUHHOúLPHGLXYUHDVLPSUHVLRQH]HúLSULQVWULGHQ
DWUDJHDWHQLD&RQWDJLXQHDSVLKRORJLFvLSRDWHGLIX]D
SRSXODULWDWHDSkQODSURSRULLOHVXFFHVXOXLvPSOLQLQGX-se o
QHGRULWúLQHDYHQLWVLPXODUHFROHFWLYDMXGHFLLGHYDORDUH
ÌQVPHULWHOHQXSRWILVXSOLQLWHSULQQLPLFQLFLGHJKL]DWHOD
QHVIkUúLW$GHYUDWXOSUHstigiu nu este decât meritul înzestrat cu
GLPHQVLXQLVRFLDOHGHFWUHVHPHQLPHULWXOGHYHQLWSULOHMGH
DGPLUDLHúLPkQGULHSXEOLF'HDFHHDVXFFHVXODGHYUDWQXVH
SRDWHRELQHIUDVFHWLVP-VSXQH5DOHD&HLFDUHYRUVDMXQJ
WUHEXLHVúWLHVUHQXQH&LQHQXSRDWHVDFULILFDRSOFHUH
LPHGLDWFLQHYLQGHRVLWXDLHYLLWRDUHVWUOXFLWGDUSUREOHPDWLF
SHQWUXFDUHQHUEGDUHDGHDDYHDLPHGLDWRSOFHUHDFHODQXYD
UHDOL]DQLPLFGLQDVSLUDLLOHVDOH3RIWDGHYLDLPHGLDWQXH
psihologia DPELLRúLORU>@'RULQDVXFFHVXOXLVHvPSOHWHúWHFX
IXJDGHEDQDOLWDWHúLDQRQLPDW6HXLWvQVSUHDGHVFH[LVWR
EDQDOLWDWHFRWLGLDQFDUHQXXPLOHúWHFLHGLILFSOHQLWXGLQHDXQHL
YLHLFKLDUGDFVXFFHVXOVXQXSRDWHILGHFkWVREUX

7. Fericirea

3UREOHPDIHULFLULL>@HVWHGHFRPSHWHQDPRUDOHL
vQWUXFkWGHSLQGHGHFDOLWDWHDPRUDODVFRSXULORUúLPLMORDFHORU
FDUHvQWHPHLD]PDQLIHVWULOHRPXOXLSUHFXPúLGHFDOLILFDUHD

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
PRUDODFRQVHFLQHORU-LPHGLDWHVDXvQGHSUWDWH-FDUHvQVRHVF
DFWHOHDFHVWXLD(DDIRVWFRQVLGHUDWVFRSDOYLHLL
HXGHPRQLVPXO ILLQGLGHQWLILFDWvQFXWDUHDSOFHULL
KHGRQLVPXO vQVWDUHDGHOLQLúWHLQWHULRDU DWDUD[LD RELQXWILH
SULQDXWRGLVFLSOLQDUHDGRULQHORU VWRLFLVPXO ILHSULQSUDFWLFDUHD
YLUWXLORU 3ODWRQ$ULVWRWHOúD /DQLYHOXOFRQúWLLQHLFRPXQH
HVWHHYLGHQWFISWXUDXPDQvúLMXGHFYLDDPRPHQWHOHDFHVWHLD
úLIDSWHOHGXSUHSHUHúLHFXDLLVXIOHWHúWLXQLFHÌQVQXQHSXWHP
PXOXPLFXDILUPDLDEDQDOFILHFDUHHIHULFLWvQIHOXOOXLFFL
H[LVWRIHULFLUHEXQúLRIHULFLUHUHD([LVWLGHLGHVSUHIHULFLUH
GHVFKLVHVSUHELQHOHSXEOLFGDUúLIHULFLULHJRLVWHXQHOHGLQ
DFHVWHDWUJkQGX-úLVHYDGLQQHIHULFLUHDDOWRUD([LVWHOXUL
XPDQLVWHvQDOWHGDUúLWHQWDLLMRVQLFH(OHQXVXQWLQWHUúDQMDELOH
QLFLHFKLYDOHQWHYDORULF([LVWQHIHULFLULPUHHúLIHULFLUL
ODPHQWDELOH3ULQWHQVLXQHúLFRQLQXWRPHQHVFSULPHOHVXQWFX
DGHYUDWVHPQLILFDWLYH&FLVSXQH$XJXVWLQ $XUHOLXV
$XJXVWLQXV HVWHRQHQRURFLUHPDLPLFVQXRELi ceea ce vrei,
GHFkWVYUHLúLVRELLFHHDFHQXVHFXYLQH>@
)HULFLUHDHVWHvQHOHDVGHRELFHLFDH[FHVGHVSHUDQVH
DQWLFLSLPDJLQDWLYWULUHDVDWLVIDFLLORUPD[LPHOHJDWHGH
persoana proprie, dorindu-se ca -vQFRQGLLLGHVLJXUDQ- sfera
vQFOLQDLLORUVFDSHWHUH]ROYULRSWLPHSHRGXUDWFkWPDLPDUH
posibil. Se ascunde în acest proiect al fericirii un pact sentimental
DOLQVXOXLXPDQFXVLQHvQVXúLVHGRUHúWHDQXODUHDWXWXURU
piedicilor posibile -úWLXWILLQGFRPXOHVWHWHPWRUsau irascibil
IDGHWRWFHHDFHQXFRQYLQHWXOEXUHFKLOLEUXOvPSLHGLFVDX
DPHQLQ-úLH[LVWHQDvPSUHMXUULORUSULHOQLFHQRURFRDVHvQ
DFHODúLWLPSVHGRUHúWHVWDUHDvQFDUHDúWHSWULOHVDOHvQIDDYLHLL
vLVXQWVDWLVIFXWHODOLPLWDPD[LP&RQLQXWXULOHDFHVWXLH[FHVGH
VSHUDQUPkQRULFXPVXILFLHQWGHLPSUHFLVHúLHWHURJHQH
FRQWXUXOORUQXSRDWHILSUHFL]DWGHFkWSHPVXUFHH[SHULHQHOH
GHYLDREOLJODUHDOLVPGLVFHUQPkQWúLVHOHFLHvQVPXOWHGLQ
UHQXQULQXVHGDWRUHD]QXPDLGHFkWOXFLGLWLLFLSURYLQGLQ

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
SUXGHQDHJRLVWVDXWHDPDGHVXIHULQH'HDFHHDSHQWUXD
YDORUL]DIHULFLUHDHQHYRLHGHRVFKLPEDUHGHRSWLFVILHY]XW
FDVDWLVIDFLHYDORULF
ÌQWUXFkWQXSXWHPIDFHGLQVLPSOHVWULSVLKRORJLFH
(sentimente, doULQHFDSULFLLvQFOLQDLLWHPHULLQVWLQFWHúD 
HWDORDQHGHFRQGXLWPRUDOIHULFLUHDDXWHQWLFSUHVXSXQH
disciplinarea moral-YDORULFDYLHLLúLvQFRQVHFLQGHSLQGHGH
DFWXDOL]DUHDSURLHFWHORUSULQLQLLDWLYúLWUXG,GHDOXOGHYLD
IXQFLRQHD]VXEIRUPDXQXLUDLRQDPHQWLSRWHWLF GDF
"atunci…"). Fericirile iluzorii omit datele reale ale problemei,
LGHDOL]HD]úLLSRVWD]HD]GRULQHOLSVLWHGHPVXURIHULQGDVWIHO
YRLQHLHOXULILFWLYH&DWULUHIHULFLUHDSUHVXSXQHSXQHUHDvntre
SDUDQWH]HL]RODUHDSUHWH[WXOXLUHDOFDUHSURYRDFPXOXPLUHD
lipsa de interes pentru aspectele stânjenitoare, anularea spiritului
FULWLFSHQWUXFDDIHFWHOHVVHLQWHQVLILFHSULQIL[DUHDH[FOXVLYD
LQWHUHVXOXLSHFRQLQXWXULOHFRQYHQDELOH$úDGDU starea
SVLKRORJLFGHIHULFLUHQXHSURGXVVSRQWDQGHFWUHPRWLYXO VDX
PRPHQWXO FHQHVDWLVIDFHFLLQHGHDSWLWXGLQHDSHUVRQDOGHDIL
IHULFLWGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHDLJQRUDERJLDUHDOLWLLWHPSRUDOLWDWHD
úLYDULHWDWHDSURSULLORUWUHEXLQHÌQWUXFkWVHVLPWHFDFHVWH
VXVSHQGULVXQWSURYL]RULLVWDUHDGHIHULFLUHFXSULQGHIDVFLQDLLúL
WHQWDLLXúRUWHPWRDUH3UHVLXQHDUHDOLWLLDUDWFPXOWPDL
LPSRUWDQWGHFkWFXWDUHDIHULFLULLGHFkWSURYRFDUHDFXRULFHSUH
DDFHVWHLVWULSVLKRORJLFHUPkQHSUHRFXSDUHDGHDvQOWXUD
VXUVHOHQHIHULFLULLSURSULLúLVSHFWDFROXOQHIHULFLULLVHPHQLORU- ceea
FHSUHVXSXQHIRUPRUDOúLFRQúWLLQDIDSWXOXLFQXWRWFHHDFH
ne-DUSXWHDEXFXUDPHULWVILHRELHFWDOSDVLXQLL2IHULFLUH
FRQWLQX-SUHFL]HD] Friedrich Schiller -GHYLQHRSLHGLFSHQWUX
YLUWXWH1XPHVFIHULFLWSHFHOFDUHSHQWUXDJXVWDSOFHULOHúL
EXFXULLOHQXHFRQVWUkQVVIDFQHGUHSWLLDUSHQWUXDDFLRQD
MXVWQXHFRQVWUkQVVvQGXUHQLFLVXIHULQúLQLFLOLSVXUL>@
ÌQFOLQDLDH[FHVLYVSUHIHULFLUHRFROHúWHFXVXSOHH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
LPEROGXULOHGDWRULHLPRUDOHVDXOHPLPHD]FRQYLQJWRU
GHRDUHFHHVWHPDLSXWHUQLFLPSXOVXOGHDYDORULILFDVLWXDLLOH
LVSLWLWRDUHGHDFHGDFkQGVHLYHúWHSULOHMXOVDWLVIDFHULLXQRU
GRULQHSOFHULFDSULFLLWHQWDLLúLVFRSXULPDLPXOWVDXPDLSXLQ
vQGRLHOQLFH,XELUHDH[DJHUDWGHVLQHSRDWHvPEUFDvQVúL
IRUPHPXOWPDLSHUYHUVHvQPRELOL]DUHDYRLQHLOLSVDGHVFUXSXOH
SURGXFHUHDUXOXLFXEXQúWLLQ'HDFHHDPRUDODQX-úLSURSXQH
VGHDVIDWXULDVXSUDPRGXOXLvQFDUHSXWHPVQHSURFXUP
IHULFLUHDFLIRUPXOHD]DFHOHH[LJHQHSHFDUHOHGRYHGHúWH
IHULFLUHDGHPQDXWHQWLFDUWkQGFXPGHYHQLPYUHGQLFLGH
IHULFLUH ,.DQW $úDFXPSUHFL]HD]$&DPXVGDFQXFXWP
GHFkWIHULFLUHDVIkUúLPvQIDFLOLWDWH'DFQXFXOWLYPGHFkW
QHIHULFLUHDVIkUúLPSULQDQHFRPSODFHvQHDÌQDPkQGRX
FD]XULOHRGHYDORUL]DUH>@3HQWUXDHYLWDDVHPHQHDSRODUL]UL
H[FOXVLYHGHGXVHvQXOWLPLQVWDQGLQSUHGLVSR]LLLúL
VHQWLPHQWHWUHEXLHDFFHSWDWLGHHDFIHULFLUHDQXSRDWHILHOFDUH
DQJDMHD]YRLQDQXSRDWHDYHDFDOLWDWHDGHVFRSVXSUHPDODFWHORU
YLHLLGHFLQXHVWHRYDORDUHLQWHQLRQDWH[SUHVFLPXOXPLUHD
GXUDELODYRLQHLSULQvQGHSOLQLUHDGRULQHORUúLUHDOL]DUHD
scopurilor" [18] valide moral.

6HQVXOYLHLL

&kQGSULYLPYLDDGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOVHQVXOXLYL]P
IDSWXOFHDQXHVWHSHQWUXRPVLPSOVXFHVLXQHGHSURLHFWH
GRULQHDFLXQLUH]XOWDWHFXWULúLHúHFXULFLDUHRDQXPLW
FXUVLYLWDWHRULHQWDUHúLXQLWDWHYDORULF&LQHFDXWVHQVXOYLHLL-
DUDW7DGHXV].RWDUELQVNL-HVWHSUHRFXSDWFDDFLXQLOHOXLVQX
ILHOLSVLWHGHVFRSEDPDLSUHFLVFDDFWLYLWDWHDOXLVQXVH
HSXL]H]HvQDFLXQLIULPSRUWDQFLVVHSRDWOHJLWLPDSULQ
DGHFYDUHDODXQHOGHPQ de a i se sacrifica eforturile cele mai
LQWHQVH>@(ULFK)URPPDSUHFLD]FGHYRWDPHQWXOPDQLIHVWDW
GHRPIDGHRFDX]GHRLGHHVDXGHRSXWHUHWUDQVFHQGHQWHVWH

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
H[SUHVLDXQHLQHYRLGHFRPSOHWLWXGLQHvQSURFHVXOYLHLL
concretizându-se în "caGUHGHRULHQWDUHúLGHGHYRLXQH>@
6HQVXOH[LVWHQHLSHUVRQDOHH[SULPGRULQDGHDFRQIHULYLHLLvQ
DQVDPEOXXQvQHOHVXQURVWRUDLRQDOLWDWHILLQGDWLWXGLQHDSULQ
FDUHRPXOWUDWHD]YLDDFDYDORDUH QXWULHVFRULFkWGHDFHHD
YLDDFDSURFHVELRORJLFHVWHSHQWUXPLQHRYDORDUH úLDILUP
SULQHDYDORUL QXWULHVFRULFkWGHDFHHDQXSRWWULRULFXP vQ
IXQFLHGHFDUHMXVWLILFúLDSUHFLD]WRDWHDFWHOHLQWUHSULQVH
$úDGDUVHQVXOYLHLLVHUHIHUODFDSDFLWDWHDLQGLYLGXOXLGHD-úLWUL
YLDDvQFKLSXPDQGHD-LGDVHPQLILFDLLSHFDUHHD- ca proces
biologic – nu le are.
2SLXQHDSHQWUXRDQXPLWJULOYDORULFIDGHFDUH
LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHDXPDQVLPWHXQDWDúDPHQWDIHFWLYFDSWFRQWXU
SULQLGHDOXOGHYLD1XPDLDVWIHOYDORUile sunt propuse spre
UHDOL]DUHVXQWJkQGLWHvQWHUPHQLLDFLXQLLQHILLQGVLPSOHUHSHUHúL
FULWHULLDSUHFLDWLYHFLLPSHUDWLYHQRUPHSHQWUXWRWFHHDFHIDFHúL
VSHUSHUVRDQDUHVSHFWLYHOHPHQWHOHXQHLPDQLHUHXQLFHGHDIL
,GHDOXOSULQFDUHGRULPVFRQIHULPVHQVSURSULHLYLHLHVWHGH
IDSWVFRSXOJOREDODOLQLLDWLYHORUúLHIRUWXULORUFRWLGLHQH'HHOQH
DSURSLHPDVLPSWRWLF'LULMDUHDUHODWLYVLVWHPDWLFDFRQGXLWHL
DFWHORUúLDFLXQLORURUJDQL]DUHDFOLSHLGXSMDORDQHFDUHWUHF
dincolo de ea dHWHUPLQFDYLDDSHUVRQDOVQXILHGRDUWRWDOL]DUH
VXPDWLYDH[SHULHQHLFLWRWDOLWDWHRPRJHQWUDLHFWRULHPRGHODW
vQWLPSGLQSHUVSHFWLYDXQXLHOVXSUHP'HDFHHDYLDDFXVHQV
HVWHYLDDWULW-FDWRWDOLWDWHQXvQPRGQHFHVDUúLvQWRDWH
DPQuntele sale -FDYDORDUH&XDOWHFXYLQWHSURLHFLDvQYLLWRU-
GXSXQVLVWHPGHYDORULúLRDQXPLWYL]LXQHDOXPLL-WUDVHD]
GLUHFLLOHDFLXQLORUVFRSXULORUDWLWXGLQLORUFRWLGLHQHDUPRQL]HD]
H[SHULHQHOHGHYLDúLOHGRUDLXQHGHDILLDURPXOSHPVXU
FHVHDSURSLHWHQGHQLDOGHPRGHODUHVDWLVIDFLDvPSOLQLULL
SHUVRQDOH9LDD- în opinia lui Erich Fromm – nu are alt sens
decât acela pe care i-OFRQIHUILHFDUHGH]YROWkQGX-úL
SRVLELOLWLOHWULQGvQWU-un mod productiv", [21] creator, nu
YHJHWDWLY/DIHOGHHYLGHQWHVWHvQVúLIDSWXOFVHQVXOQXHVWHR

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
vQVXúLUHDRPXOXLFDILLQQDWXUDOFLRFDOLWDWHVRFLDO6HQVXO
H[LVWHQHLXPDQHHVWHLQVWLWXLWGHRPSULQDFLXQHDvQVXúLULORUVDOH
psiho-VRFLDOHDUHRJHQH]ODQLYHOLVWRULFúLLQGLYLGXDOVH
PDQLIHVWWRWGHDXQDvQWU-un context socio-HFRQRPLFúLFXOWXUDO
concret.
6LVWHPXOYDORULORUFROHFWLYHFRQGLLRQHD]IRUPHVSHFLILFH
GHLQGLYLGXDOLWDWHÌQFRQGLLLLVWRULFHGHWHUPLQDWHVHQVXODUH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHRELHFWLYLWLLVLVWHmul de valori, norme, obiceiuri
RULHQWHD]DFLXQLOHúLGH]YROWDUHDODQLYHOVRFLDOJOREDOLDU
LQGLYLGXOHVWHIRUPDWúLVHIRUPHD]HOvQVXúLSHVLQHvQDFHVWH
FDGUHYDORULFH6FRSXOYLHLLQXHVWHvQVSUHVWDELOLWVWOD
vQGHPkQDILHFUXLDFDVDLEúLVPDQLIHVWHSUHIHULQSHQWUXXQ
PRGHOVDXDOWXOGHYLD6XEDFHVWDVSHFWUHYHODWRDUHVXQW
SURFHVHOHGHLQWHULRUL]DUHDYDORULORUGHPRWLYDUHSHUVRQDOD
VHQVXOXLYLHLLúLGHH[HUFLWDUHDFDSDFLWLLSURSULLGHUH]LVWHQvQ
IDDLVWRULHL8QLLRDPHQLVHLQWHJUHD]vQYLDVRFLDOIUDJkQGL
SURIXQGDVXSUDVHPQLILFDLHLSHFDUHRGDXYLHLLORUYDORULOHSH
FDUHOHDFFHSW(VWHvQVGHSúLWVWDGLXOXQRUVLPSOHUHDFLL
SVLKRORJLFHVSRQWDQHIDGHPHGLXDWXQFLFkQGXUPHD]R
LQWHULRUL]DUHFULWLFDYDORULORUFHVWDXODWHPHOLDFXOWXULLúL
FLYLOL]DLHLvQUHVSHFWLYDVRFLHWDWHWULQGX-OHFDSHRSUREOHP
SHUVRQDO FkQGVHDGHUODUHVSHFWLYXOVLVWHPGHYDORUL VDXFDSH
RFRQWUDGLFLH DWXQFLFkQGYDORULOHVHRSXQDOWRUYDORUL 5H]XOW
astfel, cristalizarea unei atitudini personale (de acceptare sau
UHVSLQJHUHDYDORULORUSHFDUHFROHFWLYLWDWHDOHSURSXQHúLVDX
LPSXQHPHPEULORUVL úLQHFHVLWDWHDLQWHULRDUGHDDYHDXQLGHDO
SULQFDUHVHOHJLWLPHD]URVWXOVRFLDO-XPDQDOSURSULHLYLHL
DesiJXUSHQWUXDSHUFHSHYLDDFDDYkQGXQVHQVSDUH
VXILFLHQWFDFLQHYDVDLEVWULGHPXOXPLUHúLIHULFLUH
sentimentul împlinirii în ceea ce face. Dar sensul autentic este un
fenomen etico-VRFLDOFXRGXEOPRWLYDUHSVLKRORJLFúLVRFLDO
Prin urmarHVXQWGHPQHGHSUHXLWúLLPSHULRVGHDVXPDWHOXULOH
FDUHDILUPRPXOFDYDORDUHVXQWIRORVLWRDUHYLHLLvQFRPXQVXQW
SWUXQVHGHJULMDúLUHVSHFWXOIDGHXPDQLWDWH6HQVXOYLHLL

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
GHSLQGHIUvQGRLDOGHPRGXOvQFDUHRSWPSHQWUXXQPRGHOGH
viDGHvPSUHMXUULOHLVWRULFHGDUúLGHFDSDFLWDWHDGHUHDFLHvQ
IDDSURFHVHORULVWRULFR-VRFLDOHÌQHOHJHPSULQDFHDVWFDVXSUD
IHOXOXLvQFDUHILHFDUHRPWULHúWHYLDDvúLSXQHDPSUHQWDFOLPDWXO
PDWHULDOúLVSLULWXDOPHGLLOHXPDQHDSWLWXGLQLOHSroprii dovedite,
DVSLUDLLOHFHSRWILILQDOL]DWHDWLWXGLQHDDGRSWDWvQIDDYLHLL
PVXUDvQFDUHLGHDOXULOHVXQWFODUHúLSRWILXUPDWHFXPLMORDFHOD
vQGHPkQúDPG3XWHUHDGHUHDFLHSHUVRQDOvQIDDPHUVXOXL
LVWRULFVHFRQFUHWL]HD]vQSULPXOrând, în alegerea idealului de
YLDGLQFRORGHMRFXOQHIDVWDOFRQMXQFWXULORUúLvQDOGRLOHD
UkQGSULQDSURSLHUHDYLHLLHIHFWLYHGHDFHVWLGHDO&kQGH[LVW
FRQVHQVvQWUHYL]LXQHDLQGLYLGXDODVXSUDYLHLLúLYDORULOHXQHL
FXOWXULVHSRDWHVSXQHFvQSULQFLSLXL]EXWLUHDvQYLDGHSLQGvQ
PDUHPVXUGHPRELOL]DUHDFDSDFLWLORUHQHUJLHLVHULR]LWLL
'DUvQWUHPRGXOSURSULXXQXLLQGLYLGGHDYHGHDYLDDúLLGHDOXULOH
JUXSXOXLVDXVRFLHWLLVHSRDWHSURGXFHXQFRQIOLFWD[LRORJLF
Acesta constvQOLSVDGHDFRUGDVXSUDDOHJHULLúLH[SHULHQHL
VHQVXOXLYLHLL6XQWSRVLELOHFkWHYDWLSXULGHVLWXDLL 8QHRUL
XQLLRDPHQLRSWHD]SHQWUXIDOVHYDORULSUDFWLFkQGDWLWXGLQL
individualiste, egoiste, îndoielnice sub raport moral, pe care le
opun celor promovate de societate. Asemenea proiecte
VXELHFWLYLVWHLQWUvQFRQWUDGLFLHFXLPSHUDWLYHOHFRQYLHXLULL
ILLQGOLSVLWHGHLGHDOPRUDOúLUHVSRQVDELOLWDWH &kQGRSLXQLOH
contravin sistemului valoric-social, dar nu au justificare strict
SHUVRQDOFLDSUDQXPLWHLQWHUHVHJHQHUDOHHOHDXvQVHPQWDWH
LVWRULFÌQVHILFDFLWDWHDDFHVWRUOXULGHSR]LLHGHSúHúWH
SXWHULOHXQXLRPILLQGQHFHVDUUHSOLFDXQRUIRUHFROHFWLYH 
Conflictul axiologic este difuz, când sunt respinse anumite valori
sociDOHLDUDFHDVWUHDFLHGHúLVHvQWHPHLD]SHUHDOLWLHYLGHQWH
QXUHXúHúWHVRSXQDOWHVHPQLILFDLLYLDELOHGHFLQXRIHU
DOWHUQDWLYHUHDOLVWHFLGRDUJHVWXULGHQHPXOXPLUHDWLWXGLQL
QLKLOLVWHVWULGHDSDWLHVDXGH]RULHQWDUH
2SLXQLOHúLGHciziile valorice se recunosc în stiluri de
YLDDYkQGURVWXULLPSHUDWLYHúLUHJODWRULLvQUDSRUWFXDFLXQL

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
DWLWXGLQLGHOLEHUULúLFRPSRUWDPHQWH]LOQLFH'HDFHHD
UHSUH]HQWDUHDDQWLFLSDWDFHHDFHYUHPVILP VHQVXOGRULWúL
DVXPDWDOYLHLL DUHIRUSUDFWLF$VXPDUHDPRGHOXOXLSUHVXSXQH
SRVWXODUHDSUHIHULQHORUSHQWUXDQXPLWHVFRSXULSUHFLVHFDUHGH
fapt, sunt rezultatul alegerii printr-XQDSHOFRQWLQXXODFULWHULLúL
HVWLPUL$OWXULGHFRQYLQJHUHDFYLDD GDFVHvQFDGUHD]vQ
DúWHSWULOHQRDVWUH DUHXQVHQVVHHYLGHQLD] vQSUDFWLFDYLHLL 
DUWDGHDXUPULDFWXDOL]DUHDHOXOXLVXSUHPvQFRQWDFWFX
UHDOLWLOHQHPLMORFLWH QDWXUDOHVRFLR-FXOWXUDOHVWULELR-psihice),
FRPSOH[HúLGLQDPLFH6HQVXOUHDODOYLHLLHVWHUDSRUWXOGLQWUH
cHHDFHIDFHPUH]XOWDWHOHFHUWHDOHDFWLYLWLLQRVWUHúLSHGHDOW
parte, ceea ce ne-DPSURSXVVILPúLVUHDOL]P'DFYLDDvQWU-
RHWDSDVDGDWRULWDFLXQLORUUHXúLWHVHvQFDGUHD]GLQSXQFWGH
YHGHUHYDORULFvQSURLHFLDLGHDOSXWHPVSXQHFHDUHDOL]HD]
VHQVXOúLHVWHWULWFXVDWLVIDFLH)HULFLUHDHVWHWRFPDLDFHVWHIHFW
PXOXPLWRUSHFDUHvODUHvQVXELHFWLYLWDWHFRQFRUGDQDPRPHQWDQ
a succesului actelor noastre cotidiene cu valorile propuse spre
realizare. Sigur, ea are o inevitabilGR]GHUHODWLYLWDWH
SVLKRORJLFvQWUXFkWDOWXULGHDUJXPHQWHOHHYLGHQWHRIHULWHGHúL
SULQDFLXQLSHUVHYHUHQWHLQWUvQHFXDLHvQFOLQDLLúLSUHGLVSR]LLL
DSUHFLDWLYHVWULFWSHUVRQDOH HYDOXDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUH[LJHQDID
GHVLQHQLYHOXODVSLUDLLORUGRULQHOHLPHGLDWHVWDUHDELR-SVLKLF
úD 
,PSOLFLWVDXH[SOLFLWDXUPULXQVHQVDOYLHLLHFKLYDOHD]
FXDúH]DUHDODWHPHOLDH[LVWHQHLQRDVWUHDXQHLFRQFHSLLGHVSUH
OXPHúLRPD-LvPSOLQLGHPQFDOLWDWHDGHILLQRPHQHDVF
Angajarea moUDOQHGHVFKLGHVSUHFHLODOLIRUPHD]QHYRLDGH
DSURDSHOHFXFDUHFRQYLHXLPWUH]HúWHúLIRUWLILFVROLGDULWDWHD
FRQúWLLQDYDORULLLQHVWLPDELOHDXPDQLWLLGLQRP$FHOHLGHDOXUL
FDUHQXVXQWSXVHvQVOXMEDFHORUODOLGHYLQVUDFHúLHJRLVWH
DimensLXQHDPRUDODVHQVXOXLYLHLL-vQDIDUDFUHLDQLFLQX
H[LVWGHIDSWDXWHQWLFLWDWH-WUHEXLHVILHSUH]HQWúLvQGHSOLQLW
H[HPSODUvQILHFDUHDFLXQHFRWLGLDQDWkWSULQVFRSXULOHLPHGLDW
DOHVHFkWúLSULQPLMORDFHOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXDFWXDOL]DUHDORU'DF

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
cele mai multe laturi ale idealului sunt cucerite procesual, din
DSURDSHvQDSURDSHSULQDFWHVXFFHVLYHúLSULQFXPXODUHD
UH]XOWDWHORUSR]LWLYHSUDFWLFDPRUDOHVWHFHDFDUHSRDWHDUPRQL]D
-QHPLMORFLWGHILHFDUHGDW-PRPHQWHOHYLHLLvQFHSknd de la cele
mai semnificative la simplele evenimente curente. Tensiunile
VXIOHWHúWL-SURYHQLWHGLQRSR]LLDFOLS-viitor, prezent-ideal,
VSHUDQHYDORULFH-UHDOL]DUHDvQISWXLUHDYDORULORUSUHFXPúLGLQ
UHFXQRDúWHUHDSUHFDULWLORUFHvQVRHVFILLQDRPHQHDVFSULQOXPH
-QXVXQWDQXODWHQLFLVROXLRQDWHFLFDSWRVWUXFWXUDUHYDORULF
vQFDUHSULPHD]FRHUHQDPRUDODYLHLLúLWkOFXOXPDQLVWDO
gesturilor exemplare. De aceea, eforturile de individualizare
FDSWVHQVQXPDLvQUDSRUWFXVHPQLILFDLLUHSHUHFULWHULLúL
PRWLYDLLYDORULFHLDU- dintre acestea – cele morale feresc omul de
LOX]LLúLGHVXILFLHQVXIOHWHDVFvQGHPQkQGX-l spre construirea
VHQVXULORUWUHFWRDUHGHVLJXUGDUGHPQHvQWUXFkWVWLPXOHD]
autorealizarea, împlinirea de sLQHúLFRQWLQXDDXWRGHSúLUH6HQVXO
YLHLLFRQVWvQDFHOVHWGHLSRWH]HYDORULFHSULQFDUHRPXOSURGXFH
XQURVWWUHFHULLVDOHSULQOXPHFXYLDFXWRWUH-semnificându-úL
OLPLWHOHFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHRPHQHVFXOXLúLSURSULDVDILQLWXGLQH,QVXO
– aflat mereu sub semnul provizoriului -vúLLQYHQWHD]SURSULDVD
umanitate, experimentându-úLYLDDvQWUHVkUJXLQDGHDILúL
QHVEXLQDGHDIL

3ULQFLSLLHWLFHvQHUDúWLLQHL

7HPDWL]ULOHDQWHULRDUHIDFSDUWHGLQVIHUDSUHRFXSULORU
perene ale filosofieiPRUDOH6ROXLLOHSUH]HQWHvQGLVFXUVXULOH
actuale asupra moralei sunt problematice; excesele spiritului
DQDOLWLFúLWHRUHWL]DWRUVHvQGHSUWHD]GHQHYRLOHUHDOLWLORUVRFLR-
FXOWXUDOGHDILOHJLWLPDWHYDORULFILLQGVHQVLELODWURILDWFDSDFLWDWHD
eticiLGHDRIHULVROXLLD[LRORJLFHODvQWUHEULOHRPXOXL
FRQWHPSRUDQ)UvQGRLDOHWLFDWUHEXLHvQHOHDVFDPHWDPRUDO
úLGRFWULQvQWHPHLHWRDUHFDUHIRUPXOHD]SULQFLSLL>@-DGLF

FILOSOFIA MORALEI
DFHOHSURSR]LLLGHED]FDUHIDFSRVLELOúLOHJLWLPHD]RUGLQHD
valRULFDDFLXQLORULQGLYLGXDOHúLFROHFWLYHSUHILJXUkQGVIHUD
SRVLELODFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUúLDFWHORUYDOLGHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
PRUDOÌQVDFHDVWILQDOLWDWHHVWHGHVHRULSXVvQXPEUGHUHIOHFLL
VWHULOHSULYLQGFRQGLLLOHGHIXQGDUHDHWLFLLvQVúLsau de analize
prin care sunt de-FRQVWUXLWHUHJXOLGHFRQGXLWSHQWUXDOLVHSXQH
VXEVHPQXOvQWUHEULLWHPHLXULOH3HGHDOWSDUWHVHDILUPXQ
pluralism al eticii aplicate – de la afaceri la mass-PHGLDúDPG-
FDUHVIkUúHVFGHIDSWvQVLPSOHGHRQtologii, lipsite tocmai de
UHIOH[LYLWDWHDvQWHPHLHWRDUH$FHVWVIkUúLWGHVHFROHVWHVHULRV
PDUFDWGHDQJRDVHH[LVWHQLDOHVWUXFWXUDWHGHIUDJLOLWDWHDúLVDX
DEVHQDVHQVXULORUHURGDUHDRUL]RQWXULORUVLPEROLFHWUDGLLRQDOHúL
XQLYHUVDOL]DUHDPHQWDOLWLLpragmatice, discreditarea idealurilor
VXSUDVHQVLELOHFXWHPHLPHWDIL]LFúLvQGRLDODD[LRORJLFFHvQVRHúWH
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J.Habermas, sau, mult mai explicit, în discursul lui Hans Jonas).
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negativ: ca discurs moralizator sau FDDSURSLHUH GHRPúLYLD FXL]
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bio-medicale", ceea ce LPSOLFUHFXUVXOODVWDELOLUHDXQHLLHUDUKLLD
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niveluri de organizare a discursului etic: [28] Valori – care sunt de
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universul socio-cultural, pe baza corpului-subiect -FHYRUEHúWHúL
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[31] corp într-RSULPLQVWDQGDUúLFRQúWLLQLQLLDWRDUHGHDFWH
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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Morala are rostul de DGHWHUPLQDYDORULOHvQIXQFLHGHFDUH
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pieritor". [34] În general, dogmatismul metafizic în chestiuni de
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termeni formali,YL]kQGGRDUSODQXOLQWHQLLORU- respectul pentru
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imperativului catHJRULF.DQWVXUSULQGHPRGHOXOLGHDODORULFUHL
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
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presupune, ci dintr-o cRQFHSLH SUH GHWHUPLQDWDVXSUD
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FILOSOFIA MORALEI
fundamentale a sensului. "Preferabilul nu este nicidecum um ideal
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impune – nu atât din considerente morale, cât din nevoi vitale –
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