501 Analele UniversităŃii din Oradea Fasci cula:Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Ind ustrie Alimentară, 2012 STUDIES ON CULTIVATION… [600717]

501 Analele UniversităŃii din Oradea Fasci cula:Ecotoxicologie, Zootehnie și Tehnologii de Ind ustrie Alimentară, 2012

STUDIES ON CULTIVATION SUITABILITY AND NUTRITIONAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF LUPINE ALKALOID-FREE
VARIETIES

Mierlita Daniel

University of Oradea, Department of Animal Science, Oradea, Romania; [anonimizat]

Abstract
This study had as main objective to establish suita bility growth and nutritional
characterization of varieties of lupine (Lupinus al bus) alkaloid-free and anti-nutritive substances, i n
the northwest of the country, as an alternative to conventional protein from soy products and by-
products. There were two varieties of white lupine (LUBLANC and ENERGY) free of alkaloids that
have been cultivated over an area of 1.2 ha, using seed imported from company Joordens Zaden BV
in the Netherlands. The results obtained in this st udy demonstrated suitability cultivation and good
nutritional characteristics of the two varieties of lupine alkaloids tested free, the spotted variety
Energy superiority both in terms of seed production (2905.2 vs. 2696.6 kg DM / kg) and in terms of
crude protein content (44.00 vs. 41.19% CP in DM) a nd fat (10.69 vs. 7.81% in the DM) have
determined a high energy value (3326, 9 vs. 2973.8 kcal EMAn / kg DM). Study the climatic
conditions of the area northwest of the country, su bstantiates the need and opportunity lupine grain
cultivation and use free of alkaloids as an importa nt alternative source of protein and energy in
poultry diets.

Key word : seed lupine, alkaloid-free, nutritional character ization

INTRODUCTION

In the context of animal flours ban on feeding bird s and high cost of
products and by-products of soybean, lupine beans c an be a promising
alternative for providing own production of vegetab le protein in bird food in
our country. Data from the literature mentions that new varieties of lupine
seeds made productions of 3000-5000 kg / ha, contai ning 31-48% protein
and 6-10% fat (depending on weather conditions), bu t all need to improve
the biological value of protein in adding synthetic amino acids. Climatic
conditions of our country provides the prerequisite s for obtaining a proper
lupine grain production quantity and quality. Parti al substitution of soy bean
cakes lupins in poultry diets do not involve any ri sk on poultry health and
production quality obtained as varieties used witho ut alkaloids and anti-
nutritive substances, these being proven research r esults presented in the
literature (Dora et al., 2002; Suchy et al., 2006; Strakova et al., 2008; Nalle
et al., 2010).
Using lupins in poultry diets provide some independ ence from costly
imports of products and soy products, but also a re duction in the price / kg
feed with positive effects on profit. Introducing c ulture in Romania lupine
leads to diversify crop production with positive im pact report request: offer

502 in a market currently dominated by cereals. In addi tion lupine beans should
not be subjected to heat treatment to destroy the a nti-nutritive factors (eg
tripsininhibitorii if soybeans) sin are not genetic ally modified, which makes
them an important protein source for organic farms (Dora et al., 2002).
These vegetable seeds not only offer a valuable sou rce of protein, But Also
of energy due to fat contents (Petterson et al., 20 00; Hickling 2003).
Most authors have reported that lupine seeds have a high content of
PNA (poliglucide neamidonoase), which have a negati ve influence over
digestion and productive performance of monogastric animals. The nutritive
value of lupine seed can be successfully grown (pri marily for monogastric
animals) by removing coatings (Rubio et al 2003; Mi eczkowska et al 2005)
and by using appropriate enzymes (Steenfeldt et al. , 2003). Compared to
soy, lupine beans are lower in phytic acid content and saponins, but in
lectins and protease inhibitors, which improves pro tein digestion (Sujak et
al., 2006).
The objective of this study is to study the suitabi lity growth and
nutritional characterization of varieties of lupine (Lupinus albus) free of
alkaloids and anti-nutritive substances, in the nor thwest of the country, as an
alternative to conventional protein from soy produc ts and by-products

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Research has been conducted at the University of Or adea in 2012.
There were two varieties of white lupine (LUBLANC a nd ENERGY) free
alkaloids were grown in SC Rosbro Avicom Ltd over a n area of 1.2
hectares, equal for each variety. Seed was obtained from company Joordens
Zaden BV in the Netherlands. Were used for sowing 1 20 kg seed / ha, which
was previously inoculated with bacteria Rhizobium Lupin admosfera to
improve nitrogen fixation. Sowing was done in mid-a pril at a depth of 1-1.5
cm and a spacing of 20 cm (Faluyi et al., 2000). Gr ain harvesting has been
done in the last decade of august. Because cooking is not uniform grain was
necessary conditioning and artificial drying grain.
Samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), ash, cru de protein (CP),
ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) by standard AOAC methods (AOAC
1996). Crude protein was determined such as nitroge n (N × 6.25). The
nitrogen content was determined by the Kjeldahl met hod (KJELTEC
AUTO). Fat was determined by extraction with petrol ether using the
SOXTEC HT6. Crude fibre were determined using DOSI- FIBER Analyser.
The ash content was determined gravimetrically afte r sample ashing at
550°C under prescribed NABERTERM conditions. The ni trogen-free
extractives (NFE) was calculated according as: NFE = dry matter of the
sample – (CP + CF + EE + Ash). The lupine seeds wer e analyzed for total
alkaloids content as described by Ruitz (1977).

503 Metabolisable energy lupine seeds was calculated ta king into account
the correction related to nitrogen balance (EMAn). For this calculation we
used the equation proposed by Sibbald (1980):
EMAn = 3951 + 54,4 MG – 88,7CB – 40,8Ce;
where MG = ether extract; CB = crude fiber and Ce = ash.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Lupine crop of varieties and Energy Lublanc relativ ely well developed
and under circumstances of poor rainfall and excess ive heat, which
characterized the summer of 2012. Even in these con ditions Lublanc variety
deboabe achieved a production of 3165 kg / ha with 14.8% moisture, and
the variety Energy has achieved a production of 338 6 kg / ha with 14.2%
moisture. Thus, the average production of dry matte r (DM) was 2696.6 kg /
ha, respectively Lublanc variety 2905.2 kg / ha for cultivar Energy, and the
crude protein (CP) was 1110.7 kg / ha variety Lubla nc and 1278.3 kg / ha
for variety Energy (fig. 1). The best production re sults both grain and crude
protein was obtained from cultivar Energy, grain yi eld was higher with
208.6 kg DM / ha (7.7%) and the crude protein with 167.6 kg CP / ha (with
15.08%) versus Lublanc variety.

3165
3386
2696.6
2905.2
1110.7
1278.3
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
seed/ha, kg DM/ha, kg Crude Protein/ha, kg Lublanc Energy
Fig. 1. Lupine seed production and crude protein made by t he two varieties tested (kg / ha)

Although weather conditions were not very favorable , white lupine
cultivar Energy has made a good grain production, t his being at the lower
limit quoted in the literature (3000 – 5000 kg / ha seed and approx. 2000 kg
protein / ha – Dijkstra et al., 2003; Pisarikova et al., 2009). We believe that

504 cultivation suitability check two white lupine vari eties in the northwest of
Romania, during a single crop year is not enough to draw a conclusion and a
recommendation that farmers in this area. However, good production made
in poor weather conditions allow us to recommend th e variety Energy as a
kind of perspective, imposing further comparative t esting with other
varieties of high productivity and free of alkaloid s.
Chemical composition and energy value of whole seed s were
determined and were reported in dry matter (DM) and to air-dry basis. The
data presented in Tables 1 and 2 show that the two varieties of white lupine
well behaved under specific climatic zone northwest of the country,
producing seeds with high protein and fat, thus con stituting an important
source energo -protein for poultry feeding.
Table 1
Nutrient content and energy value of lupine seed – % of air-dry basis
Chemicals Variety Media Max. Min. d
Lublanc 90,69 92,29 88,98 DM (dry matter) Energy 91,09 93,22 89,49 0,40
Lublanc 9,31 11,02 7,71 Water Energy 8,91 10,51 6,78 0,40
Lublanc 37,36 40,52 32,33 Crude protein Energy 40,08 41,86 37,52 2,72
Lublanc 7,08 8,06 6,18 Crude fat Energy 9,74 12,37 8,58 2,66
Lublanc 16,68 18,70 14,76 Crude fiber Energy 14,67 16,28 12,81 2,01
Lublanc 25,68 31,23 22,93 SEN (nitrogen-
free extractives) Energy 22,70 24,71 20,03 2,98
Lublanc 3,91 4,71 3,24 Ash Energy 3,65 4,61 3,28 0,26
Lublanc 2697,0 2921,6 2484,7 EMAn (kcal/kg) * Energy 3030,5 3246,2 2826,6 333,5
Lublanc 128,2 194,2 95,3 Alkaloids
(mg/kg) Energy 100,7 158,7 88,1 27,5
*calculated in accordance with Sibbald, 1980.

Energy lupine beans in variety compared to those of the genus
Lublanc had a higher crude protein content (44.00 v s. 41.19% CP in DM)
and crude fat (10.69 vs. 7.81% fat gross in DM) and lower in crude fiber
(16.10 vs. 18.39% crude fiber in DM) and SEN (nitro gen-free extractives)
(24.92 vs. 28.31% in DM). Due to higher fat content and lower in crude
fiber, seeds of the variety Energy have higher ener gy value than the 11.87%
recorded in variety Lublanc (3326.9 vs. 2973.8 kcal EMAn / kg DM).
Brenes et al. (1993a) reported that the high propor tion of seed coating
(approx. 16% of seed weight) is the leading cause c rude fiber content. Thus,

505 coating removal would significantly reduce crude fi ber content, making it
comparable nutrient content of lupine seeds to that of soybean (Vecerek et
al., 2008; Nalle, 2009).
Table 2
Nutrient content and energy value of lupine seed – % of DM (dry matter)
Chemicals Variety Media Max. Min. d
Lublanc 41,19 43,9 36,33 Crude protein Energy 44,00 44,90 41,93 2,81
Lublanc 7,81 8,73 6,94 Crude fat Energy 10,69 13,27 9,59 2,88
Lublanc 18,39 20,26 16,59 Crude fiber Energy 16,10 17,46 14,31 2,29
Lublanc 28,31 33,84 25,77 SEN (nitrogen-
free extractives) Energy 24,92 26,51 22,38 3,39
Lublanc 4,31 5,10 3,64 Ash Energy 4,00 4,94 3,66 0,31
Lublanc 2973,8 3165,7 2792,4 EMAn (kcal/kg) * Energy 3326,9 3482,3 3158,6 353,1
Lublanc 141,3 214,2 105,1 Alkaloids
(mg/kg) Energy 110,6 174,4 96,7 30,7
*calculated in accordance with Sibbald, 1980.

The results obtained in these studies are in agreem ent with those
obtained in other studies (Rubio et al., 2003; Erba s et al., 2005, Diaz et al.,
2006; Sujak et al., 2006; Uzun et al., 2007; Vecere k et al., 2008) and
confirms that lupine seeds are an important source of animal protein, but
due to high variability between species, it is nece ssary to determine nutrient
content. Crude protein content in soybeans varies b etween 28 and 48% (%
of DM), depending on variety and climatic condition s. Even the same kind
of lupine (Juno) protein content varied between 39. 8 and 48.2%, depending
on the year of harvest (Strakova et al., 2006). Ene rgy value of lupine grain
varies between 1920 and 3570 kcal EMAn / kg DM, dep ending on the
variety, climatic conditions and content of alkaloi ds (Brenes et al., 1993,
Hughes et al., 1998, Kocher et al., 2000). The posi tive effects of using
enzymes in lupine-based diets have been demonstrate d by several authors
(Kocher et al., 2000, Hughes et al., 2000, Brenes e t al., 2003; Mieczkowska
et al., 2004).

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in this study demonstrated sui tability cultivation
and good nutritional characteristics of the two var ieties of lupine alkaloid-
free tested, the spotted variety Energy superiority both in terms of seed
production as well as what the content of crude pro tein and fat which led

506 high energy value. Study the climatic conditions of the area northwest of the
country, substantiates the need and opportunity lup ine grain cultivation and
use free of alkaloids as an important alternative s ource of protein and energy
in poultry diets.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National
Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-IN-CI-2012-
1-0257.

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