1UNIVERSITATEA DIN PITEȘTI FACULTATEA DE LITERE Specializarea: Română -Engleză LUCRARE DE LICENȚĂ Îndrumător științific: Lect. Dr. Cristina Miron… [600699]

1UNIVERSITATEA DIN PITEȘTI
FACULTATEA DE LITERE
Specializarea: Română -Engleză
LUCRARE DE
LICENȚĂ
Îndrumător științific:
Lect. Dr. Cristina Miron
Absolvent: [anonimizat]2017-

2UNIVERSITY OF PITESTI
FACULTY OF LETTERS
Romanian –English Section
LICENSE PAPER
Scientific advisor,
Lect. Dr. Cristina MIRON
Defender,
Violeta Ma nuelaRatea
-2017-

3UNIVERSITY OF PITESTI
FACULTY OF LETTERS
Romanian –English Section
“Direct and Indirect
speech”
Scientific advisor,
Lect. Dr. Cristina MIRON
Defender,
Violeta Manuela Ratea
-2017-

4CONTENT S
1.Chapter I: Introduction and definitions –direct and indirect speech ….… page 5;
2.Chapter II: Direct speech –punctuation ………………………… .………. page 10;
3.Chapter III: Reported speech –reported statements ……………………… page 13;
-Changing in deitic categories …………………………………………….. page 19;
4.Chapter IV: Reported questions , commands, requests ……………………. page 21;
-Reported suggestions and reporteddialogues …………… ………………. page 23;
5.Chapter V: Spe ech acts–introductory verbs ……………………… ..……. page 25;
6.Chapter VI: Special cases …………………………………………… ..….. page 29;
7.Chapter VII: Practice activities –exercises on indirect speech ……… ..… page 33;

5Chapter I
Introduction and definitions
DirectandIndirect speech
Communication is the heart and soul of the human experience. The process that
thecommunication mainly includes isgiven by its skills: speaking, listening and writing.
Nobody actually learns grammar to learn his or her mother tongue. It is a natural
phenomenon tostart speaking what everybody speaks around us. We gradually develop a
better sense of understanding with the passage of time.
We do not study grammar of our own mother tongue to use it for daily speaking,
but when we need to polish our own mot her tongue, we have to study its grammar and we
usually do that.1
When we come to learning a new language like the English language, we need to
study its grammar, the importance of grammar cannot be neglected and before we do that ,
we need to understand wh at grammar is.
Grammar is the study of words an d the ways words work together, a n invisible
force that guides us ,as we put words together into sentences. Any person who
communicates using a particular language is consciously or unconsciously aware of the
grammar of that language.2
To speak in a cl earer and more effective manner, we study grammar.
A person who has unconscious knowledge of grammar may be sufficient for
simple language use r, but the ones who wish to communicate in an artful manner and
well,will seek greater depth of understanding and proficiency w hat the study of grammar
provides. But either you just want to speak in an International foreign language or you
1Thompson A.J. and Martinet A.V., A practical English Grammar , Oxford University Press, 1999;
2Azar B.S., Understanding and Using Grammar , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1981;

6want to seek and understand the depth of the English language, you have to be ab le to
formulate or to reproduce a message in order to be understood.
For this,in the act of communication you have to know and understand what the
directorindirect speech is orhow they canhelp you in learning and speaking the English
language.
Direct and indirect speech can be a source of confusion for English learners. Let
us first define the terms, then look at how to convert speech from direct to indirect or
vice-versa.3
First of all, everyone knows that y oucan even a nswer to a simple question like
What did he say? in two ways :
By repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
By reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech)
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact spokenwords. When we use direct
speech in writing, we place the words spoken b etween quotation marks (“ ”) and there is
no changing in these words.
Therefore, direct speech is a representation of the actual words someone said. A
direct speech report ,usually,has a reporting verb in the past simple. The most common
reporting verb is said. The reporting clause may come first or second.4
Indirect or reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said but not
the exact words. Indirect speech focuses more o n the content of what someone said rather
than their exact words.5
3Idem;
4Cambridge Dictionary, Direct and indirect speech , Cambridge University Press, 2017
5Idem;

7Therefore, in indirect speech, the original speaker’s words are changed. We do not
use quotation marks in reported speech. We can either use the word thatafter the
introductory verb ( say,tell,etc.) or we can omit it.
The structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a
statement, a question or a command.6
We can use the verbs sayandtellboth in direct and indirect speech.
Sayis used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal
object, it is al ways followed by the preposition to(e.g.said to me )
Example:
Direct speech: He said, “I am cold.”
Reported speech :He said (that) he was cold.
Direct speech: He said to me, “I am cold.”
Reported speech:He said to me (that) he was cold.
Tellis always used followed by a personal object ( e.g.told me).
Example:
Direct speech :He told me, “I am cold.”
Reported speech: He told me (that) he was cold.
Sayandtellare also used wit hthe following expressions:
One can say:good morning/ afternoon / evening, etc.; something/ nothing,
etc.;a prayer, so, a few words, etc.
One can tell: the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, a joke, the time, the
difference, somebody one’s name, somebody t he way, one from another,
one’s fortune, somebody so, etc.
6Thompson A.J. and Martinet A.V., A practical Engli sh Grammar , Oxford University Press, 1999 ;

8Direct speech is also used in dialogues, usually f or the first and second persons
(singular and plural), while the indirect speech is used with the third person (singular
and plural) but in order to report what someone else said.7
In direct speech, the reporting clause may appear initially, medially or finally.
Example: He said, “I’m finishing now and then I’m going home.”
“I’m finishing now”, he said, “and I’m going home.”
“I’m finishing home and then I’m going home”, he said .
The reporting verb is sometimes put before the subject, particularly when it is said
and the subje ct is not a pronoun: e.g. “I’m finishing now”, said Andrew.
A wide range of verbs can be used to indicate the type of utterance or the way in
which something is said (such as: answer, ask, comment, cry, enquire/ inquire, exclaim,
groan, growl, moan, murmur , mutter, note, observe, reply, respond, retort, scream,
screech, shout, shriek, smile, yell , etc) and an adverb may be added to evaluate the
speaker’s manner ( such as: angrily, demurely, mysteriously, happily, radiantly, sadly,
sweetly,etc). Some writers or speakers use such variants and additions liberally, others
with great restraint.8
In indirect speech, verbs are generally “back shifted” in tense to align them with
the time of reporting, and other changes, such as in pronouns and ad verbials of time and
place, are made for the same reason:
For example: Maria told Johnny, “You can now watch T.V.”, would possibly be
reported as Maria told Johnny that he could then watch T.V.
This backshift relationship of verb tenses in the reporting an d reported clauses is
known as the sequence of tenses.
Backshift, however, is optional when what was said applies equally at the tim e of
reporting: Frank said that he is/ was coming over to watch television tonight.9
7Anton Laura, English Grammar Practice –The verb, Booklet, Bucharest, 2013
8Badescu Alice, Gramatica limbii engleze , Scientific and Encyclopedic Press, Bucharest, 1984;
9Hall Eugene J., Grammar for Use , TheInstitute of Modern Languages, Washington, 1974

9Such traditional shifts are not, howev er, used in certain kinds of relaxed,
colloquial reporting and storytelling: Then he says he’s coming and she says that he
could come or not for all she cared.10
Apart from direct and indirect statements there are:
Direct and indirect questions , the latter normally following the statement
order of subject and verb:
Direct speech: “Do you understand?” she asked.
Indirect speech: She asked if he understood.
Direct and indirect exclamations , as when in direct “What a clever boy you
are!”David told to his son , becoming in indirect speech: David told his son what a
clever boy he was.
Direct and indirect instructions , such as:
Direct:Jane said to Jenny “Phone me if you need any help.”
Indirect:Jane told Jenny to phone her if she needed any help .
In such rep orts, care may sometimes be necessary to ensure that pronoun reference
does not become unclear.11
10Graver B.D., Advanced English Practice , Oxford University Press, O xford, 1975 ;
11Leech Geoffrey, Meaning and the English Verb , Longman Group Limited, London;

10Chapter II
Direct Speech -Punctuation
It is normal to enclose direct speech in two pairs of either single or double
quotation marks, an opening one or pair and a closing one o rpair. Single marks are more
common.
In dialogue, direct speech often comes with a reporting clause, such as she said.
The following s entences (1) to (3) illustrate the usual punctuation of direct speech with a
reporting c lause when the direct speech is a declarative sentence.12
The reporting clause can appear in one of three positions:
Example:
(1)She said, “The solution is in your hands”.
(2)“The solution is in your hands”, she said.
(3)“The solution”, she said “is in your hands ”.
When we report the original in our own words, we use the indirect speech:
Example: She told us that the solution is in our hands.
There are the following rules for punctuating the direct speech with a reporting
clause:
We put the speaker’s words in quotation marks and we capitalize the first
word of the direct speech:
e.g.:“Heisn’t at home. ”
We mention the speaker before or after the direct speech. When the speaker
is mentioned beforethe direct speech, we put the coma outside the quotation marks.
When the speaker is mentioned after the direct speech, we put the comma inside the
quotation marks:
e.g.:She said, “He isn’t at home”.
Or:“He isn’t at home”, she said.
12Graver B.D., Advanced English Practice , OxfordUniversity Press, O xford, 1975 ;

11If the direct speech is a question and the person ,being spoken to ,comes
after it, we put a question mark and not a comma.
e.g.:”Do you know him ?”she asked me.
Or:She asked me ,“Do you know him ?”13
We may use a colon instead of a comma, particularly if the direct speech
contains more than one sentence:
e.g.:He turned to me and said:”For the first time in my life ,I understood who I
was and what I was doing and why I was doing it.”
If the quotation is indented, it is not necessary to use quotation marks since
the layout is a sufficient indication of direct speech. If the quotatio n ends the sentence,
we put a full stop, a question mark, an exclamation mark, or a dash beforethe final
quotation marks (The dash indicating that the speaker has stopped in the middle of the
sentence).14
e.g.:The people cried, “Long live the King !”
She said, “I have done my share, but you –“
The reporter asked, “Has the interviewer arrived ?”
In the rare situation when the question mark or exclamation mark belongs
both to the sentence and to the direct speech, use only one mark and pu t itbeforethe
quotation marks.15
e.g.:“I’m not ready yet,” he replied.
Otherwise, use a quotation mark or exclamation mark as appropriate:
e.g.:“Do you know the way?” she asked.
“Lights!” he screamed.
The sentence may continue after the reporting clause:
e.g.:“I’m not ready,” he replied, and put down the telephone.
13Dooley Jenny and Evans Virginia, GrammarWay , IV, Express Publishing, 1999;
14Idem;
15Ibidem;

12“I’m not ready,” he replied; then he put down the telephone.
In what concerns the medial reporting clause, it combines punctuation
features associated with the initial and final reporting clause. The punctuation before the
medial clause is the same as for the final reporting clause.
e.g.:“I’m not ready,” he replied. “You go ahead without me.”
“Do you know the way ”she asked. “I’m lost.”
In citations we use words in a special way to refer to them as words. When
a word or phrase is cited –quoted or mentioned rather than used in normal way –it is
either put in double quotation marks or underlined.
Definitions and translations of words and phrases are usually in single
quotation marks:
e.g.:Perennial “perpetual” or “recurring” has its roots in the Latin :per
(“through”) and annos(“year”).
Titles of works are also special use of language. If the works are published
or produced separately (for example: books, magazines, movies, musical compositions),
they are underlined. But if the titles are part of a larger work (for example: articles,
chapters, short stories, songs, etc.), they are enclosed in single or d ouble quotation
marks:e.g.I read the report in the “New York Times”.
In general, it is normal to start a new paragraph when there is a change of
speaker, whether or not the direct speech is accompanied by a reporting clause.
e.g.:“What was in the letter?” she asked.
“I can’t tell you. I couldn’t read it.
“Why not?”
“It was in Spanish.”
Use double quotation marks for a quotation within a quotation if you have used
single quotation marks for the main quotation.
Example: “Isaid I’d take the job. Then I went to bed and thought, “What am I doing?” I
don’t want my children to say “He was a good football coach”. I want them to think that
I tried to do more than that.”

13Chapter II I
Reported speech
Reported statements
Inreported speech personal pronouns, possessive adjectives or possessive
pronouns change according to the meaning of the sentence.
Example:
Direct speech: Sam said, “I’m leaving for Germany with my family tomorrow.”
Reported speech: Sam said (that) he was leaving for Germany with his family the
following day.
We can report someone’s words either a long time after they were said (out -of-
date reporting) or a short time after they were said (up -to-date reporting).16
In what concerns the out -of-datereporting, we usually report someone’s words a
long time after they were said. In this case the introductory verb is in the past tense
simple and the tenses change as follows:17
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
e.g.:“Ineeda car”, Greg said.Past simple
e.g.:George said (that) he neededa car.
Present continuous
e.g.:“He’s sleeping ,” she said.Past continuous
e.g.:She said (that) he was sleeping .
Present perfect simple
e.g.:“I’ve already seen this film”, he said .Pastperfectsimple
e.g.:He said (that) he had already seen that
film.
Present perfect continuous
e.g.:Mary said: “I am too tired. I have been
workinghard today.”Pastperfectcontinuous
e.g.:Mary said she was too tired because she
had been working hard that day.
16Paidos Constantin, English Grammar Theory and Practice –The verb, fourth edition, Polirom Press, Iasi, 2016;
17Idem;

14Pastsimple
e.g.:“Igotup late”, Ton ya said.Past simple
Past perfect simple
e.g.:Tonya said (that) she (had) gotup late.
Past continuous
e.g.:“Iwas working at four o’clock ”, Tim
said.Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
e.g.:Tim said (that )hewas working/ had been
workingat four o’clock.
Past perfect simple
e.g.:“Ihad seen you before you saw me ”, she
told me.Past perfect simple
e.g.:She told me (that) she had seen me before
I saw her.
Past perfect continuous
e.g.:“Ihad been writing several letters until
the postman arrived”, the secretary said to her
boss.Past perfect continuous
e.g.:The secretary said to her boss that she
had been writingseveral letters until the
postman arrived.
Future (will)
e.g.:“Iwill callyou tomorrow”, Rea said.Conditional ( would)
e.g.:Rea said (that) she would call me the
following day.
Verbs tenses and time expressions change in reported speech:
a)When the introductory verb is in the past tense.
Example:
Direct speech: “I’m moving to a new flat next week”, she said.
Reported speech: She said (that) she was moving to a new flat the following week.
b)In out-of-date reporting:
Example:
Direct speech: (Monday 2 May) Mike said, “I borrowed some money from my parents”.
Reported speech: (Thursday 5 May) Mike said (that) he had borrowed some money from
his parents.

15c)When we consider what the speaker says to be untrue .
Example:
Direct speech: “Paula and I arebest friends”, Jack said to me.
Reported speech: Jack said to me that he and Paula werebest friends, but Paula had
never actually met him.
Some words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the
sentence:18
Now→ then, at that time, immediately;
Today, tonight → that day, that night;
Yesterday→ the day before, the previous day;
Tomorrow → the next day, the following day;
This week → that week;
Last week → the week before, the previous week;
Next week → the week after, the following week;
Two days ago → two days before;
Here→ there;
Come→ go.
Whenthis/ these are used in time expression, they change to that/ those.
e.g. this week →that week,
these days →those days.
Whenthis/ these/ those are not used in time expressions, they change as follows:
a)They change to thewhen used as adjectives, that is, when they are followed by a
noun.
Example:
Direct speech: “This film is boring”, Claire told me.
Reported speech: Claire told me (that) the film was boring.
18Galateanu –Farnoaga Georgiana, Sinteza de gramatica engleza , Albatros Publishing, Bucharest, 1987;

16b)They change to itorthey/themwhen used as pronouns, that is, when they are not
followed by a noun.
Example:
Direct speech: “Thisis an unusual situation”, said Dad.
Reported speech: Dad said (that) itwas an unusual situation.
Verbs tenses and time expressions can either changeor remain the same in reported
speech:19
a)When reporting a general truth or a law of nature:
Example:
Direct speech: “ The sunsetsin the west ”, said the teacher.
Reported speech: The teacher said (that) the sun sets(presentsimple)/set
(past simple) in the west.
b)In what concerns the up -to-date reporting , that is when we report someone’s
words a short time after they were said, the tenses can either change or remain
the same in reported speech.
Example:
Direct speech: “I’m seeing the manager tomorrow”, Jack said to us.
Reported speech: Jack told us (that) he is seeing/ was seeing the manager tomorrow .
c)The verb tenses remain the same in the reported speech when the
introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect.
Example:
Direct speech: The singer says, “I enjoy cycling”.
Reported speech: The singer says (that) she enjoys cycling.
19Idem;

17Certain modal verbs change in reported speech as follows:
Will→ would
Shall→ should (asking for advice)
Can→ could
Can→ could/ would be able to (future reference)
Must→ must/ had to (obligation) / would have to (future reference)
Need (not) →didn’t have to/ wouldn’t have to
Could (not) →had (not) been able to/ wasn’t allowed to
Observation :Would, could, might, should, ought, had better andmustn’tdo not
change in reported speech. Mustdoes not change in reported speech when it expresses a
logical assumption.20
For example:
Direct speech Indirect speech
He said, “I ’llhave some tea.” He said (that) he wouldhave some tea.
He said, “She cantype fast”. He said (that) she couldtype fast.
He said, “I cantalk to you tomorrow”. He said (that) he could/ would be able to
talk to me the next day. (it refers to the
future)
He said, “They maycome tomorrow”. He said (that) they mightcome home.
He said, “What shallI tell her?” He asked what he shouldtell her.
20Anderson Vicki, Holley Gill and Metcalf Rob, Grammar Practice for Elementary Students , Pearson Longman,
2008;

18He said, “You muststay in”. He said (that) I must/ had to stay in.
He said, “She mustbe exhausted”. He said (that) she mustbe exhausted.
In what concerns thechanges that are to be made in the If Clause , one should
take into account the fact that:
In the first type of conditional ,tenseschange in reported speech as
follows:the present tense simple becomes past tense simple in the if
clause,andwillbecomes wouldin the main clause.
Example:
Direct speech: “If Ihavethe time, I’ ll comearound”, said Lisa.
Reported speech: Lisa said (that) if she hadthe time, she would come round.
The second and the third type of conditionals do not change in reported
speech.
Example 1:
Direct speech: “ If sheknew, shewould help us”, said Tony.
Indirect speech: Tony said (that) if she knew, shewould help us”.
Example 2:
Direct speech: “ Ifyouhad invited me to your party, Iwould have come ”, saidMiriam.
Indirect speech: Miriam said that if Ihad invited her to my party, shewould have come ”.
Note: As it can be seen, the moods and tenses in the second and third type of
conditionals did not change, but there were some few changes concerning the pro nouns
in the respective context (the second example).21
21Fries Ch. C., The Structure of English, London, 1963;

19Changes in the deictic categories
The deictic categories relate an utterance to the given participants as well as to the
time and place of the utterance.
Deictic categories include personal, reflexive, possessive, demonstrative pronouns,
tenses, place and time adverbials.22
One or more of these deictic categories may be different in Indirect Speech
sentences, as the latter may be produced by different participants at a different time in a
different place.
There are also constraints regarding the tenses of the verb which are subordinated
to the rules of the sequence of tenses in different object clause.
Changes in pronoun, adjectives and adverbs after reporting verbs in a past tense:
The personal, possessive, reflexive and emphatic pronouns are shifted
according to the sense: the first and the second person personal
pronouns may shift to the third person (except when the speaker is
reporting his own words).
The demonstrative pronouns denoting proximity are replaced by the
demonstrative pronouns denoting remoteness.
Time and place adverbs and adverbial phrases denoting proximity are
replaced by adverbs/ adverbial phrases denoting a distancing effect.
Exception: when the spe echis madeand reported on the same day, these time changes
are not necessary.
22Fries Ch. C., The Structure of English , London, 1963 ;

20Direct speech Reported speech
Pronouns and adjectives I / you
We, you
My, your
Our, your
ThisHe/ she
They
His/ her
Their
That
Adverbs of place Here
This placeThere
That place
Adverbs of time
1.Present timeNow
Today
Tonight
This weekThen
That day
That night
That week
Adverbs of time
2.Past timeYesterday
The day before yesterday
Last week/ a week agoThe day before/ the
previous day
Two days before
The week before/ the
previous week
Adverbs of time
3.Future timeTomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next weekThe next day/ the following
day
In two days/ two days later
The next week/ the
following week

21Chapter IV
Reported questions , commands, requests,
Reported suggestions anddialogues
I.Reported questions:
Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire,
wonderor the expression want to know .23
Example:
Direct speech: (Manager to Eric) Have you had any experience?
Whydo you want thisjob?
Reported speech: The manager askedEricif/ whether hehad had any experience. He
also asked him why he wanted the job .
When the direct question begins with a question word ( who, where, how
old, when, why, what, etc.), the reported question is introduced with the
same question word.
Example 1:
Direct speech: “What do you want to know?” she asked me.
Reported speech: She asked me what I wanted to know.
Example 2:
Direct speech: “Where are you going?”Sam aske d her.
Reported speech: Sam asked her where she was going .(Not:Sam asked her where she was
going).
When the direct question begins with an auxiliary ( is, do, have) or a modal
verb (can, may, etc.), then the reported question begins with ifor
whether.24
23Graver B.D., Advanced English Practice , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1975
24Idem;

22Example:
Direct speech: “Haveyou seen this man before?” he asked me.
Reported speech: He asked me if/ whether I had seen the man before.
In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative. The question mark and
words/ expressions such as: please, we ll, oh, etc., are omitted. The verb
tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements.
Example:
Direct speech: “Can you hold the door for me, please?” the man asked me.
Reported speech: The man asked me if/ whether I could hold the door for him.
II.Reported commands:
To report commands or instructions in reported speech, we use the
introductory verbs orderortell + somebody + (not) to –infinitive25
Example 1:
Direct speech: “Put the gun down!” he said to him.
Reported speech: Heordered him to put the gun down.
Example 2:
Direct speech: “Don’t look down!” he said to us.
Reported speech: Hetold us not to lookdown.
Example 3:
Direct speech: “Put the shopping in the kitchen”, she said to her.
Reported speech: Shetold her to putthe shopping in the kitchen.
25Parlog Hortensia, The English Verb Phrase , Hestia Publishing, Timisoara, 1996

23III.Reported requests:
To report requests, we use the introductory verbs askorbeg + somebody +
(not) to –infinitive . The direct sentence usually contains the word
“please”.26
Example 1:
Direct speech: “Help me, please”, Jean said to Tom.
Reported speech: Jeanasked Tom to help her.
Example 2:
Direct speech: “Please, please don’t call the police”, he said to Colin.
Reported speech: Hebegged Colin not to call the police.
IV.Reported suggestions:
To report suggestions, we use the introductory verb suggest + -ing form/
that somebody (should) + bare infinitive .27
Example:
Direct speech: “Let’s go outside”, I said to them.
“We can/ could go outside”, I said to them.
“Shall we go outside?” I said to them.
“How about going outside?” I said to them.
Reported speech: I suggested going/ that we (should) go outside.
V.Reporting a dialogue :
In dialogues we use a mixture of statements, questions, commands,
requests, etc .;28
26Paidos Constantin, English Grammar Theory and Practice –The verb, fourth edition, Polirom Press, Iasi, 2016;
27Dooley Jenny and Evans Virginia, GrammarWay , IV, Express Publishing, 1999;
28Idem;

24In reported speech we use: and, as, adding that, and (he/ she), added that,
because, but, since, and then (he/ she) went to say (that), while, then, etc.
to link the sentences in a dialogue ;
We can also use introductory verbs in the present participle form, for
example: offering, begging, explain ing,etc.;
Words or exclamations such as: Oh, Oh dear, Well , etc., are omitted in
reported speech.29
Example: -the first situation –
Direct speech: “ Oh, this is a delicious cake!” he said. “Who made it?”
Reported speech: He exclaimed/ remarked that it was a delicious cake andasked who
had made it.
Example: -the second situation –
Direct speech: He picked up the heavy bag and said, “Can I carry it for you?”
Reported speech: He picked up the heavy bag, offering to carry it for me.
Example: -the third situation –
Direct speech: Jill: Oh! I love your dress. Is it new?
Ann: Well, actually it is.
Jill: Where d id you buy it? I’ve been looking for one like that for ages!
Reported speech: Jillexclaimed that she loved Ann’s dress and asked her if it was new.
Annreplied that it was. Jill wanted to know where Ann had bought it, explaining that
shehad been looking forone like it for ages.
29Ibidem;

25Chapter V
Speech acts
Introductory Verbs
A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. We perform
speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation,
compliment or refusa l. A speech act might contain just one word as in “Sorry!” to
perform an apology or several words or sentences: “I’m sorry I forgot your birthday. I
just let it slip my mind”.
Generally speaking , speech acts are acts of communication. In order to
communicate we have to express a certain attitude and the type of speech act that is
performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. For example, a statement
expresses a belief,a request expresses a desire, andan apology expresses regret.As an
act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the hearer identifies, in accordance with
the speaker’s intonation, the attitude being expressed.
A different approach to distinguish types of speec h acts can be made on the basis
of structure. A fairly simple structure distinction between three general types of speech
acts is provided, in English, by the three basic sentence types. There is an easily
recognized relationship between the three structur al forms (declarative, interrogative and
imperative) and the three general communicative functions (statement, question,
command/ request).
Indirect speech acts are generally associated with greater politeness in English
than direct speech acts. In order to understand why, we have to look a bigger picture than
just a single utterance performing a single speech act.30In indirect speech acts, the
speaker commun icates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their
mutual shared backgroun d information, together with the general powers of rationality
and inference on the part of the hearer.
30Searle J.R., Speech acts, London: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1976;

26To change from direct speech to indirect speech of imperative constructions also
has certain consequences. As it was mentioned, imperatives can function as indirect
speech acts performing advice, offer, suggestion, invitation, gratitude, warning, threat,
resentment, persuasion, prohibition.
In indirect speech there is a large variety of i ntroductory verbs in order to express
various speech acts:
Introductory verb Direct speech Reported speech
Agree +to–inf
Offer
Promise
Refuse
Threaten“Yes, I’ll give you a lift.”
“Shall I carry the boxes?”
“I promise I’ll help you.”
“No, I won’t buy you a car.”
Stop talking or I’ll send you
out.”Sheagreed to give me a lift.
Heoffered to carry the boxes.
Hepromised to help me.
Sherefused to buy me a car.
Hethreatened to send me out
if I didn’t stop talking.
Advise + somebody + to–
inf.
Ask
Beg
Command
Invite
Order
Remind
Warn“You should see a doctor”.
“Could you do something for
me?”
“Please, please call the police.”
“Drop your weapons!”
“Will you come to my party?”
“Get out of the house!”
“Don’t forget to write to Paul.”
“Don’t go near the oven”.Headvisedmeto seea doctor.
Sheaskedmeto dosomething
for her.
Shebegged meto call the
police.
Hecommanded themto drop
their weapons.
Sheinvitedmeto (goto) her
party.
Sheordered meto getout of
the house.
Shereminded meto write to
Paul.
Shewarnedmenot to go near
the oven.

27Admit (to) + gerund
Accuse somebody of
Apologise for
Boast about/ of
Complain to somebody
of
Deny
Insist on
Suggest“Yes, I stole the plans.”
“You lied to me.”
“I’m sorry I shouted at you.”
“I’m the cleverest of all.”
“I have a headache.”
“I didn’t take your bag.”
“You must do your work.”
“Let’s visit Jane.”Headmitted (to) stealing/
having stolen the plans.
Sheaccused me of lying/
having lied to her.
Heapologized for shouting/
having shouted at me.
Heboasted of/ about be ingthe
cleverest of all.
Shecomplained to me of
havinga headache.
Hedenied taking/ having
takenmy bag.
Sheinsisted on me/ mydoing
my work.
Shesuggested visiting Jane.
Complain + that
Deny
Explain
Exclaim/ remark
Promise
Suggest“You’realways late.”
“I didn’t take the money.”
“It’s a difficult situation.”
“What a beautiful baby he is!”
“I promise I’ll call you.”
“You’d better go home.”Shecomplained that I was
always late.
Shedenied that she had taken
the money.
Heexplained that it was a
difficult situation.
Sheexclaimed/ remarked that
he was a beautiful baby,
Shepromised that she would
call me.
Hesuggested that I (should) go
home.

28Chapter VI
Special cases
1.We use the verbs exclaim/ say that to report exclamations which begin with
“What a/ an…” or “How…” in direct speech.31
Example:
Direct speech: “What an unusual design!” he said.
Indirect speech: He exclaimed that it was an unusual design.
He exclaimed/ said that the design was unusual.
But with exclamations such as: “Splendid!”, “Great!”, “Good!”, “Excellent!”,
“Oh!”, “Oh dear!”, etc., we use the expression give an exclamation of delight/ disgust/
relief/ surprise, etc.
Example:
Direct speech: “Wow!” he said as he unwrapped his gift.
Indirect spe ech:He gave an exclamation of surprise as he unwrapped his gift.
2.If in the direct clause we have such exclamations as:
a)They said, “thank you”.
b)“You fool!” she said.
c)Happy birthday!” we said to Tim .
d)“Congratulations” they said to us.
Then the indirect speech is made up as follows:
a)Theythankedus.
b)Shecalledhim a fool.
c)WewishedTim a happy birthday.
d)Theycongratulated us.
31Paidos Constantin, English Grammar Theory and Practice –The verb, fourth edition, Polirom Press, Iasi, 2016;

293.Yes/Noshort answers are expressed in reported speech with subject + appropriate
auxiliary verb/ introductory verb.
Example:
Direct speech: Will you help me decorate the cake?” she asked him.
Indirect speech: She asked him to help her decorate the cake and he said he would/ he
agreed.
4.Question tags are omitted in reported speech. We use an appropriate introductory
verb to convey the same meaning.
Example:
Direct speech: ”You won’t tell anyone, will you?” she said to him.
Indirect speech: Sheaskedhim not to tell anyone.
5.After the introductory verb there is always a direct object clause :
Example:
Direct speech: “We will be there on time”, they promised.
Indirect speech: They promised they would be there on time.
Direct speech: “Wait for me here”, says Joanne.
Indirect speech: Joanne says to wait for her there.
Direct speech: “What are you doing this evening?” I asked.
Indirect speech: I asked what they were doing that evening.
6.When auniversal fact or general truth is expressed, the tense in the indirect
speechdoes not change even if the introducto ry verb is in the past:
Example:
Direct speech: “ The Sun sets in the West”, the teacher explained.
Indirect speech: The teacher explained that the Sun sets in the West.
Direct speech: “Water boils at 100 degrees Caelsius, ” the teacher said.
Indirect speech: The teacher said that the water boils at 100 degrees Caelcius.

307.Conditionals Type II and Type III do not change in the indirect speech:
Example:
Direct speech: ”I would go to the swimming pool if the weather was fine”, he said.
Indirect sp eech:He said he would go to the swimming pool if the weather was fine.
Direct speech: “I would have gone o visit him if I had known he was in hospital”, he said.
Indirect speech: He said that he would have gone to visit him if he had known he was in
hospital.
8.In order to express repeated actions in the past ,the past tense simple does not
change into the past perfect simple:
Example:
Direct speech: “I gave lots of parties to my place when I was younger”, he said.
Indirect speech: He said that he gave lots of parties to his place when he was younger.
Direct speech: “We were playing tennis a lot when we were young”, they confirmed.
Indirect speech: They confirmed that they were playing tennis a lot when they were
young.
9.The modal verb “must”does not usually change in reported speech, but to
expressan obligation or a necessity it can become “had to” or “would have to” ,
according to the tense required by the context:
Example:
Direct speech: “we must know the results by tomorrow”, he said.
Indirect speech: he said that he would know the results by the next day.
Direct speech: “You must read this novel as it is part of the compulsory bibliography”,
the teacher said.
Indirect speech: The teacher said that we had to read that novel as it was part of the
compulsory bibliography.

3110.In indirect speech imperative sentences become declarative ones:
Example:
Direct speech: ”Sit down”, the teacher said.
Indirect speech: The teacher told us to sit down.
Direct speech: “Don’t interrupt me”, he asked her.
Indirect speech: He asked her not to interrupt him.
11.If the indirect speech sentence has an infinitive verb : in an affirmative statement
the verb is also affirmative and in a negative statement, the verb in the reported speech is
infinitive negative:
Example:
Direct speech: “Don’t be shy!” said the teacher to the student.
Indirect speech: The student was told not to be shy. /The teacher told to the student not to
be shy.
12.Theverb in the Imperative becomes infinitive in Indirect speech :
Example:
Directspeech:“Stay here!” mother said.
Indirect speech: Mother told us to stay there.
Direct speech: “Be calm!” father advised me.
Indirect speech: Father advised me to be calm.
13.Free indirect speech keeps some forms of Direct speech, such as interrogation,
but also makes some changes to pronouns, adverbs or even tenses. It is mainly used in
narrative style:
Example: Direct speech: “It will be nice to spend some time here”, he thought.
Indirect speech: He thought it would be nice to spend some time there.
Free indirect speech: It would be nice to spend some time here.

32Chapter VI I
Practice activities :exercises on indirect speech
Level A: Focus on grammar/ tenses
I.Turn the following sentences into reported speech: (A-medium difficulty)
1.Robin said, “These biscuits taste delicious.”
……………………………………………………………………………….
2.“I can’t see you this afternoon because I’ve got a lot to do,” Ann told me.
……………………………………………………………………………….
3.She came into my room holding some letters in her hand and said, “I found
these while I was tidying the desk drawers.”
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
4.Fiona said, “That picture was painted by m y great-grandfather.”
…………………………………………………………………………………
5.“Those were good times for my family,” Jack said.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6.“I received a parcel this morning, but I haven’t opened it yet,” Tom said.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7.“You mustn’t do that again,” Mum said to Bob.
………………………………………………………………………………….
8.“These shoes are worn out. You’d better throw them away,” Mum said to me.
………………………………………………………………………………….
9.“I haven’t spoken to Mary since last week,” Gloria said.
……………………………… ………………………………………………….
10.“They aren’t going on holiday this year,” he said.
………………………………………………………………………………….

33II.Yesterday, Simon interviewed a famous actor. He asked him the following
questions. Turn them into reported questions. (A-medium difficulty)
1.“Doyou enjoy being famous?”
………………………………………………………………………………………
2.“What is the best part of your job?”
………………………………………………………………………………………
3.“What do you find difficult about acting?”
………………………………………………………………………………………
4.“How many films have you starred in?”
…………………………… …………………………………………………………
5.“What is your favourite film?”
………………………………………………………………………………………
6.“Have you met many other famous people?”
………………………………………………………………………………………
7.“Where would you most like to make a film?”
………………………………………………………………………………………
8.“Have you visit ed many interesting places?”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
9.“What are your plans for the future?”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
10.“Are you happy with your life?”
………………………………………………………………………………………

34III.Turn the sentences into reported speech. In which of the following
sentences do the tenses not change? In which do they not have to be
changed? Why? (A-high difficulty –the tense of reporting verb varies)
1.The article says, “The artist only uses oil paints.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
2.“They are working hard today,” he said.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3.“I’ve done the things you asked me to do,” Mary said.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4.“The sun rises in the East and sets in the West,” she said.
………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………… .
5.“He broke the window yesterday ,” they said.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6.“We’ve never been on holiday abroad,” they said.
………………………………………………………………………… ……………
7.Mum says, “Dinner is ready.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
8.“I’ll start cooking at six o’clock,” she said.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9.“We went to the supermarket yesterday,” she said.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Mrs. Jones says, “My daughter is going to have a baby.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
11.“You’re never going to get a job,” Dad always says.
………………………………………………………………………………………
12.“Fish live in water,” he said.
………………………………………………………………………………………

35Level B: Focus on meaning of the r eporting verb
IV.Complete the sentences: (B-low difficulty)
1.“You should spend more time studying.”
The teacher advised ………………………………………………………………. .
2.“Don’t forget to lock the door before you leave.”
Sam reminded …………………………………………………………………….. .
3.“I’m sorry I forgot to call you.”
Jim apologized ……………………………………………………………………. .
4.“You never listen to me, Stuart.”
Mary complained …………………………………………………………………. .
5.“Shall we go bowling this evening?”
Mark suggested …………………………………………………………………….. .
6.“You mustn’t play near th e road”.
Father forbade …………………………………………………………………….. .
7.“This man stole my wallet!”
Mr. Brown accused ……………………………………………………………….. .
8.“I’m the best basketball player in the school.”
Steve boasted …………………………………………………………………………. .
9.“Yes, I took the letter.”
Claire admitted ……………………………………………………………………. .
10.“You must stay for lunch, Sarah.”
Mrs. Stamp insisted ……………………………………………………………… .
11.“Please, please, let me borrow your bicycle.”
Martin begged ……………………………………………………………………. .
12.“Don’t touch the oven. It’ s hot.”
Mother warned …………………………………………………………………… .

36V.Fill in the gaps with one of the introductory verbs from the list bellow in
the past simple: (B-medium difficulty)
deny suggest boast agree insist accuse
promise complain advise threaten warn remind
1.“I’m the fastest runner o the team,” he said.
He …………………………………. about being the fastest runner on the team.
2.“I didn’t take your jacket,” he said to her.
He ………………………………….. taking her jacket.
3.“You should go to the doctor’s,” Mum said to me.
Mum …………………………… me to go to the doctor’s.
4.“I’ll call you next week,” she said to me.
She …………………………… to call him next week.
5.“Yes, I’ll set the table for dinner,” he said to her.
He ……………………………. to set the table for dinner.
6.“He always forgets my birthday,” she said.
She …………………….. that he always forgot her birthday.
7.“Let’s go for a walk,” she said.
She …………………………….. g oing for a walk.
8.“Leave, or I’ll shoot,” the man said to them.
The man ……………………….. to shoot them if they didn’t leave.
9.“Don’t forget to feed the cat,” she said to him.
She ………………………………….. him to feed the cat.
10.“You broke my CD player,” she said to him.
She…………………………. him of breaking her CD player.

37VI.Report the following speech acts. Use the reporting verbs in italics. Add
any other necessary words. (B-medium difficulty)
1.“Happy birthday!” (wish)
………. e.g.: I wished my mother a happy birthday.
2.“Will you come to my birthday party?” (invite)
……………………………………………………………….
3.“I’d love to. Thank you very much.” (accept the invitation)
………………………………………………………………
4.“Have a good journey!” (wish)
………………………………………………………………
5.“Would you care for a cup of tea, Joe?” (offer)
………………………………………………………………
6.“Yes, please.” (accept the offer)
…………………………………………………………….
7.“Let’s go to the theater tonight.” (suggest)
…………………………………………………………….
8.“That’s a good idea.” (I agree)
…………………………………………………………….
9.“I’d love to, but I can’t. I’m going to a party tonight.” (refuse)
…………………………………………………………….
10.“Shall I carry your case?” (offer)
…………………………………………………………….
11.“No, thanks. I can manage.” (decline the offer)
…………………………………………………………….

38VII.Turn the following sentences into reported speech , changing the reporting
verb when necessary :(A+B–high difficulty)
1.“I’m hungry,” she said. “I haven’t eaten all day.”
……e.g.:She said that she was hungry, explaining that she hadn’t eaten all day.
2.“Let’s go to the cinema,” he said. “We haven’t seen a film for months.”
……………… ………………………………………………………………
3.Tim: Dave is ill. He can’t come to the party.
Mike: What’s wrong with him?
Tim: He’s got flu. He has to stay in bed.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
4.“You’re early,” he said to her. I’m not ready yet.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
5.“Hurry up!” he said to her. “I’m not ready yet.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
6.“Have you got your key?” she said. “I’ve forgotten mine.”
……………………………………………………………………………………..
7.“I’m going out,” Colin said. “I might be back late.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
8.Sally: I’ve bought a car. It’s being delivered tomorrow.
John: What kind of car is it?
Sally: It’s a sports car. It was very expensive.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
9.“I’msorry I’m late. I overslept,” he said to them.
………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Martin: Can you help me? I need some advice.
James: What’s the problem?

39Martin: I don’t know what to buy my mother for her birthday. I want to get
something special.
……………………… ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………… .
11.“Have you got an umbrella?” Lizasked. “It’s raining.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
12.“Who’s there?” she asked. Come in.
………………………………………………………………………………………
13.“Didyou miss the buss?” he said. “You’re late.”
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …….
14.Eric: Are you busy? I need some help.
Sonia: What’s wrong?
There’s a problem wi th my computer. I can’t get it to work.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
15.“Go away,” she said to them.”I want to be alone.”
…………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………..
16.“Have you had your hair cut?” he asked Jessie. “It looks great.”
……………………………………………………………………………………..
17.“Open the window,” he said. “It’s hot in here”.
………………………………………………………………………………………
18.“I’m bored,” Peter said. “This film is terrible.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
19.“Don’t be late tonight,” said Dad. “You have to get up early tomorrow.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………… .
20.“Are you leaving now?” Sam said. “I’ll give you a lift.”
………………………………………………………………………………………

40VIII.Complete these sentences with two to five wo rds, including the word in
bold (A+B –high difficulty)
1.“I will fire you if you arrive late again,” he said to her.
threatened He ……threatened to fire her if she arrived la te.
2.“Why don’t we buy Emma a present?” Jane asked.
should Jane ………… ……………… …………………………….. Emma a present.
3.“You ate my bar of chocolate!” Sarah said to Mike.
of Sarah ………………………………………………….. her bar of chocolate.
4.“I borrowed your fav ourite jumper,” David said.
admitted David …………………………………………………. my favourite jumper.
5.“Don’t forget to lock all the doors and windows.”
reminded Mum ………………..………………………….. all the doors and windows.
6.“I didn’t leave the garden gate open!” she said.
denied She ……………………………………………………. the garden gate open.
7.“Let’s met for lunch,” he said.
meeting He …………………………………………………………………. for lunch.
8.“No, I won’t do your homework for you,” Danny said.
refused Danny ……… …..…………………………………………………….for me.
9.“You must come out of the theatre with me,” said Jane .
on Jane …………………………………………..………. to the theatre with her.
10.“I’m sorry I broke your favourite cup,” said Sam.
for Sam …………………………………………………….…. my favourite cup.
11.“Will you come to dinner with me?” said Paul.
invited Paul ………………………………………………..…… to dinner with him.
12.“What a beautiful dress!” said Julie.
exclaimed Julie …………….………………………………………..a beautiful dress.

41Level C: exercises on Direct Speech
IX.Punctuate the following, making any other necessary changes ( C-low
difficulty)
1.Would you like a drink she asked me
…… e.g. “Would you like a drink?” she asked me.
2.Shall we go out tonight Bill asked
……………………………………………………………………………. .
3.David said shut the door please
…………………………………………………………………………… …
4.Why are you crying Steve asked Jenny
…………………………………………………………………………… …
5.I’m sorry I’m late he said I was stuck in traffic
…………………………………………………………………………… …
6.Rachel said I’m afraid I can’t help you
…………………………………………………………………………… ..
7.I don’t want eggs she said to her mother I’d rather have a steak
………………………………………………………………………… …..
8.We have to leave in five minutes Sally said can you call us a taxi
………………………………………………………………………… ……
9.Did you go to the library today Sean asked me
……………………………………………… ………………………………
10.Daniel said stop talking I can’t concentrate
………………………………………………………………………………
11.Did you phone your uncle Mother asked
………………………………………………………………………………
12.Sandra said I don’t want to stay here any longer
………………………………………………………………………………..

42X.Turn the following sentences into direct speech, as in the example: (C–
medium-highdifficulty)
1.Jack complained that I was always interrupting him.
……e.g.: “You’re always interrupting me!”Jack said.
2.We insisted on them staying for dinner.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3.She apologized for forgetting my birthday.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4.He accused her of stealing his wallet.
……………………………………………………………………………………
5.He agreed to help me organize the party.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6.They warned the children to stay away from the water.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7.She promised to write every week.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
8.He threatened to tell the teacher if we misbehaved.
……………………………………………………………………………………
9.I advised him to study hard for the exam.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10.She suggested going for a walk.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
11.He explained that it wasn’t his fault.
……………………………………………………………………………………
12.They denied opening my letters.
……………………………………………………………… ……………………..
13.She offered to help me with the housework.
………………………………………………………………………………………

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